The RNA polymerase is immediately bound by the activator, causing it to start transcription while mostly ignoring the DNA.
A multi-unit enzyme called RNA polymerase uses transcription to create RNA molecules from a DNA template. The initial phase of gene expression, transcription, occurs before translation, which is the process of decoding RNA into proteins. The RNA polymerase-generated RNA molecules play a number of functions in the cell.
Function and structure of RNA polymerase (in transcription)
The RNA polymerase enzyme is a substantial complex with several subunits1. Four subunits of the bacterial RNA polymerase are able to transcribe all known kinds of RNA. These enzymes, which in eukaryotes have eight or more subunits, make it easier for DNA to connect to and be processed during transcription.
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identify the molecular approaches that have helped determine evolutionary relatedness in prokaryotes.
Yes. Convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated or distantly related animals acquire similar features while having unrelated predecessors. Prokaryotic organisms have the ability to express these genes by absorbing DNA from their environment.
Similar features will result from the expression of these genes in different organisms.Prokaryotes can be split into two classes based on their evolutionary history: bacteria and archaea.Archaea and bacteria, originally known as Eubacteria (formerly Archaebacteria). Eukaryota, the third domain, is designated for organisms containing nuclei.Prokaryotes are creatures without a nucleus or other organelles in their cells.The microorganism and the archaea, which scientists accept as true and have unique evolutionary lineages, are two magnificent groups that make up the prokaryote kingdom.The majority of prokaryotes are tiny, single-celled organisms with a very straightforward structure.
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the part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the
Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) is the part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion.
What are nephrons?
The fundamental structural component of the kidney is the nephron. The function of a nephron is to remove waste products and poisons from the blood, separate water, ions, and tiny molecules, and then restore necessary molecules to the circulation. Ultrafiltration is how the nephron works. Blood pressure-induced ultrafiltration occurs when minute breaches in capillary walls allow for the passage of water and other small molecules.
The proximal tubule is the portion of the kidney's nephron that extends from the renal pole of the Bowman's capsule to the start of the loop of Henle. By secreting hydrogen ions (acid) into the tubule and reabsorbing around 80% of the filtered bicarbonate, the proximal tubule effectively controls the pH of the filtrate. Reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries is fluid from the filtrate that enters the proximal convoluted tubule. Sodium is transported into the blood from the lumen by the Na+/K+-ATPase found in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. This P-type ATPase is the main enzyme responsible for sodium reabsorption; 60–70% of the filtered sodium load is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via active transport, solvent drag, and paracellular electrodiffusion.
Substances are delivered into the PCT via secretion after being drawn out of the circulation. This opens up a different pathway for chemicals to enter the tubular lumen, which is particularly helpful because only 20% of the blood is filtered in the glomerulus per minute. The PCT secretes:
Catecholamines, oxalate, and bile salts are examples of organic acids and bases (waste products of metabolism).
Maintaining the body's acid-base balance depends on hydrogen ions (H+). Utilizing the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, H+ secretion enables the reabsorption of bicarbonate . In the end, one molecule of bicarbonate and one molecule of Na+ are reabsorbed into the bloodstream for every molecule of H+ released.
Drugs/Toxins: The H+/OC+ exchanger on the apical side of the tubule cell, which is fueled by the Na+/H+ antiporter, is the mechanism by which organic cations like dopamine or morphine are secreted.
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blank can capture the beauty of
nature and the ugliness of problems
that affect the environment adversely
Pictures can capture the beauty of nature and the ugliness of problems that affect the environment adversely.
What is Environment?This is referred to as the sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life or that of other organisms which are present in the ecosystem.
Environmentalists employs the use of photographers & film production crews to capture the beauty of nature and the ugliness of problems that affect the environment adversely through the use of tools such as camera which produces different types and forms of pictures thereby making it the correct choice.
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I need help figuring out which letters go with the code letters.
Answer: *this is in order*
TCA
GAA
GCT
CAT
GCC
Explanation:
these are the coding letters and what they equal to
A = T
T= A
G = C
C= G
An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the.
An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the fovea centralis.
