To avoid increased costs for doll clothes, Folkways may consider backward integration by bringing the doll clothing production in-house or finding alternative sources for cost-effective clothing. For Pharmaco to increase sales of its arthritis ointment Heat, it may consider market development by targeting new customer segments or product development by introducing variations of the ointment or packaging.
Folkways, faced with increased costs for doll clothes due to the acquisition by a larger clothing manufacturer, can consider backward integration. By bringing the production of doll clothing in-house or finding alternative suppliers with lower costs, Folkways can regain control over the supply chain and reduce expenses, thereby avoiding the impact of increased prices.
For Pharmaco, struggling with low sales of its arthritis ointment Heat, a potential strategy to increase sales could be market development. Pharmaco can explore new customer segments or geographical markets that could benefit from the product. By identifying and targeting specific subgroups within the population over 50 with age-related aches and pains, Pharmaco can expand its reach and potentially increase sales.
Another strategy Pharmaco could consider is product development. This involves introducing variations of the arthritis ointment Heat or exploring packaging options that appeal to the target market. By offering different strengths or formulations of the ointment, or packaging options that enhance convenience or user experience, Pharmaco can attract more customers and address their specific needs.
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the ________ rate of interest is the rate that balances the supply of savings and the demand for investment funds.
The term you are looking for is "equilibrium" rate of interest. The equilibrium rate of interest is the rate that balances the supply of savings and the demand for investment funds.
The equilibrium rate of interest is the rate that matches the amount of savings in an economy with the amount of investment that businesses and individuals want to make. When the demand for investment funds is high and the supply of savings is low, the equilibrium rate of interest will rise to encourage more saving and reduce demand for funds. Conversely, when the supply of savings is high and the demand for investment funds is low, the equilibrium rate of interest will fall to stimulate more investment and reduce the supply of savings. Essentially, the equilibrium rate of interest helps to ensure that an economy is functioning optimally by balancing the forces of saving and investment.
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Please answer my question correctly and completely at least 300 words, I will give an upvote. Thank you
4. Brief what are the 5 key factors in the need for a specific asset？
5. What are the factors affecting the bond interest rates and properly described？
6. What costs does information asymmetry produce in financial transactions? How to avoid it?
Demand: The demand for a specific asset is a crucial factor. It can be influenced by factors such as consumer preferences, market trends, and economic conditions.
Scarcity: Scarcity refers to the limited availability of an asset. When an asset is scarce, its value tends to increase due to the principle of supply and demand. Scarcity can be influenced by factors like limited resources, rarity, or restricted production.c) Utility: The utility or usefulness of an asset is a significant factor in determining its need. Assets that provide essential functions, fulfill specific purposes, or generate value are more likely to be in demand.d) Economic Growth: Economic growth and development can create a need for specific assets. As economies expand, there may be a greater demand for infrastructure, machinery, technology, and other assets that support growth and productivity.e) Regulator 5. Bond interest rates are influenced by several factors, including:
a) Creditworthiness: The creditworthiness of the issuer significantly affects bond interest rates. Higher creditworthiness translates to lower risk, resulting in lower interest rates. Conversely, lower creditworthiness leads to higher interest rates to compensate for the increased risk.
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A monopolist faces the following demand curve, marginal revenue curve, total cost curve for its product:
Q=1475-40p
MR= 7500-60Q
TC=5Q
MC=1200
14. What level of output maximizes total revenue?
15. What is the profit maximizing level of output?
16. What is profit maximizing price?
17. How much profit does the monopolist earn?
18. Suppose that a tax of $300 for each unit produced is imposed by state government. What is the profit maximizing level of output?
Level of output that maximizes total revenue is the one where marginal revenue = 0Marginal revenue is equal to zero when:Qd = 1475-40p = (7500-60Q)/Q
Thus, Q= 1255 units will be the level of output that maximizes total revenue.15. The profit maximizing level of output occurs where marginal cost equals marginal revenue MC = 1200 = 7500 - 60Q => Q = 121 unitsThus, the profit maximizing level of output is 121 units.16. Profit maximizing price can be found by substituting the value of Q in the demand curve equation.P = (1475 - Qd)/40P = (1475 - 40(121))/40= $112.6385 ~ $112.6417.
Profit can be calculated by using the formula:Profit = (P - ATC) x Qwhere ATC is the average total cost, which is calculated as follows:ATC = TC / Q = 5Q / Q = $5 per unitProfit = (112.64 - 5) x 121= $13,674.96The monopolist earns a profit of $13,674.96.18. After a tax of $300 for each unit produced is imposed by state government, the monopolist's marginal cost will increase by the amount of the tax to $1,500. Thus, the new profit maximizing level of output can be calculated as: MC = 1500 = 7500 - 60Q => Q = 116 units.The new profit maximizing level of output is 116 units.
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What is the depreciation charge of an equipment purchased four (4) years ago for $200,000, and a expected life of 10 years if it is depreciated using the MACRS method? a. $18,440 Ob. $6,560 Oc. $23,040 O d. $14,740
the depreciation charge using the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) method, we need to determine the applicable depreciation rates for each year based on the asset's recovery period.
For equipment with a 10-year expected life, the recovery period is classified as 7 years under MACRS.To calculate the depreciation expense for each year, we multiply the depreciation rate by the initial cost of the equipment. Using this approach, the depreciation charges for the first four years are as follows:
Year 1: $200,000 * 14.29% = $28,580
Year 2: $200,000 * 24.49% = $48,980
Year 3: $200,000 * 17.49% = $34,980
Year 4: $200,000 * 12.49% = $24,980
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Identify and explain the characteristics that distinguish
governments and not-for-profit entities from business
entities.
