hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction between metallic aluminum and aqueous hydrochloric acid. 2al(s) 6hcl(aq)⟶2alcl3(aq) 3h2(g) the hydrogen gas produced by this reaction is typically collected via water displacement. during this process, the hydrogen gas becomes saturated with water vapor. if 292.6 ml of gas with a total pressure of 1.44 atm is collected via water displacement at 29.4 ∘c , what is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas in the sample? the vapor pressure of water at 29.4 ∘c is 30.75 torr. Ph2

The equation that reflects combustion is the equation in Option B.

We know that a combustion reaction has to do with a kind of reaction that involves the burning of a substance in oxygen. As such, when the substance is burnt we have carbon dioxide and water produced.

In this case, we have to look at the equations as they have been written and then try to know which of them has to do with the burning of a substance in oxygen and this would be the  Option B. It is the burning of an organic compound.

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Assuming the octet rule is obeyed, 0 covalent bonds will a neon atom form to give a formal charge of zero.

Neon follows the octet rule without forming any covalent bonds. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb based on the theory that main-group elements tend to bond so that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, offering it the exact electronic structure as a neutral atom. A covalent bond is created among two atoms through the mutual sharing among one or more pair of electrons. The multiple atomic nuclei recruit these charged particles at the exact same time. . Whenever the discrepancy in electronegativities of bonded ions becomes too small for transfer of electrons to construct ions, a covalent bond forms.

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Aqueous potassium permanganate that has been diluted with carbon tetrachloride with bromine. Pentane and 1-pentane are distinguished by reagents.

An unsaturation test can be performed using the bromine in carbon tetrachloride solution. Use 100 ml of carbon tetrachloride and bromine to evaluate the unsaturation of a compound when it is insoluble in water. The bromine water turns gray as a result of how the bromine reacts with an alkene's carbon-carbon double bonds. With the help of bromine, an alkene is transformed into an alkane by breaking the carbon-carbon bond.

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The first thing to do is to find the number of moles of Ammonia, NH3 and the number of moles of Oxygen,O2.

From the question, we are given the following parameters; The Initial partial pressure of NH3 = 0.5 atm. The Initial volume and final volume of NH3 is 2L and 3L respectively. Also, The Initial volume and final volume of O2 is 1L and 3L respectively, the Initial partial pressure of O2 is 1.5 atm.

The number of moles, n of NH3= 0.0446 mole and the number of moles of oxygen= 0.067 moles.

The next thing to do is to do is to find the limiting reagent which is ammonia,NH3.

We can now use the limiting reagent to find the partial pressure of NO.

So, PV = nRT.

P × 3= 0.0446 × 0.0806 × 273.

P= 0.0446 × 0.08206 × 273/ 3.

P= 0.999146148/3.

Partial pressure of NO= 0.3 atm.

OR

We can just find the partial pressure directly from NH3 as below;

0.5 × 2/ 3 = 0.33 atm.

From the balanced equation, 4 moles of NH3 produces 4 moles of NO.

So, 0.33 atm for NH3 = 0.33 atm for NO.

Therefore, the partial pressure present is 0.33 atm.

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The movement of the solvent and buffer ions in relation to the fixed support is referred to as electroendosmosis.

Solvent Case Studies. The usual examples of solvents include acetone, ethanol, water, and methanol. A substance that has the capacity to dissolve a certain solute and combine with it to produce a solution is referred to as a "solvent."

Water is referred to be a "universal solvent" because it has a considerably wider range of natural solvent properties than any other liquid. However, water is not capable of dissolving all compounds. For instance, water cannot dissolve hydroxides, fats, or waxes because oppositely charged particles are not very soluble in water.

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15.10%  is the percent by mass of sugar in the original mixture.

given;

sugar mass= 10.40 g

nacl mass= 58.44 g

mass% of sugar= 10.40/10.40+58.44

mass% of sugar=10.40÷68.84×100

mass% of sugar=15.10%

Mass conservation is one of the fundamental laws of chemistry. Every time a reaction occurs, the mass of the products entering the reaction and the mass of the products leaving the reaction are the same. The quantity of matter in an object is expressed in terms of mass. Typically, mass is expressed in kilograms (kg) or grams (g) (kg). No matter where in the universe it is or how much gravitational force is exerted on it, mass is a measure of how much matter there is. In contrast to an object's weight, which is a force that depends on gravity, an object's mass is constant regardless of the situation. Your mass on the moon and the earth are the same. You weigh roughly one-sixth as much on the moon as you do on the earth.

