The UNIVAC I's price increased from its initial US$159,000 price to somewhere between $1,250,000 and $1,500,000. In the end, 46 systems in all were constructed and sent.
What distinguishes ENIAC and UNIVAC from one another?A line of digital electronic computers with stored programs goes by the name UNIVAC. UNIVersal Automatic Computer is known by the abbreviation UNIVAC. The first general-purpose computer in history was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer).
When did UNIVAC get its start?The construction of UNIVAC I was started by Mauchly and Eckert in 1948. The Census Bureau signed a contract for the computer on March 31, 1951, and a dedication ceremony was performed in June of that same year. Soon, a portion of the 1950 population census and the complete 1954 economic report were tabulated using UNIVAC I.
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assume that your roommate is very messy. suppose she gets a $50 benefit from being messy but imposes a $100 cost on you. the coase theorem would suggest that an efficient solution would be for you to
The Coase theorem would suggest that an efficient solution for you is to give your roommate $50 for cleaning the room but do not give more than $100.
What is Coase theorem?The Coase theorem in law and economics describes the economic effectiveness of a financial decision or result in the presence of externalities.According to Coase theorem theory, bargaining will result in a Pareto-efficient outcome regardless of how property is initially distributed if trading in an externality is feasible and transaction costs are sufficiently low. In reality, Coasean bargaining may be thwarted by impediments to negotiation or vague property rights. Ronald Coase, a Nobel Prize winner, is frequently credited with developing this "Coase theorem."Ronald Coase received the 1991 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for this 1960 study and his 1937 paper on the nature of the company (which also highlights the significance of transaction costs).To learn more about Coase theorem from the given link
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Which of these is NOT a flow that moves up and down the supply chain?
A. Procedural
B. Monetary
C. Information
D. Physical
Which of these is NOT a flow that moves up and down the supply chain? A. Procedural B. Monetary C. Information D. Physical
The correct option is A. Procedural
What are the typical flows in a supply chain?
Product flow, information flow, and money flow are the three main flows in supply chain management.
What is meant by supply chain management?
Supply chain management (SCM), which includes purchasing, operations, inventory management and storage, customer service, and logistics, has evolved into "a highly sophisticated, technology-dependent, and collaborative discipline" (source). Supply chain management professionals focus on controlling the movement of products, information, and money while exceeding customer expectations and keeping expenditures to a minimal level.
Three layers of decisions are involved in supply chain management: strategic, tactical, and operational. Long-term choices involving the site, manufacturing, inventory, and transportation are referred to as strategic decisions. Weekly demand predictions, distribution and transportation planning, production planning, and material requirement planning are all examples of medium-term decisions that are part of the tactical process.
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a company had $7,090,000 in net income for the year. its net sales were $16,100,000 for the same period. calculate its profit margin.
The net profit margin arithmetic is straightforward. Divide your net income by your sales or revenue, sometimes called the top line. According to this equation, profit margin for given question will be 44.03%.
Net income for the year= $7,090,000
Net sales for the year= $16,100,000
Profit margin for the year= Net income÷ Net sales
Profit margin for the year= $7,090,000÷ $16,100,000
Profit is defined as the financial benefit realized when the revenue generated by a business activity surpasses the expenditures, costs, and taxes associated with the activity in question. Profits are returned to company owners, who can choose to pocket the money, distribute it to dividends to shareholders or reinvest it into the company. Total revenue less total costs equals profit. Companies report net profit, operating income, and net profit for accounting purposes (the "bottom line"). Profitable businesses are appealing to investors because profits are either distributed to shareholders through dividends or reinvested into the business, increasing stock value.
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Document 7: According to the author, what aspects of life are improved under communism?
According to the author mentioned in the pictures, aspects related to benefits such as medical care and social insurance improve under communism.
