OEM refers to Original Equipment Manufacturer. It is a company that designs and produces parts that are used in another company’s product.
Derived demand refers to the demand that arises from the demand for another product. The product in question may be a consumer or business good. A practical example is the demand for rubber. The demand for rubber in this case will be derived from the demand for tires since rubber is a key component used in making tires.
Consumer-goods marketing refers to the marketing of goods/services to individuals or households for personal consumption. Business marketing refers to the marketing of goods/services to other businesses. The key difference is that business marketing often involves longer sales cycles, more significant volumes, and more complex buying processes.
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Using the EOQ method, how many orders must a company have per year, if they sell 9226 cars a year, have a fixed cost per order of 19 and an inventory carrying cost of 0.47 per unit. and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers.
To calculate the number of orders per year using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, we need the following information:
Annual demand (D): 9,226 cars
Fixed cost per order (S): $19
Inventory carrying cost per unit (H): $0.47
The EOQ formula is given by:
EOQ = √((2 * D * S) / H)
Substituting the given values:
EOQ = √((2 * 9,226 * 19) / 0.47)
EOQ ≈ 422.11
Since the number of orders must be a whole number, we round up the result to the nearest whole number.
Therefore, the company must have approximately 423 orders per year.
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A bank is planning to perform efficiency analysis to learn which branch offices are efficient and how to operation of inefficient units can be improved. All the six units performed 10000 transactions in a given period. Two inputs are considered in the analysis: working hours of employees used for the transactions and the operating expenses. An input oriented constant return to scale model is used for the analysis. The B, D and E branch offices were found efficient. The input and output data of the branch offices are the following:
DMU
Branch office
Input 1 Working hours of
employees
Input 2
Operating expenses
(Euro)
Output
No. of transactions
A
C
D
E
F
2
a ) Prepare a figure which shows the efficiency frontier and the position of the branch offices relative to the efficiency frontier!
b ) How can the efficiency of unit C can be improved? How many working hours and how much operating expenses should be used for the efficient operation of unit C. Answer these questions using the graphical representation of the input - oriented CRS model.
c ) Calculate the efficiency score of unit C?
d ) Formulate the primal and dual linear programming model which calculates the efficiency of unit C.
a) To prepare a figure showing the efficiency frontier and the position of the branch offices relative to the efficiency frontier, we need to plot the input-output data on a graph.
Assuming Input 1 (Working hours of employees) is on the x-axis and Input 2 (Operating expense) is on the y-axis, we can plot the data points for the branch offices A, C, D, E, and F.
efficient units B, D, and E will lie on the efficiency frontier.
Here is an example of how the figure might look:
Efficiency Frontier
|
|
| E
|
|
|
| D
|
|
| B
|
|
|
| A C
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The position of branch offices A, C, and F will be below the efficiency frontier, indicating that they are inefficient.
b) To improve the efficiency of unit C, we need to move it towards the efficiency frontier. In the graphical representation of the input-oriented CRS model, this means adjusting the input values (working hours and operating expenses) to align with the efficiency frontier.
By examining the graph, we can determine the approximate values of working hours and operating expenses for the efficient operation of unit C. The values should be such that they lie on the efficiency frontier.
c) To calculate the efficiency score of unit C, we need to measure its relative distance to the efficiency frontier. This can be done by calculating the radial distance from unit C to the efficiency frontier.
d) The primal and dual linear programming models can be formulated to calculate the efficiency of unit C. The specific formulation will depend on the constraints and objective function used in the efficiency analysis. These models involve optimizing the input and output variables subject to certain constraints, such as constant returns to scale and the efficiency frontier. The details of the models cannot be provided without specific information on the constraints and objective function used in this case.
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Which of the following economic activities will be counted in the domestic economy's GDP in the current year? O a. A consumer buys a used camera. O b. The federal government spends on unemployment benefits. O c. A consumer buys an imported car. O d. Government spends on national defence.
The purchase of a used camera and government spending on unemployment benefits and national defense will be counted in the domestic economy's GDP in the current year. However, the purchase of an imported car will not be included in GDP. In the current year, the economic activities that will be counted in the domestic economy's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are as follows:
a. A consumer buys a used camera: This transaction will be counted in GDP as it represents a final sale of a product within the domestic economy. It contributes to the overall consumption expenditure component of GDP.
b. The federal government spends on unemployment benefits: This government expenditure will be included in GDP as it represents a part of government consumption expenditure. It contributes to the overall aggregate demand in the economy.
c. A consumer buys an imported car: This transaction will not be counted in the domestic economy's GDP. GDP measures the value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders, and imports represent goods produced in other countries.
d. Government spends on national defense: This government expenditure on national defense will be included in GDP. It represents government consumption expenditure, contributing to the overall GDP calculation.
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The account type is considered a liability. A. Fixed Assets B. Accounts Receivable C. Bank D. Accounts Payable Match each detail type with its associated account type. Account Types Detail Types A. Asset 1. Credit Card B. Liability 2. Office Supplies Income 3. Machinery & Equipment 4. Sales D. Expense
In the world of accounting, financial accounting, and bookkeeping, accounts are categorized into different types depending on the nature of transactions income related to the accounts. T
Detail Types The detail types of account types are as follows: Asset Machinery & Equipment: It refers to the long-term assets that a company uses in its production process. It is recorded on the balance sheet. Liability Accounts Payable: It refers to the debt that a company owes to its suppliers or creditors. It is recorded on the balance sheet. Income Sales: It refers to the amount that a company earns from the sales of its products or services. It is recorded on the income statement. Expense Credit Card: It refers to the expenses that a company pays through credit cards. It is recorded on the income statement. Fixed Assets: It refers to the assets that a company owns for the long-term. It is recorded on the balance sheet. Bank: It refers to the money that a company has in its bank accounts. It is recorded on the balance sheet. Accounts Receivable: It refers to the money that a company is owed by its customers for the products or services provided to them. It is recorded on the balance sheet. Summary The table below shows the detail types associated with each account type. Account Types Detail Types Asset Machinery & Equipment Bank Accounts Receivable Liability Accounts Payable Income Sales Expense Credit Card In conclusion, it's important to keep in mind that categorizing the accounts correctly is critical for the company's financial records. The financial statements are used by investors and creditors to determine the company's financial position, profitability, and liquidity.