What is fovea centralis?Fovea is small depression in the center of the macula that has only cones and constitutes the area of maximum visual acuity.
The fovea is center of eye's sharpest vision and contains only cones. It is the point in the retina where the sharpest vision is possible.
The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision which is also called foveal vision and is necessary in humans for reading, driving, and any activity where visual detail is of primary importance.
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In some plants, the pistils don't form until a few days after the stamens do. How might this keep a plant from self-pollinating?.
Some plants have the capacity to delay the maturation of the pistils and stamens in order to prevent self-pollination. This is because environmental elements like animals and wind, among others, may spread pollen into a plant's stigma before it is ready. In such a case, there wouldn't be any pollen remaining in the flower to fall onto the stigma and begin fertilizing the plant.
What does place after pollination?New plants are formed during the post-pollination fertilization process. Some plants have a propensity to develop and mature stamens before pistils, which inhibits the process of self-pollination.
What transpires to pollen as the stamens develop?
If the stamens develop first, animals, the wind, or whatever other means of dispersal the pollen uses will distribute it. Then, when the pistil is prepared for pollination, no pollen is left in the flower to touch the stigma.
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evaluate this statement: evolution is said to occur when new traits accumulate over time, increasing complexity.
While it is true that evolution happens when new features start to accumulate, this is not the only time it happens.
Why did the development of wings play such a significant role in the evolution of insects?Long before birds, bats, or pterosaurs, between 300 and 360 million years ago, insects first ascended to the air. Insecta swiftly established themselves as one of the most diverse and successful animal classes, a position they still hold today, thanks to the development of wings that allowed them to colonize new environments and ecological niches.
What kind of evolution is convergent?Convergent evolution can be seen in the similarities between the bodies of sharks and dolphins, vertebrates and cephalopods, and bats and insects. Similar structures are produced by convergent evolution.
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examine the skeletal material below to help you answer questions 1-3. which mystery primate is a biped?
The Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
What is primate?
Haplorrhines and Strepsirrhines are the two subgroups of primates. The words for haplorrhine and strepsirrhine respectively mean dry and wet nose. The dry-nosed primates known as haplorrhines include tarsiers, apes, monkeys, and humans. Haplorrhines are divided into three groups:
1) the catarrhines, which include humans, apes, and monkeys from the old world;
2) the platyrrhines, which include South American monkeys; and
3) tarsiers. Tarsiers can only be found in South East Asia, while apes can be found in both South East Asia and Africa.
What is skeletal material?
Bone, antler, ivory, teeth, and horn are all examples of skeletal materials, which are organics primarily made up of hydroxyapatite and collagen in varying amounts. One must first look for a porous surface or a distinctive shape to determine whether a substance is skeletal.
Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
Following are the adaptations seen in this primate's pelvis that indicate bipedal locomotion.
1) Primate has has bowl shaped pelvis which helps in holding up the internal organs and upper body weight for upright locomotion and brought the vertebral column closer to the hip joint, providing a stable base for support of the trunk while walking upright.
2) In primates the ilium evolved from long and narrow shape to a short and broad one and the walls of the pelvis evolved to face laterally. These evolution increased area for the gluteus muscles to attach and helps to stabilize the torso while standing on one leg.
3)The sacrum evolved to become more broad which led to increase in the diameter of the birth canal and making birthing easier.
Therefore, Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
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Which of the following best describes the structure of hemoglobin? Select all that apply.
a. Globin molecules contain iron.
b. Hemoglobin consists of four globin molecules.
c. Hemoglobin consists of two globin molecules.
d. Each globin molecule associates with numerous heme groups.
e. Each globin molecule surrounds a heme group.
f. Heme groups contain iron.
Hemoglobin contains the iron atom and the four globin molecules. Heme is the group containing iron atom. Each globin molecule surrounds a central heme group to which a polypeptide chain is joined up. Statements b, e and f.
What is the central atom in the structure of hemoglobin ?Iron is the central atom in the structure of hemoglobin.
The structure of hemoglobin is composed of four protein chains.There are 4 iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin. Each globin molecules is consisted of two linked pairs of polypeptide chain.
Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of two alpha chains and two beta chains and each is linked with a heme group that is containing a central metal that is iron.
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1. How are barn owls different from common owls?
A barn owl has a heart shaped face, short tail and small eyes compared to a normal owl.
what and who came from uranus private part?
Answer: The Greek Goddess Aphrodite
Explanation:
a temporary reservoir in the gastrointestinal tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme is the: (fill in the blank)
A temporary reservoir in the gastrointestinal tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme is the stomach.
What is Chyme?
chyme is a viscous, semifluid mixture of partially digested food and digestive fluids that develops during digestion in the stomach and intestine. The gastric glands produce digestive juices in the stomach, among which are hydrochloric acid and the protein-degrading enzyme pepsin.
Therefore, A temporary reservoir in the gastrointestinal tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme is the stomach.
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in the experimental scheme used by gregor mendel, the f1 generation is to generate the f2 generation.
Yes the F1 generation is to generate the f2 generation.
P, or parental generation of plants were were crossed to produce F1 generation (first filial). Mendel saved the seeds that each cross's P plants produced and planted them the following year.
These offspring were referred to as the F1, or the first filial generation (a filial is a daughter or son). Mendel allowed plants to naturally self-fertilize after examining the traits in the F1 generation of plants. He then saved the seeds from the F1 plants and raised them to create the F2, or second filial generation.
This whole experiment was done on pea plant whose scientific name is Pisum sativum.
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white fibers that transmit impulses between corresponding areas in the opposite cerebral hemisphere are called:
Commissural fibres transmit impulses between corresponding areas in opposite cerebral hemisphere.
What are Commissural fibres?
Commissural fibers or commissural tracts of the brain or commissures are the fibres responsible for connecting an area in one hemisphere with an area in the opposite hemisphere. They are a type of white matter. The largest set of commissural fibers in the brain is the corpus callosum, and is a pathway of crucial importance for speech-language functions.
The Commissural fibres consist of anterior commissure, the hippocampal commissure, and the corpus callosum.
The Commissural fibres are responsible for ensureing that both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other.
Therefore, Commissural fibres transmit impulses between corresponding areas in opposite cerebral hemisphere.
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what connections can you make between homeostasis and the reproductive system in the concept map? select all that apply.
Little is done by the reproductive system to maintain the organism's equilibrium. Instead, the reproductive system is related to the preservation of the species.
How is homeostasis maintained in the reproductive system?The reproductive system ensures the progeny survives in order to preserve homeostasis. The reproductive system does this by creating eggs and sperm, ensuring that these cells are transported, caring for children, and producing hormones.
What connections does the reproductive system have to other systems?Sex hormones influence other bodily systems in the reproductive system, and if there is an imbalance, it can result in a number of illnesses and potentially fatal problems. Disease or even death could result from the body's inability to maintain homeostasis.
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chrloroplasts cannot move on their own how do you think they move around the cell what is this movement called
Cyclization or cytoplasmic streaming is a term that describes the movement of chloroplasts within plant cells.
They push, slide, and dart inside the cell, often catching on the edge of the cell, but sometimes appearing to fill the cell completely with constant movement. This movement is common inside cells and is called cyclonic or cytoplasmic flow.
Chloroplasts migrate in response to varying light intensities. Under low light, chloroplasts cluster in illuminated areas to maximize the rate of light absorption and photosynthesis (storage reaction). In contrast, chloroplasts escape intense light to avoid photodamage (avoidance response).
This idea is motivated by the fact that chloroplasts have their own DNA, separate from plant cells. However, over time, this bacterium becomes dependent on plant cells and vice versa, unable to survive or replicate itself could not proliferate.
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if you exhale to residual volume, close your glottis and relax your chest muscles, what will happen to your alveolar pressure?
The lungs will desire to elastically recoil, but because the glottis is closed, there is nowhere for the air to escape, alveolar pressure will rise above atmospheric pressure.
The thoracic cavity capacity increases and the intra-alveolar pressure falls when the diaphragm slides downward from an ambient pressure of 760mmHg to 756mmHg. Air enters the lungs as a result of a pressure gradient. The muscles of the external intercostals also aid in inspiration.
