The amount of interest expense Hermosa Vista Company should record for the first annual interest period if the company uses simplified effective-interest amortization is $15,552.
How is the interest expense determined?Since the bonds were issued at a premium, under the effective-interest amortization method, the interest expense is the difference between the cash (coupon) payment and the premium amortization.
Another way of computing the interest expense for bonds issued at a premium is to apply the effective market rate to the bonds payable balance.
Face value of bond = $290,000
Sales proceeds = $296,235
Bond premium = $6,235
Coupon interest rate = 5.75%
Market interest rate = 5.25%
Maturity period = 5 years
First coupon payment = $16,675 ($290,000 x 5.75%)
Interest Expense = $15,552 ($296,235 x 5.25%)
Bond premium amortization = $1,123
Bond Payable end-of-the-year balance = $295,112 ($296,235 - $1,123)
Transaction Analysis for Interest Expense:Interest Expense $15,552 Premium amortization $1,123 Cash $16,675
Thus, Hermosa will debit Interest Expense for $15,552, Premium Amortization for $1,123, and credit Cash for $16,675.
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an appropriate fiscal policy for a severe recession is: group of answer choices an increase in interest rates. appreciation of the dollar. a decrease in government spending. a decrease in tax rates.
An appropriate fiscal policy for a severe recession is a decrease in tax.
Fiscal policy refers to the use of either taxes or public spending to balance the budget. Using either lower taxes or more expenditure, expansionary fiscal policy may cover recessionary gaps, and contractionary fiscal policy can close inflationary gaps (using either increased taxes or decreased spending).
Fighting against a severe recession will be appropriate for the expansionary fiscal policy. When the GDP declines by more than 10 percent from the base year, it is said to be in a severe recession. In order to remedy this situation, the government employs an expansionary fiscal policy to boost GDP.
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steve jobs defined and shaped apple's culture, and his influence continued even after he left the company. this is known as .
The corporate culture of the company is centered on upholding a high degree of innovation that involves employees' imagination and a mindset that questions norms and standards, such as in the field of consumer electronics design.
Who is Apple's intended market?The middle-class and upper-class consumers who can afford to pay more for items that offer them a fantastic user experience make up Apple's target market.
What kind of management philosophy does Apple follow?The following components are integrated into Apple's leadership style: Democratic-style management. The current CEO, Tim Cook, emphasizes democratic leadership in contrast to the more autocratic leadership style of Apple co-founder and late CEO Steve Jobs.
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when people make decisions by choosing to do the things they think will give them the most utility, economists call this method of decision-making
Economists refer to the decision-making process in which people choose the actions they believe would provide them with the most utility as utility maximization.
The work that economists do
The distribution and production of resources, goods, or services are studied by economists through data collection and analysis, trend research, and evaluation of economic concerns.
Do economists get substantial salaries?
Yes, most economists do earn lots of money.
Although there are several jobs with varied pay scales, most economists earn at least $100,000 annually. Economic analysis is used to address a variety of challenges by economists who research the distribution and production of resources, commodities, and services.
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better products company recently issued its employees identification tags that contain a chip that records how long individual workers spend at their workstations and how many times they visit the restroom. which function might this technology serve
Based on the business technology and the situation described here, the function this technology might serve is "Reducing company time wasted by employees."
What is Business TechnologyBusiness technology is a term that is used to describe the trans-disciplinary process and activities in business firms or workplaces, which helps to optimize production by lowering cost and time while increasing output.
In this case, given that the identification tags that contain a chip that records how long individual workers spend at their workstations and how many times they visit the restroom will be given to employees, this is expected to reduce the time wasted by employees.
Other types of business technology examples are:Computer systemsProductivity toolsNetworking devices and printersMail and phone systemsFinancial accounting systemsInventory control systemsCustomer relationship management systemsDiversified marketing optionsHence, in this case, it is concluded that Business technology is a good system or device to have in any business firm or workplace.
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Examining how the organization looks to shareholders is part of which of the balanced scorecard perspectives?.
Part of the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard perspectives is examining how the organization appears to shareholders.
The term "financial perspective" means what?The organization's ultimate goals are described from a financial standpoint. By reading indicator data, this perspective enables you to ascertain whether your firm is effective in implementing its strategy.