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making predictions is one of the six data analytics problem types. how does data factor into such problem types?
Data is fundamental to prediction problems, providing the necessary inputs for model training, enabling the discovery of patterns, and facilitating informed forecasting.
Data plays a central role in the six data analytics problem types, including prediction. Prediction is the process of estimating unknown future values or events based on historical data patterns. In this problem type, data serves as the foundation for building predictive models and making informed forecasts.
To address prediction problems, data is collected and organized, typically in the form of structured or unstructured datasets. The data is then preprocessed to clean and transform it into a suitable format for analysis. Feature selection and engineering techniques may be applied to extract relevant information from the data, ensuring that the predictive models capture meaningful patterns.
Next, statistical and machine learning algorithms are employed to train predictive models using historical data. These models learn from patterns and relationships within the data and create a representation of the underlying processes. The trained models can then be used to predict future outcomes based on new, unseen data.
The accuracy and reliability of predictions heavily rely on the quality and quantity of the data. Sufficient and representative data ensures that the models generalize well and produce reliable predictions. Furthermore, ongoing data collection and monitoring are necessary to refine and update the models over time, as the patterns and dynamics of the underlying processes may evolve.
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Sarasota Company purchased on January 1, 2020, as a held-to-maturity investment, $134,000 of the 6%, 6-year bonds of Harrison, Inc. for $121,424, which provides a 8% return. The bonds pay interest semiannually. Prepare Sarasota's journal entries for (a) the purchase of the investment, and (b) the receipt of semiannual interest and discount amortization. Assume effective-interest amortization is used. (Round answers to O decimal places, e.g. 5,125. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter O for the amounts.) Credit
(a) Journal entry for the purchase of the investment:
Date: January 1, 2020
Debit: Held-to-Maturity Investment $121,424
Credit: Cash $121,424
Explanation:
Sarasota Company purchased the bonds of Harrison, Inc. as a held-to-maturity investment. The cost of the investment is $121,424, which is the amount paid in cash.
(b) Journal entry for the receipt of semiannual interest and discount amortization:
Date: Semiannual interest payment date
Debit: Cash (Semiannual interest received)
Debit: Discount on Bonds Payable (Amortization of discount)
Credit: Interest Revenue (Semiannual interest earned)
On the semiannual interest payment date, Sarasota Company receives interest income from the bonds. At the same time, the discount on the bonds payable is amortized.
The specific amounts for cash, discount amortization, and interest revenue will depend on the details provided in the question, such as the bond's face value, interest rate, and semiannual interest payment.
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16. The CPI (Consumer Price Index) and the cost of a slice of pizza are listed below. Is there a linear correlation between the CPI and the cost of a slice of pizza? CPI 30.2 48.3 112.4 162.1 192.1 19
To determine if there is a linear correlation between the CPI (Consumer Price Index) and the cost of a slice of pizza, we can calculate the correlation coefficient.
The CPI values are given as 30.2, 48.3, 112.4, 162.1, and 192.1. However, the corresponding cost of a slice of pizza values are missing. Without the complete data, it is not possible to calculate the correlation coefficient and determine the linear correlation between the CPI and the cost of a slice of pizza. The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1, where a value of +1 indicates a perfect positive linear correlation, -1 indicates a perfect negative linear correlation, and 0 indicates no linear correlation. By calculating the correlation coefficient, we can assess if there is a linear association between the CPI and the cost of a slice of pizza. However, since the cost of a slice of pizza values are missing in the given data, we cannot calculate the correlation coefficient or determine the linear correlation. To assess the relationship between the CPI and the cost of a slice of pizza, we would need complete data with corresponding values for both variables.
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7. Conducted a sensitivity analysis for the changes in both WACC and terminal growth rate to assess potential effects on our fair valuer Discuss your calculations. (10 points) WACC 18% 19% 20% 21% 5%
A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the potential effects of changes in the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and terminal growth rate on the fair value of an asset.
The sensitivity analysis involved calculating the fair value of the asset under different scenarios of WACC and terminal growth rates. The WACC values considered were 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, and 5%. The terminal growth rate represents the long-term sustainable growth rate of the company's earnings and cash flows. By varying these parameters, the sensitivity analysis helps understand how changes in WACC and terminal growth rate impact the fair value estimate.
To perform the calculations, the appropriate formulas or models were used, depending on the valuation method employed. These formulas incorporate the WACC and terminal growth rate to determine the present value of future cash flows and arrive at a fair value estimate for the asset. By analyzing the results obtained from the sensitivity analysis, one can assess the sensitivity of the fair value estimate to changes in WACC and the terminal growth rate. This information is valuable for decision-making and risk assessment purposes.
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Examples of cash flows from (used in) operating activities are (select all that apply)? Cash receipts from royalties, rental, fees, commissions and other revenue. Cash payment to acquire property, plant, and equipment. Cash receipts from sale of goods and rendering of services. Cash receipts and payments for securities held for dealing or trading purpose. Cash receipts from issuing ordinary shares.
Cash receipts from royalties, rental fees, commissions, and other revenue. Cash receipts from the sale of goods and rendering of services.