The alveolar pressure is b. larger than the ambient pressure during the process of expiration. As a result, air will escape from the lungs and alveoli.
The lungs' volume expands and their internal pressure drops to below atmospheric levels during inhalation.
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6. bacterial strategies for evading host defense systems a.different parts of the host defense system work together to eliminate invading bacteria.give some examples of how virulence factors could work together to make a pathogenbetter able to cause infection.
The virulence factors help a pathogen to invade, cause and evade the host.
Movement and attachment also are crucial issues for bacterial virulence. The flagella, which aids in movement, can assist micro organism unfold. The flagellum is a key virulence thing in urinary tract infections as it facilitates the micro organism unfold up the urethra. The shorter filaments are Pilli. The following are varieties of virulence factors include many pathogenic micro organism colonize mucosal web sites via way of means of the usage of pili (fimbriae) to stick to cells.
Therefore, pathogenic micro organism colonize mucosal web sites.
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when (r)-2-chloro-3-methylbutane is treated with potassium tert-butoxide, a monosubstituted alkene is obtained. when this alkene is treated with hbr, a mixture of products is obtained. identify all of the expected products. select all that apply.
The elimination of a positive impartial molecule from a substrate is called an removal reaction.
An example of elimination reaction is the formation of an alkene via way of means of reacting alkyl halide with a base thru removal of hydrogen halide molecule. The reaction between R-2-chloro-3-methylbutane and potassium tert-butoxide, it yields a monosubstituted alkene. When this alkene is treated with hydrogen bromide (HBr), a mixture of products is obtained. The possible products are shown in the image given below:
Therefore, all the expected products are drawn in the image attached.
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(5 pts.) in dogs, alleles c and c determine whether a dog has curly (cc), wavy (cc), or straight hair (cc). in a cross of a curly-haired dog with a straight-haired dog, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? what will be the genotypic ratio?
Considered to be a "dominant" gene characteristic is curly hair. Straight hair is viewed negatively. Simply put, you will be born with curly hair if one parent passes on a gene for curly hair and the other parent passes on a gene for straight hair.
Straight and curly hair are both partially dominant alleles of the same gene. Two curly alleles result in extremely curly hair. Straight hair is a result of having two straight alleles. One straight allele and one curly allele results in wavy hair. Children born with semi-curly or wavy hair are an example of a person displaying incomplete dominance because such offspring are produced by crossing parents who have both straight and curly hair alleles. Uneven hair is a
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what happens when the xist gene from an x chromosome is inserted into an autosome? both the autosome and its homologous chromosome are inactivated
The Xist transgene (Tg) integrated into the autosome can induce transcriptional silencing of neighboring genes. However, the effects and mechanisms of Xist RNA on autosomal sequence silencing remain elusive.
Xist or Tsix heterozygous mutations cause non-random X chromosome inactivation in female cells. When the expression of Xist increases from the X chromosome in cells before X chromosome inactivation, the X chromosome always becomes XI, and wild-type X always becomes XA. Xist encodes an RNA molecule that plays an important role in selecting the X chromosome to remain active, and the early spread and establishment of silencing on the inactive X chromosome allows the XIST RNA to enter interphase non-active cells. We smear the active X chromosome as evidence for the involvement of new RNAs. Nuclear/chromosomal structure. Inactivation of the X inactivation. chromosome is mediated by stabilization of the Xist RNA. Stabilization of Xist RNA mediates initiation of X inactivation.
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during sexual reproduction of ciliates, group of answer choices the macronuclei undergo meiosis. all four nuclei disintegrate. the apical complex creates a bridge between cells. ascospores of opposite sexes mate. the micronuclei undergo meiosis and mitosis.
Ciliates can reproduce asexually through different types of fission. The macronucleus elongates and goes through amitosis during fission, while the micronucleus goes through mitosis (except among the Karyorelictean ciliates, whose macronuclei do not divide).
The micronucleus and the macronucleus are then duplicated in each of the two new cells that result from the cell's division.
