Organizational politics has been associated with decreased job satisfaction, increase anxiety and stress, Increased turnover, and reduced productivity.
Productivity is the efficiency of manufacturing products or services expressed to some degree. Measurements of productiveness are regularly expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single enter or an aggregate input used in a manufacturing system, i.e. output consistent with a unit of entering, generally over a selected time frame.
Productiveness is commonly described as a ratio between the output quantity and the number of inputs. In other phrases, it measures how successfully production inputs, such as labour and capital, are being utilized in an economy to provide a given degree of output.
Learn more about Productivity here:
https://brainly.com/question/1151291
#SPJ4
is the operations management planning function that searches for quality material resources, finds the best suppliers, and negotiates the best price.
The planning function of operations management known as purchasing seeks for high-quality material resources, selects the finest suppliers, and bargains for the greatest price.
What do mean by management?The process of completing the labor or task necessary for accomplishing an organization's goals in an effective and efficient way is referred to as management. These management tasks are implied by the process. Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and managing are therefore involved.
How is management important?A manager's job is to give all attempts to attaining organizational objectives general leadership and direction. Increasing productivity by effective planning, organizing, managing, and directing, management contributes to the business's increased efficiency.
To know more about management visit:
brainly.com/question/29023210
#SPJ4
you are preparing for your first presentation at a new job. which strategies can help you combat nervousness about presentations? select all that apply.
Work on transforming your anxiety into enthusiasm. You'll be more successful if you attend other lectures, show up early, settle in, meet people, practice positive visualization, and take deep breaths.
What activities may you engage in to relax before making a presentation?
When you breathe through your stomach muscles instead than your chest, your nervous system is soothed. Take a few deep breaths both before and throughout your presentation, that's what you should do. Greenberg suggests telling yourself "I am" as you inhale and "relaxed" as you exhale.
What vital component of presentation preparation?
The first and most important guideline of presenting your work is to understand your audience. If you can put yourself in their shoes and relate to their requirements, you'll have a much higher chance of producing a persuasive presentation. Be mindful of your audience as you prepare your presentation.
Enthusiasm is extremely animated and powerful when running. Prior to his departure, he consistently displayed talent and zeal as a player. He is genuinely passionate about the subject. He is constantly very enthusiastic. A few frequent words that are used to describe enthusiasm include ardour, fervour, passion, and zeal. Enthusiasm refers to a lively or eager interest in or admiration for a proposal, cause, or activity while all of these words refer to "intense emotion compelling action."
Learn more about enthusiasm here
https://brainly.com/question/20917748
#SPJ4
how should the food worker protect the food she prepares from contanination
A food worker could protect their food in a couple of ways. For one, wearing one-use gloves for each aspect of the preparation process protects food from cross-contamination.
Another way would be something such as a hairnet. The reason this works is to prevent hair strands from mixing with the food, therefore also preventing contamination.
consider a market dominated by just two airlines, american and united. each airline can choose to restrict capacity and charge a high price or expand capacity and charge a low price. if one of the two airlines expands capacity and reduces the price and the other does not, the airline that reduces price will be able to capture customers from the other airline. the economic profits for each outcome are illustrated in the accompanying payoff table.
The Nash equilibrium for a simultaneous move game is that both the United States and America charge cheap prices.
A player may obtain the desired outcome by sticking to their starting strategy, according to the Nash equilibrium, a decision-making theorem in game theory. In the Nash equilibrium, each player's strategy is the most advantageous given what the other players have chosen.
The United States and America both charged modest prices in the second era. According to the table, America should demand a high price, and the United States should do the same. Therefore, both America and the United States impose exorbitant prices.
To learn more about Nash equilibrium
https://brainly.com/question/28903257
#SPJ4
Which of the following conditions normally would not indicate that standard costs should be revised?
a.The engineering department has revised product specifications in responding to customer suggestions.
b.The average price of raw materials increased from $4.68 per pound to $4.82 per pound.
c.The company has signed a new union contract that increases the factory wages on average by $3.50 an hour.
d.Actual costs differed from standard costs for the preceding week.
Actual costs differed from standard costs for the preceding week conditions normally would not indicate that standard costs should be revised.