What are operating cash flows?The examples of cash flows from (used in) operating activities are:
Cash receipts from royalties, rental fees, commissions, and other revenue.Cash receipts from the sale of goods and rendering of services.These two options are the correct examples of cash flows from operating activities. The other options you mentioned are not classified as operating activities.
The cash payment to acquire property, plant, and equipment falls under cash flows from investing activities.
Cash receipts and payments for securities held for dealing or trading purposes fall under cash flows from investing or financing activities, depending on the nature of the business.
Cash receipts from issuing ordinary shares fall under cash flows from financing activities.
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Section B [5*8-40 Marks] 1. What are the different criteria that a design thinking should meet? Using any organizational example (product or service), describe in detail how the application of design thinking has improved business performance and promoted innovation for that organization? (min 500 words) [3+5 marks]
Design thinking is an iterative problem-solving process that is typically used to solve problems that are unknown or ill-defined.
Design thinking is a solution-based approach to problem-solving. This approach is useful when the problem is not well defined or there is a need to discover multiple solutions or options. The design thinking process is creative, iterative, user-focused, and involves empathy for the end-user. Design thinking criteria are as follows:
Empathy: As a design thinker, you must develop empathy for your target audience. It will help you to understand the user's needs, interests, and pain points.
Define: You must define the problem that you are trying to solve. It will help you to understand the needs and goals of your target audience.
Ideate: At this stage, you have to generate multiple ideas that can help you solve the problem.
Prototype: You have to build a prototype of your solution.
Test: You have to test your solution to see how it works with the end-users.
One of the best examples of design thinking is Apple. Apple has always focused on user experience. They have been successful in creating a loyal customer base that is willing to pay a premium price for their products. The company has been able to create a strong brand image because of its user-friendly products. Apple has been able to apply design thinking in all areas of their business from hardware to software design. Apple's design thinking approach has helped the company to innovate in the following ways:
Empathy: Apple has always been focused on user experience. The company has been able to create products that are easy to use and intuitive. This has helped the company to create a loyal customer base that is willing to pay a premium price for their products.
Define: Apple has been able to define the problem that it is trying to solve. The company has been able to understand the needs and goals of its target audience. This has helped the company to create products that are relevant to its users.
Ideate: Apple has been able to generate multiple ideas that have helped the company to create new products and services.
Prototype: Apple has been able to build prototypes of its products that have helped the company to test its solutions.
Test: Apple has been able to test its solutions to see how they work with the end-users. The company has been able to get feedback from its users that has helped it to improve its products and services.
Overall, Apple's design thinking approach has helped the company to innovate in all areas of its business. The company has been able to create user-friendly products that have helped it to create a strong brand image.
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1. Who can use the skills and methods of Design Thinking?
2. What is the purpose of Design Thinking?
3. What are the essential mental strategies to think like a designer?
4. What is the human-centered approach?
5. What are the three core activities of Design Thinking?
6. How can a person think like a designer?
7. Why is the visual representation important in design process?
8. Make a comparison between Design Thinking Manager and Traditional Thinking Manager with three items.
Whether you work in business, government, schooling, or not-for-profit, plan thinking can assist you with creating design thinking in view of the necessities of your clients.
2. What is the purpose of Design Thinking?Even though design thinking is an idea that is based on designers' workflows for mapping out the stages of design, its goal is to give all professionals a standard innovation process so they can come up with creative solutions to problems, whether they are design-related or not.
3. What are the essential mental strategies to think like a designer?Client centricity and compassion. Finding solutions that respond to human requirements and user feedback is at the heart of design thinking.Collaborative work.The concept4. What is the human-centered approach?Human-focused plan is a critical thinking strategy that puts genuine individuals at the focal point of the improvement interaction, empowering you to make items and administrations that resound and are custom fitted to your crowd's necessities.
5. What are the three core activities of Design Thinking?The Three Phases of Design Thinking: Immersion, Ideation and Prototyping.
6. How can a person think like a designer?It permits us to consider some fresh possibilities and comprehend critical thinking on a marginally more profound level. Configuration thinking has demonstrated to work on the world around. Taking into account its capacity to produce noteworthy arrangements in a less problematic, yet imaginative way, it is something beyond a cycle - it is a development.
7. Why is the visual representation important in design process?The designer is able to immediately control, promote, or evaluate specific characteristics of the design that is currently in progress thanks to the visual representation in design, which is viewed here as a transaction between conceptual and visual knowledge.
8. Make a comparison between Design Thinking Manager and Traditional Thinking Manager with three items.Design thinking is a method for coming up with creative solutions to problems that are hard to define or complicated for people to solve. The needs of the business are the focus of traditional problem-solving strategies, which are well-suited to clearly defined technical issues.
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Which of the following was not a way that firms worked to exercise monopoly power in the late 19th century?
a. formation of trusts
b. "gentlemen's" agreements
c. horizontal mergers
d. scientific management
The answer to this question is d. scientific management. While the formation of trusts, "gentlemen's" agreements.
Horizontal mergers were all ways that firms worked to exercise monopoly power in the late 19th century, scientific management was not. Scientific management, also known as Taylorism, was a management theory that focused on improving efficiency and productivity through the careful study of work processes and the use of standardized methods. While this theory was influential in the early 20th century, it was not directly related to monopolistic practices in the late 19th century. Instead, firms in the late 19th century used various tactics to control markets and eliminate competition, including the formation of trusts to combine resources and limit competition, "gentlemen's" agreements to allocate territories and customers, and horizontal mergers to merge with or acquire competing firms.
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The current price for a good is $20, and 100 units are demanded at that price. The price elasticity of demand for the good is - 2. When the price of the good drops by 10 percent to $18, consumer surplus by $ (Enter your response to the nearest penny.) increases decreases
To calculate the change in consumer surplus, we need to determine the initial consumer surplus at the original price and the new consumer surplus at the lower price.
