HClO₄(l) → H⁺ (aq) + ClO₄⁻ (aq) for HClO4(aq) , HBr(aq)→H+(aq)+Br−(aq) for HBr(aq) and Ca(OH)₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2OH⁻ for Ca(OH)2(aq) are the equation showing how it is an acid or a base according to Arrhenius definition.
A material is referred to as an Arrhenius acid if it contains a hydrogen atom and readily emits hydrogen ions or protons in water, in accordance with the Arrhenius theory. The quantity of replaceable hydrogen ions in an Arrhenius acid is referred to as its basicity. Chloride (Cl-) and hydronium (H3O+) ions are created when hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water.
A Lewis acid is a molecule or ion that can make a covalent bond with an electron pair or donate a proton, depending on its Brnsted-Lowry or Brnsted-Lowry acid properties. The proton donors, also referred to as Brnsted-Lowry acids, make up the first group of acids.
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Calculate the normal boiling point of chloroform given that the standard enthalpy of vaporization of chloroform is 31. 4 kj/mol and the standard entropy of chloroform is 93. 7 j/mol·k.
chloroform has a standard energy of vaporization of 31. 4 kJ/mol and a standard entropy of 93. 7 j/mol/K, the standard enthalpy of vaporization chloroform is 335K.
How is the boiling point of vaporization entropy calculated?Set the Gibbs free energy of vaporization delta G = delta H minus T delta S = 0 if the enthalpy of vaporization delta H and the entropy of vaporization delta S are known (for a large number of substances, they are available in tables). The boiling point's temperature is thus given by T = delta H/delta S.
How is the boiling point determined?The Boiling Point Formula Kb is frequently calculated using the formula Kb = RTb2M/Hv, where R is the universal gas constant. Tb is the pure solvent's boiling point (measured in K), and M is the solvent's molar mass.
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however instead of a standard reflux apparatus you set up a distillation apparatus what was the purpose of the setup and why did it help the reaction proceed faster
Reflux is a laboratory method for heating a mixture without losing a lot of solution. Refluxing a mixture is used to hasten and/or induce a reaction.
Reflux is used to achieve stage-by-stage equilibrium heat and mass transfer, which leads to the purification of the top product, by bringing down-flowing liquid in the rectification section into contact with the up-flowing vapor.
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an aqueous ethanol solution (400 ml) was diluted to 4.00 l, giving a concentration of 0.0400 m. the concentration of the original solution was m. question 29 options: 4.00 2.00 1.60 0.400 0.200
An aqueous ethanol solution (400 mL) was diluted to 4.00 L, giving a concentration of 0.0400 M. The concentration of the original solution was 0.400 M.
Given:
ethanol solution V₁ = 400 ml
concentration M₂ = 0.0400 M
volume of diluted ethanol V₂ = 4.00 L = 4000 ml
concentration of original solution = M₁ = ?
Formula used:
Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to the solution.
in this case, we need to use the dilution formula
M₁V1 = M₂V₂
M₁ = initial molarity
v1 = initial volume in liters
M₂ = final molarity
V₂ = final volume in liters
Solution:
using the dilution formula:
M1 × 400 = 0.04 × 4000
M1 =[tex]\frac{0.04 * 4000 }{400}[/tex]
= 0.400 M
Hence 0.400 M is a correct answer.
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what kind of intermolecular forces act between a chloramine (nh2cl) molecule and a potassium cation?
The intermolecular forces act between a chloramine (nh2cl) molecule and a potassium cation is Dipole to Dipole bonding.
What is an example of a dipole-dipole interaction?
A dipole-dipole interaction can occur between polar molecules such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), carboxylic acids (i.e., acetic acid), and amino acids. The positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and alter its location.
What is Dipole to Dipole bonding?
Dipole to Dipole force arise when atoms with partial charges within a molecule attract another atom with an opposite partial charge that is located around the molecule.
Therefore,
Because chloroamine and water are both polar solvents, hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces, and dipole-dipole forces of attration exist between them. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds.
Hence Dipole to Dipole bonding is a correct answer.
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the bronsted-lowry definition of a base is: group of answer choices produces h⁺ in solution. produces oh⁻ in solution. a proton donor. a proton acceptor. none of the above
A collection of answer options that results in h+ in the solution is the bronsted-lowry definition of a base. a proton acceptor that generates oh in a solution. bronstted - lowry Acid and base definition.