The standard against which actual costs are measured is the planned cost of a typical manufacturing process. Obviously, if a new product, service, or procedure is to be used, the initial standard costs will need to be estimated. The yearly profit plan and operating budgets of a manufacturer frequently. The cost to create one unit of an item is budgeted under standard cost revised. For each stage of the item's production—direct material, direct labour, indirect labour, and machine hours—you establish and assign a set of costs.
To learn more about standard costs, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/4557688
#SPJ4
certain production equipment used by dayton mechanical has become obsolete relative to current technology. the company is considering whether it should keep or replace its existing equipment. to aid in this decision, the company’s controller gathered the following data: old equipment new equipment original cost $350,000 $396,000 remaining life 5 years 5 years accumulated depreciation $158,000 $0 annual cash operating costs $64,000 $16,000 current salvage value $88,000 na salvage value in five years $0 $0 a. what is the total dollar amount of any sunk costs in the data.
The machine's $350,000 initial purchase price is referred to as the sunk cost. Consequently, $350,000 is seen as a sunk cost.
Define Sunk Cost.A sunk cost, also known as a retrospective cost, is an expenditure that has already been made but cannot be recovered. Marketing, research, the installation of new software or equipment, paying for employees' salaries and benefits, or maintaining buildings are a few examples of sunken expenses in a business.
Investment in advertising, research into a new product, Labor expenses, new software system installation and operational procedures, loss of relationships in business and reputation etc. are some examples of sunk cost.
As provided in the question, the original cost of old equipment= $350,000
Hence the sunk cost in this data= $350,000
To know more about sunk cost, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29488541
#SPJ1
mia breen corp. produces and sells wind-energy-driven engines. to finance its operations, mia breen issued $32,700,000 of 20-year, 6% callable bonds on may 1, 20y5, at their face amount, with interest payable on may 1 and november 1. the fiscal year of the company is the calendar year. journalize the entries to record the following selected transactions. refer to the chart of accounts for exact wording of account titles. 20y5 may1issued the bonds for cash at their face amount. nov.1paid the interest on the bonds. 20y9 nov.1called the bond issue at 96, the rate provided in the bond indenture. (omit entry for payment of interest.)
The Journalize the entries to record the following selected transactions.
A Journal entry is a record of the commercial enterprise transactions inside the accounting books of a enterprise. A well documented journal entry consists of the ideal date, amounts to be debited and credited, description of the transaction and a unique reference wide variety. A journal entry is the first step within the accounting cycle.
journal entry
Date Account title and explanation Debit Credit
May.01 |Cash $3,31,00,000
Year1 Bonds Payable $3,31,00,000
(To record the issuance of bonds)
Nov.01 interest Expense (33100000*2%) $ 6,62,000
earl |Cash $ 6,62,000
(To record the payment of interest)
Date Account title and explanation Debit| Credit
Nov.01 |Bonds Payable $3,31,00,000
Cash (33100000*98%) $3,24,38,000
Year Gain on Retirement of bonds, plug (or 2%) $6,62,000
Learn more about Journal entry here:-https://brainly.com/question/14279491
#SPJ4
part of logistics is movement of goods within a manufacturing facility, and that movement is part of
Part of logistics is the movement of goods within a manufacturing facility, and that movement is part of inventory management. This is a part of stock management.
What is Inventory management?Field inventory management, often known as inventory management, has the job of comprehending the stock mix of a corporation and the varied demands on that stock.
Businesses may decide which goods to order when and at what amounts by using inventory management. Inventory is monitored from product purchase through the sale. To guarantee there is always adequate inventory to fulfill client orders as well as proper notice of a shortfall, the technique recognizes trends and reacts to them.
Making sure there are enough products or materials on hand to satisfy demand without overproducing inventory is the main goal of inventory management.
Learn more about inventory management here:
https://brainly.com/question/17888344
#SPJ1
if erin company had net income of $300,000 in 2021 and it experienced a 24.5% increase in net income for 2022, what is its net income for 2022?