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Dazzle Ink makes and sells paints to home improvement stores. Dazzle Ink maximum production is 7 million cans of paint per year. Current annual production is 5 million cans. Fixed manufacturing, selling and administrative costs total $6 million per year. The variable cost of making and selling each can of paint is $4.00. Stockholders expect a 10% annual return on the company's $25 million of assets. Requirements What is Dazzle Ink current total cost of making and selling 5 million cans of paint? (5 pts) What is the current cost per can of paint? (5 pts) 3. Assume that Dazzle Ink is a price-taker and that the current wholesale market price is $7.00 per can of paint. What is the target total of cost in producing and selling 5 million cans of paint? (5 pts) Given Dazzle Ink's current total costs, will the company reach stockholders' profit goals?
Dazzle Ink is in the business of manufacturing and selling paints to home improvement stores. Given the following information: Dazzle Ink maximum production is 7 million cans of paint per year. Current annual production is 5 million cans. Fixed manufacturing, selling, and administrative costs total $6 million per year. The variable cost of making and selling each can of paint is $4.00. Stockholders expect a 10% annual return on the company's $25 million of assets. The questions can be answered as follows: What is Dazzle Ink current total cost of making and selling 5 million cans of paint? The current total cost of making and selling 5 million cans of paint by Dazzle Ink is $26 million. What is the current cost per can of paint? The current cost per can of paint can be calculated by adding the fixed costs and variable costs and dividing by the number of cans produced. Fixed cost per unit = $6 million/5 million cans = $1.20Variable cost per unit = $4.00Cost per can of paint = $1.20 + $4.00 = $5.20 per can of paint. Assume that Dazzle Ink is a price-taker and that the current wholesale market price is $7.00 per can of paint. What is the target total of cost in producing and selling 5 million cans of paint? In order to determine the target cost of producing and selling 5 million cans of paint, the company's expected profit must be taken into account. The profit expected by stockholders is a 10% return on the company's $25 million of assets. Therefore, the target cost of producing and selling 5 million cans of paint is calculated as follows: Target cost per unit = $25 million x 10% / 5 million cans = $0.50Target total cost = $1.20 + $0.50 + $4.00 = $5.70 per can of paint. Given Dazzle Ink's current total costs, will the company reach stockholders' profit goals? No, Dazzle Ink will not reach the stockholders' profit goals since the cost per can of paint is $5.20, which is lower than the target cost per can of paint of $5.70. Therefore, the company will not meet the stockholders' profit goals.
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Bob Ltd is subject to 30% income tax rate. Below is information about the capital structure of Bob Ltd Source of funds Market value Required rate of return Long-term debt 10,000 6% Preferred stock 50,
The total value of Bob Ltd's capital structure is $100,000. So the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Bob Ltd is 7.4%.
To determine the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), you need to determine the cost of each component of capital, as shown below:Cost of DebtThe interest paid on long-term debt is tax-deductible, which lowers the cost of debt. The after-tax cost of debt is calculated as follows:After-tax cost of debt = before-tax cost of debt x (1 - tax rate)After-tax cost of debt = 6% x (1 - 30%)After-tax cost of debt = 4.2%Cost of Preferred StockThe cost of preferred stock is the dividend yield, which is expressed as a percentage of the market value of the preferred stock. The cost of preferred stock is calculated as follows:Cost of preferred stock = dividend yieldCost of preferred stock = (dividend / market price of preferred stock)Cost of preferred stock = (5,000 / 50,000)Cost of preferred stock = 10%Cost of Common StockThe cost of common stock is the required rate of return. The required rate of return is the minimum rate of return that shareholders expect to receive on their investment. The cost of common stock is calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which is as follows:Cost of common stock = risk-free rate + beta x (market rate of return - risk-free rate)Cost of common stock = 4% + 1.2 x (10% - 4%)Cost of common stock = 11.2%Weighted Average Cost of CapitalThe weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the average cost of each component of capital, weighted by its market value. The formula for WACC is as follows:WACC = (cost of debt x weight of debt) + (cost of preferred stock x weight of preferred stock) + (cost of common stock x weight of common stock)WACC = (4.2% x 10,000 / 100,000) + (10% x 50,000 / 100,000) + (11.2% x 50,000 / 100,000)WACC = 7.4%Therefore, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Bob Ltd is 7.4%.
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Fellar Corp, has identified the following information Activity cost pools Materials handling Machine maintenance $42,840 25,500 Cost drivers Number of material moves Number of machine hours 840 75,000 Required 1. Calculate the activity rate for each cost pool. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places.) Activity Rate Material Handling per Material Move Machine Maintenance per Machine Hour 2. Detemine the amount of overhead assigned to Fellar's products if they have the following activity demands: (Round your intermediate calculations to 2 decimal places and final answers to the nearest whole dollar amount.) Number of material moves Number of machine hours Product A 590 42,600 Product B 250 32,400 Total Assi Product A Product B
Activity Rates: Material Handling: $42,840 / 840 = $51 per material move
Machine Maintenance: $25,500 / 75,000 = $0.34 per machine hour
Overhead Assigned to Products.
Product A: (590 material moves * $51 per material move) + (42,600 machine hours * $0.34 per machine hour) = $30,090 + $14,484 = $44,574
Product B: (250 material moves * $51 per material move) + (32,400 machine hours * $0.34 per machine hour) = $12,750 + $11,016 = $23,766
Total Overhead Assigned: $44,574 (Product A) + $23,766 (Product B) = $68,340
The activity rate for each cost pool is calculated by dividing the total cost of each pool by its respective cost driver. In this case, the cost driver for materials handling is the number of material moves, and the cost driver for machine maintenance is the number of machine hours. By dividing the total cost of each pool by its respective cost driver, we can determine the activity rate per unit of the cost driver.