Proton donation is carried out by acid. Base is a material that can take in protons. So, based on the foregoing Definition, option B is right. A base, which is the complementary particle to an acid, is also known as a proton acceptor. A base, according to the Broensted-Lowry definition, is a negatively charged ion that can react with or receive a positively charged hydrogen ion. Any hydrogen-containing material that has the ability to give another substance a proton (hydrogen ion) is considered an acid. An entity that can accept a hydrogen ion is known as a base.
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Classify each of the substances as an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte. Electrolyte Nonelectrolyte Answer Bank sodium hydroxide, NaOH potassium iodide, KI most molecular solutes methanol, CH OH a substance that forms an aqueous solution which does nol conduct eloctricity table sugar a soluble ionic compound sodium chloride, NaC
From the substances given, we can classify them as an electrolyte or a non-electrolyte as stated below:
Electrolyte:
NaOH (sodium hydroxide)KI (potassium iodide)NaCl (sodium chloride)A soluble ionic compoundNon-electrolyte:
Most molecular solutesCH3OH (methanol)Table sugarA substance that forms an aqueous solution but does not conduct electricity.What are electrolytes and non-electrolytes?Electrolytes are some substances that can release electrical charges in the form of cations (positive charge) and anions (negative charge). These electrical charges move freely in the aqueous form as a soluble ionic solution. The freely-moving molecules can conduct electricity. On the other hand, non-electrolytes do not contain anions and cations. Hence, they cannot conduct electricity.
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one mole of an ideal gas does 2900 j of work on its surroundings as it expands isothermally to a final pressure of 1.00 atm and volume of 25.0 l. (a) determine the initial volume.
The one mole of an ideal gas does 2900J of work on surroundings as it expands isothermally. The initial volume of a gas is 8.0 L.
FIrst find out the temperature of a gas using ideal gas law which is
PV=nRT
For ideal gas, n=1 and R=0.08206 Latm/molK, V=25.0L, P=1atm
Rearrange the formula for T
T=PV/nR
Plug all values in the formula
T=(1.00atm×25.0L×molK/1mol×0.08206Latm)
T=25.00 K/0.08206
T=304.65K
The work done for isothermal condition is calculated as
W=2.303nRTlog(V₂/V₁)
Where V₂=25.0L, R=8.314 J/molK, n=1 mol, T=304.65K, V₁=?, W=2900J
Plug all values in the formula
2900J=2.303×1mol×(8.314J/molK)×304.65K×log(25/V₁)
2900J=5833.1768J×log(25/V₁)
log(25/V₁)=(2900 J/5833.1768 J)
log(25/V₁)=0.49716
Take antilog on both side
25/V₁=10^0.49716
25/V₁=3.14167
V₁=(25/3.14167)
V₁=7.95755 L
V₁=8.0 L
Therefore, the initial volume of a gas is 8.0 L.
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A solution contains one or more of the following ions: ag+, ba2+, and cu2+. When you add sodium chloride to the solution, no precipitate forms. When you add sodium sulfate to the solution, a white precipitate forms. You filter off the precipitate and add sodium carbonate to the remaining solution, producing another precipitate.
Net ionic equations for the formation of each of the precipitates observed:
Cl⁻ + Ag⁺ → ClAg ↓
CO₃⁻² + Ca²⁺ → CaCO₃ ↓
CO₃⁻² + Cu²⁺ → CuCO₃ ↓
What is precipitation?
Precipitation is the process of changing a dissolved substance from a supersaturated solution to an insoluble solid in an aqueous solution. Precipitate refers to the produced solid.The chemical agent that initiates the precipitation in an inorganic chemical process is known as the precipitant.The term "supernatant" or "supernatant" also refers to the clear liquid that remains on top of the precipitated or centrifuged solid phase.When solid impurities separate from a solid phase, the concept of precipitation can also be applied to other areas of chemistry, such as organic chemistry and biochemistry, as well as the solid phases (such as metallurgy and alloys).To know more about precipitation in chemical equations, click the link given below:
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How does a balanced chemical equation demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Mass?
(1 point)
A. It shows that all compounds remain bonded after the reaction
B. It shows that no atoms have been gained or lost during the reaction
C. It shows that the properties of the elements stay the same after the reaction
D. It shows that only physical changes follow the Law of Conservation of Mass
Thank you If you help!
after calculating the amount of reactant b required to completely react with a, then comparing that amount with the amount of b available, one can determine the group of answer choices pathway of the reaction. energy released in the reaction. rate of the reaction. limiting reactant.
The limiting reactant is the answer. The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used up in the reaction and limits how much product can be formed.
