Hybridization in ethylene molecule (C2H4) occurs due to the overlapping of the two 2s atomic orbitals as well as one 2p atomic orbital of the two carbon atoms.
This overlapping produces four identical sp hybrid orbitals, each containing one electron from each carbon atom. Hybridization allows the bonding between the two carbon atoms, forming the carbon-carbon double bond. The sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms results in the formation of a linear shape of the ethylene molecule.
The two unhybridized p atomic orbitals of the two carbon atoms lie perpendicular to each other. This results in the formation of a π bond between the two carbon atoms, as the electrons in the two unhybridized p orbitals can move freely between the two carbon atoms.
The linear shape of the ethylene molecule is due to the fact that the two sp2 hybrid orbitals of the two carbon atoms are oriented in opposite directions and are parallel to each other. The two hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atoms through single covalent bonds, forming the carbon-hydrogen single bonds.
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calculate the ph of the following two buffer solutions: (a) 1.0 m ch3coona/2.0 m ch3cooh. (b) 0.1 m ch3coona/0.2 m ch3cooh. which is the more effective buffer? a. 1.0 m ch3coona/2.0 m ch3cooh b. 0.1 m ch3coona/0.2 m ch3cooh
pH of (a) = 5.081 and pH of (b) = 4.479. The effective buffer is 1.0M CH3COONa / 2.0 m CH3COOH.
What is buffer solution?
Buffer Solution is a water-based solvent-based solution composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
We know that,
pH = pKa + log[salt] / [acid]
For 1.0M CH3COONa / 2.0 m CH3COOH
Given,
[Salt] = CH3COONa = 1.0M
[Acid] = CH3COOH = 2.0M
pKa of CH3COOH = 4.78
Subsituting the values,
pH = 4.78 + log[1.0] / [2.0]
pH = 4.78 + 0.3010
pH = 5.081
For 0.1M CH3COONa / 0.2M CH3COOH
Given,
[Salt] = CH3COONa = 0.1M
[Acid] = CH3COOH = 0.2M
Subsituting the values,
pH = 4.78 + log[0.1] / [0.2]
pH = 4.78 + (-0.3010)
pH = 4.479
The effective buffer is 1.0M CH3COONa / 2.0 m CH3COOH because the higher the concentrations, the bigger the total buffer capacity.
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EXPERIMENT 1: Which type of half-cell, when used along with a Mn/Mn2+ half-cell, gives the largest cell potential? Select one: O a. Cu2+/cu o b. Pb2+/Pb o c. Zn²+Izn od. The potential for all three cells is the same.
the largest cell potential when used along with a Mn/Mn2+ is Cu²⁺/Cu
A voltaic cell or galvanic cell is a battery that uses electrochemical energy produced from redox reactions to produce electricity. In this reaction, manganese is the anode and copper is the cathode.
Half-cell responses and respective cell potentials are shown below.
Mn = Mn²⁺ + 2e⁻ E°=-1.18V
Zn²⁺ +2e⁻ = Zn E° = -0.76V
Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ = Pb E° -0.13
Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ = Cu E° 0.34
When Solving Cell Potentials
E° cell = E° cathode -E° anode
for Mn and Zn.
Mn (s) + Zn²⁺(aq)→ Mn²⁺(aq)+Zn(s)
E° cell = −0.76v−(−1.18v)=0.42v
For Mn and Pb the following applies:
Mn(s)+ Pb²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + Pb(s)
E° cell = −0.13v−(−1.18v)=1.05v
For Mn and Cu:
Mn(s)+ Cu²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + Cu(s)
E° cell = 0.34-(-1.18) = 1.52V
The Cu happens to be the largest among the others.
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the human resource manager at a pharmaceutical company is beginning the selection process for a new chemist. she would begin with the
A pharmaceutical company's human resource manager is starting the hiring process for a new chemist. She would start by going through orientation.
What is human resources management?The strategic method of developing and assisting people and providing a positive work environment is known as human resource management. Although its duties vary across various organizations and industries, they often include hiring, paying and providing benefits, providing training and development, and managing employee relations.
