Before the future production of ATP, 2 molecules of atp are first invested for each molecule of glucose which enters phase I of glycolysis.
Two ATP molecules are invested during the glycolysis energy investment phase, which produces two molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate. The net benefit of glycolysis is just two ATP because atp Molecules are consumed in the initial part of glycolysis, even if four Molecules of atp are created in the second half. Phase of energy investment. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is created from glucose in a sequence of processes that each need two ATP. Two pyruvate molecule, a total of 4 ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules are produced throughout the process of glycolysis, which begins with glucose. The initial part of the route required two ATP molecules to set up the six-carbon rings for cleavage, therefore the cell gains two ATP molecules overall.
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how many different trisaccharides can be made by linking one glucose, one mannose, and one galactose?
One glucose, one mannose, and one galactose can be linked to create one of the 12,288 possible trisaccharides, but only one of the six possible tripeptides.
Trisaccharides are oligosaccharides made up of three monosaccharides connected by two glycosidic linkages. Similar to the disaccharides, any hydroxyl group on the constituent monosaccharides can be used to build a glycosidic link. Even if the three constituent stachyose are all the same (for example, glucose), various bond configurations (regiochemistry) and stereochemistry (alpha- or beta-) lead to trisaccharide diastereoisomers with distinct chemical and physical properties. One glucose, two galactose, and one fructose unit are connected by three glycosidic linkages to form the tetrasaccharide known as stachyose. Proteins with a high sweetening index include monellin and thaumatin.
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select all that apply choose all the ways neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission. multiple select question. adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters promoting myelination by oligodendrocytes or schwann cells altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons
The ways neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission based on the options and the correct options are (1),(3), and (4).
Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters.Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitters.Increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons.By changing the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters, affecting the breakdown and absorption of neurotransmitters, and boosting the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons, neuromodulators can change synaptic transmission.
The strength and effectiveness of synaptic connections within the nervous system are controlled by a combination of these mechanisms.
Therefore, Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters. Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitters. And Increasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons. The correct options are (1),(3), and (4).
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Which term describes the study of the distribution of genetic traits and the allelic changes that occur within a population?.
Population genetics is the branch of biology that investigates allele frequencies in populations and how they alter through time. Macroevolution, which involves significant changes over a long period of time, such as the emergence of new groups or species, is commonly contrasted with microevolution.
Which phrase best represents a shift in the populations' allelic frequencies?Microevolution is the gradual change in allele frequencies within a population. • Natural selection, genetic drift (chance occurrences that alter allele frequencies), and gene flow are the three mechanisms that might cause allele frequencies to shift (the transfer of alleles between populations).
What is the mechanism by which a population's trait distribution evolves over many generations?Populations of creatures go through a process called evolution.
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the following molecular equation represents the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of silver(i) nitrate and chromium(ii) chloride are combined. 2agno3 (aq) crcl2 (aq) 2agcl (s) cr(no3)2 (aq)
For this molecular equations, 2AgNO₃(aq) + CrCl₂(aq) --> 2AgCl(s) + Cr(NO3)₂(aq), the net ionic equation is: 2Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) --> 2AgCl(s).
How to write the net ionic equation for the given molecular equation?The given equation is:
2AgNO₃(aq) + CrCl₂(aq) --> 2AgCl(s) + Cr(NO₃)₂(aq)
The ionic equation shows only ions that participate in a chemical reaction. Thus, the AgCl is not counted because AgI is not soluble and does not form an ionic solution.
First, we need to rewrite this equation by separating the soluble ionic compounds as dissociated ions:
2Ag+(aq) + 2NO₃-(aq) + Cr₂+(aq) + Cl-(aq) --> 2AgCl(s) + Cr₂+(aq) + NO₃-(aq)
Next, we eliminate any spectator ions (NO₃- and Cr₂+).
Hence, the final net ionic equation is:
2Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) --> 2AgCl(s)
This question seems incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
“The following molecular equation represents the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of silver(I) nitrate and chromium(II) chloride are combined. Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction!”
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Which stage of the cell cycle listed below does NOT involve division of the nucleus?
a. interphase
b. prophase
c. metaphase
d. anaphase
e. telophase
Answer: The correct answer is a. interphase
Explanation:
The interphase stage occurs before the other stages of mitosis (nuclear division) begin. Once the phases of mitosis are complete, the cell will divide into two new cells during the cytokinesis process.
gene x can exist as a normal allele and also as a dominant mutant allele that causes a disease. you purify protein x from a homozygous normal individual and also from an individual that is homozygous for the mutant allele. you have an assay to determine the function of protein x. when you assay 1 mg of the purified protein from a normal homozygote, the activity is 100%. when you mix together 0.5 mg of the normal protein and 0.5 mg of the mutant protein, the activity is 13%. based on this experiment, why type of dominant mutant is this?