What is communism?Communism is a socio-economic ideology that advocates for the establishment of a classless, stateless society, where the means of production are collectively owned and controlled by the community as a whole. According to the author, Harry Schwarts, in The New York Times article from 1952, several aspects of life are improved under communism. These aspects include:
Free medical care: The author states that under communism, the worker receives free medical care. This implies that healthcare services are provided by the government without any cost to the individual, ensuring access to medical treatment and services for all workers.Unemployment protection: The author mentions that the communist worker does not have to worry about being unemployed. This suggests that the government provides some form of social safety net or employment guarantee, ensuring job security for workers and protecting them from the risk of unemployment.Social insurance for old and disabled people: The author highlights that under communism, old and disabled people receive social insurance. This indicates that the government provides support and financial assistance to elderly and disabled individuals, likely in the form of pensions or other social welfare programs, to help improve their quality of life.Nurseries and kindergartens: The author mentions that the government provides nurseries and kindergartens for the children of working mothers. This suggests that the government takes responsibility for childcare services, making it easier for working mothers to pursue their careers while their children receive care and education in dedicated facilities.It's important to note that this excerpt reflects the perspective of the author in 1952 and focuses on the positive aspects of life under communism. Different viewpoints exist, and there are various interpretations and evaluations of the impacts of communism on different aspects of life and society.
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kansas city has more ___ restaurants per capita than any other us city.
Kansas City has more barbecue restaurants per capital than any other US city. This is due to the city's long history of barbecue culture, which dates back to the early 1900s.
What is capital ?Capital is the financial resources or assets that a business or individual owns and uses to generate income. It can include cash, investments, property, equipment, inventory, and other resources. Capital is used to fund operations, invest in new projects, and expand businesses.
Kansas City is known for its unique style of barbecue, which combines elements of both dry-rub and wet-sauce recipes. The city is also home to some of the most famous barbecue restaurants in the country, including Arthur Bryant's, Gates Bar-B-Q, and Oklahoma Joe's.
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Which of the following is the act of buying an asset to generate returns from it over a period of time while also taking care of risk and volatility?
Investment is the act of buying an asset to generate returns from it over a period of time while also taking care of risk and volatility.
What is risk?Financially speaking, risk is the possibility that a result or investment won't produce the desired results or return. Risk involves the potential for losing all or a portion of the initial investment.
Risk is typically quantified by taking past actions and results into account. Standard deviation is a frequent metric used to measure risk in finance.
The standard deviation gives a measurement of how volatile asset prices are in relation to their average historical values over a specific time period.
The level of willingness and resilience to risk that each investor exhibits is determined by their individual risk profile. Investors typically anticipate bigger profits to make up for increased investment risk.
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(HELP) Which details apply to a financing contract? Check all that apply.
A. requires a credit check
B. are always less expensive than using a credit card
C. includes interest rate information
D. requires a signature for rent-to-own agreements
E. can be broken at any time
assume that you are analyzing the chocolate production industry. you have found that the primary suppliers (e.g. dairy, sugar, etc.) to the industry have limited differentiation in their products and industry members face fairly low switching costs if they choose to move to a different supplier. this suggests that supplier power is high and it will put downward pressure on the profitability of the chocolate production industry. group of answer choices true
This suggests that supplier power is high and it will put downward pressure on the profitability of the chocolate production industry.---- True
Primary supplier:
The term "primary supplier" refers to either a city that owns and maintains its own electric system or a person, business, or corporation that provides electric service within a city under a franchise granted by or contract with that city, or that has provided service within a city under a franchise or contract and will continue to do so after the franchise or contract expires.
Who is referred to as a supplier?A person or company that provides a product or service to another entity is referred to as a supplier. In a business, a supplier's job is to offer a distributor or retailer for resale high-quality products from a manufacturer at a competitive price.
What is a supplier's role?A supplier in business is a person or organization that provides retailers or distributors with high-quality services and products from manufacturers at reasonable prices. They provide deliverables in the form of raw materials, which are later processed by manufacturers into finished goods that are ready for the market.
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in which of the following market structures are entry barriers the highest? group of answer choices perfect competition. oligopoly. monopolistic competition. monopoly.
A monopoly seeks to cover challengers from entering the request as much as possible. walls to entry benefit monopolies by guarding earnings and gains.
A monopoly is a business characterized by a lack of request competition and no vacuity of backups for its products. Monopolies can determine price changes and produce walls to entry for challengers. Monopolies can frequently lead to illegal trade practices, including Charging different prices to different consumers price demarcation), setting prices significantly above the cost of product, dealing inferior products or services, etc. With these practices, monopolies may dissolve sooner or latterly.
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what amount should be reported as depreciation expense in pirn's year-end consolidated income statement?
