500 mL of water contain 1.00 moles of sodium carbonate. As opposed to moles per 500 mL, moles per liter is a more practical way to represent concentration.
What is the sodium carbonate?Na2CO3 is the chemical formula for sodium carbonate, a diazonium salt of carbonic acid. Furthermore, it goes by the names soda crystals, soda ash, and washing soda. This inorganic substance may dissolve in water and produces sodium hydroxide and carbonic acid when it does. It has a white powdery appearance and no odor when it is pure.Titration with standard hydrochloric acid using methyl orange as the indicator yields the following equation: Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + CO2. This yields the Na2CO3 content of the given sample. Na2CO3 has a molecular weight that is half that of its corresponding weight (M). It follows that M/2 g of Na2CO3 is equivalent to 1000 ml of 1 N HCl.Example:
After dissolving the sodium carbonate, the volumetric flask was filled to the 500 mL line.One mole of sodium carbonate per 500 mL is the concentration.Moles per liter are a more practical unit of measurement for concentration than moles per 500 mL.To Learn more About sodium carbonate refer To:
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a mixture containing equimolar amounts of benzene(1), toluene(2), and ethylbenzene(3) is flashed to conditions t and p. for one of the following conditions, determine the equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases for
The equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases can be determined using the Raoult's law and the ideal gas law.
Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a component in a liquid mixture is equal to the product of its mole fraction and its pure component vapor pressure. P = xi * Pi .The ideal gas law relates the pressure, temperature, and molar amount of a gas. PV = nRT . To determine the equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases, we would need more information about the conditions T and P, such as the pressure, temperature and the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature. Also the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature are needed. It's also important to note that the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature are needed. With the vapor pressures and the mole fractions, we can use the Raoult's law to find the vapor pressures of each component, and use the ideal gas law to find the mole fractions {yi} in the vapor phase. And then by using the mole fractions in vapor and liquid phases, the mole fractions of the liquid phase {xi} can be calculated.
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n the following atomic model, where does the strong nuclear force happen? A diagram of an atom has three rings, labeled from outside to inside A, B, and C. A and B each carry two electrons. Inside ring C are 4 protons and 5 neutrons. outside A between A and B between B and C inside C
Option (D) is the appropriate response. Three rings make up an atom's diagram, and they are labelled A, B, and C from outside to inside.
Each of the two electrons in A and B. There are 4 protons and 5 neutrons inside ring C. In the atomic model shown below, C is where the strong nuclear force manifests itself.
Describe the atomic hypothesis.According to the atomic hypothesis, atoms make up the building blocks of matter. The scientific theory is that of atoms.
As a result of the foregoing conclusion, we can state that a diagram of an atom contains three rings, each of which is designated A, B, and C from outside to inside. Each of the two electrons in A and B. There are 4 protons and 5 neutrons inside ring C.
In the atomic model shown below, C is where the strong nuclear force manifests itself.
Option (D) is the appropriate response, thus.
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A cube of metallic lead that is 2.500 cm on a side has a mass of 177.34 g at 25° C. What is
the mass (kilograms) of lead in a cylinder that has a diameter of 5.00 cm and a length of
172.4 cm? The volume of a cylinder is V=pi r 2 h. Round to one decimal place.
Answer:
The mass of the lead in the cylinder would be 24.4 kg. To calculate this, you need to first calculate the volume of the cylinder, using V=pi r2 h. With a diameter of 5 cm, the radius is 2.5 cm, and the height is 172.4 cm. Thus, the volume of the cylinder is 435.3 cm3. Then, to find the mass, you need to multiply the volume by the density of lead, which is 7.37 g/cm3 at 25° C. This gives you a mass of 24.4 kg.
