Answer:
The reaction can be broken down into the following steps:
1. Li(s) → Li(g) (enthalpy of sublimation)
2. Li(g) → Li⁺(g) + e⁻ (first ionization energy)
3. ½F2(g) → F(g) (½ of electron affinity of fluorine)
4. Li⁺(g) + F(g) → LiF(s) (lattice energy of LiF)
The overall enthalpy change for the reaction is:
ΔH⁰ = enthalpy change for step 1 + enthalpy change for step 2 + enthalpy change for step 3 + enthalpy change for step 4
ΔH⁰ = (+161 kJ/mol) + (+520 kJ/mol) + (½ x (-328 kJ/mol)) + (-1047 kJ/mol)
ΔH⁰ = -694 kJ/mol
Therefore, the overall enthalpy change for the reaction Li(s) + ½F2(g) → LiF(s) is -694 kJ/mol.
Fungi associated with greenhouse tomatoes and their management project work
A fungus, is responsible for grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). It affects tomato plants (and other plants) in greenhouses and fields and is a frequent and frequently serious fungal disease.
What is the short definition of a greenhouse?A structure with glass roof and walls is known as a greenhouse. Tropical flowers and tomatoes are among the plants that are grown in greenhouses. Even in the winter, a greenhouse keeps a comfortable temperature inside. Sunlight enters the greenhouse during the day and heats the air and plants within.
Why do greenhouses cause issues?The industry contributes considerably to climate change by emitting more than 3.3 million tonnes of greenhouse gases each year. In general, building greenhouses pollutes the environment and has negative effects. Construction sites contribute to contamination of the air, water, soil, and noise.
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I need help with this question please this is non graded thanks
how do you Balance This equation (NH4)3PO4(aq)+MgCl2(aq)-Mg3(PO4)2(s)+NH4CL(aq)
Answer: To balance the equation (NH4)3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → Mg3(PO4)2(s) + NH4Cl(aq), you need to ensure that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.
Start by counting the number of atoms of each element on both sides:
Left side: (NH4)3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq)
3 nitrogen atoms (N)
12 hydrogen atoms (H)
1 phosphorus atom (P)
4 oxygen atoms (O)
1 magnesium atom (Mg)
2 chlorine atoms (Cl)
Right side: Mg3(PO4)2(s) + NH4Cl(aq)
3 magnesium atoms (Mg)
2 phosphorus atoms (P)
8 oxygen atoms (O)
4 nitrogen atoms (N)
1 chlorine atom (Cl)
1 hydrogen atom (H)
The equation is not balanced as the number of atoms of some elements are not equal on both sides. To balance the equation, you can follow these steps:
Balance the number of nitrogen atoms by putting a coefficient of 3 in front of NH4Cl:
(NH4)3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 3NH4Cl(aq)
Balance the number of hydrogen atoms by putting a coefficient of 12 in front of Mg3(PO4)2:
(NH4)3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → 3Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 3NH4Cl(aq)
Balance the number of chlorine atoms by putting a coefficient of 2 in front of MgCl2:
(NH4)3PO4(aq) + 2MgCl2(aq) → 3Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 3NH4Cl(aq)
The final balanced equation is:
(NH4)3PO4(aq) + 2MgCl2(aq) → 3Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 3NH4Cl(aq)
Brainliest is appericated this took me a while. (:
Explanation:
1. Predict the molecular structure and bond angles for XeCl2. Approximate bond angles are sufficient.
2. Predict the molecular structure and bond angles for ICl3. Approximate bond angles are sufficient.
XeCl2 has a linear molecular geometry. The Xe-Cl bond angle is 180 degrees. Xe is the central atom, and it has two lone pairs of electrons and two bonded chlorine atoms.
ICl3 has a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry. The I-Cl bond angle in the equatorial positions is 120 degrees, and the I-Cl bond angle in the axial position is 180 degrees. The I atom is the central atom, and it has two lone pairs of electrons and three bonded chlorine atoms.
XeCl2 has a linear molecular geometry, with bond angles of 180 degrees. The Xe atom is at the center, with two Cl atoms attached to it. The molecule has two lone pairs on the Xe atom, which repel the bonding electron pairs, causing them to be farther apart and producing a linear shape.
ICl3 has a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry, with bond angles of approximately 90 degrees and 180 degrees. The I atom is at the center, with three Cl atoms attached to it in a trigonal planar arrangement, and two lone pairs on the I atom occupy two of the axial positions. The repulsion between the bonding and nonbonding electron pairs cause the bond angles to deviate from the ideal angles.