What does the financial aspect of the balanced scorecard entail?A balanced scorecard is a tool that organizations can use to help with their strategic management. The balanced scorecard is built on four perspectives: financial, business process, customer, and organizational capabilities. It enables businesses to recognize their shortcomings and come up with strategies to address them.
Perspective from a financial standpoint: What Do Our Shareholders Think of Us? Financial performance indicators demonstrate whether a company's strategy, implementation, and execution are enhancing its bottom line. Growth, profitability, and shareholder value are typical financial goals.
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.If a grower wishes to work in wholesale floriculture, which of the following will prove most broadly helpful when determining what plants to focus on and what timeframe to aim for when scheduling the production process?
A. growing degree days (GDD) indicating total hours of heat to reach maturity
B. natural bloom time in a non-greenhouse environment
C. a schedule indicating seed germination period from planting to sprouting
D. a schedule indicating preferred products through the year
The correct option for this question is D. A schedule indicating preferred products through the year.
Organizations often foster production schedules before they start their assembling processes. This is significant in light of the fact that it helps organizations:
Decide the cost of producing a specific item, including production and work costs.Distribute an adequate number of monetary assets to each phase of production.Guarantee that an item arrives at the buyer market rapidly and proficiently.Decide how long they might expect to finish production and transport their item to merchants.Guarantee the production of the right measure of an asset.to know more about the asset click here:
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TRUE/FALSE one of the attractive features of mutual funds is that they offer small investors a diversified portfolio and professional management.
The fact that mutual funds provide small investors with a diverse portfolio and experienced management is one of their appealing qualities.so statement is true.
What draws small investors to mutual funds?Investors have access to a greater variety of investments through mutual funds than they could on their own. By pooling your funds, you may take advantage of economies of scale. The monthly contributions improve the investor's assets. Funds are more liquid because they are often less volatile.
The ability to diversify and thereby distribute risk over a number of investments is one of the reasons mutual funds are so well-liked by investors. People are drawn to mutual funds because they provide an opportunity for typical individuals to invest in professionally managed funds.
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stacey, a salesperson for xyz co. has just heard her prospect make a red light statement. this means:
This indicates that she must address a further objection.
What Is a Sales Lead?Leads in sales (suspects) organizations or people who could be interested in the good or service a salesperson has to offer. Sorting out sales leads. The act of a salesperson looking for, gathering, and analyzing data to ascertain whether a lead has a good chance of becoming a customer.
What does a sales lead look like?In contrast to calling a name out of the phone book, calling someone who has previously visited the company showroom and provided contact information is more likely to result in a sale.
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The sales philosophy and process that emphasizes a commitment to maintaining customer relationships over the long term and investing in opportunities that are mutually beneficial to all parties is known as ________ selling.
Relationship selling is a type of sales approach that places a strong emphasis on investing in long-term client connections and prospects that benefit all parties involved.
What do you think of as sales?
In a sale, two or more parties trade services or goods for money or other assets. In the capital markets, a sale is an agreement between a buyer and a seller regarding the price of a good and its distribution in exchange for a predetermined payment.
Why are sales such a big deal?
Sales have a big impact on how customers become loyal and how much trust they have in brands. The primary drivers of a customer's ability to recommend your company to family or friends or to post a favorable online comment of your products or services are trust and satisfaction.
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when a single firm can supply the entire market at a lower cost than two or more firms, the firm can be said to have which of the following characteristics? it is one of two firms in the industry. it is a natural monopoly. the marginal cost curve rises at an increasing rate. it must be producing at the socially optimal level of output.
When a single firm can supply the entire market at a lower cost than two or more firms, it is a natural monopoly.
What causes a natural monopoly?A natural monopoly is a monopoly in an industry where high infrastructure costs and other entry obstacles in relation to the size of the market provide the largest supplier. It is possible for one firm to serve a given market more affordably than any combination of two or more firms in that market.
A natural monopoly has a high fixed cost for an output-independent good, but its marginal cost of producing one additional good is relatively low and constant. The widespread consensus is that natural monopolies arise for two reasons: economies of scale and economies of scale
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Return on investment (ROI) is calculated using which of the following formulas?
Multiple Choice
Average operating assets ÷ Net operating income
Net operating income ÷ Average operating assets
Total assets ÷ Average net operating income
Average net operating income ÷ Total assets
Return on investment (ROI) is calculated using b) Net operating income ÷ Average operating assets.