What is the role of HR in pharmaceutical company?To appreciate the significance of hiring and staffing should be aware of Orientation and Induction's significance. being aware of the significance of training and development to appreciate the significance of performance management and evaluation in order to appreciate the significance of employee retention
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both have polar interiors and nonpolar surfaces. on a micelle, the nonpolartails of the fatty acid salts face outwards into the aqueous environment, similar to the blank amino acid side chains on the globular protein. the polarheads of the fatty acid salts gather together in the interior of the micelle just as the blank amino acid side chains gather in the interior of the globular protein.
The structure of a soap micelle similar to the structure of a globular protein because both have polar interiors and nonpolar surfaces. on a micelle, the nonpolartails of the fatty acid salts face outwards into the aqueous environment, similar to the nonpolar tails amino acid side chains on the globular protein. the polarheads of the fatty acid salts gather together in the interior of the micelle just as the nonpolar amino acid side chains gather in the interior of the globular protein.
Colloids that form micelle are linked together and arranged radially. At low concentrations, they act as strong electrolytes as they should, but at greater concentrations, they act like colloidal particles. Up to 100 molecules or more may be present in micelle. For instance, soap releases sodium and stearate ions as it dissolves in water.
The form of the 3D molecular structure of globular protein can range from a sphere to a cigar. A globular protein's structure typically consists of three or four layers. Simple amino acid sequences that create peptide chains make up the fundamental structure.
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Nuclear decay occurs according to first-order kinetics. A nuclide decays in 23. 0 minutes from 12. 9 g to 2. 04 g. What is the rate constant for the nuclide?.
The rate constant for the nuclide is 0.0803 min1.
What is first-order kinetics?
First-order kinetics refers to a type of chemical reaction in which the pace of the reaction is proportional to the amount of the reactant and is dependent only on the concentration of one component.
Two examples of first-order reactions are the aspirin hydrolysis and the reaction of t-butyl bromide with water to yield t-butanol. An such procedure that appears to have first-order kinetics is the hydrolysis of the anticancer drug cisplatin.
The concentration of one of the reactants affects the rate of a first-order reaction. The product of the concentrations of two reactants or the square of the concentration of a reactant determines the second-order reaction rate.
The rate constant for a first-order reaction can be determined by using the following equation:
k = -ln(N2/N1)/(t2-t1)
where N1 is the initial number of moles (12.9 g/98 g/mol = 0.131 mol), N2 is the final number of moles (2.04 g/98 g/mol = 0.0208 mol), t1 is the initial time (0 min) and t2 is the final time (23.0 min).
Plugging the values into the equation, we get:
k = -ln(0.0208/0.131)/(23.0-0) = -ln(0.0208/0.131)/23.0 = 0.0803 min-1
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which phrase is not likely to indicate that a double-displacement reaction has occurred?responsesformation of a precipitateformation of a precipitatechange of a metal ion to a metal elementchange of a metal ion to a metal elementformation of a gasformation of a gasneutralization of acids and bases
A metal ion or perhaps an ammonium ion takes the place of the acid's H+ ion. A neutralization is the process by which a base and an acid combine to form a salt.
How is acid defined?Any substance is called an acid if it tastes bad in water solution, colors blue litmus litmus red, reacts with certain metals so release hydrogen, mixes with bases to form salts, and activates chemical reactions (acid catalysis).
Where does acid come from?In industrial or organic chemistry, acids are utilized as catalysts; for instance, sulfuric acid is often used in extremely high volumes during the alkylation process of creating gasoline. Some acids, including hydrochloric, phosphoric, and sulfuric acid ( h2so4, can also cause condensation and dehydration processes.
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a sample of tin is heated until it finishes melting. the sample absorbs a total of 1050 j of heat. if the sample requires 460 j of heat to reach its melting point, how much heat is needed to completely melt the sample of tin?
The heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy needed to turn anything solid into a liquid. There is a formula, Q = mHf. Because matter doesn't affect temperature, the temperature is not a factor.
Will the addition of heat cause the temperature to rise during a phase change?There is no increase in the kinetic energies of the particles, and hence no rise in temperature, because the energy required for phase shifts is employed to break bonds. Similarly, energy is required to evaporate a liquid to defeat the attraction forces between the liquid's particles.
Does the temperature drop when a phase shift occurs?The energy that is given during a change in the state of matter is used to alter the binding energies rather than boost the kinetic energy of the molecules. As a result, the temperature doesn't change.