Give the number of d electrons for the central metal ion in the following compounds:
(a) [Cr(H2O)6](ClO3)2
(b) [Mn(CN)6]^2-
(c) [Ru(NO)(en)2Cl]Br
(d) [Ru(NH3)5Cl]SO4
(e) Na2[Os(CN)6]
(f) [Co(NH3)4CO3I]Â
(a) Chromium in the compound Cr(H2O)62 has 6d electrons.
(b) Manganese in the compound [Mn(CN)6]^2- has 5d electrons.
(c) Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NO)(en)2Cl]Br has 8 d electrons.
(d) Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NH3)5Cl]SO4 has 8 d electrons.
(e) Osmium in the compound Na2[Os(CN)6] has 8 d electrons.
(f) Cobalt in the compound [Co(NH3)4CO3I] has 9 d electrons.
Chromium in the compound Cr(H2O)62 has 6d electrons. Chromium is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Cr in the +3 state is [Ar] 3d3. This means that the 3d sub-shell of the Chromium atom is occupied by 3 electrons, and the remaining 3 electrons are present in the 4s sub-shell.
Manganese in the compound [Mn(CN)6]^2- has 5d electrons. Manganese is a transition metal, and it is in the +2 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Mn in the +2 state is [Ar] 3d5. This means that the 3d sub-shell of the Manganese atom is occupied by 5 electrons, and the remaining 2 electrons are present in the 4s sub-shell.
Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NO)(en)2Cl]Br has 8d electrons. Ruthenium is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Ru in the +3 state is [Kr] 4d8. This means that the 4d sub-shell of the Ruthenium atom is occupied by 8 electrons.
Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NH3)5Cl]SO4 has 8 d electrons. Ruthenium is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Ru in the +3 state is [Kr] 4d8. This means that the 4d sub-shell of the Ruthenium atom is occupied by 8 electrons.
Osmium in the compound Na2[Os(CN)6] has 8 d electrons. Osmium is a transition metal, and it is in the +4 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Os in the +4 state is [Xe] 4f14 5d8. This means that the 5d sub-shell of the Osmium atom is occupied by 8 electrons.
Cobalt in the compound [Co(NH3)4CO3I] has 9 d electrons. Cobalt is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Co in the +3 state is [Ar] 3d7 4s2. This means that the 3d sub-shell of the Cobalt atom is occupied by 7 electrons, and the remaining 2 electrons are present in the 4s sub-shell.
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the average shot piece is a cylinder with a diameter of 7.5 mm, a height of 2.0 mm, and a mass of .40 g. The average zinc granule is a sphere with a diameter of .84 mm. Using these formulas calculate the total surface area for .40 g of each form of zinc.
Surface are of a cylinder= 2(pi)r2 +2(pi)rh Volume of a sphere = 4/3(pi)r3
Surface area of a sphere= 4(pi)r2 Volume of a cylinder= (pi)r2h
Density of zinc= 7.141g/ml
Answer:
The surface area of a shot piece of zinc would be 4.01 cm2, while the surface area of a zinc granule would be 0.30 cm2. To calculate the surface area of a cylinder, you would use the formula 2(pi)r2 + 2(pi)rh, where r is the radius of the cylinder and h is its height. For a shot piece of zinc, with a diameter of 7.5 mm and a height of 2.0 mm, the radius is 3.75 mm and the surface area is 4.01 cm2. For a zinc granule, with a diameter of .84 mm, the radius is .42 mm and the surface area is 0.30 cm2.
based on the information given above, which of the following is the strongest acid? responses hx (aq) hx ( aq ) y-(aq)
(B)Y−(aq). based on the information given above, the following is the strongest acid The Y- (aq) symbol represents aqueous Yions. In aqueous solutions, Yions are hydrated ions.
meaning they are surrounded by water molecules. Aqueous solutions are solutions in which water is the solvent, and the solute is a compound that is dissolved in the water. In the case of Y-, the solute is Y ions. Y can be a variety of elements, including but not limited to metals, non-metals, and metalloids. The properties of Y- (aq) will depend on the identity of Y, as well as the concentration of the ions in the solution. For example, highly concentrated solutions of Y- (aq) can be acidic, while dilute solutions may be neutral. Aqueous solutions of Y- (aq) play a crucial role in many natural and industrial processes, such as biochemical reactions, electrochemical processes, and in the production of fertilizers and batteries.
