How did the scientists show that organisms and earth changed over times

Punnett squares are used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes among the progeny and their proportions. In the example, the expected genotypes are: 1/4 = 25% MM, 2/4 = 50% Mm, 1/4 = 25% mm. The expected phenotypes are: 3/4 = 75% of the progeny express the dominant trait. 1/4 = 25% of the progeny express the recessive trait.

Note: I could not find the complete question, so I will only fill the Punnett squares.

The Punnett square is the representation of a cross that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.

Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.

Cross: father with mother

Parentals) Mm  x   Mm

Gametes) M   m    M    m

Punnett square)   M        m

                    M    MM     Mm

                    m    Mm      mm

F1) 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be MM

     2/4 = 50% of the progeny is expected to be Mm

     1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be mm

     3/4 = 75% of the progeny is expected to express the dominant trait

     1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to express the recessive trait.

You can fill the three Punnett squares in the same way, and the expressed phenotype will depend on the trait coded in each case.

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The correct order of the stages of core collapse inside a highly massive main-sequence star is given in the attachment.

A main-sequence star is a name used to describe any star that has a hot, dense core that fuses hydrogen into helium to produce energy.

The stages in the collapse of a main-sequence star are described below:

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Acetyl CoA contains one carbon carbon bond compared to Pyruvate's three

One glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid with three carbons each.

Acetyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide are produced by the acetylation and decarboxylation of each of these pyruvate molecules.

Acetyl CoA molecules therefore have two carbon atoms per unit.

Coenzyme A is an essential component of this process, which turns a NAD+ molecule into NADH and releases a carbon dioxide molecule.

The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex results in acetyl-CoA, a two-carbon acetyl unit ligated to the acyl-group carrier CoA.

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To identify the outcome of each condition on blood calcium;

Increases Blood Calcium

Decreases Blood Calcium

For the second image that says "Label the figure with the items provided.":

1. Low blood calcium

2. Parathyroid detects low calcium

3. Parathyroid releases PTH

4a. Increase level of osteoclasts

4b. Decreased excretion of calcium

4c. Increased absorption of calcium

5. Blood calcium levels return to normal

Parathyroid hormones (PTH) is responsible for the release of calcium  into blood and acts as a steward for bone minerals when there is shortage of calcium.

Blood calcium has a process and pathway from the parathyroid gland. When in low concentrations PTH is released to chief cells and travels along the bones to inhibit osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclasts, recover waste in the kidney and stimulate calcium absorption in the small intestine before calcium can return to normal amount.

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Answer:

Cell membrane is found in all cells.

Answer: The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Explanation:

. Animal cells simply have a cell membrane, Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as a cell membrane.

The images to their corresponding class to test your understanding of various types of microbiological stains:

Simple Stain: (1 image)

Special Stain: (2 images)

Differential Stain: (3 images)

To detect the size, shape, and arrangement of microbial cells, simple staining uses just one staining agent. Multiple staining agents (dyes) are used in differential staining to distinguish between cellular features.

One dye is used to treat simple stains. To differentiate between two cell types or sections, differential staining techniques use two distinct dyes.

Lastly, Important structures like capsules and flagella are easier to see when using certain dyes.

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Answer:

Explanation:

here is the complete cycle

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There are five major types of biomes: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra, though some of these biomes can be further divided into more specific categories, such as freshwater, marine, savanna, tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, and taiga

Define a biome.

A biome is a biogeographical unit made up of a biological community that has developed in response to the physical environment in which it is situated and a common local climate. Many different continents have different biomes. Different habitats can be included in a biome, which is a more general phrase than habitat.

Of all the terrestrial biomes, tropical forests have the highest primary productivity and biodiversity. Large-scale photosynthetic output and rapid growth are encouraged by the physical environment.

As a result of rapid decomposition, the nutrient supply is at its highest in rain forests, where plants are always exposed to high levels of water and light (at the canopy level). The light can support the growth of multiple layers of plants because it is so powerful. When there is a lot of water available, plants can continuously release nutrients from their roots. Without running out of water, they can keep their stomata open all day to maximize CO2 absorption. If necessary, they can use water to cool off. Rapid enzyme activity without seasonal dormancy is made possible by high and constant temperatures.