These characteristics include the absence of profit motive, the provision of public services, the reliance on funding from taxes and donations, the absence of ownership, and the presence of accountability to the public.
One key characteristic that distinguishes governments and not-for-profit entities from business entities is the absence of a profit motive. Unlike businesses that aim to generate profits for their owners or shareholders, governments and not-for-profit entities primarily focus on providing public services and fulfilling a social mission.
Another distinguishing factor is the funding sources. While businesses generate revenue through sales and commercial activities, governments rely on taxes and other sources of public funding. Not-for-profit entities may receive funding from various sources, including donations, grants, and fundraising.
Additionally, governments and not-for-profit entities typically do not have ownership interests. Unlike businesses that have owners or shareholders who have ownership rights and can distribute profits, governments and not-for-profit entities operate for the benefit of the public or specific communities.
Furthermore, governments and not-for-profit entities are accountable to the public and must adhere to regulations and transparency requirements. They often have reporting obligations to demonstrate how public funds are used and ensure proper stewardship of resources.
In summary, the key characteristics that distinguish governments and not-for-profit entities from business entities are the absence of profit motive, the provision of public services, reliance on public funding, lack of ownership, and accountability to the public. These characteristics reflect the unique objectives and responsibilities of these entities in serving the broader interests of society.
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When the process of freeing a vehicle that has been stuck
results in ruts or holes, the operator will fill the rut or hole
created by such activity before removing the vehicle from the
immediate area.
When the process of freeing a vehicle that has been stuck results in ruts or holes, the operator will fill the rut or hole created by such activity before removing the vehicle from the immediate area.
This is done to prevent further damage to the area and to ensure that other vehicles can use the same area without getting stuck. If the rut or hole is not filled in, it can become a hazard to other vehicles that may be travelling in the area. It can also cause damage to the tires of other vehicles, which can be costly to repair.
Therefore, it is important to fill in the rut or hole before leaving the area. In addition to filling in the rut or hole, the operator should also be careful not to damage the area any further. This means that the vehicle should be driven out of the area slowly and carefully, without causing any more damage. If the vehicle is driven too quickly or carelessly, it can cause more damage to the area and make it harder for other vehicles to travel through the area.
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Identify and briefly describe Fuller’s three
developmental stages of teachers.
Fuller's three developmental stages of teachers Fuller has identified three developmental stages of teachers as novice, transitional, and expert.
These developmental stages of teachers are briefly described below: Novice In the novice stage, teachers are mainly concerned with managing themselves. They lack confidence and have limited instructional skills. They are not yet capable of understanding the complexities of teaching. Transitional In the transitional stage, teachers have developed a sense of confidence, and their focus shifts from managing themselves to managing their students. They begin to develop a range of instructional skills, but they are still concerned with following a specific plan and are less flexible. Expert In the expert stage, teachers have a deep understanding of teaching, and they have developed a wide range of instructional skills that they can use flexibly and adapt to the needs of their students. They have a strong sense of how to manage the complex dynamic of teaching and are less concerned with following specific plans or routines. The expert teacher is an autonomous and reflective practitioner who continually seeks to improve their teaching. The three developmental stages of teachers identified by Fuller provide an essential framework for understanding how teachers' expertise develops over time. This framework provides a guide for identifying the professional learning needs of teachers at different stages of their careers. It can also be used to develop strategies for supporting teachers' professional growth, such as mentoring programs and professional development opportunities.The novice stage is a critical period for new teachers, and it is important to provide them with the necessary support and resources to develop their instructional skills and build their confidence. During the transitional stage, teachers begin to develop their instructional repertoire, and it is essential to provide opportunities for them to experiment with different teaching strategies and approaches. In the expert stage, teachers are most effective when they are given opportunities to be innovative and flexible in their teaching and are encouraged to reflect critically on their practice to continually improve their instruction.
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A contractor recently completed a bridge for the City of Paige. After the contractor removed his workers and equipment, several deficiencies were noticed. Another contractor was hired to repair these deficiencies. The cost of the repairs should be charged to
A contractor was hired by the City of Paige to construct a bridge. However, after the contractor had removed his workers and equipment, several deficiencies were noticed.
Another contractor was employed by the City of Paige to repair these deficiencies.The question is asking who should be charged for the repairs of these deficiencies. The cost of the repairs of these deficiencies should be charged to the original contractor who was hired by the City of Paige to construct the bridge. This is because the original contractor did not complete the work to the satisfactory standard required by the City of Paige.It is the responsibility of the original contractor to ensure that the bridge was constructed according to the required specifications and to the satisfactory standard of the client. The client, in this case, the City of Paige, has the right to hold the original contractor accountable for any deficiencies noted after the project has been completed. This is especially true if the deficiencies could have been prevented by the original contractor or if the original contractor had failed to meet the requirements of the contract.Therefore, the cost of the repairs should be charged to the original contractor, as the deficiencies were caused by the original contractor.
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Your friend is trying to convince you invest in a farm. The initial investment requires $20,000 from your part. He promises you a (net) revenue of $1,500 for the first year that will keep increasing by $200 every year for the following 5 years. You plan to keep the farm for a total of 6 years and your friend promised to buy your share at the end of year 6 for $15,000. Assuming MARR = 15%, use PW to determine the profitability of this investment. Include a cash-flow diagram
To determine the profitability of the farm investment, we will use the Present Worth (PW) method. The investment requires an initial outlay of $20,000. The net revenue for the first year is $1,500, increasing by $200 each year for the next five years.