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when sulfur dioxide (so2) combines with other nitrogen compounds, droplets of sulfuric acid (h2so4) are formed that precipitate and fall to earth as
A chemical reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with other nitrogen compounds which form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), will fall to the earth as acid rain.
How does acid rain form?Acid rain is any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere. This can include rain, snow, fog, or even acidic dust.
Acid rain results from SO2 and NOx which react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These mix with water and other materials in the air before falling to the ground.
The chemical reaction of acid rain is as follows.
[tex]SO_{3} + H_{2} O -- > H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] (sulfuric acid)
[tex]NO_{x} + H_{2} O -- > 2HNO_{3}[/tex] (nitric acid)
A source of SO2 and NOx that cause acid rain comes from burning fossil fuels, vehicles, manufacturing, and volcanoes.
Thus, acid rain can happen as there are interactions between SO2 and NOx with water, forming sulfuric or nitric acid.
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Distinguish between the differential rate law and the integrated ratelaw. Which of these is often called just the "rate law"? What is k in a rate law, and what are orders in a rate law? Explain.
Differential rate law describes the rate of reaction as a function of reactant concentrations, changing with time. Integrated rate law describes the change in reactant concentration over time and is often used to find the half-life of a reaction.
The term "rate law" is commonly used to refer to the integrated rate law. K in a rate law is the rate constant, a value specific to each reaction that determines the rate of reaction. Orders in a rate law describe the dependency of the reaction rate on the concentration of each reactant, with each reactant having its own order. The overall reaction order is the sum of the individual orders, which can be determined through experiments.
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a child is 3 feet 5 inches tall how tall is the child in meters?
Answer: 0.889 meters
Explanation:
What is the correct reading of the temperature in the pictured thermometer? make sure to report your reading with the appropriate significant figures.O 35.90 °CO 35 °CO 35.0 °CO 35.9 °CO 36 °CO 25.9 °C
The correct reading of the temperature as shown in the pictured thermometer is 36°C.
A thermometer is basically a device which is used to measure the temperature. In a mercury thermometer, the thermometer is filled up with mercury. Mercury is a metal which is present in liquid state at room temperature. Mercury an expand and contract with the change in temperature.
When the temperature increases, the mercury in the thermometer expands and rises which we can see in the thermometer and take the reading of the temperature against the scale. In the given temperature, we can observe the reading is at the mark just after the 35°C mark on the scale and hence the temperature reading must be 36°C.
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On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has
an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59.
It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these
probably have…… A. about 80 neutrons each. B. fewer than 80 neutrons each. C. more than 80 neutrons each. D. more electrons than neutrons.
On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have more than 80 neutrons each
What are isotopes?Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons or atomic umber, but differing numbers of neutrons. They differ in mass, which affects their physical characteristics even if they have nearly identical chemical properties.
There is no elemental decay in stable isotopes. In contrast, unstable radioactive isotopes, like 14C, will decay into other elements.
Since number of proton and neutron makes the mass number which is 200.59. and number of proton is already 80 hence number of neutron should be above 80 to meet up with the 200.59
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The element magnesium occurs naturally in the following isotopic forms magnesium 24 with a mass of 23.99
amu and an abundance of 78.70%, Magnesium 25 with a mass of 24.99 amu and an abundance pf 10.13%,
and Magnesium 26 with a mass of 25.98 amu and an abundance of 11.17%. What is the average atomic mass?
Considering the definition of atomic mass, isotopes and atomic mass of an element, the average atomic mass of magnesium is 24.31 amu.
Definition of atomic massThe number of protons and neutrons determine the mass number of an element.
