The most abundant pigment in plants is chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a primarily absorbs light with wavelengths of 430nm (blue) and 662nm (red). Because it reflects green light, we see it as green.
Phycoerythrin is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family found in red algae and cryptophytes that functions as an accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis. The red pigment is due to phycoerythrobilin, a prosthetic group that gives phycoerythrin its red color.
The visible light spectrum has absorption peaks at 495 and 545/566 nm, depending on the chromophores bound and the organism under consideration. At 575 ± 10 nm, there is a strong emission peak. (Phycoerythrin absorbs light that is slightly blue-green/yellowish and emits light that is slightly orange-yellow.)
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Which statement correctly describes the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation produces lactate, and lactic acid fermentation produces ethanol.
Alcohol fermentation is an aerobic pathway, and lactic acid fermentation is an anaerobic pathway.
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactate, and alcohol fermentation produces ethanol.
The difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is lactic acid fermentation produces lactate, and alcohol fermentation produces ethanol.
Lactic acid fermentation vs alcohol fermentation
Fermentation is the metabolic process in which sugars are broken down anaerobically. This condition means in absence of oxygen.
The fermentation pathway is still related with cellular respiration process but there is an extra reaction after Glycolysis. It happens as you are making bread, beer, and doing exercise too hard.
There are 2 types of fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation. In lactic acid fermentation, NADH transfer the electrons directly into pyruvate and produce the lactate as a byproduct. For instance, the process of making yoghurt undergo this kind of fermentation. Also, the muscle cells when you’re exercising too hard. Alcohol fermentation. In alcohol fermentation, NADH donate the electrons into pyruvate derivatives (acetaldehyde) and generating ethanol (alcohol). It needs two process from pyruvate to ethanol.Both of names, origin from the byproduct produced.
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neurons are cells of the nervous system. as part of its normal function, a neuron pumps sodium ions (na ) out of the cell and potassium ions (k ) into the cell. which statement describes the role of energy in this process?
Neurons are cells of the nervous system. As part of its normal function, a neuron pumps sodium ions (Na + ) out of the cell and potassium ions (K +) into the cell. The process requires energy that is provided by ATP.
The nervous system's cells are called neurons. The neurons use electricity to transmit information throughout the nervous system. And the differential in charges between inside and outside the cell is what creates that electricity. A difference in the cell's positive charge is where this difference in charges BEGINS. Currently, Na+ and K+ concentrations outside the cell of neurons vary due to their watery surroundings. K+ concentration is higher inside the cell than outside, but Na+ concentration is higher outside the cell than inside. However, because there are more Na+ than K+, Na+ has a tendency to enter cells while K+ has a tendency to exit them, maintaining the equilibrium of Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump creates by retaining K+ and discarding Na+. Because the cell is operating in opposition to the equilibrium state (equal amounts of Na+ and K+ coming in and going out), more Na+ must be expelled than must be brought in during this process (because there are more Na+ than K+). It is ion active transport.
The first step in the electric potential to transmit information through the nervous system is made possible by this difference in positive charges.
The complete question is:
Neurons are cells of the nervous system. as part of its normal function, a neuron pumps sodium ions (Na ) out of the cell and potassium ions (k ) into the cell. which statement describes the role of energy in this process?
A. The process releases energy that is used to make ATP.
B. The process releases energy in the form of heat.
C. The process requires energy that is provided by sodium and potassium ions.
D. The process requires energy that is provided by ATP.
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did dogs develop naturally or artificially
Answer: Although all dogs are descendants of the wolf, the use of artificial selection has allowed humans to drastically alter the appearance of dogs. For centuries, dogs have been bred for various desired characteristics, leading to the creation of a wide range of dogs, from the tiny Chihuahua to the massive Great Dane.
based upon the experimental data, which muscle type exhibited the lowest threshold of stimulation in all conditions tested?
based upon the experimental data, the muscle type that exhibited the lowest threshold of stimulation in all conditions tested is Lower forelimb muscle
The forelimb are the limbs at the front of the body that contain the arms and their muscles, as distinguished from the hind limbs at the rear of the body that contain the legs.
therefore, based upon the experimental data, the muscle type that exhibited the lowest threshold of stimulation in all conditions tested is Lower forelimb muscle
your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was
Based upon your experimental data, which muscle type exhibited the lowest threshold of stimulation in all conditions tested?
a. Lower forelimb muscle
b. Upper forelimb muscle
c. Calf muscle
d. Thigh muscle
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The image is an example of which property of water?