Due to wind-induced desiccation and stem bending that results in ice damage, tundra and alpine environments do not allow for very tall plant growth. This implies that there may be fewer layers of vegetation and less effective light absorption. The rate at which enzymes can catalyze reactions slows down in cold weather, which restricts NPP. Biochemistry cannot occur when water is frozen. The soil nutrients may be permanently locked up in frozen soil even when the air temperatures rise enough to permit photosynthesis.

Deserts are places with little accessible water. Extreme deserts, whether they are hot or cold, lack water, which makes it difficult for most plants to survive. As a result, productivity is very low. In both environments, plants may exhibit similar adaptations to conserve water.

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Answer:

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Explanation:

THATS THE CORRECT WAY to do. the alphabet

The diagram to identify the gustatory receptors and lingual papillae is in the attached picture.

Gustatory receptors are receptors that are present on the tongue whose main function is the detect or sense the taste of food.

These gustatory receptors are present on the papillae of the tongue.

The tastes detected by these gustatory receptors are then sent to the brain where they are processed and then the individual can sense the food substance to be either salty, sweet, sour, or bitter.

The lingual papillae are small structures that are present on the upper surface of the tongue and are responsible for the characteristic rough texture of the tongue.

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Answer: A.) Appendix

Explanation:

Vestigial structures are those that seem to be leftover pieces from a previous ancestor but have no discernible function. The human appendix, a snake's pelvic bone, and flightless birds' wings are a few examples of vestiges.

Vestigial structures are generally harmless but have the potential to cause harm. However, like any other structure, they require extra energy and are susceptible to disease.

Vestigial structures, particularly benign ones, take a long time to phase out because doing so would require significant changes that might have unfavorable side effects. So, they are genetically determined traits or structures that, in a particular species, have mostly or completely lost their original function.

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Answer:

D.New tests or discoveries challenge an existing model

Answer:

Denatured

Explanation:

However, extremely high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working. pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature.

The fossil organism that is shown in the image comes under the animal kingdom.

Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried beneath ancient oceans, lakes, and rivers in sediments such as sand and mud. Fossils are any preserved trace of life that is greater than 10,000 years old.

The fossils are of a fish. This comes under the animal kingdom. Fossils are the preserved remnants of ancient species or signs of their remains. Fossils are not the remains of living organisms. They are stones.

Therefore, the fossil organism depicted in the photograph belongs to the animal kingdom.

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Answer:

Oxygen

Explanation:

The action of muscle 3 elevates the shoulder joint, abducts, and rotates the scapula.

What is scapula?

The scapula is a bone with a flat, triangular form. It is situated on the dorsal side of the rib cage in the upper thoracic area. It forms the shoulder joint by joining with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint and the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

The scapula is a crucial bone for the shoulder joint's proper operation. It engages in six different motions, including protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, and downward rotation, all of which enable full-functional movement of the upper extremities. The scapula covers the posterior upper chest, including the underlying nerves and blood arteries, in addition to stabilizing the other bones involved in rotating the shoulder.

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The universal values  are the values that are adding the noble causes for a good world that is away from the violence and war. There are various universal  values that are different for different cultures.

It says that the love wins over hatred.

There are various noble values that are written as following :

UNIVERSAL VALUES - PEACE

FREEDOM

SOCIAL PROGRESS

EQUAL RIGHTS

The universal values of love, truth and kindness are the basic values that are to be followed by every culture and every tradition that are written as following :

Love

Truth

Right Conduct

Peace and Non-violence

These following universal laws will help to stabilize a culture and a world away from hatred and ugly phases of today's world.

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The type of leukocyte responsible for antibody production is shown by option D.

We know that a leucocyte is a white blood cell. There are three types of blood cells that we have in the human body and these kinds of blood cells are;

White blood cells

Red blood cells

Blood Platelets

Now we know that the white blood cells are the ones that re responsible for the fighting of the organisms that tend to invade the body. The shape of the leucocytes that act as antibodies also reflects the function of the blood cells.

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Answer: They would overrun the area and there wouldn't be enough space for all of them and also there wouldn't be enough nuts to go around.

Explanation:

My Brain.

The age of crustal rocks can be determined by the help of plate tectonics as the oldest rocks move away and deeper into the ridge.