To calculate the overhead assigned to each product, we multiply the activity rate by the respective activity demand for each cost driver. For Product A, we multiply the activity rate for materials handling by the number of material moves and the activity rate for machine maintenance by the number of machine hours. The same calculation is done for Product B. Finally, we sum up the overhead assigned to each product to get the total overhead assigned to all products.
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Question #2 (36 Marks) Payton Bags (PB) is a designer of high-quality backpacks and purses. Each design is made in small batches. Each spring, PB comes out with new designs for the backpack and for the purse. The company uses these designs for a year and then moves on to the next trend. The bags are all made on the same fabrication equipment that is expected to operate at capacity. The equipment must be switched over to a new design and set up to prepare for the production of each new batch of products. When completed, each batch of products is immediately shipped to a wholesaler. Shipping costs vary with the number of shipments. Budgeted information for the year is as follows: Budget for Costs and Activities 405,665 Direct Materials purses 457,775 Direct materials backpacks 104,400 Direct labour purses Direct labour backpacks 112,100 Setup 69,680 Shipping 74,880 Design 168,000 Plant utliites 225,500 Total 1,618,000 Other Budget Information Purses Number of Bags Backpacks 5,900 3,600 9,500 Hours of production 1,550 2,550 4,100 Number of batches 125 83 208 number of designs 3 3 6 Required 1. Identify the cost hierarchy level for each cost category. (8 marks) 2. Identify the most appropriate cost driver for each cost category. Explain briefly your choice of cost driver. (8 marks) 3. Calculate the budgeted cost per unit of cost driver for each cost category. (8 marks) 4. Calculate the budgeted total costs and cost per unit for each product line. (12 marks) total
Cost Hierarchy Level for Each Cost Category: Direct Materials (Purses and Backpacks): Unit-level cost as it is directly related to the number of bags produced.
The cost increases or decreases proportionally with the number of bags manufactured. Direct Labor (Purses and Backpacks): Unit-level cost as it is directly tied to the number of hours of production. The cost varies based on the labor required to produce each bag. Setup: Batch-level cost as it is incurred for each batch of products. The cost is associated with the activities of switching over the equipment and setting up for production. The number of bags produced is the most appropriate cost driver as the cost of direct materials is directly proportional to the number of bags manufactured.
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Consider two bonds. Bond A has a $50 coupon, payable at the end of each year. Bond B has two semi-annual $25 coupons, one payable in mid-year and the second at the end of the year. Both bonds are otherwise identical, with the same principal and maturity. Would bond A have a higher, lower or the same price as Bond B? Why?
Bond A would have the same price as Bond B.
The price of a bond is determined by its cash flows, maturity, and prevailing interest rates. In this case, Bond A and Bond B have the same principal, maturity, and coupon rate (both bonds have a total coupon payment of $50 per year). The only difference lies in the timing of coupon payments.
Bond A pays a single $50 coupon at the end of each year. Bond B, on the other hand, pays two semi-annual $25 coupons, with one paid in the middle of the year and the second paid at the end of the year. The total annual coupon payment for Bond B is also $50 ($25 + $25).
Since both bonds have the same cash flows in terms of total coupon payments and the same principal and maturity, they would have the same price. Investors in the bond market would assess the present value of the expected cash flows from each bond, discounted at the prevailing interest rate. As long as the prevailing interest rate remains the same for both bonds, their prices would be equal.
It's important to note that if the prevailing interest rate changes, it would impact the bond prices differently. When interest rates rise, bond prices tend to fall, and vice versa. However, based on the information provided, the timing of coupon payments is the only difference between Bond A and Bond B, and it does not affect their relative prices.
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what will budgeted net income equal if 21,000 units are produced and sold
The budgeted net income is the amount by which a company's estimated revenue exceeds its expected expenses. It is calculated by subtracting estimated expenses from expected revenue.
To calculate the budgeted net income when 21,000 units are produced and sold, we need to have the expected revenue and estimated expenses. Without knowing the details of the question and the type of business, it is impossible to provide a specific answer.However, here is an example of how to calculate the budgeted net income:Suppose a company expects to sell 21,000 units at $10 per unit and its estimated expenses are $150,000. The expected revenue is calculated as follows:Expected revenue = 21,000 units × $10 per unit = $210,000The budgeted net income is calculated as follows:Budgeted net income = Expected revenue - Estimated expenses Budgeted net income = $210,000 - $150,000 = $60,000
Therefore, if a company expects to sell 21,000 units at $10 per unit and its estimated expenses are $150,000, the budgeted net income will be $60,000.
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GIVE TWO Asian countries that have undergone drastic economic
change over the last decade and compare their differences in terms
of political, economic, social, and technological advancements
Two Asian countries that have undergone significant economic changes over the last decade are China and South Korea.
Here's a comparison of their differences in terms of political, economic, social, and technological advancements:
1. China: - Political: China has maintained a single-party communist system with a strong centralized government. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) exercises control over major political decisions.
- Economic: China has experienced rapid economic growth and has become the world's second-largest economy . It has implemented market-oriented reforms while retaining state control over key sectors. It is known for its export-oriented manufacturing industries and infrastructure development. - Social: China has witnessed significant improvements in living standards, poverty reduction, and urbanization. However, it continues to face challenges related to income inequality, rural-urban disparities, and environmental degradation.
- Technological: China has made remarkable advancements in technology, particularly in areas like e-commerce, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence. It is a global leader in tech innovation and has a thriving digital economy.
2. South Korea: - Political: South Korea is a democratic republic with a multi-party system. It has a presidential system where the president serves as the head of state and government.
