Two organisms are hypotheses if they share more taxonomic classification levels which f the following statements best distinguishes hyptoheses from theories in science.
There are three main hypothesis based on the research are Null Hypothesis, Nondirectional Hypothesis, Directional Hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis states that referres to relationship between the two variables that is being effected with each other.
Hypotheses are important in biology because it is used to create breakthroughs in knowledge and support scientific research. Thus it is a flow in the formulation of a hypothesis may cause a flaw in the design of an entire experiment.
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which of the following is the correct rder of organization of genetic material form smallest to largest
The right arrangement of genetic material, from biggest to smallest, is genome, chromosome, gene, and nucleotide. Almost all of an organism's cells contain the whole genome.
Nucleotides: A sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base make up the fundamental components of DNA and RNA.
Codons are groups of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that specify an amino acid by name.
Genes are the fundamental building block of heredity. A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein or functional RNA molecule.
Chromosomes: In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, these DNA and protein-based structures are responsible for carrying genes.
Genome: The whole collection of genetic material present in a cell of an organism. About 3 billion base pairs of DNA are arranged into 23 chromosomes in the human genome.
Note that the size of the genetic structures, not their complexity or function, is the basis for this arrangement.
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The complete question is:
What is the correct order of organization of genetic material form smallest to largest: Chromosome, Genome, Nucleotide, Gene
list three unique properties of water that make it an ideal medium cellular functioning, and explain how each property is useful to a plant.
Polarity, adhesion and cohesion are three unique properties of water that make it an ideal medium cellular functioning.
Water is present inside cells, which is the basis for cell life. Water is utilized to carry nutrients into and inside of cells (intracellular).
Polarity: Liquid water can dissolve a wide variety of ionic and polar covalent compounds thanks to the polarity of its molecules, which makes it a "universal solvent." Numerous chemicals required by organisms can be dissolved by water.
Cohesion: One water molecule's positive hydrogen will link with the negative oxygen of the next-door molecule, whose own hydrogens are drawn to the next oxygen, and so on. Importantly, this interaction causes water molecules to adhere to one another, a phenomenon known as cohesion. Water molecules stick together, allowing plants to absorb water at their roots. Water's high boiling point, which aids in animal body temperature regulation, is also a result of cohesion.
Adhesion: Adhesion is essential for the development of multicellular animals because it enables cellular communication as well as the preservation of tissue and organ structure. Numerous physiological functions, including cell migration, homeostasis, signaling, and tissue development, depend on cell adhesion. As a result, its dysregulation is linked to a variety of disorders and is thus medically relevant. The association between cell adhesion and cancer deserves special attention.
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Which biotechnology job is responsible for creating and maintaining a healthy workplace?
Biotech engineering is a broad component of the life sciences industry. Biotech engineers can find work in medical equipment manufacture, pharmaceutical and medication manufacturing, research and development, teaching, and a variety of other fields that need scientific knowledge.
Is biotechnology or biomedical engineering superior?Biotechnology has a larger range of applications, ranging from genetics to waste management. The substance of your course will differ dramatically, with biotechnology emphasising molecular biology and biomedical engineering emphasising physiology, neurology, and medicine.
Biomedical engineering is founded on biological and medical engineering concepts, as well as a distinct multidisciplinary approach. Biotechnology, on the other hand, is based on biological science with a concentration on chemistry.
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Two species that occasionally mate and produce zygotes, but which have incompatible genes that prevent the resulting embryo from developing, are separated by A). mechanical isolation. B). gametic isolation. C). reduced hybrid fertility. D). reduced hybrid viability. E). hybrid breakdown.
The correct answer is (D), i.e., reduced hybrid viability. Two species with inharmonious genes sometimes copulate and are successfully prezygotic, but the embryos are always abandoned. This is an illustration of behavioral insulation.
Prezygotic walls help members of different species, from lovemaking to single-celled embryos, to produce a zygote. Some illustration scripts are below. Two species might prefer different territories and therefore be doubtful to encounter one another. This is called niche insulation.
Reproductive insulation is a collection of mechanisms, actions, and physiological processes that help the members of two different species cross or copulate to produce seed or which ensure that any seed that may be produced isn't rich.