What is reactant?
A reagent, also known as an analytical reagent, is a substance as well as compound that is added to a system in chemistry to either initiate a chemical reaction or determine whether one has already taken place. [1] Although the terms reactant as well as reagent are frequently used interchangeably, reactant refers to a substance that is consumed during a chemical reaction. Despite being part of the reaction mechanism, solvents are not typically referred to as reactants. Catalysts are not reactants because they are not used up in the reaction. The reactants in biochemistry are frequently referred to as substrates, particularly when enzymes are involved in the reaction.
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Using the following data, calculate the standard heat of formation of brcl(g) in kj/mol.
This reaction's enthalpy change will be twice that of bromine monochloride's, BrCl, typical enthalpy change of production.
What does enthalpy mean in plain English?
Enthalpy is a property or state function that resembles energy; it has the same dimensions as energy and is therefore measured in joules or ergs. The value of enthalpy is solely dependent on the temperature, pressure, or composition of the system, not on its history.
Entropy vs. enthalpy: what are they?
Entropy is indeed the amount the intrinsic disorder inside a substance, whereas enthalpy is the quantity of internal energy. Enthalpy becomes nonzero for water because it is zero in elemental compounds like hydrogen gas or oxygen gas (regardless of phase).
Briefing:
1/2Br2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g) → BrCl(g)
Here, ΔH°rxn = ΔH°f
This means that the enthalpy change for this reaction will be twice the value of ΔH°f = 2 moles BrCl
Using Hess' law,
ΔH°f = total energy of reactant - total energy of product
= (1/2 * (+112) + 1/2 * (+121)) - 14.7
= 101.8 kJ/mol
ΔH°rxn = 101.8 kJ/mol.
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A colorimeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of choose. Absorbed by a solution. This absorbance is proportional to the choose. Of the solute in solution.
A colorimeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of heat absorbed by a solution. This absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the solute in the solution.
A calorimeter is a device used in calorimetry, a method for measuring the heat of chemical reactions or other physical changes and estimating heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters, and accelerated rate calorimeters are a few of the most common types.
Two compounds A and B are put one at a time into a calorimeter, and the starting and ending temperatures (before and after the reaction) are noted. This information is used to determine the enthalpy change per mole of substance A in the process. An estimate of the quantity of energy released or absorbed during the reaction can be obtained by multiplying the mass and specific heat capacity of the components by the temperature change. By dividing the energy change by the amount of A that was present, the reaction's enthalpy change is determined.
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Order these compounds in order of increasing carbon-carbon bond strength and in order of decreasing carbon-carbon bond length : HCCH, H_2CCH_2, H_3CCH_3.HCCH,H 2
CCH 2
,H 3
CCH 3
.
The increasing order of carbon-carbon bond strength is H_3CCH_3<H_2CCH_2< HCCH and the decreasing order of carbon-carbon bond length is H_3CCH_3 > H_2CCH_2 > HCCH.
What is Bond Order?The number of chemical bond between pair of atoms is termed as its Bond order.
For Example,
HCCH i.e. H−C≡C−H has three pairs of bond hence its bond order is 3.
Bond Length:The distance between the centers of two covalently bonded atoms is known as its Bond length.
The Increasing order of bond length is generally the :
3 bond < 2 bond < 1 bond.
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the electrons in the ________ links remain located between two atoms. electrons in ________ bonds can be relocated between more than two atoms.
the electrons in the chemical bond links remain located between two atoms. electrons in covalent bonds can be relocated between more than two atoms.
What are covalent bond ?The most significant type of bonding in organic chemistry is covalent bonding. Atoms sharing some electrons leads to the creation of a covalent bond. Two atomic orbitals touching one other form the bond [1]. Figures 3-4 depict this procedure. Each shared electron in this kind of relationship counts toward the valence shells of both atoms in order to meet the octet rule. Each atom contributes one electron to a pair of electrons that are shared in a single bond. Three pairs of electrons are shared by triple bonds, while two pairs are shared by double bonds. Several covalent bonds are bonds that share multiple electron pairs.
What is chemical bond ?Chemical bonds are formed when the atoms in a compound's molecule are brought together and kept together by a powerful combining force. Ionic and covalent bonds are the two different types of chemical bonds.
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elect all that apply Which of the following couples are buffer systems? (a) KF/HF(b) KBr/HBr(c) Na^CO3/NaHCO3 A. KF/HF B. KBr/HBr □ C. Na2CO3/NaHCO3 □ D. none
Of the following given compound or couples KF/HF, Na^CO3/NaHCO3 are the buffer systems as they consist of both weak base or acid.