The dominant mutant is of dominant negative.
What is the dominant negative gene?
A mutation whose gene product adversely affects the normal, wild-type gene product within the same cell. This usually occurs if the product can still interact with the same elements as the wild-type product, but block some aspect of its function.
What is an example of a dominant negative mutation?
A well-known example of a gene that can incur dominant-negative mutations is the small GTPase Ras. These dominant-negative alleles of Ras are not functional themselves because they preferentially bind GDP and stay locked in the inactive state.
What does negative mutation mean?
A negative genetic test result means that no mutation was found in any of the genes that were included in the test panel.
Thus, the dominant mutant was of the negative type.
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2. explain how the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of henle is the key to the regulation of urine concentration.
The renal countercurrent exchange system is made up of closely connected tubules and vasa recta capillaries. The countercurrent multiplier actively transports solutes into the medulla.
Vasa recta removes water and keeps the medulla interstitial fluid from becoming diluted. In the renal tubules, countercurrent multiplication is the procedure of using energy to generate an osmotic concentration which enables users to absorbs liquid from tubular fluid and start producing concentrated urine. A countercurrent mechanism system expends energy to create a concentration gradient. It is abundant in nature, particularly in mammalian organs.
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The three main factors that affect diffusion are concentration, , and .
Explanation:
concentration gradienttemperaturesize of moleculesstate of matterHope it helps. Please mark brainliest..
The three main factors that affect diffusion are concentration, molecule size, and temperature of the substances, and by the process of diffusion, the molecules flow from a higher to a lower concentration.
What is the importance of diffusion?The diffusion is the mechanism where the molecules move from the higher concentration to the lower concentration, and this mechanism is seen in many cellular processes such as the gases that exchange in the blood vessel near the lungs' alveoli and at the cellular level. Diffusion is important for various cellular activities, and as it is a passive transport, it does not require energy. Diffusion is seen in both plants and animals, and the importance of diffusion is that it depends upon the size of the molecules, and the smaller molecules diffuse faster than the larger.
As a result, the concentration, molecule size, and temperature of the substances are the three main factors that influence diffusion.
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Explain how temperature and air pressure play a role in creating wind.
Answer: Since warm air is less dense and creates less air pressure, it will rise; cold air is denser and creates greater air pressure, and so it will sink.
Which of the following types of molecules help to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated? a. primase b. single-strand DNA binding proteins c. DNA polymerase d. ligase
The correct option is B : Single-strand DNA binding proteins Proteins known as Binding Proteins maintain the two DNA strands apart and the Replication Fork intact.
Single-strand binding proteins wrap the split strands of DNA at the replication fork, preventing them from recombining into a double helix.
In addition to the proteins and enzymes listed above, further proteins and enzymes are required to keep DNA replication functioning properly. One example is the sliding clamp protein, which keeps DNA polymerase III molecules in position while they create DNA.
The sliding clamp is a ring-shaped protein that prevents the lagging strand's DNA polymerase from drifting away when it restarts at a fresh Okazaki fragment
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Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem
The statement that best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem is as follows: Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity (option C).
What are environmental stressors?Environmental stressors refers to the stress that nature is undergoing, such as pollution or a forest fire.
Environmental stress refers to factors within an environment that negatively affects productivity, reproduction, and development of the environment.
Biodiversity is the diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a region.
An ecosystem is a system formed by an ecological community and its environment that functions as a unit i.e. the interconnectedness of organisms (plants, animals, microbes) with each other and their environment.
When the species of an ecosystem are highly diverse, this increases their chances of survival after an environmental stress compared to an ecosystem with species that are not diverse enough.
The options to the incomplete question are as follows:
After an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity.Habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance.Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.Learn more about environmental stressors at: https://brainly.com/question/17034778
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Please help! Will give brainliest
Answer:
D. Chromosomes line up along the middle or equatorial plate.
Explanation:
the step where the most atp is made is question 4 options: glycolysis krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation fermentation
oxidative phosphorylation is the answer that fits the bill. Hence the correct option is D; The most ATP molecules are produced during oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor, which results in the reduction of ATP to water.
An electrochemical gradient of 34 ATP molecules is created when electrons flow through a chain of cytochromes.
Because the citric acid cycle involves the cyclic passage of electrons via other intermediates including succinate, fumarate, and other compounds before returning to acetyl CoA, option an is wrong.