Crustal rocks or Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which are formed by the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed that are close to their shores which is known as continental shelves.

The surface of continental crust mainly lies above the sea level, its existence allowed the land life to evolve from the marine life. Its existence can also provide broad expanses of shallow water known as epeiric seas and the continental shelves where complex metazoan life could become established during the early Paleozoic period, which is now called as the Cambrian explosion.

By using the magnetic polarity of the sea floor the age of crust rocks can be determined. Very little of the sea floor is older than 150 million years. This is because the oldest sea floor is subducted under other plates and replaces by new surfaces. Thus, the plate tectonics can help in determining the age of crustal rocks.

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Answer:

+4

Explanation:

The electric charge in this atom is 0. The correct option is B.

An electrical charge occurs in a matter atom when the number of protons in the nucleus differs from the number of electrons surrounding that nucleus.

The atom has a negative charge if there are more electrons than protons. a matter of fact.

When charged matter is placed in an electromagnetic field, it experiences a force due to its physical property of electric charge.

A positive or negative electric charge can exist. Like charges repel one another, while unlike charges attract one another.

In the given image, the number of protons are equal to number of electrons, so it can be said that the net charge of the atom is 0.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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The negative feedback regulation of blood glucose levels is as follows:

Blood glucose level decreases below normal:

Blood glucose level increases above normal:

A negative feedback regulation mechanism is a mechanism of regulation of a  process in which a product of the process is used to regulate the formation of that process.

For example, when the product of cellular respiration, ATP serves as a negative feedback regulator of the process of glycolysis which is a part of the cellular respiration pathways for the breakdown of blood glucose.

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After Interaction How was mass conserved it is discussed below:

Steel Wool + Oxygen (Fire): chemical change

Egg + Heat: chemical change

Water + Heat: physical change.

Zinc + Hydrogen Chloride: chemical change

Sodium Hydroxide + Copper Sulfate: physical change

According to the rule of conservation of mass, no atoms are lost or created during a chemical process. Instead, the atoms combine in various ways to generate products. This is why the number of atoms in each element in a balanced symbol equation is the same on both sides of the equation.

The steel wool is a grayish color and has a rough surface. Oxygen is transparent  It looks like a powder, and like if it was rusted steel wool but then broken apart and turned into a powder  Well Iron oxide is 7 grams and steel wool combined is 7 grams so that the mass was conserved  Yes, this is a chemical change because the steel wool rusted and rust is a chemical change, so iron oxide is cause because if a physical change.

The egg has a yellow yolk in the middle while there is some type of liquid at the border of the yolk, but it is clear, the heat is hot but transparent  The egg turned into a delicious food called an omelet what was yolk staid as a liquid but got a tad harder, but the transparent border around it turned white  It was conserved because the eggshell was 4 grams and the fried egg is 41 grams  It is a chemical change because it results in the formation of new particles, and the chemical bonds break up and new ones are formed.

The water is a clear liquid, while the heat is very hot but transparent  The water turned into a type of oxygen -Water Vapor-   If 5 g of water becomes a gas it becomes 5 g of water vapor. The mass of the liquid water is simply transferred into the mass of the newly formed water vapor.  There was no chemical reaction because the water vapor can be turned back to water also it just changed from a liquid to a gas and did not change its composition. So, it is a physical change.

 Zinc: a white/silver metallic solid. Hydrogen chloride (dilute hydroelectric acid) a transparent, colorless liquid with a very low pH (acidic). Zinc "dissolved" in hydrogen chloride, while emitting a colorless gas.  The liquid remains a colorless liquid, possibly still having a low pH from the unused acid. The colorless gas collected in a test tube gives a popping sound when ignited with a burning wooden splint, so it is not air embedded in the zinc, nor dissolved in hydroelectric acid.  Well although the zinc chloride is 12 grams and not 15 the gas that was released was 3 grams and as we all know 3 + 12 is 15 so that the mass was conserved The production of a new substance (most probably hydrogen) from the reaction of the two reactants. When a few drops of the liquid product are evaporated on a watch glass, a white residue is left.  When a few drops of the liquid hydroelectric acid are evaporated on a watch glass, there is no residue. This proves that a new product (hydrogen gas), (white powder, zinc chloride) is produced instead of zinc being physically dissolved in hydroelectric acid. So, it is a chemical change.

