The function employee_update(d, bonus, year) modifies the given dictionary d by adding another key-value assignment for all employees but with a bonus for the next year.
We can assume the previous year exists in the dictionary. In the function, the bonus value is added to the existing salary of all the employees. We can implement this function as below:def employee_update(d, bonus, year):prev_year = year - 1
for key in d[prev_year].
keys():sal = d[prev_year][key][2]d[year][key]
= [d[prev_year][key][0], d[prev_year][key][1], sal+bonus]return d
Here, we take the previous year, and for every key in the dictionary of the previous year, we calculate the salary by taking the salary value at the third index in the list of values associated with that key, add the bonus value, and then create a new key in the dictionary of the given year and assign the list of values in the same way as in the previous year. Finally, we return the modified dictionary
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Write a program named Mangle1 that prompts the user for two string tokens and prints the first two characters of the first string followed by the last two characters of the second string. Thus, entering dog fork yields dork; entering RICE life yields RIfe. Additional Notes: Regarding your code's standard output, CodeLab will check for case errors and will check whitespace (tabs, spaces, newlines) exactly.
To write a program named Mangle1 that prompts the user for two string tokens and prints the first two characters of the first string followed by the last two characters of the second string .
The program starts by including the necessary header file, , and defining the namespace std to avoid the need for the prefix std:: later in the code. Afterward, the main function is defined. This function has two string variables named first String and second String .Next, the user is prompted to enter the two string tokens.
To accomplish this, the cin object reads two strings separated by whitespace from the user. After the user inputs the two strings, the first two characters of the first string are printed using the substr () method of the string class. This is done by specifying an initial position of 0 and a length of 2.
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else if(token=="recip"||token=="RECIP"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(1/x);
}
else if(token=="sqrt"||token=="SQRT"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(sqrt(x));
}
else if(token=="ln"||token=="LN"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(log(x));
}
else if(token=="log"||token=="LOG"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(log10(x));
}
else if(token=="exp"||token=="EXP"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(exp(x));
}
else if(token=="exp"||token=="EXP"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(exp(x));
}
else if(token=="pow"||token=="POW"){
double x = stack.pop();
double y = stack.pop();
stack.push(pow(x,y));
}
else if(token=="sin"||token=="SIN"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(sin(x));
}
else if(token=="cos"||token=="COS"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(cos(x));
}
else if(token=="tan"||token=="TAN"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(tan(x));
}
else if(token=="arctan"||token=="ARCTAN"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(atan(x));
}
else if(token=="arccos"||token=="ARCCOS"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(acos(x));
}
else if(token=="arcsin"||token=="ARCSIN"){
double x = stack.pop();
stack.push(asin(x));
}
}
cout << stack.peek()<<"\n";
}
return 0;
}
The given code above shows a C++ program with a sequence of if...else if... statements that manipulate and evaluate different mathematical operations or functions on the values within the stack.
The sequence of the mathematical operations includes : The code can be explained as follows:In the sequence, if the token is equal to "recip" or "RECIP", a double x is popped out from the stack and is replaced by its reciprocal (1/x). The statement is shown as below: else if If the token is equal to "sqrt" or "SQRT", a double x is popped out from the stack and is replaced by its square root (sqrt(x)).
The statement is shown as below:else if(token=="sqrt"||token=="SQRT"){double x = stack.pop();stack.push(sqrt(x));}If the token is equal to "ln" or "LN", a double x is popped out from the stack and is replaced by its natural logarithm (log(x)). The statement is shown as below If the token is equal to "exp" or "EXP", a double x is popped out from the stack and is replaced by its exponent value (exp(x)). The statement is shown as below:else if(token=="exp"||token=="EXP"){double x = stack.pop();stack.push(exp(x));}If the token is equal to "pow" or "POW", two double values x and y are popped out from the stack and the x value is raised to the power of y (pow(x,y)).
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You are working on an Excel table and realize that you need to add a row to the middle of your table. What is one way to do this? O Highlight the column, then click on the Insert Cels button under the Home ribbon. Highlight the cell, then click on the Insert Cells button under the Home ribbon. OHighlight the row, then click on the Insert Cells button under the Data nibbon. Highlight the row, then dlick on the Insert Cells button under the Home ribbon 2. You are working on an Excel table and realize that you need to add a single ceill to your table. What is one way to do this? Highlight the cell, then click on the Insert Cells button under the Data ribbon. Highlight the cell, then click on the Insert Cells bution under the Home ribbon Highlight the column, then click on the Insert Cells button under the Home ribbon. Highlight the row, then click on the Insert Cells bution under the Home ribbon.