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Two species that occasionally mate and produce zygotes as well as have incompatible genes which prevent the embryo from developing are separated due to: (E) hybrid breakdown.
Genes are the basic factors through which traits are inherited from the parents to the offspring. These genes are present on the chromosomes at specific locations. The gene encode information for the protein synthesis that are the actual functional units.
Hybrid breakdown is a reproductive failure in genetic crosses that can be seen after the F2 generation. This results in the production of an offspring which is unable to reproduce, i.e. is sterile.
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intracellular or extracellular triggers can initiate apoptosis signals. during apoptosis, a message prompts a cascade of proteins. part of programmed cell death involves the fragmentation of dna and the deconstruction of organelles and other cytoplasmic components. apoptosis shields adjacent cells from potential damage. which of the following is an example of apoptosis that aids in embryonic development?
Apoptosis occurs in soft tissue cells between the fingers and toes during development to separate the digits from each other. The formation of heart loops is also dependent on the apoptosis process.
intracellular or extracellular triggers can initiate apoptosis signals. during apoptosis, a message prompts a cascade of proteins. part of programmed cell death involves the fragmentation of dna and the deconstruction of organelles and other cytoplasmic components. apoptosis shields adjacent cells from potential damage.
In his article "The Apoptotic Oocyte," Gary Wessel of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, discusses the role of apoptosis in human females. Apoptosis occurs in human female oocytes during development and after birth. Scientists estimate that seven to eight million oocytes are formed in the fetus, which are reduced to about 100,000 oocytes at birth and then to a few hundred when menopause begins.
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Finding shelter, avoiding predators, andobtaining food are most closely related tothe ability of an animal to
Finding shelter, avoiding predators, and obtaining food are most closely related to the ability of an animal to Use structures adapted for movement.
An animal's ability to adapt to its environment is what allows it to live. All creatures must be able to find food and water, defend themselves from attack, endure the environment, and bear offspring in order to prevent the extinction of their species. Therefore, any animal that successfully survives on land or in water has developed physical or behavioural adaptations to support those aims. A bodily part, a body covering, a body function, or a behaviour that improves an animal's chances of surviving in a specific environment are all examples of adaptations.
Animals acquire these adaptations over time to fit their surroundings. Animals with features that enable them survive are more likely to live and pass those traits on to their offspring according to the process of natural selection. These changes take place gradually over a lengthy period of time as animals adjust to their surroundings. Adaptations take many generations to develop. Although ecosystems supply the food, water, and shelter that animals require, there are other factors involved in survival. Animals can survive, reproduce, and obtain food in that particular area thanks to their unique adaptations. Without these adaptations, the species would not have been able to survive in that setting.
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Identify some enzymes that are present in lysosomes? How do these enzymes help in substances engulfing?
Some enzymes that are present in lysosomes include the following below and they help in substance engulfing by breaking down all types of biological polymers.
ProteasesNucleasesLipasesPhospholipases etcThis is referred to as a membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers such as proteins, carbohydrates etc in the cells of living organisms.
When the substances are broken down into simpler substances, it makes it easier for the lysosome to engulf them so as to prevent different forms of unwanted occurrences which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice in this scenario.
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Mutations in Ssl2 and RNA Polymerase II can alter transcription start site selection. Choose all statements below that are TRUE regarding possible effects of shifting TSS usage at a gene.a.)Use of an alternate TSS is known to introduce mutations in DNA of the corresponding gene.b.)Alteration in length of the transcribed mRNA can affect its stability.c.)Alteration in the length of leader sequence may introduce RNA secondary structure into the resulting mRNA that affect ribosome binding and translation.d.)The TSS may shift far enough downstream that the translation start signal is eliminated from the resulting mRNA.
Out of all statements, a.)Use of an alternate TSS is known to introduce mutations in DNA of the corresponding gene.b.)Alteration in length of the transcribed mRNA can affect its stability. are correct regarding possible effects of shifting TSS usage at a gene for Mutation in Ssl2 and RNA Polymerase II.