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The net ionic equation for the reaction between permanganate and tin(II) is[tex]5Sn^{2+} + 2MnO_{4} ^{-} + 16H^{+} 5Sn^{4+} + 2Mn^{2+} + 8H_{2} O[/tex] and  the standard potential is +1.34 V.

What is net ionic equation?

A net ionic equation is defined as an equation that only represents the ions or molecules that are actively involved in the reaction or those that change.

Explanation:

[tex]MnO_{4} ^{-} + Sn^{2+}[/tex] → [tex]Mn^{2+} +Sn^{4+}[/tex]

The half cell reactions are :

(1)  MnO4-  →  Mn2+          : Eo = +1.49V

(2) Sn4+ →  Sn2+               : Eo = +0.15V

Since tin has a lower reduction potential than Mn, the Sn system serves as the anode and the Mn system as the cathode.

Balancing anode reaction : Sn2+   → Sn4+

Balance charge ( by adding electrons)  : Sn2+   → Sn4+ + 2e- ----------------(1)

Balancing cathode reaction   : MnO4-   →  Mn2+  

Balancing O atoms ( by adding H2O ) : MnO4-   →  Mn2+  + 4H2O

Balancing H atoms ( by adding H+ )   : MnO4- + 8H+   →  Mn2+  + 4H2O        

Balancing charge ( by adding electrons) : MnO4- + 8H+  +5e- →  Mn2+  + 4H2O   -------(2)

The equation that balances the electrons is obtained by combining equations (1) and (2).

[5x Eqn(1)]+[2xEqn(2)] ⇒

5Sn2+  + 2MnO4- + 16H+  +10e- → 5Sn4+ + 10e- + 2Mn2+  + 8H2O

5Sn2+  + 2MnO4- + 16H+  → 5Sn4+ + 2Mn2+  + 8H2O

This is the balanced net ionic equation.

[tex]E^{o} cell = E^{o}cathode - E^{o}anode = +1.49 - (+0.15) V = +1.34 V[/tex]

[tex]We know that \alpha \Delta G^{0}=-nFE_{cell}^{0} Here n = number of electrons transferred = 10F = Faraday = 96500 C[/tex]

[tex]\Delta G^{0}=-10 x 96500 . 1.34 J \\=1.29 . 10^{6} J\\=1.29 . 10^{3} KJ\\[/tex]

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The energy needed to break six carbon-carbon bonds is 5535.1 KJ/mol, which is equal to the average bond enthalpy of one carbon-carbon bond in benzene. 5535.1 KJ/mol is the reaction's average enthalpy change.

How much energy does it take to break a carbon-carbon bond?

Whereas breaking a carbon-carbon single bond takes 348 kilojoules of energy per mole of carbon-carbon single bonds. A carbon-carbon double bond has a bond enthalpy of 614 kilojoules per mole.

What is the general formula of benzene?

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6 and its molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms joined in a ring with 1 hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom.

With the molecular formula C6H6, benzene is an organic chemical substance. Six carbon atoms linked together in a planar ring, with one hydrogen atom connected to each, make up the benzene molecule. Benzene is a hydrocarbon since it is made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Equation of reaction: C6H6(g) --> 6C(g) + 6H (g)

H = (6*217.94 + 6*718.1) - (82.9) KJ/mol

H = (5618.04) - (82.9)

H = 5535.1 KJ/mol

Thus, the energy needed to break six carbon-carbon bonds is 5535.1 KJ/mol

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The phototransduction reaction is the process by which opsin and retinal are separated chemically by rhodopsin.