At the end of the sixth year, your friend promises to buy your share for $15,000. Assuming a Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) of 15%, we will calculate the present worth of cash inflows and outflows to evaluate the investment's profitability.
The cash flow diagram for this investment is as follows:
Year 0: -$20,000 (Initial investment)
Year 1: $1,500 (Net revenue)
Year 2: $1,700 (Net revenue)
Year 3: $1,900 (Net revenue)
Year 4: $2,100 (Net revenue)
Year 5: $2,300 (Net revenue)
Year 6: $2,500 (Net revenue) + $15,000 (Sale of your share)
To calculate the Present Worth (PW), we discount each cash flow to the present value using the MARR of 15%. The formula for calculating PW is:
PW = (CF1 / (1 + MARR)^1) + (CF2 / (1 + MARR)^2) + ... + (CFn / (1 + MARR)^n)
Using this formula, we calculate the present worth of the cash flows:
PW = (-$20,000 / (1 + 0.15)^0) + ($1,500 / (1 + 0.15)^1) + ($1,700 / (1 + 0.15)^2) + ($1,900 / (1 + 0.15)^3) + ($2,100 / (1 + 0.15)^4) + ($2,300 / (1 + 0.15)^5) + ($2,500 / (1 + 0.15)^6) + ($15,000 / (1 + 0.15)^6)
After calculating the PW, we can compare it to zero. If PW is greater than zero, the investment is considered profitable. If PW is less than zero, the investment is not considered profitable.
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In a fractional reserve banking system like the one in the U.S., new deposits are created when
Multiple Choice
a person takes money out of one bank and puts it in another bank.
a bank lends money.
a person takes money out of the banking system and holds it as cash.
All of these options are correct.
a bank borrows dollars from the Federal Reserve.
All of these options are correct. in a fractional reserve banking system like the one in the U.S., new deposits are created through a combination of these actions, including interbank transfers, lending, holding cash as deposits, and borrowing from the central bank.
In a fractional reserve banking system like the one in the U.S., new deposits can be created through various mechanisms. One way is when a person takes money out of one bank and puts it in another bank. When this happens, the original bank loses reserves but the receiving bank gains new deposits. This process effectively increases the total amount of deposits in the banking system.
Another way is when a bank lends money. Banks are allowed to create new deposits by extending loans to borrowers. When a loan is granted, the bank creates a new deposit in the borrower's account, increasing the overall amount of deposits in the system. This is possible due to the fractional reserve system, where banks are only required to hold a fraction of deposits as reserves while lending out the remainder.
Additionally, a person taking money out of the banking system and holding it as cash can also contribute to the creation of new deposits. When cash is withdrawn, it reduces the reserves of the bank. However, if the withdrawn cash is subsequently deposited into another bank, that bank gains new deposits, thereby increasing the total deposits in the system.
Lastly, a bank borrowing dollars from the Federal Reserve can also lead to the creation of new deposits. When a bank borrows from the Federal Reserve, it receives additional reserves that it can use to extend loans or create new deposits. This injection of reserves into the banking system increases the potential for new deposits to be created through lending activities.
Overall, in a fractional reserve banking system like the one in the U.S., new deposits are created through a combination of these actions, including interbank transfers, lending, holding cash as deposits, and borrowing from the central bank.
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Consider the following table showing aggregate consumption expenditures and disposable income. All values are expressed in billions of constant dollars. a. Compute desired saving at each level of disposable income. (Round your responses to the nearest whole number.) 50- Disposable Income (Y) Desired Consumption (C) NUL Savings 100 200 300 400 5 0 600 700 800 100 180 Savings (5) -50/ 260 100 200 300 400 500 600 340 420 500 580 Click the graph, choose a tool in the palette and follow the instructio your grap $ Use the line drawing tool to draw and label the savings function on the diam at right. Make sure that the line extends from disposable incomes of Ohio Carefully follow the structions above and only draw the requedo What is the slope of the savings function? The slope of the savings function is (Round your response to two deal places) b. The marginal propensity to save, which equals plus the marginal propensity to consume, which equals . must equal the integet value at Round your responses to two decimal places) c. Write the equation for this savings function (Round your responses to lo decimal places 9 ($1 S 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 ES S. + Cink theran hot and in the
The table given above shows aggregate consumption expenditures and disposable income. Desired savings have to be computed for each level of disposable income. This question is related to macroeconomics. The slope of the savings function is given as 0.2.
A savings function is the relationship between savings and disposable income. The disposable income is measured along the horizontal axis of a graph, and savings are measured along the vertical axis. The slope of the savings function shows the relationship between changes in savings and changes in disposable income. The savings function can be calculated as follows: Savings = Disposable Income - ConsumptionAt disposable income of $50 billion, savings are - $5 billion. At a disposable income of $100 billion, savings are $0.At a disposable income of $200 billion, savings are $260 billion. At a disposable income of $300 billion, savings are $500 billion. At a disposable income of $400 billion, savings are $580 billion. The slope of the savings function is the marginal propensity to save (MPS). In this case, the slope is calculated as Change in Savings / Change in Disposable Income= $580 billion - (- $5 billion) / $400 billion - $50 billion= $585 billion / $350 billion= 0.2The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is equal to 1 - MPS. In this case, the MPC is calculated as:1 - 0.2= 0.8The equation for this savings function can be written as:Savings = - $5 billion + 0.2 (Disposable Income)
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Mary has reported Jan. 2020 total productivity is 1.10 and April
2020 is 1.40. Calculate the percent change
a.
minus 27%
b.
27%
c.
0.27%
d.
minus 0.27%
The percent change in productivity of Mary from January 2020 to April 2020 will be 27% (option b).