Erin company had net income of $300,000 in 2021. In 2022, the net income increased 24.5%. Its net income in 2022 was $373,500
Percentage is a fraction of a hundred. For example,
20% = 20/100
The formula to calculate percentage is:
value/total value x 100%
An increment is usually expressed in percentage. Suppose the current net income is Q and next year the net income will increase by p%, then:
next year net income = :current net income + r % increment
next year net income = :Q + r % x Q
Parameters given:
Q = $300,000
r = 24.5%
Hence,
next year net income = 300,000 + 24.5% x 300,000
next year net income = 300,000 + 73,500
next year net income = 373,500
Learn more about percentage here:
https://brainly.com/question/23823038
#SPJ4
Two kinds of short-term effects of currency movements are transactions risk and _____ risk.
Transaction risk and transformative risk are the two forms of short-term consequences on currency movements.
What are transaction risk and translation risk?Some businesses are exposed to foreign currency risk in the form of both transaction risk and translation risk. Transaction risk arises when exchange rates fluctuate between the time a transaction is made and the time its payment conditions are eventually fulfilled in a foreign currency.
What is short-term currency speculation?Despite the high level of risk involved in the investment, the investor is often more focused on making a profit based on fluctuations in the investment's market value than on long-term investing. Currency speculation is the process of investing speculatively when buying foreign currency is involved.
Learn more about transformative risk: https://brainly.com/question/17277098
#SPJ4
Chicago consulting, an engineering consulting firm, provided $6,000 of services to a client; the client paid $2,000 when the bill was submitted and will pay the balance within a week. Chicago consulting will record this transaction by:.
Chicago consulting will record this transaction by: Cash is 2000, Fees receivable is 4000 and Fees revenue is 6000.
A transaction is what?A transaction is an agreement that has been legally ratified between a buyer and a seller to exchange money for goods, services, or financial assets. In accounting for businesses, the expression is also commonly used.
How should transactions be used?It's typically a simple process to complete a sale between two parties. For a good or service, Person A provides Person B with payment. The agreement of the terms and the exchange of money for the good or service constitute the completion of the transaction.
To know more about transaction visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24730931
#SPJ4
the sales department at midwest textiles has been together for years, and when they meet their identified objectives, they move on to new ones. which type of group is the sales department considered to be?
The sales department is classified as a functional group.
A company's sales department is in charge of selling its products or services. A sales team works together to make sales, increase profitability, and build and maintain relationships with customers in order to encourage repeat purchases and brand loyalty.
The sales department is a collection of business activities and processes that enable a sales organization to operate effectively, efficiently, and in accordance with business strategies and objectives. The sales department includes business operations, sales, and sales support.
To know more about the sales department, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/11996169
#SPJ4
once a firm expanding internationally has decided which markets to enter, what is the next step in the decision-making process?
After deciding to enter the overseas market, the next critical marketing choice is market selection. The firm chooses one or more countries to operate in based on its current product mix, manufacturing capacity, and anticipated expansion strategy.
What is the market selection?The market selection is defined as a process. This process should result in a prioritized market portfolio; a prioritized list of markets worth investing in and exploring.
The markets' selection should have the growth potential required to meet the revenue targets. Regrettably, the market selection procedure is plagued with difficulties.
Therefore, following the decision to enter the international market, the next key marketing decision is market selection.
Learn more about the decision -making process, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/19901674
#SPJ1
Derrick is the project manager for a pie sale at the local middle school to raise money for
the 8th-grade soccer team. Which of the following would be considered a deliverable risk
for this project? All custard and pumpkin pies must be stored cold until the people who
purchase it can pick it up.
8th-grade soccer team would be considered a deliverable risk for this project.
Delivery risk refers to the risk that a counterparty may not satisfy its aspect of the settlement through failing to deliver the underlying asset or cash cost of the agreement. other phrases to describe this case are agreement hazard, default chance, and counterparty risk.
A chance class is a group of capability causes of chance. categories assist you to group man or woman assignment dangers for evaluating and responding to risks. venture managers regularly use a commonplace set categories including: time table. value.
Learn more bout deliverable risk here : https://brainly.com/question/14982378
#SPJ4
On december 31 wintergreen, incorporated, issued $150,000 of 7 percent, 10-year bonds at a price of 93. 25.
Cash - $139,875 (debit)
Discount on bonds payable - $10,125 (debit)
Bonds payable - $150,000 (credit)
What's known as cash?Currency or coins are considered legal tender and can be used to pay for goods, settle debts, or exchange services. In some cases, the value of assets that can be quickly converted into cash is also included, as provided by a corporation.
