How does the proofreading mechanisms in viruses affect the frequency of the mutations a virus typically undergoes?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. DNA polymerase also proofread their work to check for any error the process of which is called proof reading.

If the polymerase detects that an Incorrectly paired nucleotide has been added, it will remove (splicing) and replace the nucleotide with the correct one before it continues with DNA synthesis.

Mismatch repairing also corrects other errors that omit proofreading. They fix mismatched base pairs, replace some insertion and deleted base pair that can result into mutations.

When an error is corrected the rate of mutation is reduced this is because mutation results from error during the DNA formation process either through Insertion of a wrong nitrogenous base, or deletion leading to formation of an entirely new amino acid sequence that result into abnormal phenotype.


Related Questions

Living organisms release carbon dioxide as a product of photosynthesis
a. True
b.false

Answers

a. true

Explanation:

hope it will helpful to you

If you are talking about plants it is false because they release oxygen as a “waste” product from photosynthesis but if the question is referring to animals and human beings the answer would also be false because we do not undergo photosynthesis. Best bet is false

Complete the following sentence using the most appropriate words.
A blood sample obtained from the crime scene was sent to the laboratory to determine if it contained any drugs.
The[microcrystalline, color, spectroscopy]
test was performed on the sample, which involved mixing it with a reagent and observing the result using the[spectroscopy, chromatography, microscopy]
technique.

Answers

Answer:

Microcrystalline

Chromatography

Explanation:

A blood sample obtained from the crime scene was sent to the laboratory to determine if it contained any drugs.

The MICROCRYSTALLINE test was performed on the sample, which involved mixing it with a reagent and observing the result using the CHROMATOGRAPHY technique.

Organelles are specialized structures that perform various functions in the cell. What are the functions of the organelles in an animal cell?

Answers

Answer: Different organelles play different roles in the cell — for instance, mitochondria generate energy from food molecules; lysosomes break down and recycle organelles and macromolecules; and the endoplasmic reticulum helps build membranes and transport proteins throughout the cell.

Explanation:

explain how pH affects enzyme activity

Answers

Explanation:

Enzymes are also sensitive to pH . Changing the pH of its surroundings will also change the shape of the active site of an enzyme. ... This contributes to the folding of the enzyme molecule, its shape, and the shape of the active site. Changing the pH will affect the charges on the amino acid molecules.

Describe how air pollution can lead to water pollution.

Answers

Answer:Atmospheric deposition is the pollution of water caused by air pollution. In the atmosphere, water particles mix with carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, this forms a weak acid. ... When acid rain pollutes marine habitats such as rivers and lakes, aquatic life is harmed.

Explanation:

Rain falls into water polluting it

How do fungi get the matter and energy they need to survive

A fungi are hybrid theaters they do not make their own food
B they concern their fungus to survive
C they must consume their organisms
D A and C are true

Answers

Answer:

They consume other organisms

Explanation:

You might see a mushroom on a dead log or green stuff on it that is fungi breaking it down

Which of the following statements stated below is precisely correct?
O A. Oxaloacetate is always regenerated during the Krebs cycle.
O B. The second substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during Krebs cycle.
O C. All the enzymes that catalyze the Krebs cycle are dehydrogenase.
O D. Answers A and B are the right answer choices for this question.
O E. Answers A, B, and C are the right answer choices for this question.

Answers

Both a b c are the right answer choice for this question

How do simple and complex sugars compare in their effect on your glycemic index?

Answers

Answer:

The glycemic index allows you to compare the ability of foods to increase blood sugar (glucose) levels. In general, simple carbohydrates have a medium to high glycemic index. In the case of complex carbohydrates, this varies.

Explanation:

The Glycemic Index (GI) is a measure that provides information on how quickly blood sugar levels rise after eating a certain food. Low glycemic index foods are those that have a low content of sugars or simple carbohydrates and that help regulate blood glucose levels, the consumption of foods with a low glycemic index has been proposed as a prevention and / or management factor of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus and some types of cancer. Complex carbohydrates are made up of larger, more complex molecules and are found primarily in the form of starch and fiber. Foods high in fat or fiber are digested more slowly, so they also cause a slower rise in blood sugar. A food with a high GI raises blood sugar faster than foods with a medium or low GI. The GI is higher when foods do not contain fiber and they are easily digested, since they reach the bloodstream quickly, it is also higher if there is sugar or if cooking destroys part of the fiber and favors the digestion of food.

A person who is interested in finding a cure for diabetes, in which the pancreas does not produce insulin, might pursue a career in
endocrinology
gene therapy
neuroscience
sports medicine

Answers

The answer would be gene therapy

Answer:

endocrinology

Explanation:

I took the test and got it right.

The plasma membrane is

Answers

is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Answer:

The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. ... The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Explanation:

The following is TRUE of carbohydrates

Answers

Answer:

is there a pic?