Definition of isotopeAn isotope is an atom that belongs to the same chemical element as another. Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Definition of atomic massThe atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of its natural isotopes.
In other words, the atomic masses of chemical elements are usually calculated as the weighted average of the masses of the different isotopes of each element, taking into account the relative abundance of each of them.
Atomic mass of the element in this caseIn this case, you know:
Magnesium 24 has a mass of 23.99 amu and an abundance of 78.70%. Magnesium 25 has a mass of 24.99 amu and an abundance of 10.13%.Magnesium 26 has a mass of 25.98 amu and an abundance of 11.17%The average atomic mass of magnesium is calculated as:
Average atomic mass= 23.99 amu×0.787 + 24.99 amu×0.1013 + 25.98 amu×0.1117
Average atomic mass= 24.31 amu
Finally, the average atomic mass is 24.31 amu.
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how many grams and how many atoms of oxygen are in the canister that under standard conditions has 200 dm3 of ozone
Simply multiplying the oxygen molar mass by two yields the molar mass of oxygen gas.
Ozone contains how many oxygen atoms?In our environment, ozone is a gas that exists naturally. O3 is the chemical abbreviation for each ozone molecule, which has three oxygen atoms.One mole of oxygen gas, with the formula O2, weighs 32 g and includes 6.02 x 1023 molecules of oxygen, but also contains 12.04 x 1023 (2 x 6.02 x 1023) atoms of oxygen, since each molecule of oxygen contains two oxygen atoms.Simply multiplying the oxygen molar mass by two yields the molar mass of oxygen gas. Consequently, we are given a molar mass per mole of 32 grams. The main equation can then be changed to reflect the mass and molar mass. After calculating, we come to a conclusion.To learn more about oxygen atoms refer to:
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write a balanced equation for the important atmospheric reaction depicted below (carbon is black; oxygen is red): e.g. 2n2 2o2 goes to 4no (no spaces between coefficient and compound and the , spaces between goes to)
The balanced equation for the important atmospheric reaction depicted below is:
C + O2 -> CO2
This reaction represents the combustion of carbon (C) with oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2). In this reaction, one molecule of carbon combines with one molecule of oxygen to form one molecule of carbon dioxide. This reaction is important in the atmosphere because it is one of the main ways that carbon is removed from the atmosphere and stored in the form of carbon dioxide. This reaction also plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and is a major contributor to climate change.
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Which of the following best explains how these layers can become rock over many years?
Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?
4
Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.
Electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
O Electrons are transferred from one atom to another to generate oppositely charged ions that are attracted to one another.
O Brief fluctuations in electron density create oppositely charged regions in two atoms that then attract one another
Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms in polar covalent bond.
What is covalent bond?A covalent bond contains the mutual sharing of one/more pairs of electrons between two atoms. A covalent bond is formed when the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is too small for electrons to move to form an ion.A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which electrons are shared to form electron pairs between atoms. These pairs of electrons are known as shared pairs or bond pairs. A stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when sharing electrons is called a covalent bond. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms.An ionic bond is formed when two or more ions come together and are held together by a difference in charge.to learn more about covalent bond from the given link:
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Convert kilocalories to joules. Select the correct units and conversion factors for each step in the following unit roadmap.
kcal > > > > J
Options:
1 kcal/ 10^3 cal
1 cal / 4.184 J
1 kcal/ 4.184 kJ
mol
4.184 kJ/ 1 kcal
10^3/ 1 kcal
cal
4.184 J/ 1 cal
The exact values and conversion factors are kcal > 103 cal/ 1 kcal > cal > 4.184 J/ 1 cal > J for each step.
Conversion factor: What is it?A ratio written as a proportion that equals one is referred to as a conversion factor. In order to have identical measurements represented in new units when we apply calculations to transform units, we multiplied our previous measurement by both the conversion factor.