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please look at screenshot question is there
The calculated molarity of Br is 0.0093 mol/L. Molarity is the number of moles of solute per one liter of solution
Elaborating:Mol FeBr2 = mass / molar mass
= 0.30 g / 215.65 g/mol
= 0.00139 mol
Each mol FeBr2 has two mol Br- anions , so mol Br- ions here will be :
= 2 x 0.00139 mol
= 0.00278 mol
Molarity of Br- anions = mol / volume (L)
= 0.00278 mol / 0.300 L
= 0.0093 mol/L
How can I determine molarity?
Molarity (M) is the most common way to describe the concentration of a solution. Molarity is calculated by dividing the volume of the solution in liters by the molecular weight of the solute: M is equal to moles of solute per liter of solution.
For what reason do we utilize molarity?One of the most common units used to measure a solution's concentration is molarity. A solution's molarity is useful because it tells you not only whether it has been diluted or concentrated, but also its actual concentration.
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For all the reactions, identify the reaction type and name the products formed.
1) How would you prepare ethoxyethane from ethene? Provide equations/reactions
2) How would you prepare propanoic acid from prop-1-ene? Provide equations/reactions
3) Place the following organic molecules in order of increasing boiling points: butane, butan-2-one, butanoic acid, and butan-2-ol. Justify your answer.
Answer:
1) Ethoxyethane can be prepared from ethene by the reaction of ethene with ethanol in the presence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid. This is an example of an addition reaction.
Equation:
C2H4 + C2H5OH → C4H10O (ethoxyethane)
2) Propanoic acid can be prepared from prop-1-ene by the reaction of prop-1-ene with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in the presence of water. This is an example of an oxidation reaction.
Equation:
CH2=CHCH3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2O → CH3CH2COOH (propanoic acid) + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
3) The order of increasing boiling points is: butane < butan-2-ol < butan-2-one < butanoic acid.
Butane is a nonpolar molecule and has only weak London dispersion forces between its molecules, so it has the lowest boiling point.
Butan-2-ol has a polar hydroxyl group (-OH) which allows for hydrogen bonding between its molecules, increasing its boiling point compared to butane.
Butan-2-one has a polar carbonyl group (C=O) which also allows for dipole-dipole interactions between its molecules, increasing its boiling point compared to butan-2-ol.
Butanoic acid has a polar carboxyl group (-COOH) which allows for hydrogen bonding between its molecules, making it the most polar and highest boiling compound among the given options.
What is the C - O bond order in NCO?
Answer:
The resonense structures as follows:
Explanation:
Refer to the image attached for the full answer.
how many grams of KClO3 are needed to produce 6.5g of KCl?
We need 10.7 g of KClO3 to produce 6.5 g of KCl. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, which is about 1 amu, so the atomic mass of an element is roughly the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
What is Atomic Mass?
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom of a chemical element. It is usually expressed in atomic mass units (amu) or in grams per mole (g/mol). The atomic mass of an element is determined by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of KClO3 producing KCl is:
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
We can see from the equation that 2 moles of KClO3 produce 2 moles of KCl. We need to calculate how many moles of KCl are produced from 6.5g of KCl, and then use the mole ratio to find the amount of KClO3 needed.
First, we need to convert the mass of KCl to moles:
moles of KCl = mass of KCl / molar mass of KCl
= 6.5g / 74.55 g/mol
= 0.0872 mol
From the balanced equation, we know that 2 moles of KClO3 produce 2 moles of KCl. Therefore, to find the moles of KClO3 needed to produce 0.0872 mol of KCl, we can use the following proportion:
2 mol KClO3 / 2 mol KCl = x mol KClO3 / 0.0872 mol KCl
Solving for x, we get:
x = 0.0872 mol KClO3 x (2 mol KClO3 / 2 mol KCl)
= 0.0872 mol KClO3
Finally, we can convert the moles of KClO3 to grams using its molar mass:
mass of KClO3 = moles of KClO3 x molar mass of KClO3
= 0.0872 mol x 122.55 g/mol
= 10.7 g
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What can happen to a supersaturated solution
Crystals will precipitate out of a supersaturated solution when it is disturbed. At that point, the solution will be saturated, making it impossible to dissolve any additional crystals.