Explanation:

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by:


A. High energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules


B. A proton gradient across a membrane


C. Converting oxygen to atp


D. Transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate


E. Generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain

Answers

Answer:

B. A proton gradient across a membrane.

Explanation:

Cellular respiration can be defined as a series of metabolic reactions that typically occur in cells so as to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During cellular respiration, high energy intermediates are created that can then be oxidized to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Therefore, the intermediary products are produced at the glycolysis and citric acid cycle stage.

Additionally, mitochondria provides all the energy required in the cell by transforming energy forms through series of chemical reactions; breaking down of glucose into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) used for providing energy for cellular activities in the body of living organisms.

Basically, oxygen goes into the body of a living organism such as plants, humans and animals when they breathe while glucose is absorbed by the body when they eat.

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by proton gradient across a membrane.

This ultimately implies that, most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed due to the net movement of protons against a concentration gradient in the electron transport chain.

Which list of words describes an action potential?

all or none, neurotransmitters, membrane potential

membrane potential, neurotransmitters, electrical signals

electrical signals, all or none, neurotransmitters

all or none, membrane potential, electrical signals

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is

Explanation:

This is because an action potential is An action potential is a rapid rise and also a fall in the cells membrane potential or the voltage of the cell over the membrane forming a pattern. For action potential to take place, there is need for enough current to initiate a form voltage response in the cell membrane; if the current is not enough in the membrane to depolarize the membrane to the threshold level, an action potential is not activated .

Answer: d: all or none, membrane potential, electrical signals

Explanation:

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water especially in Florida. What is the underground reservoir where water is found?

Answers

The main source of water for most of us in northeast and central Florida comes from underground aquifers. Aquifers can be thought of as vast underground, porous rocks that hold water and allow water to move through the holes within the rock.

The moon appears half lit, half dark from the surface of Earth on two days each month. What causes this? (1 point)

Half of the moon's surface that is illuminated by the sun is visible from Earth's perspective.

Earth’s shadow is blocking the light from the sun.

Half of the moon is totally eclipsed.

It is a partial lunar eclipse.

Answers

Answer:

Half of the moon's surface that is illuminated by the sun is visible from Earth's perspective.

The moon is the natural satellite present in the universe that orbits the planets. The moon appears half-lit and dark as it is illuminated by the sun. Thus, option A is correct.

What is the moon?

Moon is the natural satellite that revolves around the earth and is found in the universe where all the stars, galaxies, sun, and other planets are located at. The moon can be a new moon or a full moon once a month.

The full moon and new moon appear in the night sky due to rotation and the illumination of the sunlight on the moon. The surface of the moon appears half-lit and half-dark in the sky two days a month due to the position of the Sun and earth.

The moon varies its phases due to the light illumination of the sun that makes the moon appears in various shapes from the earth's perspective. The half face of the moon is away from the earth while the other half is illuminated and visible on earth.

Therefore, option A. is correct. The half-lit and dark moon are due to the sun's illumination that changes from the earth's perspective.

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Fast plants 2 gizmo . Mystery parents answer key ! Please i need the answers of that gizmo

Answers

Sorry can't understand that can you clearly write that.

Fast Plants 2 Gizmo's offspring display observable diversity, which may be due to multiple inheritance processes.

Traits that display a predictable pattern can be explained by Mendelian inheritance, which involves dominant and recessive genes. For example, if a particular trait is expressed regularly in the children, it is likely that the parent carries the corresponding dominant allele.

As an alternative, polygenic inheritance implicating multiple genes may contribute to ongoing trait variation. Unexpected trait combinations can result through epistasis, in which the expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene. Along with heredity, environmental variables can also affect how a trait manifests itself. More breeding research can be done to identify genotypes of unknown parent plants.

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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:

in the Fast Plants 2 Gizmo, a cross is performed between two mystery parent plants. The offspring plants show a variety of different traits. Describe the possible inheritance patterns that could explain the observed variation in the offspring. How would you determine the genotypes of the mystery parent plants based on the traits exhibited by their offspring?

Which one is it plzzz help meee

Answers

I can't really see the full question as some of it is cut off, but we can reasonably infer that the next step up from an atom (and below a cell) would be DNA.

The answer is DNA as dna makes up put blood cells and organisms were created by atoms.

Imagine that you are trapped within the exclusion zone. As you hike your way out, you begin to feel hungry. Using what you know about biomagnification, which food source would be the
safest? Explain how you know.
a. Mushrooms, fruit, and berries
b. Moose or deer meat.
C. Wolf meat.
d. Eagle meat.

Answers

Probably moose or deer meat the others captain bad stuff and some berry and mushrooms can be poisonous. We eat elk and deer meat a lot!

The food sources that would be the safest are mushrooms, fruit, and berries.

What do you mean by Biomagnification?

Biomagnification may be defined as the process by which a compound such as toxins, pollutants, etc. increases its concentration in the tissues of organisms as it travels up the food chain.