- Economic: South Korea has experienced steady economic growth and is recognized as one of the "Asian Tigers." It has a highly developed industrial sector, including electronics, automobiles, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals. It has also embraced globalization and actively participates in international trade. - Social: South Korea has made significant strides in education, healthcare, and overall quality of life. It has a strong emphasis on education and has achieved high literacy rates. It faces challenges related to an aging population and gender inequality.
While both countries have experienced economic transformations, there are differences in their political systems, economic models, social dynamics, and technological achievements. China has a more centrally controlled political system and a state-led economic model, while South Korea has a democratic political system and a market-oriented economy. Additionally, China's focus has been on rapid industrialization and becoming a global manufacturing hub, while South Korea has emphasized technology and innovation as key drivers of economic growth.
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Let X represent the number that occurs when a 6-sided red die is tossed and the number that occurs when a 6-sided green die is tossed. Complete parts fa) and (b) below. (a) Find the variance of the random variable 2X-Y. 3x--0 (Simplify your answer.) (b) Find the variance of the random variable X+47-5. 0.47-5-0 (Simplify your answer.)
(a) The variance of the random variable 2X - Y is 68.
(b) The variance of the random variable X + 47 - 5 is 0.
To find the variance of a random variable, we need to calculate the expected value and then subtract it from the squared expected value of the random variable. In this case, we'll calculate the expected value of 2X - Y.
The random variable 2X - Y can take on the following values:
2(1) - 1 = 1
2(1) - 2 = 0
2(2) - 1 = 3
2(2) - 2 = 2
2(3) - 1 = 5
2(3) - 2 = 4
2(4) - 1 = 7
2(4) - 2 = 6
2(5) - 1 = 9
2(5) - 2 = 8
2(6) - 1 = 11
2(6) - 2 = 10
The probabilities for these values depend on the probabilities of the individual outcomes of the red and green dice.
Now, we can calculate the expected value (μ) using the formula:
E(2X - Y) = Σ[(2X - Y) x P(X, Y)]
Next, we calculate the squared expected value [tex](E(2X - Y))^{2}[/tex]
Finally, we find the variance (Var(2X - Y)) by subtracting the squared expected value from the expected value squared.
(b) Since 47 and 5 are constants, they do not affect the variance of the random variable. Therefore, we only need to calculate the variance of X.
To find the variance of X, we need to calculate the expected value of X and then subtract it from the squared expected value of X.
The random variable X can take on values from 1 to 6, each with equal probabilities since it is a fair 6-sided die.
We calculate the expected value (μ) of X using the formula: E(X) = Σ(X x P(X))
Next, we calculate the squared expected value [tex](E(X))^{2}[/tex].
Finally, we find the variance (Var(X)) by subtracting the squared expected value from the expected value squared.
Since the constants 47 and 5 have no variability, they do not contribute to the variance, resulting in a variance of 0 for the random variable X + 47 - 5.
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What are common team problems from a human resources perspective?Many ideas and expectations team work. The larger goal is achieving effectiveness or team success. But, at the same time, people hold value for "what's fair" (equity) in teams. Values are rarely discussed. The push and pull of these goals results in problems.
Teamwork is considered to be a significant and critical factor in the accomplishment of business objectives. Team development is one of the Human Resources Department's critical tasks. Despite all of the benefits that effective teamwork brings to the table, it is no secret that team building is often difficult, particularly in fast-paced work environments where teamwork is essential. Some of the most common team problems are discussed below, along with a Human Resources perspective on how to deal with them.
1. Poor Communication:
In a team, communication is critical. Team members must be able to communicate effectively and openly in order to collaborate. But when team members lack communication skills, the team's effectiveness is hampered. As a result, HR can assist with training and coaching team members in communication skills.
2. Resistance to Change:
When businesses change, team members might feel threatened or unsure about their place in the new system. This causes issues in collaboration and communication, resulting in a loss of trust and motivation. HR may assist in guiding employees through changes and assisting them in adapting to the new setting.
3. Lack of Trust:
Trust is a crucial element in teamwork, and it is difficult to achieve when the team is new or has undergone significant changes. HR can help build trust by training employees on how to establish and maintain trust.
4. Conflict:
Disagreements and conflicts arise in every team. Conflicts, however, can become problematic when they go unresolved. As a result, HR must work with teams to establish a positive conflict resolution process.
5. No Clear Goals:
It is critical to have clear objectives and roles in a team. Without this, employees may not know what is expected of them, and there may be disagreements about what is being done. HR can assist with team goal setting and ensure that everyone has a clear understanding of their role.
In summary, poor communication, resistance to change, lack of trust, conflict, and no clear goals are among the most common team problems. Human Resources can assist by providing training and coaching, guiding employees through change, establishing conflict resolution processes, and assisting with goal-setting.
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Barkov Industries makes an electronic component in two departments, Machining and Assembly. The capacity per month is 60,000 units in the Machining Department and 50,000 units in the Assembly Department. The only variable cost of the product is direct material of $200 per unit. All direct material cost is incurred in the Machining Department. All other costs of operating the two departments are fixed costs. Barkov can sell as many units of this electronic component as it produces at a selling price of $500 per unit.
Required:
Barkov’s Machining managers believe that they could increase the capacity in their department by 10,000 units, if they were able to increase fixed costs by $100,000. Should the money be spent? Explain.
An outside contractor offers to do assembly for 10,000 units at a cost of $2,000,000. Should Barkov accept the offer from the subcontractor? Show calculations.
How do your answers in parts (a) and (b) relate to the theory of constraints? Explain.
(a) and (b) relate to the theory of constraints as they consider the optimum utilization of resources to maximize profitability. In part (a), the increased capacity in the Machining Department allows for more units to be produced and sold, thereby increasing overall contribution and profitability.