What is buffer systems?Buffer systems is the acid-base homeostatic mechanism. It is helpful in maintaing the pH in blood by balancing the carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbon dioxide .
Formation of buffer systems:Buffer systems are made of weak Base-acid mixed with its conjugate base-acid dissolved in water. The conjugate acid-base should be from its Salt.
Hence, Of the following given compound or couples KF/HF, Na^CO3/NaHCO3 are the buffer systems as they consist of both weak base or acid.
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The reaction between aqueous strontium chloride (SrCl2) and aqueous potassium sulfate (K2SO4) forms a precipitate of strontium sulfate (SISO4). Which of the following represents the net ionic equation for the reaction? Оа Oь sp?" (aq) + 2CH(aq) + S0 ?"(aq) + 2K+ (aq) - Sr5O4(s) + 2Cl(aq) + 2K(aq) Sr2(aq) +5022"(aq) - SrSO4(s) SrCl(aq) + KąSO4(aq) + Sr5O4(s)+ 2Kcaa) CF (aq) +K*(aq)- KCl(aq) d
The net ionic reaction for the precipitation reaction is
b)SrCl₂ + K₂SO₄ → SrSO₄ + 2KCl
The precipitation reaction between strontium chloride (SrCl₂) and potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) is a double replacement reaction and produces an insoluble solid. The net ionic reaction for this precipitation reaction is as follows:
SrCl₂ + K₂SO₄ → SrSO₄ + 2KCl
In this reaction, a cation (positively-charged ion) from one reactant (strontium) is exchanged for a cation from the other reactant (potassium). At the same time, an anion (negatively-charged ion) from one reactant (chloride) is exchanged for an anion from the other reactant (sulfate). The products of this reaction are a soluble sodium chloride solution and an insoluble strontium sulfate solid. The insoluble solid separate out of the solution, forming a precipitate.
Hence the correct option is B.
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How can an atom's number of electrons be determined?
Answer:
If the atom is neutral, then the number of protons(atomic number) equals the number of electrons. If the atom is an ion and has a charge, then that changes. If the charge is negative(ex. 1-), then you add that number to the number of protons to get the number of electrons. If the charge is positive, then you subtract(ex 1+) that number from the number of protons to get the number of electrons
Explanation:
Which serum value is a reflection of the effectiveness of the kidney’s ability to properly maintain serum metabolic ph?.
The efficacy of the kidney's capacity to correctly maintain the serum metabolic pH is reflected in the serum bicarbonate (HCO3-).
What does serum bicarbonate (HCO3-) mean?
Serum bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a measurement of the amount of bicarbonate ions in blood, which aid in controlling blood pH. It is normally assessed as part of a standard blood test and is used as an indicator of acid-base balance. Dehydration, renal or liver illness, metabolic acidosis, and other medical problems can all be indicated by abnormal serum bicarbonate levels.
What is Serum metabolic ph?
A measurement of the blood's acidity or alkalinity is the serum metabolic pH. It is usually assessed as a component of a thorough metabolic panel, a kind of blood test. The range of the serum metabolic pH normal values is 7.35 to 7.45.
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The strategy of using an alkene intermediate in a two-step process to convert one functional group into another called a functional group interconversion) can apply to a wide variety of transformations. Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish the following functional group interconversion
We can see conversion of an alcohol to an alkane.
Reagents needed:
1. Sodium or Potassium Hydride.
2. Hydrogen Gas.
What is a functional group?
A functional group is a group of atoms or molecules within a larger molecule that is responsible for the molecule's chemical and physical properties. Functional groups have specific chemical characteristics, such as polarity, reactivity, and solubility, that give the molecule its unique properties.
What is functional group interconversion?
Functional group interconversion is a type of chemical reaction in which one functional group is converted into another functional group. This type of reaction is used to modify the properties of a molecule, such as its reactivity, solubility, and stability. Examples of functional group interconversion include the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde, an aldehyde to a ketone, and an ester to an amide.
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the metabolite 11 nor tetrahydrocannabinol 9 cooh can be detected by immunoassay 3-5 days after a single use of ____
The metabolite 11 nor tetrahydrocannabinol 9 COOH can be detected by immunoassay 3-5 days after a single use of marijuana.