The use of alternative transcription start sites (TSSs) is crucial for transcriptional regulation of mammalian gene expression. Numerous single-gene studies on the varied applications of tissue- or temporal-specific alternative TSSs have been conducted as a result of the increased interest in alternative TSSs and their function in genome diversity. On a genetic level, there hasn't been much investigation into alternate TSS utilisation, notably in the central nervous system.
Different techniques of using alternative TSSs can impact gene expression and create diversity. Alternative TSS may affect the amplitude, temporal control, and tissue-specificity of expression at the transcriptional level. Alternative TSS can impact the mRNA's stability and translational effectiveness at the post-transcriptional phase. Alterations in protein levels, functions, or subcellular distribution may result from alternate TSS, which may also produce protein isoforms with distinct amino termini. As a result, research into the temporal flipping of TSSs can shed light on how various protein isoforms are regulated and perhaps even on how they differ in function. Examining transcriptional regulation across the course of developmental time is one method for best identifying differential isoform utilisation.
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1.1
Explains the economic importance of microbes, classify crops, and
elaborate the different processes used for agricultural practices
and the yield of crop
The significance and methods used in crop production e of microbes, classify crops, are explained in the following explanation:
Why Do Crops Get Produced?
Crop production is the act of cultivating crops for domestic and commercial use. Large-scale crops like rice, wheat, corn, and jute are also grown.
In agriculture, microorganisms are crucial.
The fertility of the soil is increased by microorganisms. Bacteria, for example, are excellent decomposers. The soil becomes fertile when this substance is incorporated into it.
Rhizobium is one type of microorganism that forms nodules and symbiotic relationships with plants.
These organisms provide plants with atmospheric nitrogen fixation.
The quality and fertility of the soil can be greatly increased by using microbial biofertilizers. Additionally, it has no toxic or negative effects and is environmentally friendly.
Mycorrhiza, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and rhizobia
What are the practices in crop production?
Crop production includes the following practices:
Soil preparation
Seeding
Water the soil
crop harvest
crop storage
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Given the original and mutated DNA strands below, identify the mutation.
ORIGINAL= A-T-T-C-G-G-A-A-C-T-G-A
MUTATED = A-T-T-C-G-G-G-A-A-C-T-G-A
Given the original and mutated DNA strands below, frameshift mutation is shown . Frameshift mutations are gene mutations that alter the base sequence of an entire genetic frame from the point of the mutation.
One or more nucleotides can be added or removed as part of this process. A DNA sequence that has been mutated contains one insertional and one substitution mutation that causes the reading frame of the base sequence to shift, or a frameshift mutation.
What is mutation?A change in the nucleic acid sequence of an organism's genome, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA is known as a mutation in biology. DNA or RNA are contained in viral genomes.
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newly formed blood cells enter circulation from the bone marrow and lymphatic organs by passing through the walls of which of the following?
Answer:
For example, when bone marrow forms new blood cells, the cells must enter the blood supply and can only do so through the large openings of a sinusoid capillary; they cannot pass through the small openings of continuous or fenestrated capillaries
Newly formed blood cells enter circulation from the bone marrow and lymphatic organs by passing through the walls of sinusoids. Therefore, option A is correct.
Sinusoids are specialized blood vessels found in certain organs, particularly in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen. They are characterized by their unique structure, which allows for the exchange of various substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.
Sinusoids have larger and more irregularly shaped lumens compared to regular capillaries. The walls of sinusoids are discontinuous and contain gaps or fenestrations, allowing for the movement of cells, molecules, and fluids between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissue.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the full question is this:
Newly formed blood cells enter circulation from the bone marrow and lymphatic organs by passing through the walls of which of the following?
A) Sinosoids
B) Arteries
C) Veins
D) Lymphatic vessels
Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
a. membrane-enclosed organelles
b. a membrane-enclosed nucleus
c. the use of DNA as the information storage molecule
d. the use of proteins as information storage molecules
The use of DNA as the information storage molecule is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells so option C is correct.
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are the two sorts of cells that contrast in their structure and organization. The two kinds of cells have DNA as the information storage molecule, which contains the hereditary guidelines for the development and capability of the cell.
Proteins are not utilized as information storage molecules in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Proteins are synthesized in view of the information put away in the DNA
Proteins are engaged with numerous significant capabilities like enzymes, structural components, and the transport of molecules.