An indicator of an investment's profitability is return on investment (ROI). ROI measures the effectiveness of an investment by comparing the amount you invested to the amount you earned. Let's examine how it is applied by both enterprises and private investors.
Divide the amount you received from an investment—often referred to as the net profit, or the cost of the investment minus its current value—by the cost of the investment, then multiply the result by 100 to determine return on investment.
ROI is a statistic for assessing the effectiveness of an investment that is clear and simple to calculate. This frequently used calculation enables you to compare investment possibilities side by side.
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one reason organizations create teams is to . a. assert control over employees' actions b. relieve workers of decision-making responsibility c. strengthen the role of managers as supervisors d. limit flexibility e. capitalize on the knowledge and motivation of workers
One reason an organizations create teams is to capitalize on the knowledge and motivation of workers. The Option E is correct.
What is the importance of team in an organization?In a typical organization, a team means group of people who perform an interdependent tasks to work toward accomplishing a common mission or specific objective. Some organization teams have a limited life. For example, if a design team is developing a new product or a continuous process improvement team organized to solve a particular problem.
When a team work together, this is known as teamwork. The term "teamwork" is used across many different industries to increase a performance, employee unity and company culture. The companies that must frequently develop new ideas or products using a project-based approach assemble teams in order to diffuse responsibility and to increase the number and diversity of ideas for the project.
The team members must use a teamwork to bounce ideas off of one another before deciding on a development path for a project.
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_____ is the process of creating and managing a business to achieve desired objectives.
It can be inferred that Entrepreneurship is the process of creating and managing a business to achieve desired objectives.
What is Entrepreneurship?The process of developing or extracting economic value is referred to as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are another term for business owners. According to this definition, entrepreneurship is defined as change, often including risk above what is commonly faced when beginning a firm, and may contain values other than monetary ones.
In the field of economics, the term entrepreneur is used for an entity that has the ability to translate inventions or technologies into products and services. In this sense, entrepreneurship describes the activities of both established businesses and new businesses.
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Everything else held constant, when the federal funds rate is ________ the interest rate paid on reserves, the quantity of reserves demanded rises when the federal funds rate ________.
Everything else held constant, when the federal funds rate is above the interest rate paid on reserves, the quantity of reserves demanded rises when the federal funds rate falls.
What is the federal funds rate?The target interest rate established by the FOMC is known as the federal funds rate. This is the overnight lending and borrowing rate between commercial banks for their excess reserves. Short-term interest rates on credit cards and consumer loans can be impacted by the federal funds rate.
What are the reserve interest rates?The interest rate paid by the Federal Reserve on balances kept in master accounts at Federal Reserve Banks by or on behalf of qualifying institutions is known as the interest rate on reserve balances (IORB rate). An essential tool of monetary policy, the interest rate is established by the Board of Governors.
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he cash account in the company's ledger is a(n) a.asset with a normal credit balance b.liability with a normal credit balance c.liability with a normal debit balance d.asset with a normal debit balance
The cash account in the company's ledger is a(n) liability with a normal debit balance.
A debit balance is a negative cash balance in a bank checking account. Such an account is said to be overdrawn, and thus cannot have a negative balance - the bank simply refuses to honor any checks presented against it that would result in a debit balance.
A debit balance to a personal account is an asset, so the more debit balances to personal accounts there are, the more assets there are in the form of outstanding recoverable.
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a defines how an organization will maintain what is accepted as normal day-to-day business in the event of a security incident or other events disruptive to the business.
A business organization, an organization established for the purpose of conducting trade business. Such organizations are based on legal systems governing contracts and exchanges, property rights, and incorporation.
A legal entity is a legal entity separate from the person who owns it. An additional legal barrier is created between you and your business entity that a sole proprietorship or general partnership cannot achieve. This is one reason why entrepreneurs are a common form of business organization.
Good organizations have clearly defined objectives and foster an attitude that objectives are more important than processes. This means managers are not just looking at whether employees are following procedures, but how effectively they are doing their jobs.
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refer to the accompanying normal-form game of price competition. what is(are) the nash equilibrium(equilibria) strategy(ies) for this game?
There is a coordination issue whenever there are several Nash equilibria.Coordination is a phrase used today to denote the directed productive concatenation of components or activities within a firm.