What is rhodopsin?
Rhodopsin, as well referred to as visual purple, is a G-protein-coupled receptor and a protein that is encoded by the RHO gene (GPCR). The retinal rod cells' opsin, a protein light-sensitive receptor, is what initiates visual phototransduction throughout rods. Rhodopsin is incredibly sensitive to light because it mediates vision in low light. Rhodopsin begins to photobleach as soon as it is exposed to light. In humans, it takes around 30 minutes to fully regenerate, at which point the rods become more sensitive. Eye conditions like retinitis pigmentosa as well as rare genetic stationary night blindness are brought on by rhodopsin gene defects.

This reaction occurs in the photoreceptor cells of the retina and involves the absorption of light by the photopigment rhodopsin. When light is absorbed, it causes a conformational change in rhodopsin, which in turn causes the molecule to separate into two parts—retinal and opsin. The separated retinal and opsin molecules then trigger a cascade of biochemical reactions that lead to depolarization of the photoreceptor cell and the release of neurotransmitters, which in turn activate the cells of the optic nerve.

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The sample contains number of moles of gas is 0.39 mol. The mass of the helium is 1.56 g.

Given,

Volume of the gas = 30L

Pressure = 2.1atm

Temperature = 298K

R = 0.0821 L.atm/(mol.K)

To find:

Number of moles = ?

Mass of helium = ?

Solution:

To find the mass of helium in the container, use the expression below:

Mass of helium  = number of moles x molar mass

Using the ideal gas equation;

PV = nRT

Where,

P is the pressure

V is the volume

n is the number of mole

R is the gas constant

T is the temperature

Substitute the values and solve for n;

2.1 x 30  = n x 0.0821 x 298

⇒ n = 24.4658 / 63

⇒ n = 0.39

Now,

molar mass of He = 4g/mol

Now, solve;

Mass of helium  = 4 x 0.39 = 1.56g

Hence, the mass of the helium is 1.56 g.

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A) The proton chemically bonded to the chlorine is transferred to a water molecule and forms a chloride ion and a hydronium ion.

Proton include the H+ ion or the hydrogen atom's nucleus. Regardless of the isotope, each hydrogen atom has one proton, each helium atom has two, each lithium atom has three, and so on. A nose, throat, and eyes might get irritated when exposed to low amounts of chlorine. At greater concentrations, breathing chlorine gas may alter respiratory patterns, cause coughing, and harm the lungs. Chlorine exposure might cause serious additional symptoms. Chlorine exposure may be harmful to workers.

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Chain fraction is styrene and unknown repeat units in an alternating copolymer, followed by each type of repeat unit. If the other is Styrene, a repeat unit of an alternating copolymer forms.

With the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2, styrene is an organic substance. Although older samples may appear yellowish, this benzene derivative is an oily, white liquid. Although large concentrations have a less savoury flavour , the chemical readily evaporates and has a sweet smell of styrene. A copolymer is a polymer produced from more than one type of monomer in polymer science. Copolymerization is the process by which monomers are polymerized into copolymers. Bipolymers are the name given to copolymers created through the copolymerization of two monomer types. The formula for m is as follows: m = Mn / Dp m = 250000 / 3420 = 73.09g/mol.

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The iron atoms present in one unit cell are 2 atoms.

What is a unit cell?

The identical unit cells are defined in such a way that they occupy the available area without touching. The term "crystal lattice" refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions inside a crystal. There are many different unit cells that make it up. Every lattice point is occupied by one of the three component particles.

Given:

Density of iron, ρ=7.87 g/[tex]cm^{3}[/tex]

Atomic mass, M =55.85 g/mol

Avogadro's number, [tex]N_{A}[/tex] = 6.022 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex]

Edge length of unit cell, [tex]\alpha[/tex] = 287pm or 287 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex]

According to the formula:

ρ = [tex]\frac{Z X M}{N_{A} X a^{3} }[/tex]

Now put values in the equation=

7.87 = [tex]\frac{Z X 55.85}{6.022 X 10^{23} X (2.87 X 10^{-3})^{3} }[/tex]

Z= [tex]\frac{7.87 X 6.022 X 10^{23 X (2.87 X 10^{13})^{3} } }{55.85}[/tex] = 2

Hence, there are 2 iron atoms in one unit cell.

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The correct option is, (a) C  element is undergoing oxidation (if any) in the following reaction The given balanced reaction is ch4(g) 2 o2(g) → co2(g) 2 h2o(g).

