Antimicrobial drugs have been developed to target five bacterial targets: cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, ribonucleic acid synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, and intermediary metabolism.
Antimicrobials are medications that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. They include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics.
Cell wall synthesis
Overview of the cell wall The bacterial cell wall monomer lipid II is synthesized inside the cytoplasm and then flipped outward by the transporter MurJ.
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis refers to the process through which cells produce proteins. Transcription and translation are the two phases. Transcription is the process by which genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to mRNA in the nucleus. It is divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template and is catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. The binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA initiates transcription.
Intermediary metabolism.
The subfield of biochemistry traditionally concerned with the vast and highly integrated network of biochemical reactions that provides cells with forms of energy for immediate use (i.e., metabolic energy), reducing power, and biosynthetic intermediates is known as intermediary metabolism.
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how could the duplication of the hox gene complex help facilitate animal adaptive radiation? how could the duplication of the hox gene complex help facilitate animal adaptive radiation? the new gene copies led to lower metabolic rates. the new gene copies helped facilitate the evolution of more complex body plans
The new gene copies helped facilitate the evolution of more complex body plans, thus duplication of the hox gene complex help facilitate animal adaptive radiation.
The function of the Hox genes is to specify positional identity in the embryo rather than the development of any specific structure. These genes are an evolutionary highly conserved gene family. These genes determine the anterior-posterior body axis in bilateral organisms and influence the developmental fate of cells. One copy of a gene can perform the original function, while other copies are available to take on new functions. Patterns of Hox gene activity give each of the segment an identity, giving information about where it is in the body and what structures it should grow. Thus, essentially as the hox gene is responsible for some sort of macro scale body organization and help facilitate animal adaptive radiation.
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Complete question- How could the duplication of the Hox gene complex help facilitate animal adaplive radiation? a) The new gene copies helped facilitate the evolution more complex pody plans b) The new gene copies led to lower metabolic rates c) It is unlikely that gene duplication events in the Hox complex played role in the adaptive radiation animals d) The new gene copies helped facilitate the evolution of smaller bodies.
A manager at a pizza shop wants to start visually checking finished pizzas, but she doesn't have time to check every pizza. She decides to check a random pizza in the first 20 2020 made each day, and then check every 2 0 th 20 th 20, start superscript, start text, t, h, end text, end superscript pizza thereafter. What type of sample is this?.
The term "sampling" refers to a process used by researchers to gather or select information such as objects, observations, or people from a larger statistical population, particularly through the use of particular techniques.
the various sampling methods.
Researchers employ a variety of sampling techniques in statistics, some of which are as follows:
sample that is stratified.
random selection.
commoditized sampling.
group sampling
a methodical sampling.
A researcher gathers or selects data from a broader population using a systematic sampling technique, particularly by choosing an ordered (fixed) sample population at regular intervals, like the 20th pizza.
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Use the graph and your knowledge of enzymes to identify the three true statements about enzymes.
Enzymes lower the overall energy input needed for a reaction to occur.
By binding to reactant molecules, enzymes make it easier for the bonds in the molecules to break apart.
Only reactions that are controlled by enzymes require activation energy.
Chemical reactions cannot occur without enzymes.
Reactants cannot convert to products without an initial input of energy to start the reaction.
Enzymes lower the overall energy input for a reaction to occur.
By binding to the reactant molecules the enzymes make it easier for the bonds to break apart.
The reactants cannot convert to the products without an initial input of energy to start the reaction.
These statements above regarding the enzymes are true.
Enzymes are proteins that aid in the speeding up of metabolism, or the chemical events that occur in our bodies. Some chemicals are created while others are destroyed. Enzymes are found in all living organisms. Enzymes are naturally produced by our bodies. However, enzymes can also be found in manufactured goods and food.
What are the 5 enzymes?
Types of Digestive Enzymes
Amylase.Maltase.Lactase.Lipase.Proteases.Sucrase.Learn more about Enzymes to visit this link
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Where are the mountains of South America located? What is the reason for those mountains?
Answer: Most mountains in South Africa are near the Coast. The reason for those mountains is for farming.
Explanation: I learned in AP World History that most of the people in South Africa plant crops on the mountain, so that is why I believe it is for farming.
low blood glucose is called , whereas high blood glucose is called . group of answer choices hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia hypoglycemia; polydipsia hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia metabolic syndrome; hyperglycemia
In the process of photosynthesis, Green plants use light energy to convert?