The use of an antibody or an antigen as a biorecognition agent allows for the highly selective bioanalytical technique known as an immunoassay to detect the presence or concentration of analytes ranging in size from small molecules to macromolecules in a solution.
Immunoassay assays are biochemical procedures that use the antigen-antibody response theory to diagnose illness. It seeks to determine both an analyte's concentration and presence. Immunoassay testing is used by scientists and medical practitioners to find various antibodies Metabolite 11 nor tetrahydrocannabinol 9 COOH is also identified by this.
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how does knowing the states of matter help to explain any difference in mass from the reactants to the products?
The process is a change of state, dissolving, or a chemical reaction, the total mass of the substances does not change.
French chemist Antoine Lavoisier established the law of conservation of mass in 1789. According to the rule of conservation of mass, a chemical process cannot generate or destroy matter.
For instance, when wood burns, the mass of the gases, soot, and ashes is equal to the amount of the charcoal and oxygen before the reaction began. Thus, the mass of the reactant and the mass of the product are equal. A product is the material created as a result of a chemical reaction, whereas a reactant is the chemical reaction of two or more elements to create a new substance. Although matter and the associated mass cannot be generated or destroyed, they can change into other substances such as liquids, gases, and solids.
Hence, the process is a change of state, dissolving, or a chemical reaction, the total mass of the substances does not change.
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write the balanced reaction for the combustion of hexanol, ch3ch2ch2ch2ch2ch2oh? (be sure to use whole number coefficients.)
2C6H14(g)+19O2(g)→12CO2(g)+14H2O(g) is the balanced equation reaction for the combustion of hexanol.
The most fundamental and extensively used method for balancing chemical equations is known as "balancing by inspection," sometimes known as trial and error. The amount of tries and errors required to arrive at an equation that is ultimately correctly balanced can be reduced by using a few approaches. A chemical equation cannot be deemed balanced unless the law of conservation of matter is observed. In chemical equations, two distinct types of numbers are used. Subscripts are used in the chemical formulations of the reactants and products. Coefficients are also employed to display the number of molecules of a substance that are consumed or created prior to chemical formulations.
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draw the product for the following reaction between an alkyne and one equivalent of hcl . 3 methyl pent 1 yne or 3 methyl 1 pentyne is treated with h c l to give the product. the structure shows a 5 carbon chain where there is a triple bond between carbons 1 and 2 and a methyl substituent on carbon 3.
reaction between an alkyne and one equivalent of hcl . 3 methyl pent 1 yne or 3 methyl 1 pentyne is treated with h c l to give the product. the structure shows a 5 carbon chain where there is a triple bond between carbons 1 and 2 and a methyl substituent on carbon 3.
An inorganic chemical is HCL. The chemical name for it is HCl, and it is a potent corrosive acid. It is also referred to as muriatic acid or hydrogen chloride. Chemically, carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. Carbon, which is categorized as a nonmetal, is a solid at ambient temperature.
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What is the answer i will give brainllest
Answer:
the answer is double replacement
cpmpute the composition of the iron carbon alloy for which the mass fraction of total ferrite and total cementite are 0.88 and 0.12 what is the protectoid phase
In this problem we are given values of Wα and WFe3C for an iron-carbon alloy (0.88 and 0.12,respectively), and then are asked to specify whether the alloy is hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid.
Employment of the lever rule for total α leads to
W[tex]\alpha[/tex] = 0.88 = [tex]\frac{CFe3C- C0}{CFe3C - \alpha }[/tex] = [tex]\frac{6.70 -C0}{6.70- 0.022}[/tex]
Now, solving for C0, the alloy composition, leads to C0 = 0.82 wt% C. Therefore, the alloy is hypereutectoid since C0 is greater than 0.76 wt% C.
What is the protectoid phase?
The term proeutectoid refers to a phase that develops (on cooling) before eutectoid austenite decomposes. It is similar to primary solids in that it is the first phase to solidify after the austenite phase has solidified.
How do you find the Proeutectoid phase?
On a phase diagram, the proeutectic point is the temperature at which the mixture transforms into a mixture of two solids. There are two proeutectic temperatures. One happens at 1587°C, where everything over this temperature is liquid.
Hence above given is a correct answer.
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ammonia chemically reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitric oxide and water . what mass of nitric oxide is produced by the reaction of 1.37g of oxygen gas?
Nitric oxide weighs 0.77 grams and is created by the reaction of 1.37 grams of ammonia.
What does oxygen contain?Chemical elements, like oxygen, are compounds that only have one type of atom. An oxygen atom has 8 protons through its nucleus, which is why it has an electron density of eight and the chemical symbol O. At ambient temperatures, oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas.