To add a row to the middle of an Excel table, one way to do this is to highlight the row and then click on the Insert Cells button under the Home ribbon.
To add a row to the middle of an Excel table, you can follow these steps. First, highlight the row where you want to insert the new row. This can be done by clicking on the row number on the left side of the Excel window. Once the row is selected, navigate to the Home ribbon, which is located at the top of the Excel window.
Look for the Insert Cells button in the ribbon, which is typically found in the Cells group. Clicking on this button will open a drop-down menu with various options for inserting cells. From the drop-down menu, select the option that allows you to insert an entire row. This will shift the existing rows down and create a new row in the desired position.
Inserting rows in Excel is a useful feature when you need to add new data or expand your table. By following the steps mentioned above, you can easily insert a row in the middle of your table without disrupting the existing data. This functionality allows you to maintain the structure and organization of your Excel table while making necessary additions or adjustments.
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Given an integer array nums, determine if it is possible to divide nums in three groups, so that the sums of the three groups are equal. Any of the three groups can be empty. Feel free to write a helper (recursive) method, You are not allowed to import any library. Examples: nums =[4,4,4]→ true nuns =[5,2]→ false nums =[4,2,5,3,1]→ true nums =[−2,2]→ true nums =[1] true nums =[1,1,2]→ false nums =[−5,−2,7]→ true nums =[3,1,1,2,1,1]→ true
I 1 # You are allowed to modify the code in the cell as you please, 2 . Just don't change the method signature. 3 4. Feel free to write a helper (recursive) method. That is, it's:0K if can_divide 5 # is not a recursive method as long as it calls another nethod that Is recursive 6 7 def can_divide(nums): 8 0 9 return False
Yes, it is possible to divide the given integer array nums into three groups such that the sums of the three groups are equal.
To determine if it is possible to divide the array nums into three equal-sum groups, we can follow a recursive approach. The main idea is to calculate the target sum that each group should have, which is the total sum of the array divided by 3. We then recursively check if it is possible to find three subsets of nums that have the same sum equal to the target sum.
In the recursive helper function, we start by checking the base cases:
If the sum of the array nums is not divisible by 3, it is not possible to divide it into three equal-sum groups, so we return False.If we have found three subsets of nums that have the same sum equal to the target sum, we return True.Next, we iterate through each element in nums and try to include it in one of the subsets. We make a recursive call with the updated subsets and the remaining elements. If any of the recursive calls return True, it means we have found a valid partitioning, and we can return True.
If none of the recursive calls result in a valid partitioning, we return False.
By using this recursive approach, we can determine if it is possible to divide the given integer array nums into three groups such that the sums of the three groups are equal.
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Two's complement encoding (3 marks) - Implement a C function with the following prototype ∘ int subtract2sc_issafe(int x, int y ) which returns 1 when computing two's complement subtraction does not cause overflow, and returns o otherwise. - Do not assume width of type int; you should use sizeof ( int) to find out instead. - You will need to write your own main ( ) function to test your code, but do not submit main().
The subtract2sc_issafe function in C takes two integers, x and y, as input and returns 1 if subtracting y from x using two's complement encoding does not result in overflow. Otherwise, it returns 0.
To determine if subtracting y from x using two's complement encoding causes overflow, we need to check if the result has a different sign than the operands. If x and y have different signs and the result has the same sign as y, then overflow has occurred.
To implement this, we can use bitwise operations and conditional statements. We can check the signs of x and y using bitwise shifting and compare them to the sign of the result of the subtraction. If the conditions are met, we return 1; otherwise, we return 0.
The subtract2sc_issafe function provides a way to check if subtracting two integers using two's complement encoding causes overflow. By considering the signs of the operands and the result, it determines if the subtraction can be performed safely without exceeding the range of the integer data type. This function can be used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of arithmetic operations involving two's complement encoding.