The percent change of productivity of Mary from January 2020 to April 2020 will be 27%.Solution:Given that the productivity of Mary in January 2020 is 1.10 and in April 2020 is 1.40. We need to calculate the percent change in productivity of Mary from January 2020 to April 2020.Percent Change = [(New Value - Old Value) / Old Value] × 100We have, Old Value = 1.10New Value = 1.40Therefore, Percent Change = [(1.40 - 1.10) / 1.10] × 100= (0.30 / 1.10) × 100= 27.27≈ 27%.Therefore, the percent change in productivity of Mary from January 2020 to April 2020 will be 27% (option b).
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Create accounts to match the following Chart of Account:
Account types are shown in brackets beside the account.
(A) = Subgroup (S) = Subgroup total (H) = Heading (T) = Total
(X) = Current Earnings Al
The different levels of grouping and subgroups within the Chart of Accounts, but they are not part of the account names themselves.
Based on the provided Chart of Accounts, I have created the following accounts that match the account types indicated:
Assets (H):
Current Assets (H):
Cash (A)
Accounts Receivable (A)
Inventory (A)
Fixed Assets (H):
Property, Plant, and Equipment (A)
Accumulated Depreciation (A)
Other Assets (H):
Prepaid Expenses (A)
Investments (A)
Liabilities (H):
Current Liabilities (H):
Accounts Payable (A)
Short-Term Loans (A)
Long-Term Liabilities (H):
Long-Term Loans (A)
Bonds Payable (A)
Equity (H):
Retained Earnings (A)
Capital Stock (A)
Revenues (H):
Sales Revenue (A)
Service Revenue (A)
Expenses (H):
Cost of Goods Sold (A)
Salaries and Wages Expense (A)
Rent Expense (A)
Utilities Expense (A)
Depreciation Expense (A)
Advertising Expense (A)
Interest Expense (A)
Income Tax Expense (A)
Other Income and Expenses (H):
Interest Income (A)
Gain on Sale of Assets (A)
Loss on Disposal of Assets (A)
Current Earnings Allocation (H):
Retained Earnings - Current Earnings (A)
Dividends (A)
Note: The (A), (S), (H), (T), and (X) annotations indicate the different levels of grouping and subgroups within the Chart of Accounts, but they are not part of the account names themselves.
These accounts should provide a comprehensive framework for recording and categorizing various financial transactions within the specified Chart of Accounts.
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if you could finance a new venture with either a stock issue or bonds, which option would you choose? what are their respective advantages and disadvantages?
The answer to this question is dependent on the goals of the company and the financial position of the company. Bonds have the advantage of being predictable with respect to the interest paid, while stocks have the advantage of providing potential growth.
Stocks and Bonds are some of the financial instruments used by companies to finance their activities. These financial instruments are different in terms of how they work and their advantages and disadvantages, which a company has to consider while choosing which one to use to finance its new venture
Advantages of stocks:
1. Potential for Growth: Stocks have the potential for growth in value, which makes it attractive for investors. This growth can lead to increased profits, dividends, and capital gains.
2. Liquidity: It is easy to buy and sell stocks, which makes them a popular investment for investors. This liquidity makes it easier for companies to raise money from the stock market.
3. No obligation to pay dividends: Companies have no obligation to pay dividends to their shareholders, which means that the company can use the profits to finance its activities. This flexibility is an advantage for companies that do not want to pay dividends to their shareholders.
Advantages of Bonds:
1. Predictable Income: Bonds provide a predictable income stream through the payment of interest. This predictable income is an advantage for investors who want a steady income stream.
2. Security: Bonds are considered a safer investment than stocks since the principal is guaranteed. This security is an advantage for investors who want to avoid the volatility of the stock market.
3. Tax Benefits: Bondholders enjoy tax benefits such as tax-free interest income or tax-deductible interest payments.
Disadvantages of stocks:
1. Volatility: The stock market is unpredictable, and stock prices can change drastically in a short period, which makes them a risky investment.
2. No guarantee of dividends: Companies have no obligation to pay dividends to their shareholders, which means that the shareholders may not receive any income.
3. Dilution: If a company issues more shares, it can lead to the dilution of the shareholder's ownership stake.
Disadvantages of Bonds:
1. Limited Growth: Bonds do not provide the same potential for growth as stocks.
2. Illiquidity: Bonds are not as liquid as stocks, which means that it may be difficult to sell them quickly.
3. Interest Rate Risk: Bonds are affected by interest rate changes, which can lead to a decline in the value of the bond.
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customer relationship management systems would generally be considered to be an
Customer relationship management systems would generally be considered to be an effective tool for managing customer interactions. Overall, customer relationship management systems are an essential tool for any business looking to build and maintain strong customer relationships.
In today's digital age, a strong relationship between customers and businesses is critical to success, and customer relationship management (CRM) systems provide a systematic approach to managing these relationships. By providing a centralized database of customer information, CRM systems enable businesses to better understand their customers, anticipate their needs, and personalize their interactions. Through automation and analytics, CRM systems allow businesses to streamline their sales and marketing processes, improve customer service, and ultimately increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Overall, customer relationship management systems are an essential tool for any business looking to build and maintain strong customer relationships.
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1 Writing Assignment Read chapter 1 and answer the following questions: 1. What are the three main goals of macroeconomics? 2. Are households primarily buyers or sellers in the good and services market? In the labor market? 3. What is scarcity? Can you think of two causes of scarcity? 4. What is the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics?
The three main goals of macroeconomics are: (1) promoting economic growth and increasing overall production, (2) ensuring full employment or low unemployment, and (3) maintaining price stability and controlling inflation.
