How can a substance change from one state of matter to another?

Date: September 11, 2020

Source: Arizona State University

Summary: Astronomers have determined that some carbon-rich exoplanets, given the right circumstances, could be made of diamonds and silica.

As missions like NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, TESS and Kepler continue to provide insights into the properties of exoplanets (planets around other stars), scientists are increasingly able to piece together what these planets look like, what they are made of, and if they could be habitable or even inhabited.

In a new study published recently in The Planetary Science Journal, a team of researchers from Arizona State University (ASU) and the University of Chicago have determined that some carbon-rich exoplanets, given the right circumstances, could be made of diamonds and silica.

"These exoplanets are unlike anything in our solar system," says lead author Harrison Allen-Sutter of ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration.

Diamond exoplanet formation

When stars and planets are formed, they do so from the same cloud of gas, so their bulk compositions are similar. A star with a lower carbon to oxygen ratio will have planets like Earth, comprised of silicates and oxides with a very small diamond content (Earth's diamond content is about 0.001%).

But exoplanets around stars with a higher carbon to oxygen ratio than our sun are more likely to be carbon-rich. Allen-Sutter and co-authors Emily Garhart, Kurt Leinenweber and Dan Shim of ASU, with Vitali Prakapenka and Eran Greenberg of the University of Chicago, hypothesized that these carbon-rich exoplanets could convert to diamond and silicate, if water (which is abundant in the universe) were present, creating a diamond-rich composition.

To test this hypothesis, the research team needed to mimic the interior of carbide exoplanets using high heat and high pressure. To do so, they used high pressure diamond-anvil cells at co-author Shim's Lab for Earth and Planetary Materials.

First, they immersed silicon carbide in water and compressed the sample between diamonds to a very high pressure. Then, to monitor the reaction between silicon carbide and water, they conducted laser heating at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, taking X-ray measurements while the laser heated the sample at high pressures.

As they predicted, with high heat and pressure, the silicon carbide reacted with water and turned into diamonds and silica.

So far, we have not found life on other planets, but the search continues. Planetary scientists and astrobiologists are using sophisticated instruments in space and on Earth to find planets with the right properties and the right location around their stars where life could exist.

For carbon-rich planets that are the focus of this study, however, they likely do not have the properties needed for life.

While Earth is geologically active (an indicator habitability), the results of this study show that carbon-rich planets are too hard to be geologically active and this lack of geologic activity may make atmospheric composition uninhabitable. Atmospheres are critical for life as it provides us with air to breathe, protection from the harsh environment of space, and even pressure to allow for liquid water.

"Regardless of habitability, this is one additional step in helping us understand and characterize our ever- increasing and improving observations of exoplanets," says Allen-Sutter. "The more we learn, the better we'll be able to interpret new data from upcoming future missions like the James Webb Space Telescope and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope to understand the worlds beyond on our own solar system."

Answer:

3500000

Explanation:

Answer:

1) Yes the density does affect it's melting rate.

Explanation:

Simply because the more rock the more time. For instance an ice cube that is empty inside ( has less density ) will take less to melt. Verses an ice cube that is ice to its inner core ( has more density ) will take more time to melt in the same temperature as the first ice cube.

Answer:

453.592 grams

Explanation:

Given

Mass = 1 lb

Required.

Convert to grams using dimensional analysis

Represent 1 lb with x g

In unit conversion, we have that.

1 lb = 453.592 g

So:

Getting the equivalent of lb in g, we have:

x g = 1 lb * (453.592 g/ 1 lb)

x g = 1 * 453.592 g

x g = 453.592 grams

Hence:

The equivalent of 1 lb in grams is 453.592 grams

Answer:

64 mL.

Explanation:

From the question given above, the dimension of box is:

Dimension = 2 cm × 4 cm × 8 cm

Thus, the volume of the box is:

Volume = 2 cm × 4 cm × 8 cm

Volume = 64 cm³

Finally, we shall convert 64 cm³ to mL. This can be obtained as follow:

Recall:

1 cm³ = 1 mL

Therefore,

64 cm³ = 64 cm³ × 1 mL / 1 cm³

64 cm³ = 64 mL

Therefore, the volume of the box in millilitres (mL) is 64 mL.

Answer:

36 minutes

Explanation:

You take 165/3= 55 pages per hour.

Take 198-165 = 33 pages left of the book

Take 33/55 = .6 hrs to finish the book.