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according to dr. martin seligman, which property/properties must an element have to be considered an element of well-being?
According to Dr. Martin Seligman, there are five essential elements that must be present for an individual to experience well-being:
Positive emotionEngagementRelationshipsMeaningAccomplishmentThe Five Essential Elements of Well-BeingWell-being is a state of mind, body, and spirit that allows individuals to be at peace, content, and fulfilled in their lives. Dr. Martin Seligman, a leader in the field of Positive Psychology, has identified five essential elements that must be present for an individual to experience a true sense of well-being.
Positive emotion involves feeling joy, pleasure, and satisfaction in life. This can be achieved through self-care activities such as:
MeditationYogaRelaxation techniquesIt is important to find activities that bring you joy and make you feel connected to yourself, other people, and the world around you.
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except for the transition and inner transition metals, the octet rule applies to all other elements. true false
False, except for the transition and inner transition metals, the octet rule is not applicable to all other elements.
An element is a substance that can not be damaged down into a simpler layout. They may be distinguished by means of a completely unique atomic range. The elements are organized via their atomic variety in the periodic table, which highlights elements with similar residences.
Carbon is the most important detail of existence. Without this detail, existence, as we are aware of it, might not exist. As you will see, carbon is a vital element in compounds essential for lifestyles.
Kinds of elements :
1.) The elements are categorized as metallic, non-metal, and metalloid.
2.) The intense left aspect factors inside the periodic desk are metals, for example, sodium, calcium, cesium, and many others.
3) Elements on the right side are usually known as non-metals, carbon, chlorine, oxygen, and many others.
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Provide a detailed procedure for the conversion of a tertiary alcohol to an alkyl halide via a SN1 reaction. Compare (and explain) the difference in reaction mechanism when primary alcohols are used instead of a tertiary alcohol. All chemical structures should be hand drawn. You can add images into your responses by clicking on the icon that looks like a mountain landscape. Cut and paste text/figures will not be graded.
While secondary and tertiary alcohols react using the elementary SN1 mechanism, where no carbocation is created, primary alcohols react using the SN2 mechanism, which entails the production of a carbocation.
What distinguishes a primary alcohol from a tertiary alcohol?You can tell the type of alcohol by looking at the carbon atoms connected to OH.The alcohol is classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of carbons that are connected to that carbon.
Why does secondary alcohol have a lower reactivity than primary alcohol?Alkyl groups in tertiary alcohols supply the oxygen of the alcohol with electron density, which lessens the alcohol's acidic intensity.Thus, as the number of alkyl groups attached to a alcohol functional group on carbon grows, the acidity of alcohol decreases.
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the compound calcium iodide is a strong electrolyte. write the reaction when solid calcium iodide is put into water.
(Sodium iodide) NaI (s) → (Sodium) Na⁺(aq) + (iodide) I⁻(aq)
The chemical formula of sodium iodide is NaI. When NaI is dissolved in water, it dissociates into sodium ions (Na⁺) and iodide ions (I⁻). One mol of NaI gives 1 mole of Na⁺ ions and 1 mole of I⁻ ions.
Therefore, the chemical equation for the dissociation is the following:
NaI(s) → Na⁺(aq) + I⁻(aq)
What is sodium?
Sodium is a reactive, soft metal with a low melting point and most vital of all alkaline metals from the commercial viewpoint. It reacts speedily with water, snow, and ice to make sodium hydroxide. Sodium chloride is received by the reaction of sodium with chlorine. It is also consumed as a salt in fertilizers.
(Sodium iodide) NaI (s) → (Sodium) Na⁺(aq) + (iodide) I⁻(aq)
The chemical formula of sodium iodide is NaI. When NaI is dissolved in water, it dissociates into sodium ions (Na⁺) and iodide ions (I⁻). One mol of NaI gives 1 mole of Na⁺ ions and 1 mole of I⁻ ions.
Therefore, the chemical equation for the dissociation is the following:
NaI(s) → Na⁺(aq) + I⁻(aq)
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butane is trapped as described in the procedure for this experiment in graduated cylinder at an atmospheric pressure of 1.007 atm. the water temperature is recorded to be 20.0 °c, and the volume of gas trapped is 26.7 ml with a mass of 0.065 grams. what is the molar mass of butane based on these calculations?