A hydrocarbon and oxygen combine in this combustion event to produce carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Also, a hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water when it is oxidized. Oxidation is defined as the increase of oxygen and loss of electrons, whereas reduction is defined as the decrease of oxygen and increase of electrons.

Carbon (C), an element, is being oxidized in the process. This indicates that the carbon (C) element produces carbon dioxide during oxidation.

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The molar mass (g/mol) of q: Graham's Law of effusion, Rate1 / Rate2 = square root of (Mass2 / Mass1) Q = 98.5

In chemistry, the molar mass of a chemical compound is described as the mass of a sample of that compound divided by the amount of substance which is the range of moles in that sample, measured in moles. The molar mass is a bulk, no longer molecular, belongings of a substance.

The molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of one mole of the substance. As shown in this video, we can gain a substance's molar mass by summing the molar hundreds of its issue atoms. we will then use the calculated molar mass to transform between mass and number of moles of the substance.

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Malonyl CoA regulates a variety of enzymes, including fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I.

Malonyl CoA is an important regulatory molecule that is involved in the control of fatty acid synthesis. It is the precursor molecule to acetyl CoA and is produced in the cytosol of cells from acetyl CoA by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Malonyl CoA then serves as a substrate for a variety of enzymes, which are regulated by their levels.

One of the enzymes that Malonyl CoA regulates is fatty acid synthase (FAS). FAS catalyzes the conversion of acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA into long-chain fatty acids. The enzyme is activated when Malonyl CoA binds to the active site, which induces a conformational change in the enzyme that increases the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

Another enzyme that Malonyl CoA regulates is acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). ACC catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA. This enzyme is regulated by Malonyl CoA, as the presence of Malonyl CoA in the active site of the enzyme inhibits its activity. This serves to prevent the production of excessive amounts of Malonyl CoA, which could otherwise lead to excessive fatty acid synthesis.

Finally, Malonyl CoA also regulates the enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I). CPT-I is responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane, a process that is necessary for the oxidation of fatty acids. Malonyl CoA binds to CPT-I, inhibiting its activity and thus preventing fatty acid oxidation. This serves to maintain the levels of Malonyl CoA in the cytosol, ensuring that it can be used for fatty acid synthesis.

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As STP, 1.28 g of calcium bromide must be reacted with 144 mL of fluorine gas to produce calcium fluoride and bromine gas.

Where does calcium bromide come from?

One calcium atom and two bromine atoms combine to make calcium bromide. Calcium bromide has the chemical formula CaBr2 at the molecular level. It has a strong, salty flavor and hygroscopic, colorless crystals in its anhydrous state.

What effects does bromide have on a human body?

Inhaling bromine gas can make you cough, make breathing difficult, give you a headache, irritate your mucous membranes (inside your mouth, nose, etc.), make you feel disoriented, and make your eyes water. It could burn and irritate your skin if you come in contact with bromine gas or liquid.

Briefing:

PV = nRT

where,

P = Presure

V = Volume in liters

n = number of moles of gas

R = Ideal gas constant

T = temperature in Kelvin

Here,

P = 1 atm  [At STP]

R = 0.0821 atm.L/mol.K

T = 273 K  [At STP]

Now first find the number of moles

F₂  +  CaBr₂  →  CaF₂  +  Br₂

Here 1 mole of F₂ reacts with 1 mole of CaBr₂.

So,  199.89 g CaBr₂ reacts with  = 1 mole of F₂

1.28 g of CaBr₂ will react with = n mole of F₂

n = 0.0064 mole

Now put the value in above equation we get

PV = nRT

1 atm × V = 0.0064 × 0.0821 atm.L/mol.K × 273 K

V = 0.1434 L

V ≈ 144 mL

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The volume of Hydrogen gas is 3.88L

The mass of aluminium = 3.12 g

Molar mass of aluminium = 26.98 g/mol

Calculating the number of moles -

Number of moles = Given Mass/Molar Mass

= 3.12/26.98

= 0.116 mol

Thus,

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

Two moles of aluminium produce three moles of hydrogen gas. Thus,  0.116 moles of aluminium will produce -

= 3/2 × 0.116

= 0.173 mol

Calculating the volume of hydrogen gas produced by the equation -

PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

Using the standard temperature of gas = 273K

= 0.173 × 0.0821 × 273K/1 atm

= 3.88

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Methanol and KCl are soluble in water. The maximum amount of a chemical that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature is referred to as its solubility.