Because glycolysis only releases two ATP molecules along with pyruvate, option b is wrong. Four molecules of ATP are produced in total, but two molecules are used up in the process, leaving a net yield of just two molecules.
Because the bigger polymer of glucose is broken down into smaller monosaccharide units that are required in biological operations to create energy, option c—digesting starch to glucose—is wrong because digestion of starch needs ATP.
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Full Question :
Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates the most ATP?
a. the citric acid cycle
b. glycolysis
c. the digestion of starch to glucose
d. oxidative phosphorylation
11) describe the defining characteristics of a lipid and be able to recognize a structural diagram of a lipid as being a lipid.
A. Lipids cannot dissolve in water.
Polymerization of molecules like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen results in macromolecules, often known as polymers.
The mammalian system uses four different types of macro molecules, which are
lipids
proteins, carbs, and DNA
Lipids are large molecules that are hydrophobic, meaning they do not dissolve in water. They support the body's production of hormones and cell membranes.
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After a virus binds to a specific host cell _________, it enters the cell via either receptor-mediated _______ or by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cell.receptor , endocytosis
After a virus binds to a specific host cell receptor, it enters the cell via either receptor-mediated endocytosis by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cell.
The statement above is the process of virus penetration at the virus replication stage. Penetration is the stage of injecting viral nucleic acid into the host cell. The virus perforates the host cell's plasma membrane (and cell wall, if present) using enzymes such as lysozyme in bacteriophages.
At the penetration stage, the virus particles will be carried directly into the cell. This process is known as penetration. Some DNA viruses can also enter host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Select the type of interaction which best describes the attraction between mg2+ ions and water molecules.
ion-dipole is the type of interaction which best describes the attraction between mg2+ ions and water molecules.
The intermolecular force of attraction between a charge ion (cation or anion) and a molecule is known as an ion-dipole interaction. It is frequently found in solutions where ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents. When an ion interacts with a non-polar molecule, an ion-induced dipole force is produced. The charge of the ion, like a dipole-induced dipole force, causes a distortion of the electron cloud in the non-polar molecule, resulting in a temporary partial charge. Magnesium ion interacts with an ion dipole via water.
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the complete question is :
Select the type of interaction which best describes the attraction between Mg2+ ions and water molecules.
A) dipole-dipole
B) dipole-induced dipole
C) ion-dipole
D) ion-induced dipole
E) ion-hydrogen bond
unlike the liver and skeletal muscles, the brain does not store large amounts of glycogen. how does the body supply glucose to the brain during periods of fasting?
The brain only relies on sugar molecules so during the fasting stage after glucose is used up, fat is the next source of energy. Fat is a breakdown of fatty acids into energy.
Under normal conditions, glucose (sugar) from food is stored in the liver and muscles as the main source of energy. Before entering the fasting phase, the body will burn this energy source so that we can carry out activities as usual. After glucose runs out, fat is the next source of energy. Our bodies, which used to burn glucose, now switch to metabolizing fat during fasting.
We need to know about the metabolic processes during fasting so we can understand that the human body has natural mechanisms that are used to overcome unwanted conditions so that they remain in normal conditions. This natural mechanism is known as homeostasis. The body of the fasting person is not supplied with food, but the body will survive. This is because the body still has energy reserves in the form of fat, which comes from carbohydrates stored in the form of glycogen.
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what accounts for the different number of atp molecules that are formed through cellular respiration?
Because the composition of the electron transport chain varies between species, various organisms use their electron transport chains to produce varying amounts of ATP.
What explains the cellular respiration's variable ATP production?Different species have different limits on how many hydrogen ions the electron transport chain complexes can push across the membrane. In the electron transport chain, NAD+ produces more ATP than FAD+ and can affect the amount of ATP produced.
What causes cells to produce the most ATP?The majority of ATP synthesis takes place during cellular respiration inside the mitochondrial matrix, producing about 32 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule that is oxidized.
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If you were traveling from Monterey on the California Coast to visit Yosemite National Park, on the eastern side of the state, what three major land forms would you pass through? (in order)
A) The Klamath Mountains, the Cascade Range and the Modoc Plateau.
B) The Transverse Ranges, the Mojave Desert and the Great Basin.
C) The Coast Ranges, the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevadas.
D) The Central Valley, the Sierra Nevadas and the Great Basin.
C.Every year, the Sierra Nevada & Coast Mountain Ranges change elevation and descent by a few millimeters. due to groundwater pumping during the summer and winter in the Central Valley of California.