What happens if you heat a supersaturated solution?A saturated solution becomes unsaturated when heated because the solute becomes more soluble. Since the intermolecular space between the particles expands when a saturated solution is heated because the kinetic energy increases.
What consequences does supersaturation have?Rapid nucleation creates a significant quantity of nucleus surface area on which growth takes place at high supersaturations. As a result, when large supersaturations are obtained, the growth rate is also rapid, which causes the desupersaturation to occur more quickly.
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CAN SOMEONE HELP WITH THIS QUESTION?✨
- If a student weighs out 0.614 g of KHP and titrates it with hydroxide solution, what is the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution if it takes 35.01 mL of it to titrate the KHP?
A primary standard for figuring out the concentration of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is KHP (potassium hydrogen phthalate). The NaOH solution has a molarity of 0.0859 M.
How do you determine the sodium hydroxide solution's molarity?For the reaction between KHP and NaOH, the following chemical equation is balanced:
NaKP + H2O → KHP + NaOH
We can see from the equation that it is balanced that one mole of KHP reacts with one mole of NaOH.
KHP mass divided by its molar mass yields moles of KHP.
0.003007 moles of KHP are equal to 0.614 g/204.22 g/mol.
NaOH volume is 35.01 mL, or 0.03501 L.
Molarity of NaOH is equal to moles of NaOH divided by its volume.
NaOH has a molarity of 0.003007 mol/0.0351 L, or 0.0859 M.
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If water is added to 1 mole of sodium chloride in a flask until the solution is 1 liter what is the molarity of the solution? What is the molarity when water is added to 2 moles of sodium chloride to make 0.5 liters?
When water is added to 2 moles of sodium chloride to make 0.5 liters, the molarity is 4M.
1. The molarity of a solution is 1 M when 1 mole of sodium chloride is dissolved in 1 liter of water. This is because molarity is defined as the number of molecules of a solute (in this case, sodium chloride) added to the liter of treatment solution. The molarity is 1 M because we have 1 mole of sodium chloride in 1 liter of solution.
2. The molarity of a solution is 4 M when 2 moles of sodium chloride are dissolved in 0.5 liters of water. This is because we have twice as many moles of sodium chloride as in the previous case but only half the volume of water. As a result, the concentration of sodium chloride in the solution is doubled, resulting in a molarity of 4 M.
Mathematically, we can calculate the molarity as follows:
Molarity = the number of moles of solution mass in liters.
In this case, we have 2 moles of Sodium chloride, and its mass is 0.5 liters:
Molarity = 2 moles / 0.5 liters = 4 M
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how many grams of carbon is there in 100g of glucose
The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6, which means it contains 6 carbon atoms.
To calculate the mass of carbon in 100g of glucose, we can use the molar mass of glucose and the molar mass of carbon to find the mass fraction of carbon in glucose:
The molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180.16 g/mol (6 carbon atoms x 12.01 g/mol + 12 hydrogen atoms x 1.01 g/mol + 6 oxygen atoms x 16.00 g/mol).
The molar mass of carbon is 12.01 g/mol.
The mass fraction of carbon in glucose is:
(6 carbon atoms x 12.01 g/mol) / (1 molecule of glucose x 180.16 g/mol) = 0.4
This means that 40% of the mass of glucose comes from carbon. Therefore, in 100g of glucose, there would be:
100g x 0.4 = 40g of carbon.
So, there are 40 grams of carbon in 100g of glucose.
What changes chemically during a reaction?
Products
Reactants
Coefficient
Subscripts
Answer: Chemical reactions involve breaking chemical bonds between reactant molecules (particles) and forming new bonds between atoms in product particles (molecules). The number of atoms before and after the chemical change is the same but the number of molecules will change.
All voltmeters have two probes attached to make a measurement explain why you cannot make a voltmeter with a single probe to measure the voltage of a wire
As voltages is a potential in relation to a reference, one probe must be on the reference or "zero" planes and the other must be on the point being measured.
Why does a voltmeter not accurately read voltage?because the voltmeter uses some of the main circuit's current. Main present in the circuit diminishes as a result, and the voltmeter's reading of the potential difference does not correspond to its true value.
Why are there two probes on a voltmeter?Nothing is measured at a specific point by the voltmeter. It gauges the voltage (V) differential between two circuit locations. Thus, a multimeter has two leads rather than one.