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based on research findings, explain how the organ system normal anatomy contributes to its physiology.
The anatomy of an organ system is integral in maintaining its proper functioning and health.
Through research, we have seen that the anatomy of an organ system helps ensure its normal physiology.
The anatomy of the organ system provides structure and support, while helping to regulate organ system processes such as respiration, digestion, and circulation.
For example, the anatomy of the respiratory system helps to ensure proper air exchange, with the lungs and airways providing a route for air to enter and exit the body.
The anatomy of the digestive system helps to break down food and absorb nutrients, with the stomach and intestines providing a pathway for digestion.
Finally, the anatomy of the cardiovascular system helps to ensure blood circulation, with the heart and blood vessels providing a pathway for blood to be transported throughout the body.
All of these components work together to provide the organ system with its necessary functions and help maintain its normal physiology.
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Why is the R-group significant in the structure of proteins?
The R-group is the same in all amino acids and its chemical and physical properties give each amino acid unique
characteristics and functions.
The R-group is different in some amino acids and its chemical and physical properties give some amino acid unique
characteristics and functions.
The R-group is different in different amino acids and its chemical and physical properties give each amino acid unique
characteristics and functions.
The R-group is the same in all amino acids and its chemical and physical properties give all amino acids the same
characteristics and functions.
The R-group compose the amino acids as a side chain. C) The R-group is different in different amino acids and its chemical and physical properties give each amino acid unique characteristics and functions.
What is the R-group?The R-group is part of amino acids. The R-group composition is what makes them different from each other and provide each amino acid its own characteristic properties.
They are side chains that might be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic and, according to this property, they arrange in the protein facing the interior or exterior of the molecule, providing stability.
In a three-dimensional structure, the hydrophobic R-groups stick in the center of the polypeptide, facing the protein interior, and avoiding interaction with water. The hydrophilic R-groups, on the contrary, remain on the surface in contact with water.
Chemically speaking, some amino acids share the same type of R-groups, and some other not. So, in a folded molecule, amino acids with similar chemical side groups can function in the same way.
These are,
Non-polar R-groupCarboxyl R-groupAmine R-groupAromatic R-groupHydroxy R-groupOther R-groupsAccording to this framework, the correct option is C) The R-group is different in different amino acids and its chemical and physical properties give each amino acid unique characteristics and functions.
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As shown in this Punnett square, one variety of deafness in humans is caused by an autosomal recessive allele (d). Two parents who do not show any signs of the disease but are carriers (Dd) could therefore have a child who is deaf, because that child could inherit one recessive deafness-causing allele from each parent (dd). Parents Hearing (Dd) x Hearing (Dd) Offspring Sperm D d Dd Hearing D DD Hearing (carrier) Eggs Dd Hearing dd Deaf (carrier).
Use the Punnett square from the introduction and the ones you drew for Part A to select the three statements that are true about the inheritance of this form of deafness. A. The child of a deaf man and a DD hearing woman will definitely have hearing B. If a deaf child is born to hearing parents, both parents must be Dd.
C. If a deaf man and a hearing woman have a deaf child, the mother's genotype must be Dd. D. If the first two children from Dd parents are deaf, there is no risk that their next child will also be deaf. E. The child of a Dd father and Dd mother has a 50% chance of having hearing.
As shown in the Punnett Square below, one variety of deafness is caused by an autosomal sheepish allele.
Two parents who don't show any signs of the complaint but are carriers could thus have a child who's deaf because that child could inherit one sheepish deafness-causing gene from each parent.
Still, both parents must be Dd, If a deaf child is born to hearing parents. Still, the mama's genotype must be Dd, If a deaf man and a hail woman have a deaf child. The child of a deaf man and a DD hail woman will surely have hail.
Still, Punnett Square, you have a 25( 1 in 4) chance of inheriting the abnormal gene from both parents and developing the complaint, If you're born to parents who both carry the same autosomal sheepish gene.
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Cases A, B, and C are the three statements that are true about carrier parents (Dd) who may have a child who is deaf (dd), because that child could inherit one recessive deafness-causing allele from each parent.