Why are fundamental conversion elements crucial?Showing someone the precise amount you have will be helpful. help with a mathematical equation, especially one involving chemistry where the solution can be found by following the units. Indicate the person's preferred system of measurement. Molarity is the unit of quantifiable concentration measurement that chemists utilize the most.
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manipulating unconventional ch-based hydrogen bonding in a methyltransferase via noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis
Noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis can be used to manipulate atypical CH-based hydrogen bonding in a methyltransferase. This procedure includes inserting non-natural amino acids.
might result in changed substrate identification and catalytic efficiency, allowing manipulation of the hydrogen bonding network and the methylation process. Noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis can be utilized to investigate the significance of unusual CH-based hydrogen bonding in methyltransferase activity, perhaps leading to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.Noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis can be used to manipulate atypical CH-based hydrogen bonding in a methyltransferase. This procedure includes inserting non-natural amino acids.Noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis can be used to manipulate atypical CH-based hydrogen bonding in a methyltransferase. This procedure includes inserting non-natural amino acids.
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The Toxic Substances Control Act requires firms to retain records of employee exposure to toxic chemicals:
Yes, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requires firms to keep and maintain records of employee exposure to toxic chemicals.
What is toxic chemicals?Toxic chemicals are chemical compounds that are harmful to humans, animals and the environment. They can be found in food, water, air, soil, and consumer products.
Employers must also ensure that these records are made available to workers and their representatives, as well as to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The records must be kept for at least 30 years and must include information such as the names of all employees exposed to the toxic chemicals, the chemicals to which they were exposed, the duration of their exposure, and the results of any tests that have been conducted. Additionally, firms must have a system in place to notify employees of any health risks associated with their exposure to the toxic chemicals.
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the above plot shows how the volume of a 1.0-g sample of compound 1 in the gaseous state varies with temperature at constant pressure. where on the graphic would a similar plot of a 1.0-g sample of compound 2 appear?
The graphic would have a similar plot of a 1.0-g sample of compound 2 appear because compound 2 has a higher molecular weight than compound 1.
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas.
The ideal gas law is written in an empirical form:
PV = nRT -> V = nRT/P -> V = (nR/P) x T
Pressure is constant, so it is only dependent on moles.
since compound 2 has a greater mass, it will also have a smaller number of moles, which means the slope will be smaller and located below the compound.
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g draw a peptide bond and describe its conformation and its role in polypeptide sequences. indicate the n- and c-terminal residues in peptides.
A peptide bond is a covalent link produced by one amino acid's carboxyl group (-COOH) and another amino acid's amino group (-NH2). A condensation process.
between the two groups produces a molecule of water (H2O) and a peptide bond (-CO-NH-). The peptide bond has a planar, partial double bond structure. This signifies that the electrons in the bond are distributed evenly across the two atoms, although not all orbitals are involved in bonding. In the creation of polypeptide sequences, the peptide bond is critical. It connects individual amino acids to form a chain of amino acids capable of folding into specified three-dimensional structures. The function of these structures is determined by them.The polypeptide is a kind of protein. The peptide bond also permits the polypeptide to be flexible, which is necessary for its proper activity.The initial amino acid in a peptide is known as the N-terminal (NH2) residue, while the last amino acid is known as the C-termina.
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which reactant in each pair of reactants below, select the one that is more nucleophilic. (a) -(ch3)3p (b) (ch3)3n. (c) cl- or (d) h2o.(e) BF3 or F-(f) I- or Cl-
Option b is the proper answer. (ch3) In each pair of reactants below, 3n is one of the reactants, and (ch3)3n is the more nucleophilic of the two. In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical entity that forms bonds.
letting go of two electrons. All ions and molecules containing at least one pi bond or a free pair of electrons are considered nucleophiles. Because they give up electrons, Lewis bases are nucleophiles. When two or more atoms, molecules, or ions form a chemical connection, also known as chemical bonding, the result is a chemical compound. These chemical bonds are responsible for holding the atoms of the resultant molecule together. A chemical link is an attraction between atoms. This attraction could be attributed to a variety of different behaviours.