In part (b), accepting the subcontractor's offer offloads the assembly process and allows Barkov Industries to focus on its core competency, potentially increasing efficiency and reducing costs. Both decisions align with the theory of constraints by identifying and optimizing the critical resources to enhance overall performance and profitability.
(a) Increasing the capacity in the Machining Department by 10,000 units would require an increase in fixed costs by $100,000. To determine whether it is beneficial to spend this money, we need to consider the incremental contribution margin.
The incremental contribution margin per unit is calculated by subtracting the direct material cost per unit ($200) from the selling price per unit ($500). Therefore, the incremental contribution margin is $500 - $200 = $300 per unit.
With an increase in capacity of 10,000 units, the total incremental contribution would be $300 × 10,000 = $3,000,000.
Comparing the incremental contribution of $3,000,000 with the additional fixed costs of $100,000, it is financially beneficial for Barkov Industries to spend the money and increase the capacity in the Machining Department. The incremental contribution exceeds the additional fixed costs by a significant margin.
(b) The outside contractor offers to do assembly for 10,000 units at a cost of $2,000,000. To decide whether Barkov should accept the offer, we need to compare the cost of subcontracting with the cost of doing the assembly in-house.
The total variable cost for assembling 10,000 units in-house would be the direct material cost of $200 per unit × 10,000 units = $2,000,000.
Comparing the cost of subcontracting ($2,000,000) with the cost of doing assembly in-house ($2,000,000), it is more cost-effective for Barkov Industries to accept the offer from the subcontractor.
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Explain the importance of warehouse management in running the warehouse economically AND illustrate with an example how this can be achieved.
Warehouse management is essential for any company that operates a warehouse, which is an essential component of their operations. Warehouse management has a significant impact on the economic viability of the warehouse and the entire company that it serves.
Warehouse management is a critical aspect of running a warehouse economically. It is responsible for the flow of goods and supplies through the warehouse, as well as the organization and management of the warehouse. Proper warehouse management helps to optimize the use of space, reduce errors and waste, and ensure that customer orders are fulfilled accurately and on time.
This, in turn, contributes to the profitability of the warehouse and the company as a whole. A good warehouse management system helps to control costs, improve efficiency and productivity, and enhance customer service.
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Rory Running has 1,000,000 shares of common stock outstanding. The stock is currently selling for $80 a share. The firm also has 2 bond issues outstanding. Each bond in both issues has a face value of $1,000. Thefirst bond issue has a total face value of $500,000 and pays 6.5 percent interest annually. The bonds in the first issue are selling at 92.4 percent of face value. The second bond issue consists of 10,000 bonds which are selling for $990 each. These bonds pay 7 percent interest annually and mature in 15 years. The tax rate is 25 percent. What is the capital structure weight of the firm's equity? 88.53%
62.98%
11.47%
70.89%
The capital structure weight of the firm's equity is 70.89%.
To calculate the capital structure weight of equity, we need to determine the proportion of total capitalization represented by equity. The capital structure weight of equity is the equity value divided by the total market value of the firm.
In this case, we have the following information:
- Number of shares of common stock outstanding: 1,000,000
- Stock price: $80
To calculate the equity value, we multiply the number of shares by the stock price:
Equity value = 1,000,000 shares * $80/share = $80,000,000
Next, we need to calculate the total market value of the firm, which includes both equity and debt. For the first bond issue, we know the face value ($500,000) and the market price (92.4% of face value). The market value of the first bond issue is calculated as follows:
Market value of first bond issue = $500,000 * 92.4% = $462,000
For the second bond issue, we know the number of bonds (10,000) and the bond price ($990). The market value of the second bond issue is calculated as follows:
Market value of second bond issue = 10,000 bonds * $990/bond = $9,900,000
To calculate the total market value of the firm, we add the equity value and the market values of both bond issues:
Total market value of the firm = Equity value + Market value of first bond issue + Market value of second bond issue
Total market value of the firm = $80,000,000 + $462,000 + $9,900,000 = $90,362,000
Finally, we calculate the capital structure weight of equity by dividing the equity value by the total market value of the firm:
Capital structure weight of equity = Equity value / Total market value of the firm
Capital structure weight of equity = $80,000,000 / $90,362,000 ≈ 0.7089 or 70.89%
Therefore, the capital structure weight of the firm's equity is approximately 70.89%.
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First, answer question number one to discuss how models are used as an analytic tool in microeconomics. Then, select two of the remaining questions and in no less than 250 words debate how it is used as an analytic tool in microeconomics.
1.) Output, Price, and Profit: The Importance of Marginal Analysis
The following graph illustrates a firm’s profits in perfect competition. Using the graph describe how-to calculate the following:
The firm’s profit per unit of output
The firm’s total profit
Revenue and Cost (Per Bushel)
$2.25 $1.50
0
B
MC AC
A D = MR = AR
50,000 Bushels of Corn
(Per Year)
$3.00
6
Microeconomic models are analytical tools used to simplify and analyze economic behavior, including consumer choices, firm decisions, and market dynamics.
Microeconomic models are utilized as powerful analytic tools in specific areas of microeconomics, such as consumer choice and production analysis. In consumer choice, models like the utility maximization model enable economists to understand how individuals make decisions about which goods and services to consume based on their preferences and budget constraints. These models help predict changes in demand and assess the welfare implications of various policy interventions, considering factors like substitution effects and income effects.
In production analysis, microeconomic models allow economists to study firm behavior and production decisions. For instance, the production function model helps determine the optimal combination of inputs, such as labor and capital, to minimize costs or maximize output. Cost curves, such as the average cost curve (AC) and marginal cost curve (MC), are essential tools for analyzing firm behavior and profitability. They aid in identifying the level of production where firms can maximize their profits by equating marginal cost with marginal revenue.