A pure-strategy Nash equilibrium is an action profile with the property that no single player i can obtain a higher payoff by choosing an action different from ai, given every other player j adheres to.For example, a game involves two players, each of whom could choose two available actions, which are X and Y. If the players choose different actions, they each get a payoff of 0. If they both choose X, they each get 2, and if they both choose Y, they each get 1. The action profile (Y, Y) is an equilibrium, since if any one player chooses X, it would result in a lower payoff for the player. Similarly, the action profile (X, X) is also an equilibrium.
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If a company earns net income of $48 million in Year 8, has 20 million shares of common stock outstanding, pays a dividend of $1.00 per share, and has annual interest costs of $10 million, then O the company's retained earnings for the year would be $28 million; the $28 million in retained earnings would be shown on the company's balance sheet as a reduction in equity investment by stockholders in Year 9. O the company's EPS for Year 8 would be $2.40 and its retained earnings for Year 8 would be $38 million (net income of $48 million less interest payments of $10 million); the $38 million addition to retained earnings would cause shareholders' equity investment to increase by $38 million in Year 8. O the company's EPS for Year 8 would be $2.40 and its retained earnings for Year 8 would be $28 million (net income of $48 million less dividend payments of $20 million); the $28 million addition to retained earnings would cause shareholders' equity investment to increase by $28 million in Year 8. O the company's retained earnings for the year would be $18 million (net income of $48 million less dividend payments of $20 million less interest costs of $10 million) and its earnings per share would be $2.00. 0 the company's EPS for Year 8 would be $4.80 and its retained earnings for Year 8 would be $36 million (net income of $48 million less dividend payments of $28 million); the $20 million addition to retained earnings would cause shareholders' equity investment to increase by $28 million in Year 8.
The company's EPS for Year 8 would be $2.40 and its retained earnings for Year 8 would be $38 million (net income of $48 million less interest payments of $10 million)
Net income, also known as total comprehensive income, net earnings, net profit, bottom line, sales profit, or credit sales, in the context of business and accounting refers to an entity's income less cost of goods sold, expenses, depreciation and amortisation, interest, and taxes for a given accounting period. It has also been described as the net growth in shareholders' equity that arises from a company's operations. It is calculated as the residual of all revenues and gains less all expenses and losses for the period. Contrary to gross income, which merely deducts the cost of products sold from revenue, this is not the same thing. Net income for families and individuals is defined as (gross) income less any applicable taxes and other deductions.
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a what is a retail department store that sells at prices 25 percent or more below traditional department store prices in no frills environments, but does not sell memberships.
Off-Price Retailers is a retail department store that sells at prices 25 percent or more below traditional department store prices in no frills environments, but does not sell memberships.
What are Off-Price Retailers?
Retailers who offer premium products at discount prices are known as off-price retailers. They typically market used stuff, off-season merchandise, etc.
These stores provide a sporadic selection of cheap soft goods from well-known brands and fashion-forward manufacturers. They purchase end-of-season closeout merchandise, end-of-season manufacturer irregulars, seconds, closeouts, canceled orders, overruns, and overruns.
Delivering a quality product selection at the most competitive price on the market is the off price retailer's customer value proposition. The first thing that will draw buyers is a low pricing.
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During the meeting, kristof asked, "where is the product typically bought by customers in the international market segments?" what element of the marketing mix is he addressing?.
Where is the product normally purchased by customers in the overseas market segments?, Kristof queried at the discussion. He talks about how important distribution strategy is to the marketing mix.
In the marketing mix, what is the distribution channel?The final consumer purchases a commodity or service through a distribution channel, which is a network of firms or middlemen. Wholesalers, merchants, distributors, and the Internet are a few examples of distribution channels. To sell directly to customers, manufacturers use a direct distribution channel.
What impact does the marketing mix have on distribution?In essence, the distribution process or channel would not be possible without the marketing channel. The entire chain of businesses involved in creating and transporting products up until the final consumer is included in the distribution channel. The marketing channel refers to the marketing strategy each business uses within this strategy.
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currently, your company is in the process of upgrading security in the company headquarters building by installing biometric sensors to limit access to specific rooms. your network switches are poe-enabled, which allows biometric sensors to connect to switches without an external power source. which of the following poe standards is designed for use with biometric sensors?
The POE+ standards is designed for use with biometric sensors.
Biometrics also assists in making it more difficult for someone to forge, steal, or use your identity, resolving problems or errors that may occur if your name, date of birth, and/or place of birth are similar to those of someone else, and Biometric sensors collect measurable biological characteristics (biometric signals) from humans, which are then used in conjunction with biometric recognition algorithms to perform automated person identification.