Answer:
a sugar called glucose
Explanation:
Answer:
glucose
Explanation:
parasympathomimetic ophthalmic drugs such as pilocarpine reduce intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma by what mechanism of action?
Pilocarpine and other parasympathomimetic medicines constrict the pupil and "pull" on the trabecular meshwork, increasing the flow of aqueous out of the eye.
What is pilocarpine's mechanism of action in the treatment of glaucoma?Pilocarpine contracts the ciliary muscle in open-angle glaucoma, increasing the outflow of aqueous humour and lowering intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine-induced miosis in closed-angle glaucoma widens the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye, allowing aqueous fluid to leave.
Pilocarpine acts on a subtype of muscarinic receptor (M3) located on the iris sphincter muscle, causing the muscle to contract and cause miosis. This effect is crucial in the treatment of various angle-closure glaucomas in the short term.
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The human genome is about 650 times larger than that of e. Coli. What characteristics of the human genome are responsible for this difference?.
1,000 times larger size of the human genome than that of E. coli is not solely attributable to the fact that there are more genes in humans. Only about 25 times more genes exist in the human genome than in E. coli, which is thought to have about 100,000 genes.
The size of the Escherichia coli genome ranges from 4.5 to 5.5 Mb. It is unknown whether this variation is evenly distributed throughout the genome, concentrated at a small number of chromosomal loci, or found on plasmids. Additionally, little is known about the functional correlates of size variation across different genome copies.
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examine the satellite view of chlorophyll concentrations in the southern atlantic ocean along the southwest coast of africa (the nations of namibia and south africa). which of the following statements offers the best explanation for the observed pattern(s)?
Chlorophyll concentrations are highest along the edges of continents, such as the west coastlines of Africa, North and South America.
Alongshore breezes sweep away the surface water, allowing nutrient-rich deep water to rise along the steep continental edges in a process known as coastal upwelling.
Cold polar waters or regions where ocean currents carry cold water to the top, such as near the equator and along continent coasts, have the highest chlorophyll concentrations, where microscopic surface-dwelling ocean plants thrive.
Rising water, also known as upwelling, transports iron and other nutrients from the ocean floor. Cold coastal upwelling, followed by phytoplankton growth, is most visible along the west coastlines of North and South America, as well as southern Africa.
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the global distribution of terrestrial ecosystems is primarily controlled by two factors, and . (choose 2 from below)
The global distribution of terrestrial ecosystems is primarily determined by two factors, They are Temperature and Precipitation .
Soil ecosystems are the communities of soil organisms and the combination of biotic and abiotic factors in a given area. the distribution of terrestrial ecosystems will change as the flora and fauna changes.The functioning of terrestrial ecosystems is governed by three main factors: The study helps to better assess the capacity of global ecosystems to adapt to climate change. scale ecosystems (biomes) are dominated by time. Latitude, air pressure, and winds are important factors that determine the climate of an area.
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When four hydrogen atoms bind with oxygen and four electrons, what molecule is created?
When four hydrogen atoms bind with oxygen and four electrons, Covalent bond and H3OH molecule creation occurs.
A covalent bond is a type of chemical relationship in which atoms share electron pairs.
What do you mean by Molecule ?A molecule is the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical substance and is defined as a collection of two (2) or more atoms that are chemically linked together. Additionally, molecules have the ability to participate in chemical reactions.
According to Science, molecular biology is a subfield of biology that is primarily concerned with studying molecules, particularly the actions and chemical composition connected to biological ideas and occurrences.When atoms share electrons, a stable equilibrium of the attractive and repulsive forces between them is known as covalent bonding. These electron pairs are also known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. (From a dictionary)Compared to hydrogen, oxygen attracts the electron density closer to itself.To know more about Molecule please click here : https://brainly.com/question/26044300
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Returning fluid and solutes from filtrate to blood happens via __________.
A) tubular secretion
B) tubular reabsorption
C) tubular absorption
D) glomerular filtration
The four stages of urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and water conservation are discussed below.