The amount of depreciation expense to be reported in PIRN's year-end consolidated income statement will depend on the company's depreciation.
What is expense?
Expense is the money spent to purchase goods or services. It is the cost of operating a business, or an individual's outlay of money on day-to-day living. Expenses are typically categorized as either fixed or variable and are recorded in an individual's or business's books of accounts. Fixed expenses are those that remain constant over a period of time, such as rent or insurance. Variable expenses, on the other hand, are those that fluctuate, such as utility bills or travel costs. Expenses can also be further broken down into discretionary and non-discretionary expenses.
The company's accountant would need to review the company's balance sheet and determine the total amount of depreciation expense for the year.
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a change in the number of buyers is a determinant of market
When a change in the number of buyers is a determinant of a monopoly market will result in more buyers.
What is a monopoly market?a market arrangement in which there is just one seller and only one type of goods available. As the only vendor of the goods with no viable alternatives, the seller in a monopoly market has no rivals.In a monopoly market, an entity becomes the sole seller of commodities due to reasons such as government licensing, resource ownership, copyright, and patent protection, as well as high startup costs. These characteristics collectively prevent other sellers from entering the market. Monopolies also have access to information that other merchants do not.The single seller controls the market and sets the price due to the characteristics of a monopoly market. He likes having the ability to determine the price of his items.examples are as followsRailway BoardDefense biardElectricity boardlearn more about the monopoly market
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. during the antebellum period u.s. tariffs on imported cotton textiles a. increased profits for british textile producers. b. decreased the prices of cotton textiles in the u.s. c. were supported by the southern states. d. were harmful to u.s. textile producers and their employees. e. none of the above is correct
None of the above is correct. This is because the tariffs made it more expensive to import cotton textiles from Britain and other countries.
During the antebellum period, US tariffs on imported cotton textiles had a complex effect. While the tariffs did increase profits for British textile producers, they did not necessarily decrease prices of cotton textiles in the US. In fact, the tariffs passed by the US Congress in 1824, 1828, and 1832 actually resulted in higher prices of imported cotton textiles and increased profits for US textile producers. The tariffs were also supported by the northern states, not necessarily the southern states, since the northern states had a larger industrial base. Therefore, the tariffs were not necessarily harmful to US textile producers or their employees. Tariffs are taxes levied by one nation on products and services imported from another country in order to influence it, collect money, or safeguard competitive advantages.
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jane wants to auction off an item, but does not know where to go to find bidders. david offers to find bidders for her, but will charge her $10 per bidder he gets to show up. each bidder will uniformly value the item between [500,1000) . the highest bidder will win the item and pay the second-highest bidder price (vickrey auction). how many bidders should jane pay david to find?
Separate Auctions for Continuous Types. Think about a single-good auction where there are only two bidders, each with a drawn-out private value.
What kind of auction gives the bidder the opportunity to submit successively lower bids?In a reverse auction, the buyer specifies the products and services they wish to buy, and prospective vendors compete with one another to close the deal. Typically, prices in this kind of auction drop with time.
In economics, what is the auction theory?The field of applied economics known as auction theory studies the behavior of bidders in auction marketplaces and how the characteristics of these systems encourage the production of known results. For the purpose of designing actual auctions, auction theory is a useful tool.
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which systems development life cycle model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined?
The waterfall life cycle model has distinct, linear stages for system development and support. This life cycle model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.
The waterfall model is a popular software development and product development method to the software development cycle (SDLC). The waterfall model employs a logical path of SDLC steps for a venture, similar to how water flows over a cliff's edge. It establishes distinct endpoints or objectives for each stage of development. After they have been completed, those data points or goals cannot be revisited. In a study written in 1970, Dr. Winston W. Royce of the Aerospace Software Technical Institute introduced the concept based on his experience creating apps for satellites. Royce, on the other hand, did not use the term waterfall; rather, he referred to the down - stream value of paperwork.
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if time has value, why are financial institutions often willing to extend you a 30-year mortgage at a lower annual interest rate than they would charge for a one-year loan? multiple choice with a mortgage, the house you purchase acts as collateral for the loan. this reduces the risk associated with the loan and so reduces the compensation the bank requires. because time has value, banks charge a lower interest rate on mortgages because they receive payments for 30 years instead of just one year. because time has value and mortgages don't take as long to approve as a one-year loan, the financial institution can charge a lower interest rate. there is no economic reason for financial institutions to charge a lower interest rate on a 30-year mortgage.