Based on the given introduction, we can create a punnett square as follows: (please refer to the attached image for a clear punnett reference)
D d
D DD Dd
d Dd dd
Based on this punnett square, we can now justify the main answer in the following manner. The child of a deaf man (dd) and a carrier woman (Dd) will definitely be able to hear. If a deaf child (dd) is born to hearing parents, both parents must be hearing (Dd). If a deaf man (dd) and a hearing woman have a dead child (dd), the mother's genotype must be (Dd). Case D is not possible as the first two children from Dd parents can be deaf. Case E is also incorrect because The child of Dd parents has 75% chances pf hearing, and not just 50%.
A Punnett square is a graphical representation of the genotypes that could result from a specific cross or breeding event. Creating a Punnett square necessitates knowledge of the parents' genetic make-up. A tabular format contains all of the possible combinations of their gametes.
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Which of the following fresh frozen plasma ABO types would be suitable for transfusion to an AB negative patient?
A. AB negative only.
B. O negative only.
C. AB negative and AB positive only.
D. O negative and O positive only.
AB negative blood type would be suitable for the blood transfusion to an AB negative patient.
The ABO blood type is the most important among all the blood group systems. There are four different types of ABO blood groups namely, A, B, AB and O and are determined by whether or not a particular individual's red cells carry the A, B, both A and B antigens or neither of them.
RhD is an Rh antigen. When the red cell surface contains RhD, the red cells are called RhD positive and when they do not have this antigen, they are referred to as RhD negative. People with AB blood type can receive blood from A,B,AB and O blood types but since the person is RhD negative, therefore, they can only receive blood from the RhD negative person.
Hence, the correct option is A. AB negative only.
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PLS HELP ME DO THIS
Complete the Punnett square for each cross and then select the expected results from the drop-down list for each trait.
Punnett squares can be used to estimate the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities among the offspring. Cross 1: 100%Tt, 100% tall plants. Cross 2: 100% Pp, 100% purple flowers. Cross 3: 50% Yy - 50% yy. 50% yellow seeds - 50% green seeds. Cross 4: 25% PP, 50% Pp, 25% pp. 75% purple flowers, 25% white flowers.
What is a Punnett square?The Punnett square is a cross representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved.
Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.
To answer this question, we will assume complete dominance, in which the dominant allele hides the expression of the recessive one.
Cross 1: Tall plant with short plant
Parentals) TT x tt
gametes) T T t t
Punnett square) T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
F1) Genotypes
100% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Tt
Phenotype
100% of the progeny is expected to be tall
Cross 2: Purple flowers with white flowers
Parentals) PP x pp
Gametes) P P p p
Punnett square) P P
p Pp Pp
p Pp Pp
F1) Genotype
100% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Pp
Phenotype
100% of the progeny is expected to have purple flowers
Cross 3: Yellow seeds with green seeds
Parentals) Yy x yy
Gametes) Y y y y
Punnett square) Y y
y Yy yy
y Yy yy
F1) Genotype
50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Pp
50% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous recessive, pp
Phenotype
50% of the progeny is expected to have yellow seeds
50% of the progeny is expected to have green seeds
Cross 4: Two purple flowers
Parentals) Pp x Pp
Gametes) P p P p
Punnett square) P p
P PP Pp
p Pp pp
F1) Genotype
25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous dominant PP
50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Pp
25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous recessive pp
Phenotype
75% of the progeny is expected to have purple flowers
25% of the progeny is expected to have white flowers
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explain, using a specific example, the potential consequences of the production of a mutant protein to the structure and function of the cells of an organism.
Explain, using a specific example, the potential consequences of the production of a mutant protein to the structure and function of the cells of an organism is that people with sickle cell anemia are not susceptible to malaria because they are hindered by the sickle cell shape.
Mutations are changes that occur in DNA or RNA at the level of gene or chromosome sequences that can be passed on to offspring. Mutations can be caused by internal or external factors that cause changes in amino acids that produce mutant proteins.