Explain about urine formation?Urine Formation
Kidney contains nephrons ,whose main function is excrete out unwanted substance from body , in the form of urine.Urine formation involves three major process i.e. , Glomerular filtration , Tubular reabsorption and Tubular secretion.Glomerular filtration -
It is the filtration process in which blood is filtered and the nitrogenous waste and water moves inside the glomerulus.It is a process of ultrafiltration that is carried out by the glomerulus and it's the first step in urine formation.Around 1100-1200 ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute.Tubular reabsorption -
In this process, the molecules and ions gets reabsorbed into the circulatory system.Around 99% of the glomerular filtrate formed is reabsorbed by the renal tubules in the kidneys.Substances like glucose, amino acids, sodium ions, nitrogenous wastes, water, etc. are reabsorbed.Tubular secretion -
The secretion process in which , substances like hydrogen ions , creatinine and drugs are removed from the blood and collected in the duct.And the end product of this is the Urine.It is an important step in urine formation as it helps in maintaining ionic and osmotic balance in the body.Sodium ion, hydrogen ion, and ammonia are secreted into the filtrate by the tubular cells in the kidneys.To learn more about urine formation refer to:
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B
What is the
probability of
heteorzygous
offspring for these
two parents?
B. 75%
D. 0%
Answer:
There is a 75% probability that an offspring will have the dominant trait and a 25% probability that an offspring will have a recessive trait.
Explanation:
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is an ecosystem conservation strategy that seeks specifically to monitor and meet the needs of a suite of species in an attempt to keep the ecosystem fully functional for all species that live there.
Landscape conservation is an ecosystem conservation strategy that seeks specifically to monitor and meet the needs of a suite of species in an attempt to keep the ecosystem fully functional for all species that live there.
What is ecosystem conservation?Ecosystem conservаtion is а comprehensive plаn thаt seeks to mаintаin аll species of plаnts аnd аnimаls in а geogrаphic аreа through the mаnаgement of nаturаl resources. Whereаs mаny types of conservаtion mаy focus on one аreа, such аs аir or wаter quаlity, conservаtion of аn entire ecosystem tаkes аll of it into аccount.
Our nаturаl lаndscаpes аre essentiаl, for cleаn wаter, heаlthy ecosystems, vibrаnt communities аnd economies, climаte resilience, culturаl heritаge, outdoor recreаtion, аnd locаl sense of plаce. Lаndscаpe conservаtion is аn аpproаch thаt brings people together аcross geogrаphies, sectors, аnd cultures to collаborаte on conserving our importаnt lаndscаpes аnd the myriаd ecologicаl, culturаl, аnd economic benefits they provide.
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What must happen to a cell's chromosomes before they line up at a cell's equator during mitosis?
O They condense into X shapes.
O They pair up as homologous chromosomes.
O They divide in half among each other.
O They separate based on size.
What must happen to a cell's chromosomes before they line up at a cell's equator during mitosis?
O They condense into X shapes.
O They pair up as homologous chromosomes.
O They divide in half among each other.
O They separate based on size.
A cell's chromosomes condense into X-shape before they line up at a cell's equator, during mitosis.
Why it is necessary to condense the chromosome as X-shape during mitosis?
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle for cell growth. It is also known as equational division as the cell will divide into two exactly similar cells. To make sure the equal division of cell chromosome to each daughter cells it is necessary for the chromosome to aline as X-shape so that during division the chromatins move to their respective poles.
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PLEASE HELP ME, I HAVE TO DO IT TODAY, IT'S MISSING WORK. PLEASE. AT LEAST A SIMILAR PICTURE OR SOMETHING, I'M HAVING TO DO IT ON THE CHROMEBOOK, PLEASE HURRY. I AT LEAST NEED AN IDEA BECAUSE I'M CLUELESS.
(Also this is Agriscience)
Create a drawing to demonstrate each step in the cell division mitosis cycle:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Pics from my Biology textbook....XDXD
Which three statements correctly describe the roles of rna molecules in the process of transcription and translation in animal cells?.
Transcription is the process where mRNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template whereas translation is the process where an amino acid sequence is synthesized from mRNA.
What describes the role of RNA molecules in transcriptions and translation?Three statements that correctly describe the roles of RNA molecules in the process of transcription and translation in animal cells are:
mRNA molecules carry genetic information from gene in the nucleus to the ribosome in cytoplasm.
tRNA molecules carry appropriate amino acid to growing polypeptide.
Ribosomal RNA molecules functions in the assembly of the ribosome-mRNA complex and also in the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids in the growing polypeptide.
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Which scientific information most likely lead to school districts requiring vaccines?
Answer:
Explanation:
Scientific information that most likely lead to school districts requiring vaccines would be that vaccines prevent diseases and can improve a school’s safety.
Hope this answers the question. Have a nice day.
which of the following statements about cardiac cycle is right ? question 7 options: a) right atrium and right ventricle contract at the same time. b) left ventricle contracts after the contraction of right ventricle. c) left and right ventricles contract at the same time. d) left atrium and left ventricle contract at the same time.