In the goods and services market, households are primarily buyers as they consume goods and services produced by firms. In the labor market, households are primarily sellers as they provide their labor services to firms in exchange for wages.
Scarcity refers to the fundamental concept that resources are limited relative to the unlimited wants and needs of individuals and society. Two causes of scarcity are the finite availability of resources, such as natural resources and labor, and the opportunity cost of using resources in one way rather than another.
Microeconomics focuses on the behavior of individual economic units such as households, firms, and industries, and analyzes how they make decisions regarding resource allocation. It examines specific market interactions and the determination of prices. On the other hand, macroeconomics studies the overall behavior and performance of the entire economy, including aggregate variables such as GDP, unemployment rate, inflation, and fiscal and monetary policies. It looks at the economy as a whole and aims to understand and address issues related to economic growth, employment, and stability at a broader level.
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The industry context of the articles is smartphones or mobile computing (in contrast to desktop computing OR traditional mobile phones). Use the chart below to classify the effect of mobile computing as either low or high innovation impact in each category, giving reasons for your answer. You should commit to either the "low" or the "high" cell when answering the question, but if you believe sufficiently strongly that the answer is "both" or somewhere in the middle, you may choose to fill out both cells in the rows below.
The impact of mobile computing is high innovation in all categories.
The emergence of smartphones and mobile computing has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and entertain ourselves. In the category of hardware, mobile computing has brought about a significant shift towards smaller, more powerful, and more portable devices. The development of mobile operating systems has led to the creation of countless mobile applications that have transformed the way we interact with technology. The rise of mobile commerce has opened up new markets and created new opportunities for businesses. Overall, the impact of mobile computing has been transformative and far-reaching.
In conclusion, the impact of mobile computing is high innovation across all categories. Its impact can be seen in the hardware, software, and business aspects of the industry, leading to significant changes in how we interact with technology and conduct our daily lives.
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Suggest two (2) financial instruments or tools of Islamic financial economics that you think can help to reduce the burden of economic difficulties during the current crisis of COVID-19 pandemic. Explain.
Sukuk (Islamic Bonds) and Takaful (Islamic Insurance) are two financial instruments or tools of Islamic financial economics that can help reduce the burden of economic difficulties during the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis.
1. Sukuk (Islamic Bonds): Sukuk are asset-backed securities that represent ownership in a tangible asset or a specific project. They are structured to comply with Islamic principles, such as the prohibition of interest (riba) and excessive uncertainty (gharar). Sukuk holders receive profits generated by the underlying assets or projects rather than interest payments. This makes Sukuk a viable instrument during the COVID-19 crisis as governments and organizations can issue Sukuk to raise funds for critical projects and programs.
For instance, governments can issue Sukuk to finance the construction of healthcare facilities, production of medical equipment, or research and development of vaccines. By doing so, they can ensure that funds are allocated to initiatives directly addressing the pandemic's impact. Investors, in turn, contribute to these projects and receive a share of the profits generated. Sukuk can attract both domestic and international investors, enabling governments and organizations to secure necessary funds during economic difficulties.
2. Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Takaful is an insurance concept based on the principles of cooperation and shared responsibility. It operates through a system of contributions from participants, who agree to mutually guarantee and compensate each other in the event of a loss or adversity. Takaful promotes the idea of community support and ensures that participants bear the risk collectively.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Takaful can play a significant role in reducing economic difficulties. Takaful operators can design insurance products specifically tailored to pandemic-related risks, such as medical expenses, loss of income due to quarantine or business closures, and other relevant aspects. By subscribing to Takaful policies, individuals and businesses can protect themselves against unforeseen circumstances and receive financial assistance when needed.
Takaful models encourage risk-sharing, transparency, and ethical practices, which can instill confidence among policyholders. By distributing the burden of losses among participants, Takaful can help alleviate financial difficulties caused by the pandemic, providing a safety net for those affected.
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Write brief notes on each of the following:
a) L-Saving technical progress
b) K-Saving technical progress
c) Neutral technical progress
d) Protrade growth in terms of production and consumption
e) Antitrade growth in terms of production and consumption
a) L-Saving Technical Progress:
L-Saving technical progress refers to a type of technological advancement or innovation that reduces the requirement for labor input while maintaining or increasing the level of capital input. In other words, it allows for the production of the same output with less labor, resulting in higher labor productivity. This form of technical progress can lead to higher efficiency and economic growth by reducing production costs and freeing up labor resources for other productive activities.
b) K-Saving Technical Progress:
K-Saving technical progress is a form of technological progress that reduces the need for capital input while maintaining or increasing the level of labor input. It involves improvements in technology or processes that allow for the production of the same output with less capital. This can result in higher capital productivity, lower production costs, and increased efficiency. K-Saving technical progress can lead to capital accumulation and economic growth by enabling more efficient use of existing capital resources.
c) Neutral Technical Progress:
Neutral technical progress, also known as Hicks-neutral technical progress, refers to technological advancements that affect both labor and capital inputs proportionally. It implies that the productivity of both labor and capital increases by the same proportion, resulting in no bias towards either factor of production. Neutral technical progress does not alter the relative shares of income between labor and capital. It can lead to overall economic growth and increased output without causing significant shifts in income distribution.
d) Protrade Growth in Terms of Production and Consumption:
Protrade growth refers to a pattern of economic growth characterized by an increase in both production and consumption through expanding international trade. It involves the expansion of exports and imports, leading to increased integration into the global economy. Protrade growth is associated with various benefits, such as economies of scale, access to larger markets, technological spillovers, and enhanced specialization based on comparative advantage. It can contribute to higher levels of economic output, improved living standards, and increased consumer choices.
e) Antitrade Growth in Terms of Production and Consumption:
Antitrade growth refers to a scenario where there is a decline or restriction in international trade, leading to reduced production and consumption. It involves measures such as trade barriers, tariffs, quotas, or protectionist policies that limit the flow of goods and services between countries. Antitrade growth can have adverse effects on economic development, as it restricts market access, stifles competition, and reduces efficiency gains from specialization and trade. It may result in lower levels of production, limited consumer choices, and potential negative impacts on economic welfare.