Snow or ice is solid state of water.
Property of water
When heated, all substances, including water, lose density and gain density when chilled. So, when water is chilled, it gets denser and converts into ice. One of the few substances, water, can float in both its solid and liquid states. Ice is less dense than liquid water that is why ice or snow can float on water.
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describe structural and functional similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts that provide evidence of common ancestry.
They both have double membrane, DNA etc and can generate metabolic energy. From endosymbiotic theory, Circular DNA present bacteria in mitochondria and chloroplast provide evidence of common ancestory.
Functional similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria is to generate metabolic energy, which is evolved by endosymbiosis, they contain their own genetic systems, and both replicate by division.
Structural similarities between mitochondria and chloroplast is that they both a double membrane structure and they contain DNA, organized into nucleoi, and RNA(tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA). And both have ribosomes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts both are semiautonomous, means likely to be evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that once lived as independent organisms. Then eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote, which then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host eukaryote, which developed into a mitochondrion or chloroplast. A prokaryote, bacteria, has circular DNA, so the mitochondria and chloroplasts have. This provides evidence of common ancestory.
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Sudoriferous glands....
a. sweat
b. sebum
c. milk
d. cerumen
what is the role of the electron transport chain in forming the h gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
The energy released as electrons are passed down the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space creating an H+ concentration gradient.
The transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions is accomplished by a group of protein complexes and other molecules that connect protons (H+ ions) through a membrane.
It is an exergonic method of transporting electrons. Due to an electrochemical proton gradient produced by the redox reaction energy, adenosine triphosphate produced (ATP). Through the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH to FADH2, the chain serves as an energy converter that pumps H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane gap. The gradient of the H+ is likely to disperse on its own when it returns across the membrane. And the ATP synthases are the only areas of the membrane that let H+ enter through.
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How many times does a restriction enzyme cut a double stranded piece of dna at a given restriction site?.
A restriction enzyme is able to cut a segment of DNA several times. The number of times the DNA is cut (4n) depends on the length of the recognition site (n).
A restriction enzyme cuts how many times?According to statistics, an enzyme makes an average of one cut per 4n base pairs, where n is the length of the recognition site. As a result, a DNA molecule's likelihood of containing one or more restriction sites increases with length.
Where on the double-stranded DNA are restriction enzymes active?Restriction enzymes (RE) are endonucleases that recognize particular DNA sequences between four and eight base pairs in length and normally break the strands at a specified and constant point within or before the recognition site.
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tony is a somewhat rude and self-absorbed phytoplankton (i.e., a photosynthesizing single-celled organism) that lives in dr. tucker's aquarium. on tuesday, tony was having a good day, actively photosynthesizing in the presence of abundant light and co2. suddenly his day took a turn for the worse when dr. tucker cleaned his tank and accidentally flushed tony down the drain (no light, high co2). predict how the concentration of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (g3p) would change in tony over the next minute or so. select only one answer choice.
The graph shown in option A is the correct way to show the concentration of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (g3p) would change in tony over the next minute or so. So, option A is correct answer.
Phytoplankton are the self-taking care of parts of the tiny fish local area and a critical piece of sea and freshwater environments. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν (phyton), signifying 'plant', and πλαγκτός (planktos), signifying 'vagabond' or 'wanderer'.
Phytoplankton acquire their energy through photosynthesis, as do trees and different plants ashore. This implies phytoplankton should have light from the sun, so they live in the sufficiently bright surface layers (euphotic zone) of seas and lakes. In examination with earthly plants, phytoplankton are dispersed over a bigger surface region, are presented to less occasional variety and have especially quicker turnover rates than trees (days versus many years). Thus, phytoplankton answer quickly on a worldwide scale to environment varieties.
Hence, option A is correct.