The molar mass of butane is 54.62mol^-1.
What do you mean by molar mass?
Substances take up space and have mass. Molecules, which make up substances, often need to be measured in experiments, and it is important that these measurements are accurate. But, how can we measure something so small in an accurate way? How do we normally measure molecules? In the science laboratory, we use a tool called an analytical balance to measure in grams.
Through careful calculation, scientists can determine the number of moles a specific reaction will need. A mole is a unit of measure that helps us compare particles of any given substance and its mass. If we already know the number of moles needed, we can use the concept of molar mass to calculate how many grams of the substance are required. The molar mass, also known as molecular weight, is the sum of the total mass in grams of all the atoms that make up a mole of a particular molecule. The unit used to measure is grams per mole.
Given,
Pressure = 1.007 atm = 1.02 bars
Volume = 26.7 ml = 0.0267L
Temperature = 20degree C= 293 K
By applying ideal gas equation ,
We can find number of moles of butane
n = PV/RT
So, P*V=1.02 bar * 0.0267L = 0.027234
R*T = 0.083 (bar L K^-1mol^-1) * 293K = 24.319
Therefore, n = 0.027234/24.319 = 0.00119moles
Now,
To calculate molar mass of butane
We know,
Molar mass = mass of substance in gms/ no. of moles in substance
Here, mass of butane is given as 0.065gm
Therefore, molar mass = 0.065 /0.00119
= 54.62
Hence, molar mass of butane is 54.62mol^-1
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A chunk of dry ice, solid co2, disappears after sitting at room temperature for a while. There is no puddle of liquid. What happened?.
A piece of dry ice, which is solid CO2, vanishes after some time at normal temperature. There is no liquid puddle. The CO2 gas solidified.
How does dry ice function and what is it?Carbon dioxide freezes into a substance called dry ice. Carbon dioxide travels directly from a gas to a solid rather than first becoming a liquid and then a solid. As a result, whenever it melts, gas is created as well.
What is the real purpose of dry ice?Typically, dry ice is utilized in industry for tasks like blasting, preserving frozen goods, and transporting drugs. In addition, dry ice is employed in our daily lives for a variety of other things, such as producing special effects for movies and events.
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how much hcl must be added to a liter of buffer that is m in acetic acid and m in sodium acetate to result in a buffer fph o?
16.6 g of HCl must be added to a liter of a buffer that is 1.4 M in acetic acid and 0.75 M in sodium acetate to result in a buffer pH of 3.94.
A buffer is a solution that can withstand changes in pH caused by the addition of acidic or basic components. It can neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, allowing the pH of the solution to remain relatively stable. This is critical for processes and/or reactions that necessitate specific and stable pH ranges.
A buffer is made up of a weak acid and either its conjugate base or its conjugate acid. Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer before the pH changes. A buffer solution is bicarbonate in blood, which keeps the body's internal pH stable.
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according to the collision model, why does increasing the temperature increase the rate of a reaction?
Increasing the temperature increase the rate of a reaction because it increases the number of collisions.
What is collision model?
According to the collision model, chemical reaction can occur only when reactant molecules, atoms, or ions collide with more than a particular amount of kinetic energy and in the right direction. The collision model explains why most molecular collisions do not result in a chemical reaction.
What is the effect of temperature on collision model?
Temperature influences both the rate of collision and the energy of molecules during collisions, according to collision theory. As the temperature rises, so does the amount of energy in the system, and therefore more molecules will have energy greater than the activation barrier. This accelerates the reaction.
Increasing the temperature increase the rate of a reaction because it increases the number of collisions.
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for this experiement, the lab instructor had to prepare 650ml of .10 m ca(no3)2. what mass of solid ca(no3)2 was required to prepare this solution
The solution is 5.0 Molar.
A stable is a state of remembering that keeps its form and density while no longer confined. An example of solids is stable ice, sugar, rock, wood, and so forth.
Before everything glances, strong appears to be a simple word, however, it definitely gives sun shades of which means. A stable pal is reliable. if you deliver a solid overall performance, it became excellent, though no longer quite fantastic. Likewise, in case you achieve a solid win, you win by a large, but now not big, majority.