Ciliate passing through the last stages of binary fission in a transversal division, the ciliate's anterior half (the porter) forms one new creature and the posterior half (the opisthe) forms another. Other forms of fission do, however, take place in some ciliate groupings. These include strobilation (multiple divisions along the cell body, forming a chain of new creatures), budding (the appearance of little ciliated offspring, or "swarmer's," from the body of a mature parent), and palintomy (multiple fissions, usually within a cyst).
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chromium-51 is a radioisotope that is used to assess the lifetime of red blood cells the half-life of chromium-51 is 27.7 days. how much time is required for the activity of a sample of chromium-51 to fall to 26.6 percent of its original value?
is 27.7 days for chromium-51.Phosphorus-32 is among the radioactive isotopes that is utilized in medical diagnosis or therapy.Phosphorus-32 has a half-life of 14 days.
Where does chromium-51 come from?In a reactor, neutron activation generates Cr.It has a radioactive ½ of 27.7 days and decays by electron capture.At 320 keV, just a little bit above the ideal detection range of conventional gamma counters, the primary gamma-photon emission is produced by electron capture.
What makes chromium 51 significant?Red blood cells are labeled with chromium 51 to measure their mass or volume, conduct survival rates and sequestration experiments, and diagnose gastrointestinal bleeding.Additionally, platelets are labeled with chromium 51 to analyze their functions.
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in bacterial cells, the tryptophan operon encodes the genes needed to synthesize tryptophan. what happens when the concentration of tryptophan inside a cell is high?
In bacterial cells, the tryptophan operon encodes the genes needed to synthesize tryptophan.
What happens when the concentration of tryptophan inside a cell is high, it activates the tryptophan repressor, which shuts down expression of the tryptophan operon.
Correct answer: letter C.
When the concentration of tryptophan inside a cell is high, the tryptophan repressor binds to the operon, preventing its expression.
This is known as a negative feedback mechanism, as the increased concentration of tryptophan shuts down its own synthesis. This helps to ensure that the cell does not waste resources on excess tryptophan synthesis when the cell already has enough.
What are bacterial cells?Are single-celled organisms that are found everywhere in the environment. A bacterial cell is composed of prokaryotic cells which are much simpler than the cells of other organisms. They have a cell wall that protects the cell, a small cytoplasmic membrane, and a single circular DNA molecule that contains the genetic information of the cell. Bacterial cells use energy to produce proteins and other molecules necessary for their survival. They reproduce by splitting into two daughter cells.
Complete question:
In the bacterial cell, the trytophan operon encodes the genes needed to synthesize tryptophan. When the concentration of typtophan inside the cell is high:
A) It inactivates the tryptophan repressor which shuts down the tryptophan operon.B) It inactivates the tryptophan repressor allowing transcription of the tryptophan operon.C) It activates tytophan repressor which shuts down the tytophan operon.Learn more about the bacterial cell:
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An object at rest is suddenly broken apart into fragments a and b by an explosion. The fragment a acquires five times the kinetic energy of the fragment b.
The explosion will conserve momentum in one dimension. When An object at rest is suddenly broken apart into fragments a and b by an explosion.
In plain English, what is kinetic energy?The force that drives motion, which can be observed in the movement of a particle, an object, or a collection of particles, is known as kinetic energy. Examples of objects in motion that use kinetic energy include a person walking, a baseball being thrown, a piece of food falling from a table, and a charged particle in an electric field.
Given that fragment a gains three times as much kinetic energy as fragment b, Pinitial = pfinal 0 =mav0a+mv0=0 v0=-mav0a/m
KE=3KE, where 1/2 mav0a2 = 3 (1/2mv0), and
1/2 mav0a2 = 3/2 m(-mav0a/m).
2 "1/2 x 2/3 = ma/m= 1/3" "1/2 x 2/3 = ma/m= 1/3" "1/2 x 2/3 = ma/m= 1/3"
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during which phase of a burn injury does extravasation of proteins, water, and electrolytes occur, resulting in edema and potential hypovolemia?
The most severe and immediate result of a burn is hypovolemia. It is mostly due to an increase in capillary permeability, which causes a shift of protein and fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial area. Hypovolemia causes "burn shock."