What is the Bonds Payable Discount?The difference between a bond's face value and its issuer's discounted selling price is known as the discount on bonds payable. This occurs when investors must obtain a greater effective interest rate than the bond's advertised interest rate.
To Know more about Bonds payable
https://brainly.com/question/13373096
#SPJ4
what is the first step in the international market research process? multiple choice assessing the costs and benefits of the research collecting the data defining the research objectives determining the data sources
The first step of the process is:
Establishing the need for marketing research.Defining the problem.Establishing the research objectives.Determining methods of accessing data.Present the finding.What is international market research process?An international marketing research process entails the methodical collection, documentation, and analysis of data in order to provide knowledge that is beneficial to marketing decision-making. These research tools are frequently used in international marketplaces since the information must be transmitted across cultural borders.
A scenario analysis is the first step in the marketing strategy. The strategic planning approach for an international marketing plan is built on a circumstance analysis. Both internal and external elements are examined in order to pinpoint strengths and weaknesses as well as possibilities and threats.
To know more about International market research, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24906199
#SPJ1
schick and gillette spend huge sums of money each year to advertise their razors in an attempt to steal customers from each other. suppose each year that schick and gillette have to decide whether or not they want to spend money on advertising. if neither firm advertises, each will earn a profit of $2 million. if they both advertise, each will earn a profit of $1.5 million. if one firm advertises and the other does not, the firm that advertises will earn a profit of $2.8 million and the other firm will earn $1 million. a. use a payoff matrix to depict this problem. b. suppose schick and gillette can write an enforceable contract about what they will do. what is the cooperative solution to this game? schick will and gillette will c. what is the nash equilibrium without an enforceable contract? explain why this is the likely outcome. schick will and gillette will acting independently, regardless of the action of its rival, each firm will be better off this leads to joint profits.
i) collusive agreements are hard to reach in the real world because of conflicting interests and communication difficulties
ii) even if they are reached their legal enforceability may be questionable
war is a hex-based totally NES struggle sport wherein the player is a commander who have to lead their forces to victory. The player can earn reputation points by way of occupying cities and airports and destroying units of the opponent's navy; fame points are lost via dropping devices of 1's army in struggle or retreating from battles. The aim of each of the sixteen scenarios is to wreck the enemy's flag tank. the first player controls the blue (Western Bloc) forces at the same time as the laptop (or 2nd player) controls purple (Japanese Bloc) troops.
Learn more about conflicting here
https://brainly.com/question/24769299
#SPJ4
a data analyst is working on a project about the global supply chain. they have a dataset with lots of relevant data from europe and asia. however, they decide to generate new data that represents all continents. what type of insufficient data does this scenario describe? 1 point data that's outdated data that keeps updating data from only one source data that's geographically limited
a data analyst is working on a project about the global supply chain. It speaks of information that is inadequate because it is spatially restricted. The dataset should be worldwide if the analytics project has a global focus.
What is Global supply-chain ?Global supply-chain management is the process of distributing goods and services among a transnational corporation's global network in an effort to increase profit and minimize waste. Global supply chain management is essentially the same as supply chain management, but it gives international enterprises and organizations more of a focus.
The six main areas of focus in global supply-chain management are logistics management, customer orientation, competitor orientation, supply-chain coordination, supply management, and operations management. These six areas of specialization can be divided into groups using marketing, logistics, supply management, and operations management.
To know more about Global supply-chain visit:
https://brainly.com/question/5115188
#SPJ4
Baker Green’s weekly gross earnings for the week ending December 7 were $2,500, and her federal income tax withholding was $525. Prior to this week Green had earned $98,000 for the year. Assuming the social security rate is 6% and Medicare is 1.5%, what is Green’s net pay?
The green net pay In the financial industry, gross earnings are also known as gross profit or gross income. The term can mean many things depending on how it is used, as was mentioned above.
Washington received $2,564.28 in net compensation.Steven Washington's gross pay for the week ending March 9 was $3,340, and her federal income tax withholding was $567.80. Assuming that the rates of social security and Medicare taxes are 6% and 1.5%, respectively, of all earnings, the following calculation must be made to determine Washington's net pay:
(3,340 - 567.80) x (1 - 0.06 - 0.015) =X 2,772.2 x 0.925 =X\s2,564.28 = X. Is the green net pay.