Personal characteristics (directly related to who you are) are used by biometric systems to authenticate or identify a person. A system collects biometric characteristics that are unique to each individual.
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the green mortgage company has originated a pool containing 75 ten-year fixed interest rate mortgages with an average balance of $103,800 each. all mortgages in the pool carry a coupon of 12 percent. (for simplicity, assume that all mortgage payments are made annually at 12% interest.) green would now like to sell the pool to fnma. required: a. assuming a constant annual prepayment rate of 10 percent (for simplicity, assume that prepayments are based on the pool balance at the end of each year), what will be the price that green should obtain on the date of issuance if market interest rates were (1) 11 percent? (2) 12 percent? (3) 9 percent? b. assume that five years have passed since the date in (a). what will the pool factor be? if market interest rates are 12 percent, what price can green obtain then? c. instead of selling the pool of mortgages in (a), green decides to securitize the mortgages by issuing 100 pass-through securities. the coupon rate will be 11.5 percent and the servicing and guarantee fee will be 0.5 percent. however, the current market rate of return is now 9.5 percent. how much will green obtain for this offering of mpts? what will each purchaser pay for an mpt security, assuming the same prepayment rate as in (a)? d. assume now that immediately after purchase in (c), interest rates fall to 8 percent and that the prepayment rates are expected to accelerate to 20 percent per year, beginning at the end of the first year. what will the mpt security be worth now?
The green mortgage company has interest rate mortgages atValue of MPT at 11%
Interest is 103,208Value of MPT at 12% interest is 100,000Value of MPT at 13% interest is 110,188Interest rate mortgages- mortgage rate, also known as a mortgage interest rate or interest rate, is part of the cost of borrowing money from a lender. Instead of paying your mortgage lender in one lump sum, you pay interest as part of your monthly mortgage payment.For more information on Interest rate mortgages visit:
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Global Corporation had 44,000 shares of $20 par value common stock outstanding on July 1. Later that day the board of directors declared a 5% stock dividend when the market value of each share was $29. The entry to record the dividend declaration is:
Debit Secured Earnings is written in the entry. $63,800; debit Dividend Declaration. Dividends on Common Stock in the amount of $44,000 are due; credit $19,800 in rewarded capital over exceed of par value for common stock.
What stock meaning?These certificates of corporate ownership are sometimes known as stocks. The share certificate of a particular corporation is referred to as a share, on the contrary hand. A shareholder is someone who owns stock in a certain company. The two categories of equities are common and preferred stocks.
What is a stock example?Ownership in a publicly traded company is represented by stocks. When you acquire a company's shares, you become a shareholder. A corporation might have 100,000 shares, for example, and if you buy 1,000 of those, you will still own 1% of the company.
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when comparing two mutually exclusive projects of equal life, the capital budgeting evaluation technique that always identifies the best project is:
For initiatives that are mutually incompatible, the project with the greater IRR should be chosen.
What is a mutually exclusive Project?
It is argued that capital projects that compete with one another are mutually exclusive. If management must decide specifically between finishing either project X or Y, and not both of them at once, then the two projects are said to be mutually exclusive. The choice to export to another nation may be viewed as an autonomous endeavor.
This chance should be taken if it has a positive NPV. On the other side, initiatives that are mutually exclusive are not eligible for selection. In other words, the others are immediately dismissed if one is chosen. It is argued that capital projects that compete with one another are mutually exclusive. They are mutually exclusive when they cannot take place at the same time. mutually beneficial gatherings. When two events may take place at the same time, they are mutually inclusive.
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huggins corp. reported current assets of $193,000 and current liabilities of $137,000 on its most recent balance sheet. the working capital is:
The working capital for Huggins corp. with current assets of $193,000 and current liabilities of $137,000 will be 56000.
Give a brief account on working capital.Working capital (WC) is a financial metric that measures the operating liquidity that a company, organization, or other body, including a government institution, has available to it. Working capital is included in operational capital together with fixed assets like machinery and equipment. Current assets and gross working capital are equivalent. Current liabilities less Current Assets equals Working Capital. A company has a working capital deficiency (also known as a working capital deficit or negative working capital) if its current assets are fewer than its current liabilities.