N-hexane smells like petroleum and is a clear, colourless liquid. -9 °F flash points.

As a result of hydrogen bonds between methanol and water molecules, methanol is soluble in water.

Water readily dissolves KCl.

Ionic in nature, KCl can only dissolve in polar solvents like water. The adage "like dissolves like" can be used to generalise this. Because benzene is a nonpolar solvent, KCl cannot be dissolved in it.

Because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported similarly to fats, vitamins A, D, E, and K are referred to as fat-soluble vitamins.

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Electrophiles (electron-deficient species capable of removing electrons from electron-rich centers), such as HBr, attack carbon-carbon double bonds, such as butene.

Who or what is a nucleophile?

By sacrificing two electrons, a chemical species in chemistry known as a nucleophile forms bonds. Any molecule or ion with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond is referred to as a "nucleophile." Lewis bases are nucleophiles because they provide

What are an example of a nucleophile?

A reactant known as a nucleophile provides an electron pair in order to create a covalent bond. Typically, a nucleophile has a negative charge or is neutral with one or two donateable electrons. Some examples include H2O, -OMe, or -OtBu. The species with a lot of electrons is a nucleophile overall.

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The Ne gas (also known as neon gas) will release at a rate of 52.17 mL/s.

Graham's diffusion law

According to this, the rate of gas diffusion is inversely related to the square root of the molar mass, or R 1/ M R1/R2 = (M2/M1).

where R1 and R2 are each gas's rates.

The molar mass of each gas is M1 and M2.

How to calculate the defusing rate of neon gas

O2 flow rate (R1) = 66 mL/s

Ne (M1) has a molar mass of 20 g/mol.

O2's molar mass (M2) is 32 g/mol.

Ne (R2) Rate =?

The equation for Graham's law of diffusion is

R1/R2 = (M2/M1)

66 / R2 = (32 / 20).

R₂ = 52.17 mL/s

Neon gas will therefore emit at a rate of 52.17 mL/s.

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After doing the paper chromatography the pigments are separated at different levels, these are carotene,  green chlorophyll etc.

The lipstick obtained from the bad scene is subjected to paper chromatography and a chromatogram is then obtained. Lipstick is having many coloured pigments as the active ingredients. So this active ingredients separate at different rate depending upon its partition coefficient. The obtained chromatogram is considered as standard and the it's RF values are calculated. Rf values are nothing but the dividing the distance travelled by the solute by the distance travelled by solvent front. The obtained are values are then noted.

The plants consist of different coloured pigments. The primary function of the colour pigments is to absorb maximum frequencies of light and also they can reflect the same. The pigments play their role during the process of of photosynthesis which requires the presence of sunlight. The required amount of light is absorbed by this colour pigments typically the green chlorophyll and several other pigments. These coloured pigments are known as the biological pigments.

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Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) substances is more likely to dissolve in benzene (c6h6)

The chemical name for carbon tetrachloride, sometimes referred to as tetrachloromethane and recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning business, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR, is CCl4. It is an organic compound. It has an indistinct color and a just perceptible "sweet" odor. At lower temperatures, it is almost incombustible. Prior to being phased out because to environmental and safety concerns, it was frequently used in fire extinguishers, as a predecessor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent. The central nervous system can be impacted as well as the liver and kidneys when exposed to high amounts of carbon tetrachloride, particularly its vapor. An extended exposure risk can be fatal.

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Because the specific heats of the two fluids are so different, after one has finished condensing, the other has not quite hit its boiling point, which results in the temperature drop.

People frequently cite a 2010 study that concluded that the highest limit of safety, above which the normal body is unable to cool itself by draining sweat from surface of the body, would be a moisture temperature of 35 C, or 95 F at 100% moisture, or 115 F at 50% humidity.