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does a complex carbohydrate molecule have more or less atoms than a glucose molecule?
The carbohydrate molecule would have more atoms than the glucose molecule.
What is Glucose molecule?We need to know what is a monomer and what is a polymer. It is important to note that the polymer is made from the agglomeration of the small units of the compound that combine together.
We ought to know that glucose is a monomer and that carbohydrate is the polymer. The monomer is composed of a few atoms but there are many more atoms in the polymer as the atoms join together. This is because the carbohydrate is made up of many atoms much more than glucose.
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A group of engineers has just conducted an experimental trial on a shoe designed to help people suffering from a painful foot disorder. During the trial the show proved effective for only 5% of the test subjects. What should the engineers do next
The engineers do next to find out if the sole of the shoe can be redesigned. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is the effect of a trial experiment?The trial experiment is defined as the application of the research product to a specific population before it is introduced to the market.
The effect of the research to the greater percentage of the subject made the product to the market.
The engineering shoe product was only effective for a small percentage of the population, making it less effective. It has been discovered that the knee problem is related to the shoe sole.
Thus, option B is correct.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably your question was
A group of engineers has just conducted an experimental trial on a shoe
designed to help people suffering from a painful foot disorder. During the trial,
the shoe proved effective for only 5% of the test subjects. What should the
engineers do next?
A. Use a cheaper material to make the shoe more profitable.
O
B. Find out if the sole of the shoe can be redesigned
O
C. Begin to market this new shoe to patients and doctors.
D. Conduct the test again.
Rank in order of acidity (1= most acidic)
The rank order of acidity is para nitro phenol > meta nitro phenol > phenol > Para amino phenol.
What does acidity order mean?'The nitro group is a powerful electron withdrawing group. As a result, by removing electron density from the carboxylate ion, it increases the acidity of benzoic acid. This effect is strongest when the nitro group is in the ortho position (the effect is known as ortho effect).
The chemical structure of an acid can be used to predict its relative strength. An acid is generally stronger when the H-A bond is more polar. When the H-A bond is weaker and the conjugate base, A, is more stable, acidity increases.
Thus, The rank order of acidity is para nitro phenol > meta nitro phenol > phenol > Para amino phenol.
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fill in the blank. when working in the fume hood, it is important to make an effort to minimize choose___ only keep items in the hood if they are being used for choose___ do not choose___chemicals in the fume hood unless instructed to do so.
When working in the fume hood, it is important to make an effort to minimize choose clutter only keep items in the hood if they are being used for choose the current experiment do not choose store chemicals in the fume hood unless instructed to do so.
When you are not working in the hood, keep the sash closed. Maintain a safe distance between your face and the fume hood. Unless you're utilizing a walk-in fume hood, the only part of your body within the hood should be your hands. The sash serves as a barrier and provides protection while performing dangerous work.
Use at least 6 inches of space inside the fume hood behind the sash plane. As stated by industry standards such as ANSI/AIHA Z9, this is vital for safety as a good working practice. This means that no equipment in the fume hood should come into contact with the front airfoil of the work surface.
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NaF MgO
Boiling Point 1695 3600
Na+ Mg2+ F- Cl- O2-
Ionic Radius 76 72 133 181 140
Based on the data in the table above, which of the following statements provides the best prediction for the boiling point of NaCl?
a. NaCl will have a lower boiling point than NaF because the coulombic attractions are weaker in NaCl than in NaF
b. NaCl will have a boiling point between that of NaF and MgO because the covalent character of the bonds in NaCl is intermediate between that of MgO and NaF
c. NaCl will have a higher boiling point than MgO because the ions are spaced farther apart in NaCl
d. NaCl will have a higher boiling point than MgO because the energy required to transfer electrons from the anion to the cation is larger in NaCl than in MgO
The right response is a. NaCl will have a lower boiling point than NaF because the coulombic attractions are weaker in NaCl than in NaF
The strength of the intermolecular interactions between a compound's particles determines its boiling point. The intermolecular interactions in an ionic compound like NaCl are electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive cations and the negative anions. The particles in an ionic compound are called ions. The charge of the ions and their separation from one another define the strength of these forces.