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Question 16
Identify if the following reaction is balanced or not balanced: BF3 + Li₂SO3 →→ B₂(SO3)3 + LIF
(A) Balanced
B) Not Balanced
Experimental data for a 1.00 m Mgl₂ aqueous
solution indicate an actual change in the freezing
point of water of -4.78°C. Find the expected
change in the freezing point of water. Suggest a
possible reason for the discrepancy between the
experimental and expected values.
Answer:
The expected change in freezing point of water can be calculated using the formula:
ΔTf = Kf x molality
Where ΔTf is the change in freezing point, Kf is the freezing point depression constant for water (1.86°C/m), and molality is the molal concentration of the solute (mol of solute/kg of solvent).
Assuming complete dissociation of MgCl2 in water, the molality of the solution can be calculated as:
molality = (1.00 mol MgCl2 / 0.1 kg H2O) = 10.0 mol/kg
Substituting the values into the equation, we get:
ΔTf = (1.86°C/m) x (10.0 mol/kg) = -18.6°C
Therefore, the expected change in the freezing point of water for a 1.00 m MgCl2 solution is -18.6°C.
When societal demand for a synthetic material increases, the demand for the natural resources used to make the synthetic material also .......
Demand for the environmental assets utilized to produce a synthetic materials rises in tandem with that demand. Obtaining the resources necessary to produce a synthetic material occasionally results in significant changes in that ecosystem.
What kind of natural resources are employed in the production of synthetic materials?Natural resources like wood & sand are used to make "natural" items. Natural resources are also used to make "synthetic" products. For instance, petroleum that is extracted from the soil is used to make synthetic materials like plastic. Natural resources include petroleum.
What effects are there that the utilization of synthetic products have on the environment?For instance, toxins from manufactured products can leak into the environment and kill wildlife or poison water sources. Synthetic products can also consume more resources then natural ones, which can have a negative impact on the environment in such a number of ways, including by accelerating climate change.
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What is the half‑life of an isotope that decays to 12.5% of its original activity in 64.9 h?
Answer:
The half-life of an isotope is the time taken for half of the original activity to decay.
We know that the isotope decays to 12.5% of its original activity. So, the fraction of the original activity remaining is:
0.125 = 1/2^3
This means that the isotope has undergone three half-lives.
The time taken for three half-lives is:
3 x half-life = 3 x 64.9 h = 194.7 h
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is:
time/half-life = number of half-lives
64.9 h/half-life = 1
194.7 h/half-life = 3
Solving for half-life:
64.9 h/half-life = 1
half-life = 64.9 h
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 64.9 hours.
What volume of gas could be collected over water when 3.64g of Potassium reacts with an excess amount of Nitric acid (HNO3)? The conditions under which the experiment was run include an atmospheric pressure of 1.01 atm and a water temperature of 24°C. This experiment produced 1.03 L of hydrogen gas. The vapor pressure of the water at 24°C is 0.0293 atm.
1. Show a balanced equation for this reaction.
2. Calculate the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas.
3. Calculate the number of moles of Potassium.
4. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen.
5. Calculate the theoretical volume of the hydrogen gas.
6. Calculate the percent error.
The volume of nitrogen gas produced is 1.11 L according to the chemical equation for the interaction between potassium and nitric acid: 2K + 6HNO3 3H2O + 2KNO3 + NH4NO3.
At 25 C and 1 atm, what is the vapour pressure of water?The equilibrium vapour pressure of the material is this partial pressure of vapour in equilibrium above a liquid. Water has a vapour pressure of 0.0313 atm, or 23.8 mm of mercury, at ambient temperature (25 °C; 760 mm Hg = 1 atm).
The volume of nitrogen gas generated can be calculated using the ideal gas law: PV = nRT
To determine how many moles of hydrogen gas were generated:
PV = nRT
n = PV/RT
n = (1.01 atm - 0.0293 atm) * 1.03 L / (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K * 297 K)
n = 0.0392 mol
The balanced chemical equation states that 1 mole of nitrogen gas is created when 2 moles of potassium react. As a result, the amount of nitrogen gas generated is:
n(N2) = 0.5 * n(K)
n(N2) = 0.5 * 3.64 g / 39.10 g/mol
n(N2) = 0.0441 mol
The volume of nitrogen gas created can now be calculated using the ideal gas law once more:
PV = nRT
V = nRT/P
V = 0.0441 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K * 297 K / (1.01 atm - 0.0293 atm)
V = 1.11 L
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Which of the following best defines an acidic solution?
acid can kill and decay bodies if your needing to get rid of human remains
What mass of oxygen combines with 2.88 mol
of magnesium in the reaction
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) −→ 2 MgO(s)?