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Assume a circular city with length equal to 1 and consumers uniformly distributed around it. It is assumed that all consumers buy the good, and obtain utility s from purchasing it. Transportation costs are equal to tr², where t is the transportation cost and the distance between consumers and the firm at which they buy the good. In the first stage firms decide whether to enter the market by incurring a fixed cost equal to f, in which case they choose a location. In the second stage, firms choose prices. Let p; be the price set by firm i and D; its demand. Each firm faces marginal Pi costs equal to c. a) Assume that n firms enter the market and they locate equidistantly (location is exogenous). 1) Obtain the demand D; (firm i sets a price p, given rivals' price p_i). 2) Obtain the profit function of firm i. 3) Compute equilibrium prices in the second stage (assume that firms set the same price in equilibrium). Compute each firm's demand. b) Compute the equilibrium in the first stage. Show that if the transportation cost, t, is equal to f, the equilibrium market structure is made of a monopoly. Intuitively explain why.
In this circular city model, consumers are uniformly distributed, and firms decide whether to enter the market and choose their locations in the first stage. In the second stage, firms set prices based on their demand and face marginal costs.
a) In the equidistant location case, the demand D_i for firm i can be obtained by considering the consumers' utility and transportation costs. The profit function for firm i can be derived by subtracting its total cost from its revenue, where the total cost includes the fixed cost and the marginal cost.
b) To compute the equilibrium in the first stage, it is observed that if the transportation cost t is equal to the fixed cost f, the equilibrium market structure becomes a monopoly. Intuitively, this occurs because when transportation costs are equal to the fixed cost, it becomes economically unfeasible for multiple firms to enter the market. T
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A government gives its approval for the building of a private hospital because the hospital
would be socially beneficial. In making its decision it calculates private costs at RM600
million, private benefits at RM700 million and external costs at RM200 million. What does
this suggest must be TRUE about the external benefits of the scheme?
A. External benefits equal private benefits.
B. External benefits must exceed RM100 million.
C. External benefits exceed external costs.
D. There are no external benefits.
To determine the external benefits of the scheme, we need to compare the private costs, private benefits, and external costs provided in the scenario.
In this case, the private costs of the hospital are RM600 million, the private benefits are RM700 million, and the external costs are RM200 million.
Since the government considers the hospital socially beneficial and approves its construction, it suggests that the external benefits of the scheme exist and outweigh the external costs.
Therefore, the correct statement is C. External benefits exceed external costs.
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As the number of manufactured units increases the: Multiple Choice fixed costs per unit increase. variable costs per unit decrease. total fixed costs decrease. Total variable costs increase.
As the number of manufactured units increases, the:Multiple Choice: variable costs per unit decrease.
Explanation: Variable costs are costs that vary in direct proportion to the level of production or the number of units manufactured. As the number of units increases, the total variable costs increase due to the additional units produced. However, the variable costs per unit decrease because the fixed portion of the costs is spread over a larger number of units, resulting in a lower cost per unit. This is known as economies of scale. Therefore, the correct answer is that variable costs per unit decrease as the number of manufactured units increases.
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Two players play the following normal form game. 1\2 Left Middle Right Left 4,2 3,3 1,2 Middle 3,3 5,5 2,6 Right 2,1 6,2 3,3 Suppose that the game is repeated for two periods. What is the outcome from the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of the whole game: Oa) (Left, Left) is played in both periods. Ob) (Right, Right) is played in both periods. O c) (Middle, Middle) is played in the first period, followed by (Left, Left) O d) (Middle, Middle) is played in the first period, followed by (Right, Right)
The outcome from the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of the whole game is option (C), (Middle, Middle) is played in the first period, followed by (Left, Left).Therefore the correct option is c) (Middle, Middle) is played in the first period, followed by (Left, Left).
Given the following normal form game,The given normal form game can be represented as:In the given normal form game, there is no dominant strategy for both players.
The best strategy for player A is to play Middle if player B is playing Middle or Right, and to play Left if player B is playing Left. The best strategy for player B is to play Middle if player A is playing Middle, and to play Right if player A is playing Left.Suppose that the game is repeated for two periods.
Then the game will look like the following: If the game is played only once, the Nash equilibrium is (Middle, Middle) with a payoff of (3, 3). If the game is repeated for two periods, then the players can punish each other in the second period if they deviate from the Nash equilibrium in the first period.
As a result, the players can achieve a higher payoff by playing (Middle, Middle) in the first period, and then cooperate by playing (Left, Left) or (Right, Right) in the second period. The outcome from the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of the whole game is option (C), (Middle, Middle) is played in the first period, followed by (Left, Left).
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Contains the primary purpose of the product or service being
offered by the entreprise.?
The primary purpose of the product or service being offered by the enterprise is usually defined in the company's mission statement.