The production of mutant proteins will result in the structure and affect the function of the cells of an organism. Basically most mutations do not have a positive impact, such as the production of proteins in red blood cells causing cells to take a crescent shape. The sickle cell form causes various health problems in humans such as blood clots. However, sickle cell anemia sufferers who live in areas with high malaria infection rates will not be susceptible to malaria. This is because the malaria virus cannot attach to red blood cells because red blood cells are sickle-shaped. This can be a slightly advantageous condition, although more negative impact of protein mutations.
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which of the following food sources provides the highest amount of protein per 100-gram serving issa
The highest amount of protein per 100-gram serving is found in lean beef.
Protein is an essential macronutrient that is important for building and repairing tissues, as well as maintaining healthy bones, muscles, and organs. Different types of food provide varying amounts of protein per serving, and some sources are more concentrated than others.
Lean beef is an excellent source of protein, providing about 26 grams of protein per 100-gram serving. This is higher than other protein sources such as chicken (about 23 grams per 100-gram serving) and fish (about 20 grams per 100-gram serving). Other animal-based sources like eggs, cheese, and milk also provide a good amount of protein per serving, but they are lower compared to lean beef.
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definition of Conductivity
Answer:
Conductivity is the quality/power when it comes to conducting or transmitting
Explanation:
if one of the reactants is added to a system initially at equilibrium, then the reaction will proceed in the
if one of the reactants is added to a system initially at equilibrium, then the reaction will proceed in the forward direction, towards the product formation.
system is in equilibrium means that the rate of forward and backward reactions are equal.
when we add a reactant to an equilibrium stage, te reaction moves in a forward direction and rate of forward reaction increases.
when the reactant is consumed, the forward reaction is slow and the equilibrium state is maintained again.
this could also be explained using Le Chatelier's Principle .
it can also be explained with an example, where if H2 is added to I, the reaction rates moves forward and HI is produced in the process.
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How do the electrons move according to the Rutherford model of the atom?
Answer:
In Rutherford's planetary model of the atom, the electrons move through empty space around the tiny positive nucleus like planets orbiting the sun.
Answer: Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand-born physicist, outlined the structure of an atom in 1911. The atom is defined by Rutherford's atomic theory as a tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus that is encircled by negative charges called electrons.
Explanation: Rutherford's atomic model makes the following assumptions:
The positive charge and the major portion of an atom's mass are concentrated in an extremely small volume. He alluded to this region of the atom as the nucleus.
As per Rutherford's model, negatively charged electrons encompass an atom's nucleus. He also alleged that the electrons surrounding the nucleus travel in circular paths at high velocities. These circular paths were designated orbits by him.
A strong electrostatic attraction force retains electrons, which are negatively charged, and the nucleus, which is a densely concentrated mass of positively charged particles, together.
in people with sickle-cell disease, red blood cells break down, clump, and clog blood vessels. blood vessels and broken cells accumulate in the spleen. among other symptoms, this leads to physical weakness, heart failure, pain, and brain damage. such a suite of symptoms can be explained by . view available hint(s)for part a in people with sickle-cell disease, red blood cells break down, clump, and clog blood vessels. blood vessels and broken cells accumulate in the spleen. among other symptoms, this leads to physical weakness, heart failure, pain, and brain damage. such a suite of symptoms can be explained by . a bacterial infection interacting with the sickle-cell allele the pleiotropic effects of the sickle-cell allele side effects of the drugs used to treat sickle-cell disease the polygenic nature of sickle-cell disease
In people with sickle-cell disease, red blood cells break down, clump, and clog blood vessels. These symptoms clogged blood vessels and broken cells accumulate in the spleen.
This leads to a suite of symptoms such as physical weakness, heart failure, pain, and brain damage. Such a suite of symptoms can be explained by the pleiotropic effects of the sickle-cell allele. Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder caused by a change in the hemoglobin gene, it causes the red blood cells to become Sickle cell disease shaped and rigid, this shape causes them to clump and block the blood cells. The pleiotropic effects of the Sickle cell disease refer to the fact that a single genetic change can have multiple effects on an organism's phenotype, in this case, the genetic change causes problems in the shape of the red blood cells, which leads to multiple symptoms.