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which of the following describes commensalism? (each side of the dash represents one species involved in the interaction; whether it benefit ( ), is harmed (-), or is neither harmed nor helped by the interaction (0))
An interaction between two species known as commensalism occurs when one of the organisms benefits and the other experiences neither good nor bad effects (+/0).
what is commensalism?
A symbiotic interaction between two species known as commensalism occurs when one benefits from the other while the other is neither hurt nor benefited. The commensal bacterium and the host species are both known as beneficiaries of this biological connection.
In such situations, the commensal is typically a little organism and the host species is frequently a larger species. The commensal benefits from the host species include assistance, food, transportation, and shelter. In this connection, the host species does not change; instead, the commensal exhibits significant adaptations relating to its habit and habitat.
Examples include Staphylococcus and Aspergillus
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Brett learned that his car is better protected from the weather when it has been recently washed and waxed. Which best describes the major group of macromolecules that is protecting his car and how it is performing this task?.
Because they are nonpolar and therefore insoluble in water, lipids provide protection for an automobile.
Which macromolecule from the bacterial population ought the team to try to isolate?To create the new cleaning product, the team plans to first isolate the essential component that the bacteria utilize for this procedure. Which macromolecule from the bacterial population ought the team to try to isolate.
Which of the following justifies the fact that carbon makes up the majority of molecules utilised by living things?The capacity of carbon to create strong connections with a variety of elements, including itself, is the cause. This characteristic enables carbon to take the form of a vast range of extremely massive and complicated compounds.
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Approximately one out of every 2,500 caucasians in the united states is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the hardy-weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers?.
A recessive trait is expressed in 1 out of every 2500 homozygous people (cystic fibrosis is inherited as autosomal recessive disease ).
How is the allele frequency in autosomal recessive determined?The prevalence of an autosomal recessive disease in a population is q2, which in this example equals 1/2500 and q = 1/50, according to the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The two alleles (p & q) must have a frequency of 1, therefore p = 49/50 1.
How common is the allele for cystic fibrosis in the Caucasian population?For instance, among Caucasians, the normal allele frequency is 0.975 while the mutant cystic fibrosis allele frequency is 0.025. Allele distribution across a population as a whole is impacted by this.
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Discuss how humans changed the balance of the park ecosystem.
Answer:
Humans change the ecosystem in many ways, such as the habitat destruction, the pollution, introduction of invasive species, exploitation, all species. The most common way that humans damage the ecosystem is by destroying the habit id human activities causes disturbance in the polish of the park's ecosystem.
Is the study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Answer:
well yes but there's a name for it called systematics
Explanation:
Systematics is the study of biological diversity and its origins. It focuses on understanding evolutionary relationships among organisms, species, higher taxa, or other biological entities, such as genes, and the evolution of the properties of taxa including intrinsic traits, ecological interactions, and geographic distributions.
TRUE/FALSE. the biceps femoris muscle inserts primarily on the head of the fibula and assists with knee external rotation.
Answer:trueeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Explanation:
The biceps femoris muscle is one of the three muscles that make up the hamstring muscle group, which also includes the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles.
What is the basic idea about biceps femoris muscle ?The biceps femoris muscle is the most lateral of the three hamstring muscles and is responsible for extending the hip joint and flexing the knee joint.
The long head of the biceps femoris muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity, which is a bony prominence located in the pelvic region. The short head of the muscle originates from the linea aspera, which is a ridge on the back of the femur bone.
Both heads of the muscle merge to form a common tendon that inserts onto the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia.
In addition to its primary actions of hip extension and knee flexion, the biceps femoris muscle also contributes to knee external rotation. The muscle is innervated by the tibial and common fibular nerves, which are both branches of the sciatic nerve.
Injury to the biceps femoris muscle can occur due to activities that involve sudden or excessive stretching, such as sprinting, jumping, or kicking. Common injuries include strains, tears, and avulsions, which can result in pain, swelling, and reduced mobility.
Basically, Treatment typically involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), as well as physical therapy and other supportive measures as needed.
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the older adult endocrine system undergoes age-related changes, one of which is prolonged hyperglycemia levels. what statement best describes why this occurs?