To know more about Gross earnings visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24144194
#SPJ4
what are the effects of a stock split accounted for as a 100% stock dividend? multiple select question. the number of shares outstanding increases. par value per share stays the same. par value per share decreases. par value per share increases. the number of shares outstanding decreases.
Answer:
The number of shares outstanding increases.
Par value per share stays the same.
Explanation:
what is the present value of a single cash flow of $100,000 to be received in 5 years assuming a 6% rate of return?
The current value of one $100,000 cash flow that will be received over the period of five years, with a 6% return rate is $63,016.96.
What kind of cash flow is this, exactly?
Spending that occurs in the normal course of business is included in cash flow from operations. Payroll, the cost of items sold, rent, and utility bills are a few examples of the these cash outflows. When corporate operations are very seasonal, cash flows might vary greatly.
What does income vs. cash flow mean?
The precise amounts of the an industry's inflows and outflows throughout time are displayed in a cash flow statement. The most typical financial report is the income statement, which displays a profits and actual costs, including noncash accounting, like depreciation over time.
To know more about Cash flow visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28238360
#SPJ4
receives payment of $800,000 that were delivered and invoiced on credit in the previous month. how would this receipt impact the accounting equation of inc.?
Assets increase by $800,000 because the company receives the cash, and assets also decrease by $800,000 because the company no longer has the right to receive the cash (receivables previously recognized at the time of sale).
How is the company established? The incorporation process involves drafting a document known as the Articles of Incorporation and listing the company's shareholders. In a corporation, business unit assets and cash flows are kept separate from those of owners and investors. This is known as limited liability.In the United States, there are following types of companies: Sole proprietors, limited liability companies (LLCs), S corporations (S corps), and C corporations (C corps).What does Incorporation mean and when should the company be incorporated?Incorporation is the formation of a company as a separate legal entity by being registered with the state. Incorporating may mean incorporating one of several legal structures, such as: B. Limited Liability Company (LLC), C-Corporation (C-Corp), or S-Corporation.Integrate before signing a contract and enjoy limited liability protection. As previously mentioned, incorporation can protect personal assets from business liabilities. This applies to both online and brick-and-mortar businesses.To learn more about companies visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9970957
#SPJ4
discuss the major barriers to entry into an industry. explain how each barrier can foster either monopoly or oligopoloy
Because new firms must start out large in order to match the low average manufacturing costs of companies already operating in the sector, scale economies of scale act as an obstacle to entry.
What do firms do?A business is a for-profit enterprise that typically takes the form of a partnership and offers professional services like accounting or legal counsel. According to the philosophy of the firm, businesses exist to increase revenue.
Examples of firmsA individual focus, partnership, a limited liability company, and corporation are examples of firms. This term's broad application means that it cannot be used to describe the legal protections provided by a particular kind of legal entity.
To know more about firms visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29482295
#SPJ4
at december 31, a company determines that depreciation for vehicles is $1,500. the entry to record this adjustment will include a credit to:
A business has determined that vehicles will depreciate by $1,500 on December 31.A credit to vehicles' accumulated depreciation will be included in the entry that records this adjustment.
How is a journal entry for depreciation made?
The most fundamental journal entry for depreciation is a debit to the Depreciation Expense account, which is shown on the income statement, and a credit to the Accumulated Depreciation account, which is shown on the balance sheet as a contra account that lowers the number of fixed assets.
How are depreciation cost and accumulated depreciation recorded?
The expense of depreciation is shown as an expense or debit on the income statement, which lowers net income.On the balance sheet, accumulated depreciation is not recorded separately.Instead, it is recorded as a credit in a contra asset account, lowering the fixed asset value.
Learn more about accumulated depreciation here:
https://brainly.com/question/28609793
#SPJ4
A company has $100,000 it wishes to invest. a broker can guarantee an annual rate of return of 4% on the investment of $100,000. how long will the investment take to double?
Answer:Its not 12
Explanation: it was wrong
Answer: 18 years
Explanation:
what defines the how, what, when, and who regarding the flow of project information to stakeholders and is key for managing expectations?