When you get a mortgage, the house you buy serves as security for the loan. If you don't pay, the bank can sell the house and get its money back. Collateral lowers the risk connected with the loan, which in turn lowers the compensation the bank needs.
What connection exists between interest rates and mortgage rates?Mortgage interest rates and other consumer borrowing interest rates typically rise. Long-term interest rates often increase in tandem with increases in short-term interest rates. Mortgage rates typically increase as a result of this and an increase in the interest rate on the 10-year Treasury bond. Mortgage rates may fluctuate every day. Actual payments will change depending on your unique circumstances and the current exchange rate. It's possible that not all states offer certain things. First-time home purchasers might not be allowed to purchase some large products. The proportion of your mortgage payment that goes toward principle and interest increases as the variable rate rises.
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a country that produces a maximum possible combination of two goods using all of the resources available in the economy
If a country can produce a range of items that effectively utilizes every single means available in the economy, it is operating at the frontier of its production potential.
Describe an economy.A community's distribution is determined largely by a collection of interrelated consumption and producing processes collectively referred to as an economy. The production and consumption of goods and services in their entirety satisfy the needs of the people who reside somewhere and make deals there.
What objectives does the economy have?However, economists agree that administrations in market economies can play six main roles. In addition to establishing the legal and emotional framework, it is necessary to maintain proper competition, provide public facilities and services, distribute revenue, account for drawbacks, and mend the economy.
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how can computation be employed to help people process data and information to gain insight and knowledge?
Computational thinking allows us to take a complex problem, understand what the problem is and develop possible solutions.
How can you use computational thinking in your everyday life?Real-world Examples, when cleaning your room, you may make a to-do list. Identifying separate activities (such as making your bed and putting up your clothing) enables you to recognize the minor steps before beginning to clean. Recognizing a pattern and establishing the succession. Computational skills are described as the ability to rapidly and accurately solve basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems using mental processes, paper and pencil, and other aids such as a calculator.
Decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithms are the four pillars of computational thinking, according to the BBC. Decomposition encourages pupils to divide difficult issues into smaller, easier ones.
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what is the implication of an efficient securities market for the return an investor will earn over a period of time?
An efficient securities market allows investors to earn higher returns over a period of time by providing them with access to accurate and timely information about market conditions.
This means that investors can make more informed decisions about which investments to make, resulting in higher returns over time. Additionally, an efficient securities market also allows investors to take advantage of market opportunities more quickly.
This can increase their returns, as they can capitalize on short-term market moves and capitalize on market inefficiencies. In summary, an efficient securities market can result in higher returns for investors over a period of time.
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chris and jane have rented a banquet hall to celebrate their wedding anniversary. fifty people have already accepted their invitation. the caterers will charge $5 per person for food and $2 per person for drinks. the band will cost $300 for the evening, and the hall costs $200. now chris and jane are considering inviting 10 more people. by how much will these extra guests increase the cost of their party?
There are already fifty people who have accepted their invitation. Each person's meal will cost $5 from the caterers, and drinks will cost $2. You must pay $300 to see the band.
What does "cost" refer to?
A cost is the value of money that has been used to create an item or deliver a service and is now unavailable for use in manufacturing, doing research, selling it to consumers, and accounting. The amount of money spent on the acquisition is regarded as the cost in the event of an acquisition cost.
amount paid, imposed, or equal to a given amount for anything price. the financial commitment (as in work or sacrifice) necessary to acquire something; the average cost of a college degree has climbed dramatically.
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According to symbolic interactionism, which component of the self encourages an individual to follow social norms
Simply put, symbolic interactionists hold that the meanings we give to interactions and events help to shape our society.
What constitutes simple events?Simple occurrences are those in which a single experiment is conducted at such a time and results in a single conclusion. P(E), when E is the event, stands for the chance of simple events. The range of the probability is 0 to 1. For instance, tossing a coin is a straightforward event.