The cations in NaCl are Na+, while the anions are Cl-. Na+ has a radius of 76 pm, while Cl- has a radius of 181 pm. The distance between the ions in NaCl is higher than that in NaF, which has smaller ions, since the radius of Cl- is greater than that of Na+. As a result, in comparison to NaF, the electrostatic forces of attraction between the ions in NaCl are weaker. This indicates that the boiling point of NaCl is lower than that of NaF because less energy is needed to separate the ions in NaCl.
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g devise a detailed mechanism for formation of the major product of the substitution reaction below. h3c ots nabr dmfdraw curved arrows to show electron reorganization for the mechanism step below. make the ends of your arrows specify the origin and destination of reorganizing electrons. arrow-pushing instructions
OTs is a functional group formed by losing hydrogen of p-toluene sulphonic acid. This is a good leaving group, because of the presence of a stable resonance structure.
Here when CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OTs reacts with NaBr, a substitution reaction happens. The OTs group is substituted by Br and tosylate is released. DMF or dimethyl formamide used as solvent in such reactions. The main reaction of substitution of bromine to tosylate group is that the conjugate base is quite stable because of the three resonance structures.
Alcohols usually are not prone to substitution reactions. So it is converted to a tosyl or mesyl substitute, so that it is easier to convert it into an alkyl halide. The main benefit of such reactions is that it can be carried out without drastic pH conditions.
So, tosylate acts as a good leaving group in halide substitution reactions.
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Hot coffee is poured into a mug. It slowly cools, releasing heat to the environment. If we consider the coffee to be the system, which of the following are part of the surroundings? Select all that apply.
The mug, the air in the room, and the table underneath the mug.
The mug is filled with warm coffee. As it gently cools, heat is released into the surroundings. The cup, the underneath of the room, and the table this was resting on.
Where do we use the ground below?You could use the word "underneath," which is often used to express that something is beneath or covered by another object, in the example of the boxes. You might also say "below," although we generally use that term to refer to objects that belong in the same category.
What clothing do you have put underneath meaning?Because of this, when somebody asks you whether you're wearing anything below your shirt, they're likely referring to the clothing you're wearing on the inside rather than the bottom half, as they would if they used the word under t shirt you wearing.
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at a certain temperature the rate of this reaction is second order in with a rate constant of suppose a vessel contains at a concentration of . calculate how long it takes for the concentration of to decrease to of its initial value. you may assume no other reaction is important. round your answer to significant digits. g
Concentration of A to decrease to 1/e (37%) of its initial value is approximately 2.1 seconds. The rate of a second-order reaction is given by the equation: rate = k[A]^2 .
Where k is the rate constant and [A] is the concentration of the reactant. Given that the rate constant is k = and the initial concentration of A is [A]0 = , we can use the above equation to determine the rate of the reaction.
rate = k[A]^2 = ()( )^2
To find out how long it takes for the concentration of A to decrease to 1/e (37%) of its initial value, we can use the following equation:
[A] = [A]0e^(-kt) ,
Where t is the time in seconds.
Given that we want the final concentration of A to be
1/e (37%) of the initial concentration,
we can set up the following equation:
( ) = ( )e^(-kt) ; and solve for
t: t = -(1/k)ln(1/e)
t = -(1/( ))(ln(1/e))
t = -(1/( ))(ln(0.37))N
t = (1/( ))ln(2.70)
t ≈ 2.1 sec
So the time it takes for the concentration of A to decrease to 1/e (37%) of its initial value is approximately 2.1 seconds.
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