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The complete Question is :
In people with sickle cell disease, red blood cells break down, clump, and clog the blood vessels. The blood vessels and the broken cells accumulate in the spleen. Among other things this leads to physical weakness, heart failure, joint pain, and brain damage. Such a suite of symptoms can be explained by ____.
If blood group of mother is 'AB' and father is 'O', the child may beO A, AB or OO AB or O O B or OO A or B
If the mother's blood group is 'AB' and the father is 'O', the child may be A or B.
The mother's blood group contains the Ia (A) and Ib (B) genes that give the AB blood group. The father’s blood group has two recessive i genes, giving him the O blood group.
According to the above table, the child may have A or B groups.
The blood group A is denoted by Iai or IaIa genes, while IbIb or Ibi indicate the B blood group.
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If blood group of mother is 'AB' and father is 'O', the child may be (d) A or B will be the correct option.
The classification of blood based on the presence or absence of antibodies and hereditary antigenic compounds on the surface of red blood cells is known as a blood type (also known as a blood group) (RBCs). Depending on the blood group system, these antigens could be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids. Some of these antigens can be found on the surface of numerous other cell types found in different organs. A blood group system is made up of a number of these red blood cell surface antigens that can all come from the same allele (or different gene).
The father carries the genotype I OI O or O if his blood type is O. The mother's genotype would be I AI B because she has blood type AB. Children with these two conceivable pairings would have genotypes I AI O or I BI O, respectively, giving them blood groups A or B .
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Schistosomiasis, malaria and yellow fever are negative results of this type of energy production in tropical locations
Schistosomiasis, malaria and yellow fever are negative results of hydroelectric type of energy production in tropical locations.
Electricity generated by the force of fast-moving water, such as rivers or waterfalls: The area is primarily reliant on hydroelectricity. Solar power, hydroelectricity, and wind power are some of the alternative energy sources used.
All streams and rivers flow downward. Because of its height, the water contains potential energy before flowing down the hill. Hydropower systems transform potential energy into kinetic energy in a turbine, which drives a generator to generate electricity.
Impoundment facilities are the most frequent type of hydroelectric power plant. An impoundment facility, often a major hydroelectric system, employs a dam to hold river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir runs through a turbine, turning it and activating a generator, which produces energy.
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the graphs above show a change in distribution of beak phenotypes x, y, and z over 10 generations. notice that beak x completely disappears from the population by generation 5, but reappears by generation 10. could this occur in nature? how? yes, the alleles for beak x could remain in the population as a recessive gene. yes, the birds could mutate their beaks in response to a change in the environment. yes, genetic mutation is so frequent that beak x will likely reappear randomly by generation 10. no, once birds with beak x are extinct, they cannot appear again.
Yes, the alleles for beak x could remain in the population as a recessive gene.
The reappearance of beak x after it disappeared from the population could be due to the presence of heterozygous individuals (individuals carrying one dominant allele for beak y or z and one recessive allele for beak x) that were not expressing the beak x phenotype in the earlier generations. These individuals would carry the genetic information for beak x and could pass it on to their offspring if they mate with another heterozygous or homozygous recessive individual. Eventually, the frequency of the beak x allele could increase to the point where it is expressed in a significant proportion of the population again.
Alternatively, the reappearance of beak x could be due to genetic mutation that occurs over time, but the likelihood of this is low as it's not a common event.
It's also possible that the reappearance of beak x is due to the change in the environment that favors beak x. This can be only possible if the environment is fluctuating.
Overall, the reappearance of beak x after it disappears from the population is a possible scenario in nature, particularly if the alleles for beak x are still present in the population and can be expressed again under certain circumstances.
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The alleles for beaks with x phenotype could remain in the population as a recessive gene.
The reappearance of beak x after it disappeared from the population could be due to the presence of heterozygous individuals (individuals carrying one dominant allele for beak y or z and one recessive allele for beak x) that were not expressing the beak x phenotype in the earlier generations. These individuals would carry the genetic information for beak x and could pass it on to their offspring if they mate with another heterozygous or homozygous recessive individual. Eventually, the frequency of the beak x allele could increase to the point where it is expressed in a significant proportion of the population again.