The correct statement about the cardiac cycle is that the left and right ventricles contract at the same time.
The heart is a vital organ made of four chambers. The right and left sides of the heart are further separated into two chambers, located on either side of the cavity of the heart. The bottom chamber is known as a ventricle, and the upper chamber is known as an atrium (or auricle).
The ventricle is divided into left and right ventricles, and the auricle is divided into left and right auricles. The blood first flows into the auricle. At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, both the left and right auricles contract.
Then, the AV valves between the auricle and ventricle open, which allows blood into the ventricles. The left and right ventricles contract at the same time and open the semilunar valve to allow the blood to flow into the arteries.
Therefore, the correct option is option c).
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What would be the consequence of ectopically expressing hoxd10 throughout the developing mouse limb bud?.
Converting the thumb into an index finger will be the consequence of ectopically expressing HOX10 throughout the developing mouse limb bud.
The HOXD10 gene in humans produces the protein homeobox D10, commonly known as HOXD10.
The protein that this gene produces has a homeobox DNA-binding domain and is a member of the Abd-B homeobox family. It is a component of a group of homeobox D genes on chromosome 2. The nuclear protein is expressed in growing limb buds and performs as a sequence-specific transcription factor that is involved in differentiation and limb development.
The miR-10a and miR-10b microRNAs suppress the HOXD10 gene.
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what biome is characterized by alternating rainy and dry seasons and large herds of grazing animals that migrate in response to the seasons?
Tropical dry forest, also called monsoon forest or tropical deciduous forest, biome of any open forest in tropical areas that have a long dry season followed by a heavy rainy season.
Except for Antarctica, all continents are home to the grassland biome, which is characterized by its flat, grassy terrain and scant tree cover. These areas are home to huge grazing species like elephants or bison in addition to small mammals, birds, and predators. The grassland biome is made up of broad, open grassy plains. They are housed in a setting that frequently has fires and grazing animals. There are two different types of grasslands: savannas and temperate grasslands. If it rained all year, the savannahs would transform into lush tropical forests with tall trees. Grasslands cannot persist without periods of dry weather that prevent trees from encroaching.
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identify the type of tissues that make up the outer and inner skin. how did they appear different in the chicken skin?
The epithelium is the type of tissue that make up the outer and inner skin.
The epithelium is a type of frame fabric that forms the top on all within and outside surfaces of your bulk, lines physique craters, and hollow tools and is the major fabric in glands. The epithelium is extensive during the whole of the party.
The epithelium has an assortment of functions that contain guardianship, discharge, absorption, defecation, filtration, spread, and sonic acceptance. The skin is the best tissue for the frame. The skin and allure descendants (eyebrow, nails, sweat, and lubricate glands) create the integumentary order. One of the main functions of the skin is care.
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which methods can identify a genetic disorder in a fetus? take a blood sample from the placenta take a blood sample from the father take a sample of amniotic fluid perform pcr on the dna of a sibling perform an ultrasound
Take a sample of amniotic fluid can identify a genetic disorder in a fetus. So option (c) is the correct answer.
An amniocentesis is a prenatal test that can diagnose genetic disorders and other health problems in the fetus.
Genetic amniocentesis is usually performed between the 14th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. An amniocentesis performed before 14 weeks of gestation may cause additional complications. Reasons for genetic amniocentesis include: A positive prenatal screening test result.
Amniotic fluid is the clear fluid that surrounds your baby in your belly during pregnancy. This fluid provides a cushion that protects the baby from injury and gives it room to grow, move and develop.The amniotic fluid also prevents the umbilical cord from getting caught between the baby and the walls of the uterus.
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the mechansim of stabilizing the gfr (glomerular filtration rate) based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when streched is known as . a. sympathetic control b. tubuloglomerular feedback c. renal autoregulation d. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism e. the myogenic mechanism
There are two mechanisms by which this occurs. The first is called the myogenic mechanism. The second mechanism is called the tubuloglomerular feedback. So, option b and e are the correct answers.
Renal myogenic mechanisms are part of the autoregulatory mechanisms that maintain constant renal blood flow under various arterial pressures. Simultaneous autoregulation of glomerular pressure and filtration indicates regulation of preglomerular resistance.
Tubuloglomerular feedback is an adaptive mechanism that relates glomerular filtration rate to salinity in the tubular fluid of the macula compacta. A high proportion of [NaCl] and reabsorption at this site constricts afferent arterioles and reduces GFR.