Answer in units of g.
Answer:
46.08 g of O2
Explanation:
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction shows that 1 mol of O2 reacts with 2 mol of Mg to form 2 mol of MgO.
Therefore, to calculate the mass of O2 that reacts with 2.88 mol of Mg, we need to use the mole ratio between Mg and O2.
Mole ratio of Mg to O2 is 2:1, meaning that for every 2 moles of Mg, 1 mole of O2 reacts.
So, for 2.88 mol of Mg, we need 1.44 mol of O2 (2.88 mol Mg x 1 mol O2 / 2 mol Mg).
The molar mass of O2 is 32 g/mol.
Therefore, the mass of O2 needed is:
mass = number of moles x molar mass = 1.44 mol x 32 g/mol = 46.08 g.
Therefore, 46.08 g of O2 is needed to react with 2.88 mol of Mg.
Which of the following compounds has the largest lattice energy?
NaCl
RbCl
CaCl2
MgCl2
Thank you :)
The chemical MgCl2 has the highest lattice energy of the ones listed. This occurs as a result of the Mg2+ ion's greater charge density compared to the Na+, Rb+, and Ca2+ ions.
Which chemical has the highest lattice energy?More lattice energy results from smaller ions, stronger charges, and larger charges. AlN has the highest lattice energy as a result.
What generates more lattice energy?Higher charged ions and closer spaced ions have higher lattice energies. The Born-Haber cycle, which incorporates all of the energy stages required to transform elements into an ionic molecule, is frequently used to compute lattice energies.
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We know that helium (He) will act more like neon (Ne) than beryllium (Be) Why is helium different than other elements with two valence electrons?
"Helium is different than other elements with two valence electrons, such as beryllium, because it has a full outer shell of electrons. Helium's electron configuration is 1s², which means its first energy level (or shell) is completely filled with two electrons. This makes helium extremely stable and unreactive with other elements, unlike beryllium, which has two valence electrons in an incomplete outer shell and is more reactive.
In contrast, neon (Ne) also has a full outer shell of electrons, but it has a larger number of electrons in total than helium. Neon's electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶, meaning its second energy level is also filled, providing additional stability. Therefore, helium is more similar to neon in terms of its electron configuration and chemical behavior than it is to beryllium, which has a partially-filled outer shell and is more reactive." (ChatGPT, 2023)
How many H atoms are there in 0.510 moles of H
Answer:
No. of H atoms in 0.51 moles of H+ = 3.0713 * 10^23 atom
Explanation:
according to the definition of mole which states that the mole is the unit of amount of substance that equals Avogadro's number"Na = 6.022 * 10^23" (i.e. one mole of O2 contains 1Na of molecules, one mole of Ca = 1Na of atoms )
So
the number of atoms in 0.51 moles of H = 0.51 * 6.022 * 10^23 = 3.0713 * 10^23 atom
Chemistry Help!!
1. Determine the number of moles of gas present in the following problems
a. 3.0 L of helium gas held in a balloon at STP
b. 3.0 L of helium gas held in a balloon with a temperature of 33 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 99.5 kPa.
c. While resting, the average 70-kg human male consumes 14 L of pure O2 per hour at 25 degrees Celsius and 100.0 kPa. How many moles of oxygen are consumed by the man during this time?
Answer:
a. At STP, the temperature is 273 K and the pressure is 101.3 kPa. Therefore, the number of moles of helium gas present in a 3.0 L balloon at STP is:
n = PV/RT = (101.3 kPa)(3.0 L) / (8.31 J/K/mol)(273 K)
n = 0.1209 mol
b. To solve for the number of moles of helium gas at a different temperature and pressure, we need to use the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
First, we convert the temperature to Kelvin: T = 33°C + 273 = 306 K
Then we can solve for n:
n = PV/RT = (99.5 kPa)(3.0 L) / (8.31 J/K/mol)(306 K)
n = 0.109 mol
c. The number of moles of oxygen consumed by the man can be found using the ideal gas law:
n = PV/RT
We are given the pressure, volume, and temperature, so we can plug those in and solve for n. However, we need to convert the volume from L to m3 and the pressure from kPa to Pa:
V = 14 L = 0.014 m3
P = 100.0 kPa = 100000 Pa
T = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
n = PV/RT = (100000 Pa)(0.014 m3) / (8.31 J/K/mol)(298 K)
n = 0.006 mol
Therefore, the man consumes 0.006 moles of oxygen per hour.