Overall, microeconomic models serve as analytical tools in specific areas of study within microeconomics, enabling economists to understand consumer behavior, analyze firm decisions, and make predictions about market outcomes. These models facilitate informed decision-making, policy evaluations, and the exploration of different scenarios to gain insights into the functioning of microeconomic systems.
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This is about Time series analysis. Please give the correct
answer. Thx
Let the sequence (ph)hez be given as 1. h = 0 0.4, h = ±1 Ph. = -0.8, h 2 0, |h| ≥ 3 a) Is ph the autocorrelation function of a stationary stochastic process? b) If yes, is such a process ergodic f
a) Yes, the sequence ph can be the autocorrelation function of a stationary stochastic process.
To determine if it is the autocorrelation function of a stationary process, we need to check if it satisfies the conditions of a valid autocorrelation function. These conditions include being symmetric, having a maximum value of 1 at lag 0, and being non-negative definite.
b) To determine if the process is ergodic, we need to check if it satisfies the conditions of ergodicity, which include having a finite variance and being weakly stationary. Without additional information or the full specification of the stochastic process, it is not possible to definitively determine if the process is ergodic.
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To what extend do you think indifference curve analysis is useful in modeling consumer behavior?
Indifference curve analysis is a useful method for modeling consumer behavior to a great extent. It helps economists and analysts understand how consumers make choices between different goods and services. Indifference curve analysis assumes that consumers make decisions based on their preferences for a combination of two or more goods.
It helps economists model consumer behavior by mapping out all of the possible combinations of two or more goods that would provide the consumer with the same level of satisfaction or utility. Through indifference curve analysis, economists can better understand how consumers make trade-offs between different goods based on their level of satisfaction or utility. This can help businesses make better decisions about which products to produce and which marketing strategies to employ. Indifference curve analysis can also help businesses determine the optimal prices for their products. By understanding the preferences of consumers and how they make trade-offs between different goods, businesses can adjust their pricing strategies to maximize profits while still satisfying the needs of their customers.
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The concept of free trade has been a debated topic for decades. Is free trade really free? What role do governments play in free trade? What are the pros and cons of free trade for countries and for the planet? In a 500- to 700-word paper argue for or against the concept of free trade. (Make sure to address the questions above.) Support your paper with at least four sources, two of which must be scholarly.
In your paper,
Analyze the idea of free trade.
Evaluate the pros and cons of free trade for countries and the planet.
Evaluate the role governments play in free trade.
Free trade is a concept that promotes the exchange of goods and services between countries without the imposition of barriers such as tariffs, quotas, or excessive regulations. It aims to facilitate economic growth, increase efficiency, and provide consumers with a wider range of choices at competitive prices.
The idea of free trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage, which suggests that countries can benefit by specializing in the production of goods and services in which they have a lower opportunity cost, and then trading those goods and services with other countries. This allows countries to allocate their resources more efficiently, increase productivity, and achieve higher levels of economic welfare.
When evaluating the pros and cons of free trade, it is important to consider both the impact on countries and the planet.
Pros of Free Trade for Countries:
Economic Growth: Free trade can stimulate economic growth by expanding markets, promoting innovation, and attracting foreign direct investment.
Increased Efficiency: By specializing in the production of goods and services they have a comparative advantage in, countries can achieve higher levels of efficiency and productivity.
Consumer Benefits: Free trade provides consumers with a wider range of goods and services at competitive prices, increasing their purchasing power and standard of living.
Job Creation: While some industries may face challenges due to increased competition, free trade can also lead to the creation of new jobs in industries that have a competitive advantage.
Cons of Free Trade for Countries:
Job Displacement: Industries that cannot compete with imports may experience job losses and worker displacement.
Income Inequality: Free trade may exacerbate income inequality within countries, as some individuals and industries benefit more than others.
Dependency: Countries heavily reliant on imports may become vulnerable to supply chain disruptions or changes in global market conditions.
Environmental Impact: Free trade can lead to increased global production and transportation, contributing to environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion.
Governments play a crucial role in free trade by establishing trade policies, negotiating trade agreements, and regulating domestic and international trade. Their role includes:
Trade Policy Formulation: Governments set trade policies and negotiate agreements to protect domestic industries, address trade imbalances, and promote their country's interests in the global market.
Market Regulation: Governments establish regulations and standards to ensure fair competition, protect consumers, and promote safety and quality in traded goods and services.
Tariffs and Trade Barriers: Governments can impose tariffs, quotas, or other trade barriers to protect domestic industries from unfair competition or to address national security concerns.
Trade Agreements: Governments negotiate and enter into trade agreements with other countries to facilitate the flow of goods and services, reduce trade barriers, and create a predictable and stable environment for international trade.
In conclusion, the concept of free trade is a complex and debated topic. While it offers potential benefits such as economic growth, efficiency, and consumer welfare, it also has drawbacks such as job displacement and environmental concerns. Governments play a crucial role in regulating and shaping free trade to balance the interests of domestic industries, consumers, and the overall economy. The key challenge lies in finding a balance that maximizes the benefits of free trade while addressing its potential negative impacts.
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Which country was growing faster in the 1950s and 1960s? The Soviet Union, or the US?
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union was growing faster than the US. The US during the 1950s and 1960s was going through a period of economic growth.
The nation experienced a period of rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and increased economic prosperity. The US economy had grown by an average of 3.8 percent per year during the period.
However, the growth of the Soviet Union was faster than the US during the same period of time.The Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s was going through a period of rapid economic growth. The nation experienced a period of industrialization, technological advancements, and increased economic prosperity.
The Soviet Union grew by an average of 5.2 percent per year during the period. During the period, the Soviet Union had achieved several technological breakthroughs, such as the first man-made satellite and the first human in space. This implies that Soviet Union was growing faster than the US during the 1950s and 1960s.
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