The pathophysiology of a burn wound is characterized by an inflammatory response that leads to fast oedema production as a result of enhanced microvascular permeability, vasodilation, and extravascular osmotic activity.
The objective of fluid management in large burn injuries is to preserve tissue perfusion during the early stages of burn shock, before hypovolemia develops owing to constant fluid extravasation from the intravascular compartment.
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explain how the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles affect the rate of glomerular filtration.
When the afferent arteriole is larger, more blood would flow into the efferent arteriole, which is of a smaller diameter, resulting in increased blood pressure in the glomerulus.
The arteriole that carries blood to the glomerulus is known as the afferent arteriole. Its diameter exceeds that of the efferent arteriole.
Due to their smaller width than afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomerular, causing resistance to the blood flow that causes backflow and high pressure. Greater blood flow into the smaller-diameter efferent arteriole occurs when the afferent arteriole is larger, raising the blood pressure in the glomerulus.
The renal artery's afferent arteriole is a branch that supplies the glomerulus with blood. A branch of the renal artery called an efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus. Blood is transported to the glomerulus via afferent arterioles.
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how did the allelic frequencies change over the 10 generations modeled in response to natural selection?
It will increase because an allelic organism that is more well-suited to its environment will be able to pass its genes to the next generation through natural selection.
Natural selection happens when an organism is more or less fit—able to live and reproduce in a given environment—as a result of one allele (or a mix of alleles from other genes). A gene's frequency tends to decrease from one generation to the next if it has a negative impact on fitness. We'll go into great detail on the various types of natural selection that take place in populations.
In actuality, multiple evolutionary factors may have operated simultaneously to determine the evolutionary trajectory of a particular gene. For instance, both gene flow and genetic drift may affect the allele frequencies of one gene. Natural selection may favor (or disfavor) a new allele of a different gene as a result of mutation.
The complete question is:
Experiment 2 Data Table 5:
Sampling Without Replacement Generation Starting Allelic Frequency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average p 0.50 9 0.50 Starting Allelic Number B 50 50 Data Table 5 Genotypic Number BB Bb Graph 1 Deaths (bb) Final Genotypic Frequency 0² 2pq q² 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Exercise 2 Final Allelic Number b B
Please answer the following question with the given data:
How did the allelic frequencies change over the 10 generations modeled in response to natural selection?
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at some point, categories like herbivore/parasite/predator break down. (for example, small insects that eat small amounts of large plants, over a long time, seem to conform to the definition of a parasite.) why is this?
At some point, categories like herbivore/parasite/predator break down, this is because the categories are artificial constructs- the organisms don't care.
Herbivores feed on plants products and plants. They are also considered as predators because they also transfer energy across the trophic levels. Besides this, they also keep the population of their prey under control. The predator is defined as an animal which feeds upon other animals or prey that are usually smaller and weaker than itself. Therefore, at some point all these categories are artificial constructs for better understanding- organisms don't care.
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Complete question- At some point, categories like herbivore/parasite/predator break down. (For example, small insects that eat small amounts of large plants, over a long time, seem to conform to the definition of a parasite.) Why is this? a) Newly discovered organisms (or viruses) may not fit existing categories. b) the categories are artificial constructs--the organisms don't care c) scientific knowledge--including categorizations like this--is continuously updated as new data become available d) Herbivory, parasitism, and predation can change over time, in response to natural selection.
what triggers depolarization? what channels open? what occurs if the depolarization threshold is reached?
A stimulus opens some sodium channels. Na+ inflow through channels depolarizes membrane. If threshold is reached, it triggers action potential.
A stimulus is a perceptible alteration in the internal or external surroundings of an organism's physical or chemical composition. Sensitivity is the capacity of an organism or organ to recognise external stimuli and to respond appropriately to them. A stimulus is an occasion or any change in the environment that causes an organ or tissue to have a certain functional response. An external or internal trigger is possible.
When you enter a room, you must cross a threshold. A threshold separates one space from another, and you are also on a threshold just before beginning something new. A threshold is a starting or stopping point. The maximum amount of money permitted per transaction is known as a Threshold Amount.
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