Even though a business may be profitable and endowed with assets, it may lack liquidity if its assets cannot be quickly converted into cash. A company must have positive working capital in order to continue operating and have enough money set aside to pay off maturing short-term debt as well as upcoming operational expenses. Inventory, accounts receivable and payable, and cash management are all a part of working capital management.
To solve the question :
Working capital = current assets - current liabilities
= $193,000 - $137,000
= 56000.
Therefore, working capital is 56000.
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kent clark is an optometrist and has four assistants working for him. dr. clark is considering purchasing a new piece of equipment that will allow him to more accurately measure the vision needs of his patients. what decision-making strategy should he use?
Kent Clark should use Autocratic 1 decision-making strategy.
Since Kent Clerk has enough information with him, it's better to for him to take decision alone.
What is decision-making strategy?
In psychology, decision-making—also written decision-making—is defined as the cognitive process that leads to the choice of a belief or a plan of action from among a number of potential alternative possibilities. It could be both unreasonable and rational. The process of creating decisions is a form of reasoning that is predicated on the decision-values, maker's preferences, and beliefs. A decision is made at the end of every decision-making process, and that decision may or may not lead to action.
Particularly in European psychology research, research on decision-making is also published under the heading of issue solving.
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kent clark is an optometrist and has four assistants working for him. dr. clark is considering purchasing a new piece of equipment that will allow him to more accurately measure the vision needs of his patients. what decision-making strategy should he use?
taylor construction equipment inc. is concerned with the possibility of high transportation costs and the threat of tariff barriers when entering into a foreign market. based on this, which entry mode should the construction equipment company avoid?
Taylor construction equipment inc. is concerned with the possibility of high transportation costs and the threat of tariff barriers when entering into a foreign market. Based on this, the entry mode that the construction equipment company should avoid are:
franchisingturnkey contractsexportinglicensingjoint venturesWhat are tariff barriers?The popular barrier to trade is a tariff–a tax on imports. Tariffs increase the price of imported goods in relation to domestic goods. Another popular barrier to trade is a government subsidy to a particular domestic industry. Subsidies make those goods less costly to produce than in foreign markets.
Therefore, the correct answer is as given above
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_______________ have become increasingly important because of the decline of organic views AND because of the overall increase in the volume of content being published on social channels.
Enterprise Tactics
Paid Tactics
Owned Strategies
Top of Funnel Conversions
Earned Goals
Influencer Strategies
Paid Tactics is becoming increasingly important due to the decline in organic view counts and due to the overall increase in the volume of content published on social channels. Tactic is a way of organizing or strategy in achieving a goal. For example, tactics in war, campaign tactics.
All jobs or activities always require tactics to achieve targets. Tactics have the same meaning as plans. If something is arranged according to plan, it will most likely go smoothly. An example is building a business, so we have to prepare a plan, such as preparing business capital, employees, profit sharing, profit and loss.
However, it is possible that if we have made plans, our efforts will fail. all possibilities can happen at any time without us knowing.
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The difference between the maximum price consumers are willing and able to pay for a good or a service and the price they actually pay is the consumer.
Consumer surplus is the difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay and the actual price they do pay for the good, or the market price.
What does the price on the market suggest?The market price is the price at which a good or service is currently being bought or sold. The dynamics of supply and demand have an impact on a good or service's market pricing. The cost at which the quantity supplied and the amount wanted are equal is known as the market price.
Who decides on market prices?The factors of supply and demand are very important in determining the value of stocks. Demand refers to the quantity of shares people want to purchase, whereas supply refers to the quantity of shares people want to sell.
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Bond market values are expressed as a percentage of their par (face) value. For example, a company's bonds might be trading at 103, which means that they can be bought or sold for ____ of their par value.Multiple choice question.103%100.3%10.3%0.103%
A company's bonds might be trading at 103, which means that they can be bought or sold for 10.3% of their par value.
What is par value?Par value is the accounting and finance term for stated value or face value. This is where the phrases at par (at the par value), over par (above the par value), and under par originate (under par value). The concept of stock par value is rather outmoded and has no connection to market value. The value specified in a share's corporate charter as its par value prevents shares of that class from being sold below that price during an initial public offering. The issuing company guarantees that it will not issue any additional shares at a price below par, giving investors peace of mind that they won't receive a better issue price from a third party. Par value, then, is the nominal value of a security, which the issuing corporation establishes as its minimal price.
103/10=10.3
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