 Sodium hydroxide is a turbid solution and copper sulfate is in form of bright blue crystals. When their solutions are mixed with each other, a pale blue precipitate of basic copper hydroxide & a solution of neutral salt sodium sulfate will be formed. The sodium hydroxide and the copper sulfate combined make a total of 67 grams and the product  is split because the sodium sulfate is 47 grams and the copper hydroxide is 20 grams but all together it is still 67 grams so you could say that the mass was conserved. The proof of the reaction is the appearance of pale blue precipitates of basic copper hydroxide & a solution of neutral salt sodium sulfate. So, it is physical change.

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The post-collision velocity of the ball is 0.25m/s. The ball follows the law of conservation of momentum.

The law of conservation of momentum states that the amount of momentum remains constant. The momentum is neither created nor destroyed, but can only transform through the action of forces as described by Newton's laws of motion.

Initial Momentum = Final Momentum

m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂

Here, the external force is zero, so this will follow the law of conservation of momentum of system.

The mass of ball (m₁) = 4kg and with initial speed (u₁)= 9m/s

mass of pin (m₂) = 3.0kg with zero initial speed

Now, let the final speed of ball = v₁ and final speed of pin (v₂) = 12m/s

Now, by applying momentum conservation

m₁u₁ + m₂ × 0 = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂

4.0kg × 9.0m/s = 4.0kg × v₁  + 3.0kg × 12m/s

36.0kgm/s - 36.0kgm/s = 4.0 × v₁

So, final speed of ball (v₁) = 0.25m/s

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Answer:

The variety of traits may cause the species of ladybugs to divert. Over time, if certain ladybugs were more adept at surviving on a certain plant or a different place, those ladybugs might survive, while others don't.

Another example is internal traits. For example, if pesticides that killed ladybugs were sprayed and there were some ladybugs that were resistant to it, more of those ladybugs would survive to reproduce.

Another impact could be the physical characteristics of the species. For example if there were yellow ladybugs and red ladybugs, and birds could see the yellow ladybugs better, since birds are predators of ladybugs, they could eat more of the red ladybugs. As a result, more red ladybugs would survive to pass on the gene that makes them red colored.

These are some examples. Hope this helps!

The variety of traits may cause the species of ladybugs to divert. Over time, if certain ladybugs were more adept at surviving on a certain plant or a different place, those ladybugs might survive, while others don't.

A trait is a characteristic pattern of behavior or conscious motive which can be self‐assessed or assessed by peers. The term type is used to identify a certain collection of traits that make up a broad, general personality classification.

Moreover, it is a specific characteristic of an individual. Traits can be determined by genes, environmental factors or by a combination of both. Traits can be qualitative (such as eye color) or quantitative (such as height or blood pressure).

Therefore, biological traits describe species' physiology, morphology, life history, and behavior, capturing both inter-specific interactions and the connections between species and their environment.

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The option that best describes the relationship between the change in the height of a plant from this species and the change in the number of leaves it has is D  For every 1 inch in height the plant grows, it adds 3 leaves.

It should be noted that based on the information given, a proportional relationship exists between the data.

In this case, at a height of 5 inches, the number of leaves is 15. Therefore, the leaves per inches will be:

= 15/5

= 3

In conclusion, the correct option based on the information is D.

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Answer:

There is a 0% chance

Explanation:

The probability that they will have an offspring who is heterozygous is 50%.

Trait are defined as a qualities or aspects of an organism that are either influenced by the environment or expressed through genes. Traits may be influenced by genes, the environment, or a mixture of the two. There are both qualitative and quantitative traits. A characteristic is an unchanging constant that is passed down from parent to child at birth.

Cat male, AA Bb

Cat, female - aa bb

Cross: AA Bb x AB

Punntte: AB Gametes: AB, Ab, and ab AaBb ab ab Aabb

For a heterozygous trait, the trait probability is either 1 or 100%.

The likelihood of the b characteristic being heterozygous is 50%, or 1/2.

The overall probability is 50% = 50%.

Thus, the probability that they will have an offspring who is heterozygous is 50%.

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Explanation:

Ans: Carbon dioxide

The parts of an atom are;proton, neutron, electron.

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