Take 60(minutes in an hour)*.6= 36 minutes

Answer:

B

Explanation:

It is Nuclear wall which is the second one

Answer:

627.6J

Explanation:

q=mcΔT

where:

q = heat energy (J)

m = mass (g)

c = specific heat (g/j*C)

Δt = change in temperature (C/K)

q= (150)(4.184)(1) = 627.6

Answer:

Volume = 30cm³

Explanation:

A block is a geometrical figure and its volume, -look at the figure-, follows the equation:

Volume = Width*Length*Height

As the measurements of the block are 5.00cm, 3.00cm and 2.00cm, the volume is:

Volume = 5.00cm*2.00cm*3.00cm

Answer:

One calcium, two nitrogen, and six oxygen

Explanation:

Answer:

An adaptation occurs if a mutation helps an individual survive and reproduce.

Explanation:

Over generations, the mutation will become more common. An adaptation occurs if a mutation isn't passed on to offspring. Hope this helps! xx

Answer:  Zirconium [Kr]4d :)

Explanation:

An independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study. A dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable

Variables are the factors or the numbers used as a quantity. The dependent variables are conditional, and the independent variable is the cause that affects the result.

The independent variable of an experiment is the data that is the cause of the experimental design. Its value and result do not depend on other factors and conditions. These values are manipulative and are set by the researcher.

The dependent variables, on the other hand, vary based on the other factors and variables and are the effect that is based on the response and the outcome of the other variables. It is the tested or the measured value.

Therefore, the independent and dependent variables differ based on cause and effect.

Learn more about independent and dependent variables here:

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Answer:

the answer is

it's true

Answer:

true

Explanation:

it has both neutrons (neutral) and protons (positive)

Answer:

1. B   2. B   3. C   4. A     5. A

Explanation:

1 Which atom contains exactly 16 neutrons?

Neutrons = Mass Number - Proton

A -33;

Neutrons = 33 - 16 = 17

B P-31

Neutrons = 31 - 15 = 16 Correct option

C O-16

Neutrons = 16 - 8  = 8

D Cl – 35

Neutrons = 35 - 17 = 18

2. In a mass spectrometer, the heaviest particles are least deflected and that with the least mass are deflected the most. The correct option is B.

3. 1 mol of C = 12 grams;

3 mol = x

x = 3 * 12 = 36 grams Correct option is C

4. 1 mol = 27g of Al;

x mol = 65g

x = 65 / 27 = 2.4 moles. Correct option is A.

5. There are 6.022 x 10^23 atoms in 23 grams of sodium;

x atoms in 4.5g

x = 6.022 x 10^23 * 4.5 / 23 = 1.2 x 10^23 atoms Correct option is option A.

Explanation:

tan(-300) = tan(-300+360) = tan (60)

here we added 360 degree. where by adding 360 +or- (n×360) to the any angle nothing will change as they called equivalent angles

equivalent angles is by adding +or- n×360 to any angle is equivalent to that angle so tan(-300) = tan(60) then we will calculate tan(60) on the calculator

Answer:

False

Explanation:

The mixture is defined as a chemical substance formed by the combination of two or more substance but do not form any bond together.

Water is not a mixture because the water molecule is consists of two hydrogen (H2) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom bonded together with hydrogen bonds.

Hence, the given statement is "false".

Answer:

modify existing explanations of how nature works.

Explanation:

Scientists use new experiments to aid in distinguishing science from pseudoscience also to update the explanations of how nature works.

Pseudoscience is the falls assumptions and predictions by some thoughts and prejudice that arguing to be scientific. For example astrology, there is no scientific evidence for that,

Scientists update the phenomenon and concepts in nature through various research works which are planed in advanced level. These results are not for personal requirements not for political opinions.

Thus new experiments are conducting for arriving at new information that are valuable to everyone and thus distinguishing  science from pseudoscience.

To know more about scientific experiments refer the link below:

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Answer:

water

for one molecule of water each atom has the atomic mass unit, u,shown.

Explanation:

*can i be the brainliest*

Answer:

A) Boron

Explanation:

I put oxygen and it was wrong lol. So, it said it was Boron

Answer:

aluminum - 3,argon - 3,sodium - 3

Explanation:

Answer:

false

in chemical reaction element doesnot change into another

Explanation:

Answer:

1,000 years

Explanation:

1,000 years

According to the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which issued a special report on CCS in 2005, a properly selected site should securely store at least 99 percent of the sequestered CO2 for more than 1,000 years.

Answer: Science is an accurate measure of whats true, there are laws of science like physic, and mathematics and you can prove your answer by using science

Explanation:

Answer:

simply any mixture that is not uniform in composition - it's a non-uniform mixture of smaller constituent parts

Explanation:

i think it may wrong

Answer:

between 80 to 120

Explanation:

because it would be around 100 but it can't be exact.