The human body can withstand temperatures as low as 96 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature at which the body remains to function at.

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Likes disintegrate. Nonpolar materials dissolve in nonpolar substance, while polar materials dissolve in polar solvents. like vinegar and water. Because they're both polar molecules, they were polar.

The substance is a material that has specific features and a certain makeup. Every component or pure compound is a substance. No physical technique can separate a substance. A pure substance's composition and qualities are fixed.

Tin, sulfur, diamond, freshwater, pure sugar (high fructose corn syrup), table salt (sodium chloride), and baking soda are examples of pure substances (sodium bicarbonate). In general, crystals are unadulterated material. Examples of pure components that are essential micronutrients are tin, sulfur, and diamond.

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The changes that people can make to decrease emissions in the sectors that produce the most methane is to reduce the drilling for petroleum.

Methane is a hydrocarbon gas that is produced from the decomposition of plant matter in the absence of air.

Methane is a major constituent of natural gas that occurs in combination with petroleum.

Hence, methane gas is produced during the drilling of petroleum.

The release of methane gas into the atmosphere poses a major threat to the environment due to its effect on global warming.  This is because methane is much more powerful than carbon dioxide when it comes to holding heat and elevating temperatures.

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Given in question ;
volume of ideal gas (v1) = 1.62 L
pressure on ideal gas (p1) = 1atm
volume of sample (v2) = to find
pressure of sample (p2) = 85 atm


As the Temperature is constant.                                                                        Thus, we apply the Boyle's Law ; P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

To find V₂.
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
(1 atm)(1.62 L) = (85 atm)(V₂)
V₂ = 1.62/85
V₂ = 0.019 L

Thus the volume of sample in ocean is 0.019 L.

What is Boyle's Law ?
Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. In other words, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other as long as the temperature and the quantity of gas are kept constant. Boyle’s law was put forward by the Anglo-Irish chemist Robert Boyle in the year 1662.


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When 1.6 moles of ethanol, C2H5OH, are totally burnt, 86.4 g of water, H2O, are created.

The balanced equation for the reaction will be written first. It is provided below.

2CO2 + 3H2O + C2H5OH =

1 mole of C2H5OH interacted to produce 3 moles of H2O according to the above balanced equation.

Next, we'll calculate how many moles of water were created by the reaction of 1.6 moles of C2H5OH.

1 mole of C2H5OH interacted to produce 3 moles of H2O according to the above balanced equation.

As a result, the reaction between 1.6 moles of C2H5OH will result in = 1.6 3 = 4.8 moles of H2O.

We will now calculate the mass of 4.8 moles of water.

Mole of water equals 4.8 moles.

H2O's molecular weight is (21) + 16 = 18.

Water mass equals?

Mass = Molar + Molar Mass

H2O mass = 4.8 x 18

H2O mass is 86.4 g.

As a result, 86.4 g of water were produced throughout the reaction.

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In propyne, C1 has four bonds in the structure ch1ch3; these bonds are made up of atomic or hybrid orbitals. No atom from any compound has ever reached us, although the idea of hybridization has been introduced.

To describe how distinct molecules' shapes differ. According to the "valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory," also known as the VSEPR theory, the sigma bonds made by the hybridized orbitals on the central atom are spatially orientated to be as far apart from one another as possible. The form of the molecule is determined by its orientation. And it is typically noticed that the shapes predicted by this theory match the shapes of molecules that have been actually observed.

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The hybridization of the oxygen atom labeled x in the structure below is sp2.

One s orbital and two p orbitals combine to generate three sp2 orbitals, each of which has 33% s character and 67% p character. This process is known as sp2 hybridization. When three groups of electrons surround an atom, this form of hybridization is necessary.

One electron in the s orbital is promoted to one of the 2p atomic orbitals as part of the sp2 hybridization, which is the mixing of one s and two p atomic orbitals. These two atomic orbitals combine to form three new hybrid orbitals that are equally energetic. The energy of the hybrid orbitals is higher than the energy of the s orbital, lower than the energy of the p orbitals, but closer to the energy of the p orbitals. Trigonal structures are produced by the newly generated hybrid orbitals, giving the molecule a 120-degree molecular geometry.

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