Solids have specific shapes and exact volumes and are not compressible to any quantity. There are two main classes of solid crystalline solids and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids are those in which the atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the solid exist in an ordinary, nicely-described association.
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mevalonate exists in equilibrium with compound x in aqueous solution. what is the structure of compound x?
Mevalonate exists in equilibrium with compound x in aqueous solution. the structure of compound x is a six membered ring.
The six membered is thermodynamically more stable so, the compound formed is six membered ring is more favorable. the both the four membered and the peroxide are the high energy species. so, these are not able to form stable molecule as mevalonate. mevalonic acid is the organic compound discussed in the biochemistry. mevalonic acid contains the -CO₂H and -OH groups.
Thus , for the mevalonate exits is in the equilibrium compound x and the compound x is called the six membered ring.
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consider the reaction below. h2s so2−4⇌hs− hso−4 which of the above chemical species is the brønsted-lowry base in the forward reaction?
HS is the Bronsted-Lowry base in the forward reaction.
The Brnsted-Lowry theory is an acid-base reaction theory that was independently proposed in 1923 by Johannes Nicolaus Brnsted and Thomas Martin Lowry.
An acid is a proton (H+) donor in the Brnsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, and a base is a proton acceptor. A conjugate base is formed when a Brnsted-Lowry acid loses a proton. A conjugate acid is formed when a Brnsted-Lowry base gains a proton.
A Bronsted-Lowry base is a compound that accepts a proton or an H+ ion from another compound. A conjugated acid can donate a proton and reform the base. An acid-base reaction, according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, involves the exchange of protons or H+ ions between the acid and base.
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calculate the molar solubility of caf2caf2 in a solution containing 0.844 mm of ca(no3)2ca(no3)2 . the kspksp value for caf2caf2 is 1.46×10−101.46×10−10 .
1. Calculate the molar solubility of CaF2 in the solution by using the Ksp value:
Ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2
1.46 x 10-10 = [0.844 x 10-3] [x]2
x = 2.83 x 10-3 mol/L
2. Calculate the molar solubility of CaF2 in the solution by using the molar ratio of CaF2 to Ca(NO3)2:
Molar ratio= [CaF2]/[Ca(NO3)2]= 2.83 x 10-3/0.844 x 10-3 = 3.36
3. Therefore, the molar solubility of CaF2 in the solution is 3.36 x 10-3 mol/L.
What is Molar Solubility?
Molar solubility is a measure of how much of a given solute can be dissolved in a given solvent. It is expressed as moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution. It is an important parameter in the field of chemistry and is used to calculate the amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given volume of solvent.
The solubility of a given compound is affected by several factors, including temperature, pH, and the presence of other solutes in the solution. A higher molar solubility indicates that a greater amount of the substance can be dissolved in the solution.
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How does the strength of the imfs in water compare to the strength of the imfs in ethanol?.
The chemical formula for water is H2O. A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, meaning it has a higher tendency to attract electrons. This creates a partial negative charge on the oxygen end of a water molecule. The hydrogen ends of the molecule develop a partial positive charge. Ethanol is made up of two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is CH3CH2OH. Ethanol contains a hydroxyl group, which is an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Just like in water, this bond between oxygen and hydrogen is partially negative at the oxygen end and partially positive at the hydrogen end.
Water has strong intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds). Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) have hydrogen bonds but these are slightly weaker than the hydrogen bonds in water.
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when a 1.0 g sample of a candy bar is combusted in a bomb calorimeter whose total heat capacity (including the water) is 3.0 kj/oc, the temperature of the water increases by 7.0 oc. if the candy bar has a mass of 60 g, calculate the total number of calories that it contains. (1 calorie
The total number of calories that it contains is 301.15 calorie.
q = C ΔT
q = heat
C = specific heat capacity
ΔT = Change in temperature or increment in temperature
q = 3 × 7
q = 21 Kj
It is for 1gm sample of candy.
for 60 gm candy,
q = 60 × 21 = 1260.
4.184 j = 1 calorie
1260 KJ = 301.15 calorie.
Food items typically have calorie counts listed on them, and wearables like the best fitness trackers let you keep track of how many calories you burn while engaging in various activities. There are some foods that typically have more calories than others, such as fatty, fried, or processed foods. Other foods, like fresh fruit and vegetables, typically have fewer calories. While low-calorie foods like diet soda have no nutritional value, some healthy fruits and vegetables can have a high calorie content. We require calories to provide us with the necessary energy to move around, stay warm, develop, work, think, and play. Even our blood circulation and digestion require the energy obtained from calories to operate properly.