Mushrooms, fruit, and berries are present at the lowest level of the trophic level because they are autotrophs. Due to their position, they contain the lowest amount of toxins in them, and hence are more safest.

Therefore, the food sources that would be the safest are mushrooms, fruit, and berries.

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If several pea plants with the genotype TtYy are crossed with pea plants with the genotype TtYy, what is the probability of producing the genotype TTYY in offspring?
a. 1/8
b. 1/2
c. 1/16
d. 1/4


Please help

I will give brainliest for the best answer

Answers

C 1/16 porque el pepe es el pepardo del pepe

how can you avoid having bias about global warming?
a. use your personal opinions
b. draw a conclusion that benefits you
c. use objective evidence
d. only use facts that help your side of the argument

Answers

Answer: C

Explanation:

how the skin cells, neurons, muscle cells, and blood cells you have observed relate to the functions of skin, nerve, muscle, and blood tissue.

Answers

every cell has work to do but different cells may have different jobs in multicellular organisms, cell with the same type of job often work together. These group of specialized cell from tissue in turn, tissue often group together to form larger units called organs the heart is an organ; so is the stomach.

Which of these is evidence of global warming?
OA. Stable precipitation patterns
O B. Falling global temperatures
OC. An increase in the size of glaciers
OD. Overall rising sea levels

Answers

D, the others are opposites

The evidence of global warming is best seen in the overall rising sea levels.

How high are the seas?

The average height of the ocean's surface above the surface of the land is referred to as sea level. It is a crucial gauge of climate change on Earth and is influenced by a number of variables, such as variations in global temperatures, ocean currents, and land movements.

This is brought on by the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps as well as the thermal expansion of warming seas. Sea levels are increasing more quickly as the earth heats, which is a direct outcome of global warming.

The other possibilities, such consistent precipitation patterns, declining global temperatures, and an expansion of glaciers in size, are not necessarily signs of global warming.

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At which point in the eukaryotic cell cycle can a DNA mutation begin to be passed on

Answers

Answer:The S Phase

Explanation:

Answer:

any point

Explanation:

DNA mutations have the potential to arise at any stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle. However, the likelihood of passing on the mutation to daughter cells is higher if it occurs during DNA replication, which happens in the S phase of the cell cycle.

Name the three things necessary for photosynthesis to occur.

Answers

Answer:

Photosynthesis would need Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight

mitosis replicates________cells, which are body cells.
A.sex
B.somatic
C.gamete
D.cancer

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Answer:

A is the answer.

Explanation:

Mitosis is a form of cell division that produces the daughter cells with same genetic component.

Tangled network of chromosomes located within the nucleus

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - chromatin network.

Explanation:

Chromatin network is the scientific term used for the description " tangled network of chromosomes located within the nucleus". It is the network that contains the DNA of the nucleus and if the protein and DNA both are present called chromatin.

Chromosomes are present in the nucleus within the chromatin network tangled. Chromatin network packaging part for the DNA. It packs all the DNA or long chromosome in the nucleus inside a cell.

Tangled network of chromosomes located within the nucleus  known as chromatin

Chromatin Materials

Chromatin materials refer to the genetic materials located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells or the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

They form thin networks of threads in decondensed form and are visibly seen as being made of chromosomes in condensed form under the microscope.

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Describe the function of one barrier (innate immune system).

Describe the function of one internal component of the innate immune response.

Describe the function of one component of the adaptive immune response.

Answers

Answer:

"The innate immune system works to fight off pathogens before they can start an active infection. For some cases, the innate immune response is not enough, or the pathogen is able to exploit the innate immune response for a way into the host cells."

Explanation:

Match the following.
Northern Hemisphere currents

1. westward-flowing north and south

equatorial currents

2. deflected equatorial currents

western boundary currents

3. generally counterclockwise

Southern Hemisphere currents

4. generally clockwise

Answers

Answer:

1. westward-flowing north and south

western boundary current

2. deflected equatorial currents

Southern Hemisphere currents

3. generally counterclockwise

4. generally clockwise

equatorial currents

Economically speaking, which food product would be a "substitute good" for a
beef steak? *
bread
pizza
ostrich
bologna
Which of these statements is TRUE of complementary products?

Answers

Economically speaking, a food product that would be a "substitute good" for a beef steak is bologna. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.

What are complementary products?

Complementary products may be defined as food or another item that is bought together with the main product. These products are used in conjunction. These products are typically used together with the main product.

A complementary product is produced along with another good. For example, straw is a complement in the production of wheat. The supply of a good increase if the price of one of its complements in production rises. The supply of goods decreases if the price of one of its complements in production falls.

Therefore, economically speaking, a food product that would be a "substitute good" for a beef steak is bologna. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.

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10 points plz I need help

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

c

It is C) Crossing over occurs only when plants are grown at higher temperatures
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