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why are mass and volume extensive properties and why is density and intensive property?
Answer:
Mass and volume are extensive properties because they depend on the size or amount of matter present in a system. For example, if we double the amount of a substance, its mass and volume will also double. Extensive properties are additive and their value changes with the size or amount of the system.
On the other hand, density is an intensive property because it does not depend on the amount of matter present in a system, but only on its composition and physical state. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume, which means that for a given substance, the density will always be the same regardless of the size or amount of the sample. Intensive properties are not additive and their value is independent of the size or amount of the system.
Chemistry-Which one is it
london dispersion forces (LDF)
dipole-dipole
hydrogen bonding
The structure given in question is hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules.
What is hydrogen bonding?Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between hydrogen atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative "donor" atom/ group and another electronegative atom bearing lone pair of electrons— hydrogen bond acceptor.
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules and not a covalent bond to hydrogen atom. It results from attractive force between hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom.
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Which of the following best explains why electrometallurgy is a useful process in many industries?
Electrometallurgy can etch permanent marks and designs into the surfaces of metal products.
Electrometallurgy can create a thin film around metals, preventing rusting and other forms of corrosion.
Electrometallurgy can refine a wide range of impure metals used in manufacturing, wiring, and many other applications.
Electrometallurgy can split water molecules into a cheap source of oxygen gas that can be carried into space and beneath the ocean.
Many impure metals in use in manufacturing, wiring, as well as other applications can be refined by electrometallurgy.
Describe electrometallurgy in detail?The term "electrometallurgy" refers to a range of technologies used to separate metals from solutions, such as molten salt solutions, or to refine metals through electrochemical dissolution into or deposition out of such solutions.
What is electrometallurgy so crucial?An important area of metallurgy called electrometallurgy makes use of electricity to refine crude metals acquired by pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy as well as to extract metals from leach liquors.
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Balancing chemical equations with interfering coefficients
Balance the chemical equation below using the smallest possible whole number stoichiometric coefficients.
CH,(CH,) ,CH,(0) +O,(g) →+ CO,(g) + H,O(g)
0-0
00
The balanced chemical equation is: C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
When balancing chemical equations, can only the coefficients be changed, not the subscripts, the number in front of each reactant or product?Chemical equations may only be balanced by changing the coefficients; subscripts cannot be changed. The ratios of the atoms in the molecule and the resulting chemical characteristics alter when subscripts are changed.
First, let's balance the carbon and hydrogen atoms by placing a coefficient of 3 in front of CO2 and 4 in front of H2O:
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Now, let's balance the oxygen atoms by placing a coefficient of 5 in front of O2:
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
The equation is now balanced with coefficients of 1, 5, 3, and 4, respectively.
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Find Δ, , , and Δ for the freezing of water at −30.00 °C. The specific heat of ice is 2.087 Jg·°C and its heat of fusion is −333.6 J/g.
Δ=
J/g
=
J/g
=
J/g
Δ=
J/g
The total energy involved in the freezing of water at -30°C is calculated in two steps: one for the temperature change from -30°C to 0°C, and the other for the phase change from water to ice. The energies are calculated separately and then added together, yielding a final energy of -271 J/g.
Explanation:The question pertains to the calculation of energy (Δ) for the freezing of water at -30°C. In this case, we are dealing with the energy required to heat ice from -30°C to 0°C (temperature change), and the energy required to convert the ice at 0°C to water at 0°C (phase change).
Let's call the first q1, which can be calculated using the formula q = mcΔt, where 'm' stands for mass (let's consider 1 gram for simplicity), 'c' is the specific heat capacity of ice (2.087 Jg·°C), and ' Δt' is the temperature change (30°C). Plugging in these values, we get q1 = 2.087*30 = 62.61 J.
Now, the second energy q2 is calculated using the formula q=ml, where ' l' is the heat of fusion (-333.6 J/g). Here q2 = -333.6*1 = -333.6 J (negative implies energy is removed).
Finally, to find the overall energy for the phase change, we add the calculated energies together. So, Δ = q1 + q2 = 62.61 - 333.6 = -271 J/g (using energy conservation principles).
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