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// treasure_main.c: reads treasure map files and prints their I/ contents. TODO sections need to be completed. See the treasure. II file for the fields of the treasure_t struct. #include "treasure. h " I/ PROVIDED AND COMPLETE: Main routine which accepts a command Line 1/ argument which is a treasure map file to open and print int main(int argc, char *argv[])\{ if (argc<2){ printf("usage: \%s \n ′′
,argv[θ]); return 1; 3 char * ∗ file_name =argv[1]; printf("Loading treasure map from file '\%s' \n ′′
, file_name); treasuremap_t *tmap = treasuremap_load(file_name); if ( tmap == NULL
){ printf("Loading failed, bailing out \n " ); return 1; \} printf(" \n "I ); treasuremap_print(tmap); printf(" \ " \ " 1 "); printf("Deallocating map \n ′′
); treasuremap_free(tmap); return θ; 3 1/ REQUIRED: Opens 'file_name' and parse its contents to construct a I/ treasuremap_t. Files the following format (with no # commenting) // 7533 # rows cols ntreasures // θ2 Death_Crystals # treasure at row θ, col 2, description given // 41 Mega_Seeds # treasure at row 4, col 1, description given // 63 Flurbo_stash # treasure at row 6, col 3, description given // Allocates heap space for the treasuremap_t and, after reading the // height/width from the file, reads number of treasures and allocates // an array of treasureloc_ t structs for subsequent file // contents. Iterates through the file reading data into the // structs. Closes the file and returns a pointer to the treasuremap_t // struct. /1) // NOTE: This code is incomplete and requires the TODO items mentioned 1/ in comments to be completed. treasuremap_t *treasuremap_load(char * file_name) \{ printf("Reading map from file ' %s ′
\n ′′
,file_name); FILE * file_handle = fopen(file_name, " r "); // TODO: Check if the file fails to open and return NULL if so. if(file_handle == ???) \{ printf("Couldn't open file '\%s', returning NULL \n ′′
, file_name); // TODO: return failure value return ???; \} printf("Allocating map struct \n ′′
); // TODO: Determine byte size for treasuremap_t struct treasuremap_t *tmap = malloc (sizeof(???)); fscanf(file_handle, "\%d \%d", \&tmap->height, \&tmap->width); printf("Map is \%d by \%d \n ′′
, tmap->height, tmap->width); 1/ TODO: read in the number of treasures fscanf(???); 1/ TODO: print message like '4 treasures on the map' printf(???); printf("Allocating array of treasure locations \n ′′
); // TODO: allocate array of treasure Locations tmap->locations = malloc(???); printf("Reading treasures \n ′′
); I/ Read in each treasures from the file for (int i=0;i< tmap- i ntreasures; i++ ) \{ fscanf(file_handle, "\%d", \&tmap->locations [i].row); II TODO: read in the column Location for this treasure fscanf(???); 1/ TODO: read in the description for this treasure fscanf(???); printf("Treasure at \%d \%d called "\%s" n ′′
, tmap->locations[i].row, tmap->locations [i].col, tmap->locations [i]. description); printf("Completed file, closing \n ′′
"; fclose(file_handle); printf("Returning pointer to heap-allocated treasure_t \n ′′
); return tmap; // REQUIRED: De-allocate the space assoated with a treasuremap_t. // free()'s the 'map' field and then free()'s the struct itself. // // NOTE: This code is incomplete and requires the TODO items mentioned // in comments to be completed. void treasuremap_free(treasuremap_t *tmap)\{ // De-allocate Locations array free(tmap->locations); // TODO: the tmap struct free(???); return; \} \} II \}
The provided code is incomplete and contains TODO sections. It aims to read and print the contents of a treasure map file but requires additional implementation to handle file operations and memory allocation.
It appears that the provided code is incomplete and contains several TODO sections. These sections need to be completed in order for the code to function properly. The code is intended to read and print the contents of a treasure map file.
The main routine main() accepts a command-line argument, which should be the name of the treasure map file to be opened and printed.
The treasuremap_load() function is responsible for opening the file, parsing its contents, and constructing a treasuremap_t struct. It reads the height and width of the map, the number of treasures, and their respective locations and descriptions from the file. However, there are several TODOs in this function that need to be completed, such as handling file open failures, allocating memory for the treasuremap_t struct, reading the number of treasures, allocating the array of treasure locations, and reading the treasures from the file.
