For each statement, write what would be assumed and what would be proven in a proof by contrapositive of the statement. Then write what would be assumed and what would be proven in a proof by contradiction of the statement.

a. If x and y are a pair of consecutive integers, then x and y have opposite parity.
b. For all integers n, if n² is odd, then n is also odd.

Answer:

a)

Given Statement - If x and y are a pair of consecutive integers, then x and y have opposite parity.

Proof by Contrapositive:

Assumed statement: Suppose that integers x and y do not have opposite parity.

Proven Statement: x and y are not a pair of consecutive integers.

Proof -

x = 2u₁ , y = 2u₂

Then

(x, x+1) = (2u₁ , 2u₁ + 1) = (Even, odd)

If y = 2u₁ + 1

Not possible

⇒x and y are not a pair of consecutive integers.

Hence proved.

Proof by Contradiction:

Assumed statement: Suppose x and y are not a pair of consecutive integers.

Proven Statement: Suppose x and y do not have opposite parity.

Proof -

If x and y are not a pair of consecutive integers.

⇒ either x and y are odd or even

If x and y are odd

⇒x and y have same parity

Contradiction

If x and y are even

⇒x and y have same parity

Contradiction

(b)

Proof by Contrapositive:

Assumed statement: Let n be an integer such that n is not odd (i.e. n is an even integer)

Proven Statement: n² is not odd (i.e n² is even)

Proof -

Let n is even

⇒n = 2m

⇒n² = (2m)² = 4m²

⇒n² is even

Hence proved.

Proof by Contradiction:

Assumed statement: Let n be an integer such that n² be odd.

Proven Statement:  suppose that n is not odd (i.e n is even)

Proof -

Let n² is odd

⇒n² is even

⇒n² = 2m

⇒2 | n²

⇒2 | n

⇒n = 2x

⇒ n is even

Contradiction

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