Geophysicists have calculated that the annual increase in these mountain ranges is caused by the progressive depletion of a Central Valley aquifer brought on by groundwater pumping. Every year, the Sierra Nevada & Coast Mountain Ranges change elevation and descent by a few millimeters. Approximately the depth of a dime, with a 150-year growth of upwards to 15 cm in total (ca. 6 inch). due to groundwater pumping during the summer and winter in the Central Valley of California. As a result, the state's faults are stressed and the likelihood of an earthquake is increased by Coast Range, the Central Valley, as well as the Sierra Nevadas.
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which observation suggested to sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?
Only when adrenaline was given to healthy cells was glycogen breakdown observed is the observation suggested to sutherland that involve a second messenger in epinephrine effect on liver cells.
Adrenaline, commonly known as epinephrine, is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. Your adrenal glands, which are hat-shaped glands situated on top of each kidney, produce and release it as a hormone. In the central nervous system, it functions as a chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, to help with the transfer of nerve signals from one nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell to another. Epinephrine is produced by your sympathetic nervous system as part of your body's "fight-or-flight" reaction, which is an emergency response mechanism to danger. In medicine, the flight-or-flight response is also referred to as the acute stress response. Catecholamines include substances including norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine. Their name alludes to a particular chemical that is a part of their structure. Within your adrenal gland, norepinephrine is converted to the hormone epinephrine. Epinephrine is a very small neurotransmitter. Your nerves barely produce anything at all. It affects metabolism, focus, enthusiasm, and anxiety. It also has an effect on concentration.
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which of the following is an example of a parasite? a. a worm in your intestine b. a lion hunting zebras c. bee stinger in your arm d. a honeybee on a flower
A worm in your intestine is an example of a parasite. Thus the correct answer is option (A).
The transmission of parasitic illnesses can happen in a variety of ways. Some diseases can spread through sexual contact. Certain parasites can be spread by insects that serve as a disease's vector or carrier.
Both the host and the parasite are housed within the same body as the parasite. A creature that lives on or inside another living organism and depends on it for nutrition is referred to as a "parasite." The relationship is referred to as parasitic when one creature, the parasite, feeds on another, the host, harming or even killing the host.
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a student using a compound light microscope is observing cells undergoing mitotic cell division. if the cells are from a bean plant which process the students will observe , explain the process in detail?
A compound light microscope is observing cells undergoing mitotic cell division. If the cells are from a bean plant this process is called Pairing of homologous chromosomes.
Two chromosomes in a pair—usually one inherited from the mother and one from the father. For example, the two copies of chromosome 1 in a cell are called homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosome pairs, or homologues, are sets of maternal and paternal chromosomes that pair within a cell during fertilization. Although this organism is diploid, it has only one pair of chromosomes. They are homologous chromosomes because they have the same genes. However, it is possible to have different alleles of each gene, as the internal pattern suggests. Have the same relative position, value, or structure:
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Considering that sounds and odors both trigger changes in the patterns of action potentials in sensory neurons, how does the brain perceive which sense is which when the action potentials reach the brain?.
As sounds and odors trigger changes in the patterns of action potentials in sensory neurons, the brain perceive which sense is which as : axons from different sensory neurons go to different areas of the brain.
What is the function of sensory neurons?Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that get activated by sensory input from the environment. For example, when you touch hot surface with fingertips, then the sensory neurons will be the ones firing and sending signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received.
Sensory nerves carry signals to the brain to help you touch, taste, smell and see whereas motor nerves carry signals to your muscles or glands to help you move and function.
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describe the anatomy of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, and grooves. describe their position before and after embryonic folding.
The pharyngeal arches, sometimes called visceral arches, are identifiable antecedents that can be observed throughout the embryonic development of vertebrates.
Pharyngeal arches, pouches, grooves, and membranes make up the pharyngeal apparatus.
A pharyngeal pouch often referred to as a Zenker's diverticulum is a small hernia-like protrusion or pocket in the throat. Throughout evolution, pharyngeal pouches are changed into various organs. This demonstrates how various creatures use the pharyngeal pouch in different ways. Pharyngeal pouches are endodermal out-pockets that form between the pharyngeal arches during embryological development. The pouches develop into tissues that become the palatine tonsils, thymus, parathyroid glands, and thyroid parafollicular cells in addition to the middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube.
The head and neck structures are formed by a series of anterior tissue bands called pharyngeal arches, which are located under the developing brain. They are also known as visceral arches and are present in vertebrate embryos. They come from each of the three germ levels. These arches are first noticed in the fourth week of development in the human embryo. They emerge on both sides of the developing pharynx as mesoderm extensions. These arches support the gills of fish and are also known as branchial arches.
The lateral and ventral areas of the head and neck are formed in part by these embryonic tissues. In these areas, the majority of congenital malformations, which are frequently called branchial anomalies, develop as the pharyngeal apparatus develops into its adult counterparts.