What are events, and what different kinds are there?What are the various probability event types? Complement encounters, simple events, compounded events, definite events, improbable events, dependent occasions, independent events, socially exclusive occasions, exhaustive events, etc. are some examples of the various varieties of events in probability.
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why do you think comfort taxi was able to attract 16,000 taxi drivers and to adopt the gps-dispatch system within two years, whereas taiwan taxi managed to recruit only 6,700 members over seven years?
Comfort Taxi was able to attract 16,000 taxi drivers and to adopt the GPS-dispatch system within two years because the company offered incentives to drivers who joined the system, such as higher fares and a bonus system.
Comfort Taxi also provided better customer service and more reliable dispatching technology than Taiwan Taxi, which allowed it to attract more drivers. Additionally, Comfort Taxi had a larger marketing budget and was better able to promote its services to potential customers and drivers than Taiwan Taxi.
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if the value of a firm's net fixed assets equals the value of the accumulated depreciation, from an accounting perspective, the fixed assets are: group of answer choices new. fully depreciated. one-half depreciated. equal in value to the firm's current assets.
From an accounting point of view, a fixed asset is fully depreciated when the value of the net fixed asset equals the depreciation. Depreciation is a counter account to the fixed assets account and is used to reduce the value of net fixed assets.
Accumulated depreciation is a valuation account used to capture the gradual decline in value of a fixed asset as it is used in production or services over its economic life. If the value of depreciation equals the value of net fixed assets, it means that the fixed assets have been fully depreciated. This means that the full value of the asset has been written off as an expense and that there is no residual value of the asset on the balance sheet.
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suppose you make an investment of $500 for seven years. at the end of seven years, you receive $750. what annual rate of return did you earn?
You earned a 50% annual rate of return on your investment over seven years.
If you make an investment of $500 and hold it for seven years, you will receive $750 at the end of this period. To calculate the annual rate of return you earned from this investment, use the following formula:
Annual Rate of Return = (Ending Value - Beginning Value) ÷ Beginning Value x 100
For this example, using the values of $500 for the Beginning Value and $750 for the Ending Value, the equation would look like this: (750 - 500) ÷ 500 x 100 = 0.50 x 100 = 50%
Therefore, you earned a 50% annual rate of return on your investment over seven years.
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in a sale-leaseback transaction, the seller-lessee has retained the property. the gain on the sale should be recognized at the time of the sale-leaseback when the lease is classified as:
The details of the arrangement, such as the lease payments and duration, are made immediately following the asset's sale in a leaseback, also known as a sale-leaseback.
The asset's seller takes on the role of lessee in a sale-leaseback arrangement, while the buyer assumes the role of lessor.
When a company sells an asset it owns and immediately leases it back from the buyer, this is known as a sale-leaseback transaction. After that, the buyer becomes the lessor, while the seller becomes the lessee.
What is the most crucial factor to take into account when accounting for leaseback and sale transactions?
Both leaseback and sale transactions must be looked at to see if the leaseback classification or the seller-lessee repurchase option prevent accounting for the asset transfer as a sale.
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Which would you rather have: a daily compounded rate of 0. 045%, a weekly compounded rate of 0. 305%, a monthly compounded rate of 1. 55%, a quarterly compounded rater of 4. 25%, a semiannually compounded rate of 8%, or an annually compounded rate of 18%?What is the effective annual (EAR) of a daily compounded rate of 0. 050%?
_____(round to two decimal places)
the effective annual (EAR) of a daily compounded rate of 0.050% is 0.051%, , the annually compounded rate of 18% is the highest option would be the best.
To compare different rates, it is best to convert them all to an annual effective rate (EAR), which takes into account the effects of compounding. Use the below formula :
EAR = (1 + r/n)^n - 1
where r is the rate and n is the number of times per year the rate is compounded.
When we compare the given options, the annually compounded rate of 18% is the highest.
For the second part of the question, to find the effective annual rate of a daily compounded rate of 0.050%, we can use the formula above with n = 365 (since it's compounded daily)
EAR = (1 + 0.050%/365)^365 - 1
Using a calculator, we find that the EAR is 0.051%.
so the effective annual (EAR) of a daily compounded rate of 0.050% is 0.051%.