The equation for the reaction of ammonia and oxygen to produce Nitric oxide and water is,
4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O
From the reaction we can see,
4 moles of ammonia = 4 moles of nitrix oxide.
Mole of ammonia = moles of nitric oxide.
Moles = reacted/formed mass/ molar mass
Molar mass of ammonia = 17 g/mol.
Molar mass of nitric oxide = 30 g/mol.
Mass of ammonia reacted = 1.37 grams.
Putting values,
1.37 x 17 = Formed mass of nitric oxide x 30
Formed mass of nitric oxide = 0.77 grams.
The mass of nitric oxide formed is 0.77 grams.
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explain how can the periodic table be used to predict how many electrons a certain metal atom loses to form an ion in an ionic compound? provide two examples.
Predict how many electrons a certain metal atom loses to form an ion in an ionic compound we use the column that they are in to know how many valence electrons they have.
What kinds of metal are there?Ferrous metals, which include iron, and non-ferrous metals, which do not, are the two basic categories into which metals can be separated. Pure iron is too soft and ductile to be much use as just an engineering material.
Which are the 20 metal elements?Lithium, Beryllium, Sodium, Mg, Aluminum, Potassium, & Calcium are the metals within the first twenty elements. The first 20 elements' non-metals are currently Hydrogen, Helium, Carbo, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, and Carbon.
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how does the reaction rate change when the nitrogen monoxide concentration is doubled and chlorine concentration is halved? defined term
When the concentration of nitrogen monoxide is doubled and the concentration of chlorine is cut in half, the reaction is second order in nitrogen monoxide, NO.
Is NOx equivalent to NO2?
Nitric oxide (NO), an odorless, colorless gas, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a reddish-brown gas with an offensive odor, are the two gases that are typically referred to as "nitrogen oxides" (NOx). Nitrogen dioxide is created when nitric oxide combines with oxygen or ozone in the atmosphere.
N2O is a laughing gas, right?
A non-flammable, colorless, and odorless gas is nitrous oxide. Despite not being flammable, nitrous oxide will nonetheless facilitate combustion to the same degree as oxygen. It produces a mood of exhilaration, therefore the moniker "laughing gas." The least effective inhalational anesthetic is nitrous oxide.
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samples g-l all contain calcite. what property of calcite would assist you in identifying these samples?
would be to identify calcite by use of double refraction. Light splits into two rays and undergoes twofold refraction when it passes through calcite. We can recognize calcite by these.
Marble and limestone are primarily composed of calcite. The Earth's crust is largely composed of these extremely common rocks. They are one of the world's largest carbon storage areas. Calcite is one of the most often utilized minerals due to its unique features. Although calcite reacts with HCl impressively, the main application of this reaction in the field is to distinguish between limestone and dolostone. My recommendation is to identify calcite by use of double refraction. When light travels through calcite, it is refracted twice.
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Consider the following unbalanced equation. What is the standard free energy for the reaction of 7. 2 moles of al2o3(s) at 298k?.
for the following unbalanced equation.5800 kj is the standard free energy for the reaction of 7. 2 moles of al2o3(s) at 298k
First, let's balance the equation. Both sides must have the same amount of each element, so: Al₂O(s) + 3CO(g) 2Al(s) + 3CO2(g)
The free energy can be calculated by: AG = AH-TAS Where AH is the enthalpy of the reaction, and AS is the entropy of the reaction.
Al2O3(s): Hf=-1676.0 kJ/mol; S = 50.92 J/mol.K Al(s): Hf = 0.00; S° = 28.3 J/mol.K
CO(g): Hf=-110.5 kJ/mol; S = 197.6 J/mol.K
CO2(g): Hf=-393.5 kJ/mol; S = 213.6 J/mol.K
AH = Σn*Hf products - En*Hf reactants (n is the coefficient of the compound).
AH = (3*(-393.5) + 2*0) - (3*(-110.5) + (-1676)) = 827KJ
AS = {n*S* products - Σn*S° reactants
AS = (3*213.6 +2*28.3) - (3*197.6 + 50.92) = 53.68J/K = 0.05368 kJ/K
AG 827-298*0.05368 AG = 811 KJ
Which is the free energy for 1 mol of Al2O3
1 mol of Al2O3=811 KJ X 7.2 moles of Al2O3
By a simple direct three rule: standard free energy is x = 5839.2 kJ = 5800 kJ
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