The older adult endocrine system undergoes age-related changes, one of which is prolonged hyperglycemia levels just because the pancreatic beta cells release insulin more slowly and inadequately.
Diabetes patients have hyperglycemia, often known as high blood sugar. Patients with diabetes who have hyperglycemia may be affected by a variety of circumstances. They include things like diet and exercise, as well as illnesses and medications that have nothing to do with diabetes. Skipping dosages, not taking enough insulin, or utilizing other blood sugar-lowering drugs insufficiently are additional causes of hyperglycemia. Treatment for hyperglycemia is crucial. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can worsen and lead to major health issues including a diabetic coma, which call for emergency care. Even modest persistent hyperglycemia can lead to issues with the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves, and neurological system. Blood sugar levels exceeding 180 to 200 mg/dL, or 10 to 11.1 mmol/L, are known as hyperglycemia. However, symptoms often don't appear until the level is high. The signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia progressively appear over the period of days or weeks. The symptoms could be more severe the longer blood sugar levels are elevated.
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In an ecosystem, sheep are grazing animals that eat grass and clovers. This interaction is called. Sheep serve as food for bears. This interaction is called.
Sheep are grazing animals in an ecosystem that consume clovers and grass. Predation is the term for this interaction.
In a biological interaction known as predation, one organism—the predator—kills and consumes another—its prey. It belongs to a group of widespread feeding habits that also includes parasitoidism, micropredation (which typically does not result in host death), and parasitism (which always does, eventually). It differs from scavenging on dead prey, even though many predators also scavenge, and it overlaps with herbivory because predatory seed predators and destructive frugivores are also herbivores.
Predators may actively seek for, pursue, or simply wait for their victim while remaining hidden. The predator decides whether to assault its prey after spotting it. This may entail an ambush or a predation pursuit, sometimes following a prey stalk. If the predator's attack is successful, it kills the prey and removes any parts that aren't edible, like the shell
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what infectious agent produces cysts that transmit the condition via contaminated food and water and have the ability to survive for long periods in cold water? group of answer choices salmonella typhi escherichia coli vibrio cholera giardia lamblia
Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are transmitted by sick people or animals whose faeces contain invasive cysts and oocysts.
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are spread through faeces and oral fluids. Swimmers in open pools might become infected by ingesting water or drinking it.Giardia cysts can contaminate surfaces, food, and water, and when consumed during this contagious stage of their life cycle, they can result in giardiasis. When a person ingests Giardia cysts from contaminated water, food, hands, surfaces, or objects, they get infected. The importance of the four main pathogen groups—helminths, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses—is summarised before the significance of waterborne disease is discussed in relation to the overall world disease burden.
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which model assumes the absence of competitive hierarchies among species? group of answer choices the lottery model the dynamic equilibrium model the intermediate disturbance model all the other answers are correct
The model assumes the absence of competitive hierarchies among species are the dynamic equilibrium model the intermediate disturbance model.
Reversible manner is stated to be in dynamic equilibrium while the ahead and opposite tactics arise on the equal rate, ensuing in no observable extrade withinside the system.
Once dynamic equilibrium is established, the concentrations or partial pressures of all species worried withinside the manner continue to be constant.The intermediate disturbance speculation predicts that the very best range will arise at tiers of slight disturbance. We measured the species range, abundance, and species range of micro organism at the human frame in terms of disturbance through washing.
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what are homologous features? explain why they are important in biological classification, and give an example of a homologous feature.
Answer: Homologous structures are organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor. These structures do not have to look exactly the same, or have the same function. The most important part, as hinted by their name, is that they are structurally similar.
Explanation:
The diagram shows a beaker of water and molecules of red dye at the beginning of an experiment (time 1) and the same beaker of water and molecules of red dye after 30 minutes (time 2). which of the following best explains what happened
Answer: b
Explanation:
review the data below from investigating life 11.1. what is the effect of the booster gene in the weedy relatives of cultivated rice?
Transgenic weeds produce more seeds when the booster genes from cultivated rice inserted to it. the gene flow cause ecological impression
Environmental biosafety issues could arise from transgene escape by gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to their wild cousin species. To prevent potential outcrossing, it is advised that isolation zones be set up with enough space between GM rice varieties and wild rice populations. Additionally, GM rice that has genes that can greatly improve the ecological fitness of weedy rice shouldn't be made available in areas where it already grows abundantly and is a major concern.