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if sodium was not able to be extracted on the ascending end of the loop of henle, what do you predict would happen?
True or false. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.
It is false statement that the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.
The process through which populations of living things adapt and change is known as natural selection. A population's members are naturally varied, which means that they are all distinctive in some ways. This variety indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-appropriate than others. People that possess advantageous qualities, or adapted traits, are more likely to live and procreate. The adaptable qualities are subsequently passed on to the next generation by these people. These beneficial characteristics spread across the population over time. Favorable features are passed down across generations as a result of natural selection. This natural selection covers all characteristics morphological, ecological , environmental and reproductive of organism.
Hence, reproductive capability alone cannot play role natural selection.
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as with the cockroaches, human populations cannot continue to grow exponentially; at some point, we will reach the carrying capacity of the planet. thus, the growth curve of all populations (humans included) will eventually approximate a logistic curve. that is, the population will increase exponentially until it reaches a point at which individuals in the population are affected by environmental constraints on their growth. at that point, the rate of growth declines until the population reaches carrying capacity, and the growth rate of the population reaches zero.
1 The graph in Figure 32.5 shows a logistic growth curve. Population size- Time a. Which part of the curve depicts the initial phase of early, rapid, exponential growth? b. Which part of the curve depicts the decline in growth rate? top portion Blue portion Black portion bottom portion Complete the short answer question using complete sentences and so or fewer CHARACTERS (NOT WORDS). Note: Character counts include spaces 3 List some density-independent factors that could be responsible for the shape of this curve. Consider some abiotic factors that could potentially lead to decreased birth rates or increased death rates? Type answer here 4 List some density-dependent factors that could be driving the shape of the logistics growth curve. (Hint: Consider what biotic factors could be driving changes in birth rates or mortality?)
The correct option is B ; Top portion Blue portion Black portion bottom portion Bottom and top The black bars at the top and bottom of your screen,
also referred to as "letterboxing," are a result of the broadcaster's choice to present the material in a specific way. Usually, this is done to broaden the audience for the televised event.
Over the last 100 years, the human population has increased tremendously. It has mostly achieved this through generating copious amounts of food and figuring out how to manage sickness. When mankind first developed agriculture ten thousand years ago, there may have been only a million people on the earth.
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the kern river oil field has gone through periods of boom and bust, starting with the tar mined by the yokut people to the more recent extraction of millions of barrels of crude oil annually. each period of decline in oil production was revived by .
Every time oil output fell off, new technologies, greater demand, and higher oil prices brought it back.
Although there is some semantic overlap between the phrases innovation and invention, they are nevertheless very distinct.
An invention can be anything that was concocted in one's imagination, including a lie, a discovery, a musical piece, or anything else. "A device, contrivance, or procedure originated after study and experiment" is the definition of invention that is most usually confused with innovation because it typically refers to something that has never been done before.
Innovation on the other hand might relate to a completely new thing or a change made to an already-existing concept, product, or sector. The first mobile phone was either an innovation or an invention, and the first telephone was unquestionably an invention.
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mr. exotic ordered an rflp analysis to determine the father of his new-born tiger litter. you are the scientist in charge of analyzing the results. who is the biological father according to the rflp analysis below? mo
According to the RFLP analysis, F3 is a potential father to a newborn litter of tiger cubs.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was one of the first techniques widely used to detect variation at the DNA sequence level. RFLP detection was carried out based on the possibility to compare the profile of the bands produced after cutting with restriction enzymes against the target DNA/from different individuals.
The band that the child observes must match that of the mother or father. The band observed in a child who does not match either father's mother is unlikely because in the child's DNA half of the chromosomes come from the father's side and a half from the mother's side
In the given line pattern, I have matched the son line with the father to be, Only F3 is matched.
Your question is incomplete, see the complete question in the picture.
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results of an abo blood typing indicate agglutination reactions when anti-a and anti-b are added to the blood sample. the blood type of the individual would therefore be
For instance, if the anti-A antibody agglutinates a blood sample from a person but not the anti-B antibody, the A antigen is present but not the B antigen.
In the event of A-B-O blood compatibility, a type O mother's anti-A and anti-B antibodies may get into the fetus's circulatory system and cause fetal RBC agglutination.
Anti-A antibodies (added to the first well) will produce agglutination when they come into contact with A antigens on AB erythrocytes. Similar to this, agglutination results from anti-B antibodies coming into contact with B antigens on AB erythrocytes.
The Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-A,B reagents are used to identify the ABO blood group in red blood cells. They are employed to establish the
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