A communication plan defines the how, what, when, and who regarding the flow of project information to stakeholders and is key for managing expectations.
What is managing expectation?
Setting up expectations at work can help you match your professional aspirations with your skills and foster more reliable working relationships with coworkers and managers. By setting expectations, you can create boundaries, establish goals, and get to know the people you interact with better. Managing expectations at job may be crucial for fostering a happy, productive workplace where you can flourish and develop your skills. In this article, we'll explain why it's crucial to manage expectations at job, how to do it, and highlight some key advice for keeping expectations in check.
It outlines the purpose of communication and the approach that will be used to ensure that stakeholders are informed and updated on project progress. It also defines how project information will be communicated, such as through emails, meetings, or other channels. It also defines who will be responsible for communicating information and when it should be communicated. By having a clear communication plan, stakeholders can understand what to expect from the project and how they can be kept up to date on project progress.
To learn more about managing expectation
https://brainly.com/question/4335986
#SPJ4
some new products are introduced and quickly are accepted by the marketplace. other products take years before they spread across society. a product that has a very clear advantage compared to the current products is likely to diffuse across society:
A product that has a very clear advantage compared to the current products is likely to diffuse across society more slowly than a simple product.
What does "Product Life Cycle" mean?
The stages that a product goes through from the time it is launched to the market until it is discontinued are included in the product life cycle. Four stages make up a product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Many items are still in a stage of extended maturity. In every product life cycle, the product, however, eventually disappears from the market. Numerous causes, including saturation, competition, a decline in demand, and even lower sales, may be to blame for this.
To know more about Product Life Cycle, click here- brainly.com/question/7510515
#SPJ4
your goal is to export your analytics data to bigquery so that you can run queries and combine some of your offline data with analytics data. which analytics properties can export data to bigquery?
Standard or Analytics 360 properties using GA4 can be used for analytics properties to export data to big query.
Data are merely a collection of discrete values that can describe amount, quality, fact, statistics, or other fundamental units of meaning, or they can simply be a series of symbols that can be further interpreted in the quest of knowledge. A datum is a specific value contained in a group of data.
The majority of the time, data is arranged into smaller structures, such tables, which give more context and meaning and may also be utilised as data in bigger structures. It's possible to utilise data as variables in a calculation. Data may reflect both actual measures and abstract concepts. Data are employed often in economics, science, and practically every other aspect of human organised activity.
To know more about Data here-
https://brainly.com/question/10980404
#SPJ4
which of the following is not a requirement of reits? multiple choice all of the choices are reit requirements. not more than 50 percent of a reit's shares can be owned by five or fewer shareholders. at least 90 percent of a reit's income must be distributed to shareholders. a reit must have at least 100 stockholders.
The correct multiple choice is all of the choices are reit requirements.
To qualify as a REIT, a company must have the bulk of its assets and income connected to real estate investment and must distribute at least 90 percent of its taxable income to shareholders annually in the form of dividends.
REITs historically have delivered competitive total returns, based on high, steady dividend income and long-term capital appreciation. Their comparatively low correlation with other assets also makes them an excellent portfolio diversifier that can help reduce overall portfolio risk and increase returns.
REITs have real-time price discovery and can move quickly. While REITs have regular payouts (called distributions), unlike dividends, distributions are taxed at an investor's regular income tax rate. Some REITs may face economic adversity and become unable to meet the 90% payout requirement.
To know more about REITS:
https://brainly.com/question/28480574
#SPJ4
Net vs. Gross. This seems to pop up in many places in accounting. With regard to receivables, please comment on the two methods including how it impacts the balance sheet and income statement; how to correct changes in estimates under each method, and which one results in higher net income. Please be specific and include at least one example to support your conclusions.
The two methods for accounting for receivables are the net method and the gross method.
In order to earn a sales discount, the net technique assumes that every buyer will pay on time. Record the discounted invoice amount in your accounting journal at the time of a sale. To increase the accounts receivable account by the amount you anticipate receiving, debit the discounted invoice amount.
In contrast to the net approach, the gross method records an invoice at its full price regardless of any offered cash discounts. To put it another way, the gross technique makes the assumption that the consumer won't benefit from the cash or early payment incentive.
To learn more about methods here:
https://brainly.com/question/3419060
#SPJ4