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(this question refers to the mru video 'supply and demand terminology'.) which of the following can cause a change in demand? select one: a. a change in the price of the good's inputs b. a change in the good's price c. a change in the personal income of buyers d. a change in production technology
C. A change in the personal income of buyers.
Demand refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a particular price. Changes in the personal income of buyers are one of the primary factors that can cause a change in demand. When personal incomes increase, buyers may have more money to spend on goods and services and therefore may be willing to purchase more at a given price. Conversely, when personal incomes decrease, buyers may have less money to spend and therefore be less willing to purchase the same amount of goods and services at that price. Other factors that can cause a change in demand include changes in the price of the good itself, changes in the price of the good's inputs, and changes in production technology.
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which viewpoint emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers?
Robert Winslow The Principles for Scientific Management, written by Taylor, was first published in 1911. Taylor argued that flaws in a specific project method might be scientifically corrected by employing improved management approaches.
Which management theory strives to improve employees' productivity levels?Scientific management is a management paradigm that looks at work flows to increase economic efficiency, notably labor productivity. The manufacturing sectors in the United States saw a boom in the 1880s and 1890s because to Frederick Winslow Taylor's management theory.
What part does work study play in boosting productivity?The primary goal of paid internships is to increase the output of laborers, machinery, and resources. The objective of the study is to figure out the optimum way to carry out each task and to reduce waste, so that reduced weariness leads to more productivity.
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which system has complete public ownership of the means of production?
a. Socialism
b. communism
c. anarchism
d. fascism
The system has complete public ownership of the means of production
b. .communism
communism In a communist system, the means of production, such as factories, farmland, and natural resources, are owned and controlled by the state or the community as a whole. There is no private ownership of the means of production, and the goal is to create a classless society where wealth and resources are distributed equally. In theory, the government controls the economy and makes all major decisions regarding production and distribution, guided by the principle "from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs".a. Socialism Socialism is an economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state, but there's not necessarily a complete absence of private property. c. anarchismAnarchism is a political philosophy that advocates for the abolition of government and the establishment of a society without rulers. It generally advocates for the idea of self-government and the autonomy of individuals and communities.d. fascism: Fascism is a political ideology that prioritizes the interests of the state and the nation above the rights of individuals and groups. Fascism is characterized by authoritarian government, aggressive nationalism, and suppression of political opposition.
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The utilitarian philosophy for business ethics primarily focuses on: a. Adopting the ethics of the culture in which a business operates. B. Weighing the benefits, costs, and risks associated with a course of action. C. Ensuring justified treatment of any minority. D. Applying home-country standards of ethics in foreign countries. E. Maximizing business profits by increasing employee productivity
The utilitarian business ethics theory is largely concerned with B. Weighing the benefits, costs, and risks associated with a course of action.
Utilitarianism is a philosophy that holds that the best course of action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure and minimizes overall pain or suffering. In the context of business ethics, this means that a business should weigh the benefits, costs, and risks associated with a particular course of action, and choose the one that will result in the greatest overall good for all stakeholders. This approach is often contrasted with deontological or duty-based approaches, which focus on upholding moral rules or principles regardless of their consequences, and virtue-based approaches, which focus on promoting the development of good character in individuals and organizations.
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2. the first step in the posting procedure is writing the (a) entry date in the date column of the account. (b) journal page number in the post. ref. column of the journal. (c) account number in the post. ref. column of the account. (d) entry amount in the debit or credit column of the account.
(d) entry amount in the debit or credit column of the account.
Step 1: Enter the Date in the Date Column of the Account: The first step in the posting procedure is to enter the date of the transaction into the date column of the account. This will help keep track of when the transaction was made.
Step 2: Enter the Account Number in the Post. Ref. Column of the Account: The next step is to enter the account number in the post. ref. column of the account. This will help identify which account the transaction is being posted to.
Step 3: Write the Journal Page Number in the Post. Ref. Column of the Journal: After the account number is entered, the journal page number should be entered into the post. ref. column of the journal. This will help you quickly locate the transaction when you are ready to post it.
Step 4: Enter the Entry Amount in the Debit or Credit Column of the Account: After the journal page number is noted, the entry amount should be entered into the debit or credit column of the account. This will help ensure that the correct amount is posted to the account.
Step 5: Record the Posting in the Journal: The final step in the posting procedure is to record the transaction in the journal.
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