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As the color of the element becomes darker, the element is less metallic.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement, explain?
The element could be X is phosporus .
What is element?An element is the fundamental item that can't be easily broken onto smaller of pieces. In chemistry and physics, an elementary is a substance that can't be broken down by non-nuclear reactions. In computing and the mathematics, an element is the distinct piece of a larger system or set.
An ionic compound is formed to the ions, by which their charges replaced, so the compound Na₂X is formed by the ions Na⁺ and X⁻². So, X must gain two electrons to be stable at to by the octet, so it has six valence of the electrons. Because of it can accommodate by up to 12 electrons, the element is the expands the octet, do it must to be in the 3rd period or the higher.
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one mole of oxygen expands at constant temperature of 310 k from 12 l to 19 l. how much work in joules is done by the expanding gas?
one mole of oxygen expands at constant temperature of 310 k from 12 l to 19 l. Work in joules is done by the expanding gas is 1180 j.
How to calculate ?W for isothermal expansion
W=nRT ln (Vf/VI)
W= (1 mole)(8.31J/mole K)(310K) ln(19/12)
W=1180j
What is Ideal Gas Law ?An ideal gas is one in which there are no intermolecular attraction forces and all collisions between atoms or molecules are entirely elastic. It can be seen as a group of perfectly hard spheres that collide but do not otherwise interact with one another. All of the internal energy in such a gas is kinetic energy, and any variation in internal energy causes a variation in temperature.
What are the characteristics of ideal gas law ?Three state variables—absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature—can be used to describe an ideal gas (T). Kinetic theory can be used to infer the link between them, which is known as the
PV = nRT = NkT
n = number of moles
R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K
N = number of molecules
k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K = 8.617385 x 10-5 eV/K
k = R/NA
NA = Avogadro's number = 6.0221 x 1023 /mol
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a. consider the molecule pentane. i. how many carbon atoms does this molecule have? (1 point) ii. what kinds of bonds does it have? (1 point)
Five carbon atoms make up the chemical pentane, which also contains one type of covalent bond and five carbon atoms.
What is atom and example?The quantity of protons an atom has makes it distinct from other atoms. Consequently, a particle devoid of proton not an atom. But even a single proton constitutes a atom (of hydrogen). Single particles of the periodic table elements like sodium, plutonium, argon, and chlorine are examples of atoms.
How is an atom formed?Atoms are made up of a nucleus in the middle that is surrounded by protons, neutrons, and electrons. Uranium is split into smaller atoms during the fission process, creating new atoms. Event such as the Big Bang or Supernova serve as instances .
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Simple chemical reactions reflect
Write a reflection about your learning in this unit. Your reflection should be at
least 3 sentences. Use the following sentence starters as a guide.
• I feel confident about identifying the types of bonds between atoms
because...
• I find it challenging to balance chemical equations because...
• To remember trends in the periodic table, one strategy I use is ...
• When I am unsure about how atoms are likely to bond, I can...
It displays the constituent elements and how many atoms of each element are found in a single complex molecule. It also represents the compound's molecular weight.
What are the five primary sorts of reactions?
Combination, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement, and combustion are the five fundamental types of chemical reactions. You can categorize a particular reaction by looking at the reactants and products of that reaction.
Which chemical process is most prevalent in daily life?
The method through which autotrophs often produce their food is referred to as photosynthesis. It is a typical chemical reaction that occurs naturally. When there is sunshine and chlorophyll, plants make glucose as a kind of energy.
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the following alkene is treated with one equivalent of n-bromosuccinimide in dichloromethane in the presence of light to give bromination product(s). draw a line-angle formula for each product formed. you do not have to consider stereochemistry. draw organic products only. draw one structure per sketcher. add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom right corner. separate multiple products using the sign from the drop-down menu.
karl Ziegler reported that alkenes react with N- bromo succinamide in the presence of light to give products resulting from substitution of hydrogen by bromine at the allylic .