Alternatively, the reappearance of beak x could be due to a genetic mutation that occurs over time, but the likelihood of this is low as it's not a common event. Overall, the reappearance of beak x after it disappears from the population is a possible scenario in nature, particularly if the alleles for beak x are still present in the population and can be expressed again under certain circumstances.
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Given the DNA strand below, what mRNA strand would it produce?
T-T-A-C-G-G-C-T-A-A-C-T
(please put a dash between bases in the same manner as seen above)
The supplied DNA strand would result in the mRNA strand "A-A-U-G-C-C-G-A-U-U-G-A." This is because, during transcription, a procedure known as base pairing creates a complementary RNA strand using the DNA strand as a template.
What is DNA?The genetic material that contains instructions for the growth and operation of all living things is called Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA.Nucleotides, which repeating units are known as, are the building blocks of DNA, a lengthy, double-stranded molecule.Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and either adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine as its nitrogenous base (T).DNA's genetic information is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases in the molecule.The nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells include the chromosomes, which are the structures in which DNA is organised.Before cell division, cells replicate their DNA in order to make sure that each daughter cell has an exact duplicate of the genetic material.The processes of transcription and translation utilise the data stored in DNA to create proteins, which are the structural and functional constituents of cells.To learn more about DNA from the given link :-
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When glucose is converted to pyruvate, the equivalent of __ ATPs are produced. When pyruvate is converted to acetyl coa and enters TCA and oxidative phosphorylation, the total equivalent of ____ ATPs are derived Group of answer choices
A) 4, 44
B)2, 32
C)3, 43
D) 5, 25
When glucose is converted to pyruvate, the equivalent of 2 ATPs are produced. When pyruvate is converted to acetyl coa and enters TCA and oxidative phosphorylation, the total equivalent of 32 ATPs are derived.
Adenosine triphosphate is produced as a result of the cellular process known as oxidative phosphorylation, which uses oxygen reduction to create high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP). The electron transport chain is a chain of oxidation-reduction reactions that takes place within the mitochondria and involves the transportation of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen through a number of protein, metal, and lipid complexes (ETC). The NADH and FADH2 produced by various catabolic cellular processes are used by the electron transport chain. In addition, the last oxidising agent in oxidative phosphorylation is elemental oxygen (and electron acceptor). When compared to anaerobic creatures, the electron transport chain and mitochondrial activity provide insight into how aerobic eukaryotic life has evolved and progressed.
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Option B is Correct. Two ATPs are created when glucose is changed into pyruvate. The equivalent of 32 ATPs are produced when pyruvate is changed into acetyl coa, enters TCA, and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation.
The cellular process known as oxidative phosphorylation employs oxygen reduction to build high-energy phosphate bonds, and as a result, adenosine triphosphate is produced (ATP).
The electron transport chain is a series of oxidation-reduction events that happen in the mitochondria and include moving electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by passing through a number of protein, metal, and lipid complexes (ETC).
The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 that are generated by numerous catabolic cellular processes. Additionally, elemental is the final oxidizing agent in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
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fill in the blank. there are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. if arya blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that is___. but if she then swats at the gnat, that is___. group of answer choices involuntary; voluntary
There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. if arya blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that is involuntary behavior. but if she then swats at the gnat, that is voluntary behavior.
involuntary behavior can be defined as where the unlearned behavior is a reflex response to a stimuli, they can also be called as unconscious behaviors
involuntary is controlled by autonomic system
another example, could be contraction of diaphragm
whereas, voluntary are where they exhibit behavior knowingly and is under conscious, they are under control and is learned behavior.
voluntary controlled by somatic system.
another example could be raising an arm to scratch your head
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a person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions?
A person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have tumor in hypothalamus.
since hypothalamus controls the appetite, the damage/tumor can change the appetite.
hypothalamus is small part of the brain which plays an important role in homeostasis, it is located at the base of the brain and near the pituitary gland.
homeostasis can be defined as the means for keeping the internal state of the body as constant as possible.
when there is abnormal growth in the hypothalamus, due to environment and genetic factors , hypothalamic tumor occurs.
irrespective of tumor, if the hypothalamus is damaged there will be disruptions in body temperature and regulation, growth and weight is affected, sodium and water balance and sleep cycles will be affected.
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