A mission statement is a short description of the company's purpose and reason for being. It outlines the company's objectives and how it plans to achieve them. It also provides a guide for the company's decision-making process. The mission statement should be clear, concise, and easy to understand.The primary purpose of a product or service is to satisfy the needs of customers. Therefore, the mission statement should focus on the customer and the value the company provides. This includes the benefits the product or service provides, such as quality, affordability, and convenience. The mission statement should also consider the company's core values, such as social responsibility and ethical business practices.A well-crafted mission statement can help a company differentiate itself from its competitors. It can also help to establish a strong brand identity and create a sense of purpose among employees. Ultimately, the mission statement should inspire and motivate the company to achieve its goals, and it should resonate with the company's stakeholders, including customers, employees, and investors.In summary, the primary purpose of the product or service being offered by the enterprise is typically found in the company's mission statement. The mission statement should focus on the customer and the value the company provides, while also considering the company's core values and objectives. A clear and concise mission statement can help to differentiate the company from its competitors, establish a strong brand identity, and create a sense of purpose among employees.
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Assume that a company provided the following information and assumptions from its master budget: Sales budget Unit sales in June, July, and August are 20,000, 18,000, and 17,000, respectively. The selling price per unit is $80. All sales are on account. 20% of sales are collected in the month of sale and 80% are collected in the next month. What are the budgeted sales for July? Multiple Choice $288,000 $1,440,000 $1,152,000
The budgeted sales of the company for July are $1,152,000.
How are the budgeted sales for July calculated?The budgeted sales for July can be calculated by multiplying the unit sales for July by the selling price per unit. In this case, the unit sales for July are given as 18,000, and the selling price per unit is $80. Therefore, the budgeted sales for July can be calculated as follows:
Budgeted sales for July = Unit sales for July × Selling price per unit
= 18,000 units × $80 per unit
= $1,440,000
In budgeting and financial planning, a sales budget is a crucial component used to estimate and forecast a company's future sales revenue. It helps organizations set realistic sales targets and make informed decisions regarding production, inventory, and resource allocation.
To create a sales budget, a company considers factors such as historical sales data, market trends, customer demand, and pricing strategies. It is essential to accurately estimate the volume of sales and the timing of cash inflows to effectively manage cash flow and financial resources.
Revenue forecasting involves predicting future sales and revenue based on various assumptions and factors. Accurate revenue forecasting assists in budgeting, setting sales targets, and evaluating business performance. It requires analyzing past sales patterns, market conditions, competitive landscape, and customer behavior.
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Squirrel Co. operates in a lean manufacturing environment. For June production, Squirrel purchased 6,000 units of raw materials at $6.00 per unit on account. The Journal entry required to record this transaction is a. Finished Goods 16,000 Accounts Payable 36,000 b. Raw and In Process Inventory 36,000 Accounts Payable 36,000 Cc. Raw Materials Inventory 16,000 36,000 Accounts Payable Od. Cost of Goods Manufactured Accounts Payable 36,000 36,000 Schedule of Activity Costs Quality Control Activities Activity Cost Process audits $51,700 Training of machine operators 25,200 Processing returned products 17,800 Scrap processing (disposal) 24,300 Rework 8,100 Preventative maintenance 31,700 Product design 41,100 Warranty work 7,900 Finished goods inspection 22,100 From the provided schedule of activity costs, determine the total activity cost. a. $229,900 b. $101,900 Cc. $278,179 Od. $150,900 A customer service department has the following resolution response time data: Average Response Time First contact 0.25 hr Service scheduling 0.50 hr. Wait for service 24.00 hrs. Service 1.50 hrs. Total resolution time 26.25 hrs. What is the value-added ratio (rounded to one decimal place) in this process? Ca. 8.6% Ob. 5.7% Oc. 91.4% d. 28.6%
Squirrel Co. purchased 6,000 units of raw materials at $6.00 per unit on account, with the journal entry being Raw Materials Inventory $36,000 and Accounts Payable $36,000. The total activity cost from the provided schedule is $278,179.
The journal entry to record the purchase of 6,000 units of raw materials at $6.00 per unit on account would be Raw Materials Inventory $16,000 and Accounts Payable $36,000. This entry reflects the increase in raw materials inventory and the corresponding liability to the supplier.
To determine the total activity cost, we add up the costs from the schedule of activity costs provided. Adding all the costs together, the total activity cost is $278,179. This represents the cumulative cost of various quality control activities undertaken by Squirrel Co.
In summary, the journal entry to record the raw materials purchase is Raw Materials Inventory $16,000 and Accounts Payable $36,000. The total activity cost from the provided schedule is $278,179.
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calculate the utility levels of each portfolio for an investor with a = 2. assume the utility function is u = e(r) − 0.5 × aσ2.
The utility levels for portfolios 1, 2, and 3 are 7.3%, 8.5%, and 7.7%, respectively.
The utility level of each portfolio for an investor with a = 2 and assuming that the utility function is u = e(r) − 0.5 × aσ2 can be calculated as follows:
Portfolio 1:
Expected return (r1) = 8%
Standard deviation (σ1) = 15%
Utility level (u1) = e(r1) − 0.5 × aσ1^2= e(0.08) − 0.5 × 2 × 0.15^2= 1.073 or 7.3%
Portfolio 2:
Expected return (r2) = 10%
Standard deviation (σ2) = 20%
Utility level (u2) = e(r2) − 0.5 × aσ2^2= e(0.10) − 0.5 × 2 × 0.20^2= 1.085 or 8.5%
Portfolio 3:
Expected return (r3) = 12%
Standard deviation (σ3) = 25%
Utility level (u3) = e(r3) − 0.5 × aσ3^2= e(0.12) − 0.5 × 2 × 0.25^2= 1.077 or 7.7%
Utility level is a measure of the satisfaction that an investor receives from a particular portfolio. It can be calculated using a utility function that depends on the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio. In this case, we are assuming that the utility function is u = e(r) − 0.5 × aσ2, where r is the expected return, σ is the standard deviation, and a is a parameter that determines the investor's risk aversion.