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which of the following statements about u.s. middle-aged children and their aging parents is true? group of answer choices the percentage of middle-aged adults with living parents has decreased dramatically in the last century. approximately two-thirds of older adults live in close proximity to at least one of their children. middle-aged and older adults who move usually do so away from their children or aging parents. adult children spend less time in physical proximity to their parents today than in the past.
The likelihood of adult children and their parents spending their golden years together is rising as people live longer.
Briefly define what middle age and old age are.There are other methods to categorize this demographic, however some research have labeled elderly persons 65 to 74 years old as youngest-old, 75 to 84 years old as middle-old, and over 85 years old as oldest-old [5].
Compared to their parents, they are more inclined to support their grown children.
What bodily changes take place in middle adulthood?Middle-age physiological changes that are typical. Midlife brings about a few major hormonal and physical changes. Vision, hearing, greater joint discomfort, and weight gain are all affected
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where does most new membrane synthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell? group of answer choices in the endoplasmic reticulum in the golgi apparatus in the plasma membrane on ribosomes
New membrane synthesis in a eukaryotic cell takes place mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Membranes and their essential proteins are assembled in the ER. This organelle contains the enzymes involved in lipid synthesis, they are inserted into the organelle's very own membranes. This lipid synthesis takes place in part because the lipids are hydrophobic in nature and don't dissolve into the cytoplasm.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. Cells that secrete these products, such as cells of the te.stes, ovaries, and skin oil glands, contain excess of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Bethany is 42 and has cervical cancer. It is probably related to an infection she had during her college years, which wassyphilis.hepatitis A.Chlamydia.human papillomavirus (HPV).
Answer:oh dam
Explanation:
which part of the neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body? biology reading quiz
Part of the neuron which receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body is dendrites.
Nerves make up the nervous system. A bundle of nerve cells is a nerve. A neuron is a type of nerve cell that carries messages. Like sunlight's rays, dendrites and axons connect to the cell's body. Neurons transmit information. They transmit information between brain regions and the rest of the nervous system by means of chemical signals and electrical impulses.
A neuron's dendrites are extensions of the cell body. They move signals toward the cell body after receiving them from sensory receptors or other neurons.
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a virus mutates, and therefore it has which of the following traits of living things?(1 point) responses it uses energy. it uses energy. it is made of cells. it is made of cells. it evolves. it evolves. it grows and develops.
A virus mutates and evolves,which is the trait of a living being
What is a virus?
A host is required for the growth of viruses, which are microscopic infectious organisms that contain genetic material, either DNA or RNA.
Viruses are living organisms that can only survive and grow in a host, which is a living thing like a person, an animal, or a plant. Like cell-based life, viruses are subject to evolution and natural selection, and the majority of them change quickly mimicking living cells have led to numerous outbreaks of illness and fatalities throughout human history.
Therefore the virus evolves like a living being
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which of the following is/are involved pathophysiology of als? group of answer choices death of upper motor neurons death of lower motor neurons loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra
Pathophysiology. The pathogenesis of ALS includes motor neuron loss in the majority of brainstem motor nuclei, the motor cortex, and the spinal ventral horns.
What purpose do brain nuclei serve?The neuronal networks that regulate somatic movement and motivation are thought to be significantly influenced by the cerebral nuclei, which make up the ventral division of the cerebral hemisphere.
Which somatic movement is an illustration?progressively relaxing the muscles By clenching and releasing each muscle group, you are moving your muscles just slightly to release tension in your body and mind. This popular relaxation practice is actually a perfect illustration of somatics.
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____ media contain agent(s) that prohibit the growth of some microbes.-Differential-Enriched-Selective-All of the above
Selective media contains agents that prohibit growth of some microbes.
Agents in selective media prevent the growth of some organisms, favoring or enabling the growth of other organisms. Many different kinds of microorganisms can thrive on differential media, but these media also contain an indicator that makes it possible to see the differences between different microbes.
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