Hydrogen's potential as a domestic alternative fuel source, capacity to power fuel cells in zero-emission cars, quick filling time, and hydrogen hashigh efficiency all contribute to its appeal as a transportation fuel.Important nutritional sources of bromine include grains, nuts, shellfish, and sea salt. For making bread and other baked items, brominated flour is occasionally used.The signs and symptoms of poisoning include lacrimation and redness of the eyes, irritation of the nose and throat, coughing, and dyspnea. Abdominal discomfort, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, and subsequent shock can all result from ingesting liquid bromine.
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The following are the steps involved in transmission at a Cholinergic synapse. 1. Chemically regulated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic knob. 3. Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. 4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic knob at the presynaptic membrane. 5. The synaptic knob reabsorbs choline. 6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 7. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob. The correct sequence for these events is: A) 4,2,6,7,1,8,3,5. B) 4,2,6,7,8,5,3,1. C) 2,4,6,7,1,8,3,5. D) 6,4,2,7,1,8,3,5. E) 2,5,4,6,7,1,8,3
The correct sequence of the events is a)4,2,6,7,1,8,3,5
Cholinergic synapse is a type of chemical synapse that uses acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter. This type of synapse is found in the peripheral and central nervous systems and is responsible for the transmission of signals between neurons and other cells. The following steps are involved in cholinergic synapse:
a. Release of Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. This release is regulated by calcium ions and the neurotransmitter is packaged into vesicles which are then transported to the release sites.
b. Binding of ACh to receptors: The released ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors on the target cell. This binding triggers a cascade of events in the target cell.
c. Postsynaptic responses: The binding of ACh to postsynaptic receptors triggers a variety of responses in the target cell. These responses include the opening of ion channels, the release of additional neurotransmitters, and the activation of second messenger systems.
d. Inactivation of ACh: After the postsynaptic responses have been carried out, the ACh molecule is inactivated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enzyme breaks down ACh into its component parts, which are then recycled or degraded.
e. Reuptake of ACh: The released ACh is also taken up by the presynaptic neuron for reuse. This process is known as reuptake and helps to regulate the amount of ACh in the synaptic cleft.
By following these steps, the cholinergic synapse is able to transmit signals from one neuron to another. This process is essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system.
Hence the correct option is A)
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why do alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with hydrogen halides but not with halide salts?
Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with hydrogen halides because the hydrogen halides are strong acids and can donate a hydrogen cation (H⁺) to the oxygen in the alcohol.
The donation of a proton creates a new cation and a new anion. The new cation acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon in the hydrogen halide.
Halide salts, however, cannot undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with alcohols because the halide ions (Cl⁻, F⁻ etc.) are already neutralized.
The halide ions do not have a hydrogen cation to donate to the oxygen in the alcohol and therefore cannot form a new cation and anion.
As a result, the nucleophilic substitution reaction cannot occur.
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the procedures instructs a student to measure 7.55 ml of solution 1. the student measures 11.89 ml of solution 1. what is the percent (by volume) of extra liquid measured by the student?
The procedures tells a student to measure 7.55 ml of solution 1 but the student measures 11.89 ml of solution 1. The percent by volume of extra liquid measure by the student added is 36.50%.
The percent by volume for any solution is calculated as
%(v/v)=(volume of solute/volume of solution)×100
In the given problem, the volume of solution is 11.89 ml and the volume of the solute is
volume of solute=(11.89-7.55)ml
volume of solute=4.34ml
We cannot consider the volume used to measure by procedure because the total volume is increased by extra addition of the solute. Plug all values in the formula
%(v/v)=(4.34 ml/11.89 ml)×100
%(v/v)=0.36501×100
%(v/v)=36.501%
%(v/v)=36.50%
Therefore, the percent of extra volume of a liquid measured by the student is 36.50 ml.
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which element requires the leat amount of eneryg to remove the most loosley held electrom from a gasoues atom in the ground state
Sodium (Na) requires the least amount of energy to remove the most loosely held electron from a gaseous atom in the ground state.
Why sodium requires least amount of energy to remove most loosely electrons?
One electron only makes up the outermost shell of sodium as its electronic configuration of sodium is 2,8,1. While bromine has seven electrons and calcium has two. Silver is also typically the least reactive. As a result, sodium is the element that can lose one electron with the least amount of energy.
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