In this mechanism, termed tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), an increase in NaCl concentration in the macula densa constricts glomerular afferent arterioles, reducing single freon GFR. Along with myogenic responses, TGFs contribute significantly to renal autoregulation.
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which nerve is highlighted? which nerve is highlighted? facial vestibular vestibulocochlear cochlear
Determine the entity that transmits olfactory nerve fibers. The trigeminal nerve crosses the petrous temporal bone, which is depicted in yellow.
It is then referred to as Meckel's cave and is covered in dura mater. The ocular, maxillary, and mandibular branches make up its three divisions.
When compared to the cochlear nerve, which controls hearing, the vestibular nerve is primarily in charge of maintaining balance and eye movements.
The vestibulocochlear nerve is located on the eighth cranial nerve. The vestibular section of it controls balance, spatial awareness, and posture, while the cochlear branch is in charge of the unique sense of hearing.
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for a lateromedial view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette shoud be placed in which position?
On the medial surface to view of the tarsal joint of a horse.
Standard metatarsal series
Four views make up a typical metatarsal series: a plantarodorsal, lateral, and two obliques that are designed to profile the lateral and medial splint bones away from the shaft of the cannon bone. For orientation, it can be helpful to include small amounts of the tarsus above or the fetlock beneath, although combined tarsometatarsal or metatarsophalangeal exams typically result in subpar images due to geometric distortion brought on by decentering.
It is simple to distinguish between the medial and lateral aspects of the proximal metatarsus because the head of the lateral splint bone (fourth metatarsal) is almost twice as big as its medial counterpart (second metatarsal).
Another way to distinguish the lateral from the medial aspect of the metatarsus is by the partial articulation of the lateral splint with the overlaying fourth tarsal bone.
The little metatarsal bones' natural curvature, especially distally, usually causes the surrounding cannon bone to partially obscure them, mimicking a fractured splint.
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if an individual failed to develop any mature lymphocytes, they would have lessened innate responses to infection and lessened adaptive responses to infection. true
The statement 'if an individual failed to develop any mature lymphocytes, they would have lessened innate responses to infection and lessened adaptive responses to infection' is true.
In the field of biology, lymphocytes can be described as a certain kind of white blood cells that help the body in generating an immune response in various ways. they also help in activating other immune cells such as the B cells, natural killer cells, T cells etc.
Lymphocytes help in generating an innate as well as an adaptive response. Hence, if an individual fails to develop any mature lymphocytes, then the innate, as well as the adaptive responses against infections, will be affected.
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How wave properties change in different media?
Different materials have different densities. The speed at which the wave enters or leaves through a medium changes as well.
What is a wave components mentioned as ?It is divided into two parts where the first is called as crest which is the upper part and trough that is called the lower part which touches the wave axis.
Every material has a different density and different wave will have then the different medium of propagation. When the waves are moving from one material to another then the frequency is never changing but as they are moving into denser medium then it is slowing down.
Sound waves travels the lowest through the gases and the solids infact are a fast source of sound receiving.
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Prokaryotes stain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differences in the cell ___.
Due to variations in the cell wall, prokaryotes can either stain gram-positive or gram-negative.
Why are prokaryotes gram-positive or gram-negative stained?The thick, peptidoglycan coating of gram-positive bacteria's cell walls will hold onto the dye, causing them to stain violet. The bacteria will stain red if they are gram-negative and the dye leaks through the thin peptidoglycan coating.
What distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria?The hue of a Gram stain is purple. The bacteria in a sample will either stay purple or turn pink or red when the stain and bacteria combine.
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in regulatory systems, the phenomenon of negative feedback group of answer choices is the least common type of feedback mechanism stimulates a return to set point. amplifies a response. disrupts homeostasis. destabilizes a system with runaway feedback.
In regulatory systems, the phenomenon of negative feedback stimulates a return toward the set point.
Negative remarks (or balancing remarks) happens while some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a way that has a tendency to lessen the fluctuations withinside the output, whether or not because of modifications withinside the enter or through different disturbances.
Whereas fantastic remarks has a tendency to result in instability via exponential growth, oscillation or chaotic behavior, terrible remarks usually promotes stability. Negative remarks has a tendency to sell a settling to equilibrium, and decreases the results of perturbations. Negative remarks loops wherein simply the proper quantity of correction is carried out with most reliable timing may be very stable, accurate, and responsive.
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