Portfolio 1 has an expected return of 8% and a standard deviation of 15%. Substituting these values into the utility function, we get:
u1 = e(r1) − 0.5 × aσ1^2= e(0.08) − 0.5 × 2 × 0.15^2= 1.073 or 7.3%
Similarly, we can calculate the utility levels for portfolios 2 and 3 as follows
u2 = e(r2) − 0.5 × aσ2^2= e(0.10) − 0.5 × 2 × 0.20^2= 1.085 or 8.5%u3 = e(r3) − 0.5 × aσ3^2= e(0.12) − 0.5 × 2 × 0.25^2= 1.077 or 7.7%
Therefore, the utility levels for portfolios 1, 2, and 3 are 7.3%, 8.5%, and 7.7%, respectively.
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Arnel is a managing partner in a trading business. Part of his profit allocation is a bonus based on the store’s net income. The bonus is 8% of net income in excess of ₱200,000 after deducting the bonus. If net income for the current year was ₱250,000, Arnel’s bonus would be closest to
₱4,348
₱4,000
₱3,704 (this is the correct answer but why)
₱18,519
Arnel’s bonus would be closest to ₱3,704. First, we need to determine the amount of net income in excess of ₱200,000.
This can be done by subtracting ₱200,000 from the net income of ₱250,000:₱250,000 - ₱200,000 = ₱50,000This means that only ₱50,000 of the net income is eligible for the bonus calculation. We then need to calculate the bonus itself by multiplying the eligible net income by 8%:8% x ₱50,000 = ₱4,000However, this is the bonus before deducting the bonus amount itself. So we need to subtract the bonus amount from the calculated bonus:₱4,000 - 8% x ₱4,000 = ₱3,680We can round this amount to the nearest peso, which gives us ₱3,680. However, we need to add back the bonus amount we deducted to get the final bonus:₱3,680 + 8% x ₱4,000 = ₱3,704Therefore, Arnel’s bonus would be closest to ₱3,704.
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02:29:05 Saved Identify each of the following production features as applying more to job order operations, to process operations, or to both job order and process operations. 1. Measures cost per unit of product or service. 2. Uses job cost sheets. 3. Transfers costs between multiple Work in Process Inventory accounts. 4. Transfers costs from a Work in Process Inventory account to a Finished Goods Inventory account. 5. Cost object is a process. 6. Uses mass production of standardized products n 14-17 Saved Help Identify each of the following production features as applying more to job order operations, to process operations, or to both job order and process operations. 1. Measures cost per unit of product or service. 2. Uses job cost sheets. 3. Transfers costs between multiple Work in Process Inventory accounts 4. Transfers costs from a Work in Process Inventory account to a Finished Goods inventory account 5. Cost object is a process 6. Uses mass production of standardized products. 28:41 Save & Exit Submit
Measures cost per unit of product or service - This production feature applies to both job order and process operations as both types of operations require determining the cost per unit to evaluate profitability. Uses job cost sheets - This production feature applies more to job order operations as job cost sheets are used to track the cost of materials, labor, and overhead for each specific job.
Transfers costs between multiple Work in Process Inventory accounts - This production feature applies more to process operations as multiple work in process inventory accounts are used to track the progress of different stages of the production process. Transfers costs from a Work in Process Inventory account to a Finished Goods Inventory account - This production feature applies more to process operations as finished goods inventory accounts are used to track the completed products in the production process.
Cost object is a process - This production feature applies more to process operations as the focus is on the production process as a whole rather than individual jobs. Uses mass production of standardized products - This production feature applies more to process operations as mass production is used to produce large quantities of standardized products.
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10.16% Question 6 (1 point) ✔ Saved Sharkula, Inc. bonds bearing a coupon rate of 15%, pay coupons semiannually, have two years remaining to maturity, and are currently priced at $980 per bond. The par/ face value is $1,000. What is the yield to maturity? O 16.57% 16.25% 15.00% 15.99% 16.21% Question 7 (1 point) Saved What is the real rate of return if the nominal rate is 15% and the inflation rate is 5%? Dina
The real rate of return is 10%.
Given, Face value (FV) of the bond = $1000Coupon rate (C) = 15%Semi-annual coupon payment (PMT) = $ (15/2)% * $1000 = $75Number of years to maturity (N) = 2Current bond price = $980Yield to maturity (YTM) needs to be calculated. We know that YTM is that discount rate at which the present value of future cash flow is equal to the current market price of the bond. The formula to calculate the yield to maturity is:-P = (PMT / Y) x [1 - 1 / (1 + Y) ^ n] + FV / (1 + Y) ^ n Where, P is the current market price of the bond, FV is the face value of the bond, PMT is the coupon payment, Y is the yield to maturity, N is the total number of coupon payments, which is same as years to maturity. Substituting the values in the formula980 = (75 / Y) x [1 - 1 / (1 + Y) ^ 4] + 1000 / (1 + Y) ^ 4On solving the above equation, we get: Y = 7.79%The yield to maturity is 15.58%Question 7Given,Nominal rate = 15%. Inflation rate = 5%Real rate of return is to be calculated. We know that Nominal rate = Real rate + Inflation rate Real rate = Nominal rate - Inflation rate Substituting the values in the formula, Real rate = 15% - 5%Real rate = 10%. Therefore, the real rate of return is 10%.
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