The treasuremap_free() function is intended to deallocate the memory associated with a treasuremap_t struct. However, it is also incomplete and requires completing the necessary TODOs.
Overall, to make this code functional, you need to fill in the missing code in the TODO sections, particularly in treasuremap_load() and treasuremap_free(), in order to handle file operations, allocate memory, and properly read the treasure map file's contents.
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The given program is a C code for reading and printing the contents of a treasure map file. It includes a main routine that accepts a command line argument, which is the name of the treasure map file to open and print. The program checks if the file is successfully opened, loads the treasure map from the file, prints the map, deallocates the map, and exits. There are two incomplete functions: `treasuremap_load` and `treasuremap_free`, which need to be implemented to complete the program.
The program starts by checking if the command line argument is provided and prints the usage message if not. It then extracts the file name from the argument and attempts to open the file. If the file fails to open, an error message is displayed, and the program returns with a failure value. Otherwise, it proceeds to allocate memory for the `treasuremap_t` struct.
Next, the program reads the height and width of the map from the file, followed by the number of treasures. It prints a message indicating the dimensions of the map and allocates an array of `treasureloc_t` structs to store the treasure locations. The program enters a loop to read each treasure's row, column, and description from the file and prints the information.
Finally, the program closes the file, prints a completion message, and returns a pointer to the allocated `treasuremap_t` struct. The `treasuremap_free` function is responsible for deallocating the memory associated with the `treasuremap_t` struct. It frees the `locations` array and should also free the `tmap` struct itself.
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the purpose of this homework is for you to get practice applying many of the concepts you have learned in this class toward the creation of a routine that has great utility in any field of programming you might go into. the ability to parse a file is useful in all types of software. by practicing with this assignment, you are expanding your ability to solve real world problems using computer science. proper completion of this homework demonstrates that you are ready for further, and more advanced, study of computer science and programming. good luck!
The purpose of this homework is to apply concepts learned in the class to develop a practical routine with wide applicability in programming, enhancing problem-solving skills and preparing for advanced studies in computer science.
This homework assignment aims to provide students with an opportunity to apply the concepts they have learned in class to real-world scenarios. By creating a routine that involves parsing a file, students can gain valuable experience and practice in a fundamental skill that is applicable across various fields of programming.
The ability to parse files is essential in software development, as it enables the extraction and interpretation of data from different file formats.
Completing this homework successfully not only demonstrates proficiency in file parsing but also showcases the student's readiness for more advanced studies in computer science and programming. By tackling this assignment, students expand their problem-solving abilities and develop their understanding of how computer science principles can be applied to solve practical problems.
It prepares them for future challenges and paves the way for further exploration and learning in the field.
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How would I code a for loop that asks for number of rounds you want to play in a dice game, that rolls two die and comes out with the sum. While inside a while loop that asks if they want to play another round once printed?
should look like "Round 1
roll 1: x, y with a sum z"
Then it asks if the player thinks the next round sum will be higher or lower than the first.
they answer this with a letter and it plays again.
If they choose three turns it would say whats above in quotations but the number after Round changes with each round.
You can use nested loops in Python to achieve this functionality. Here's an example of how you can code a for loop and a while loop to play a dice game with a specified number of rounds:
rounds = int(input("Enter the number of rounds you want to play: "))
for round_num in range(1, rounds + 1):
print("Round", round_num)
roll1 = random.randint(1, 6)
roll2 = random.randint(1, 6)
total = roll1 + roll2
print("Roll 1:", roll1, "Roll 2:", roll2, "Sum:", total)
play_again = 'yes'
while play_again.lower() == 'yes':
choice = input("Do you think the next round sum will be higher or lower than the first? (Enter 'h' for higher, 'l' for lower): ")
roll1 = random.randint(1, 6)
roll2 = random.randint(1, 6)
new_total = roll1 + roll2
print("Roll 1:", roll1, "Roll 2:", roll2, "Sum:", new_total)
if (choice.lower() == 'h' and new_total > total) or (choice.lower() == 'l' and new_total < total):
print("You guessed correctly!")
else:
print("You guessed incorrectly!")
play_again = input("Do you want to play another round? (Enter 'yes' to continue): ")
The code starts by asking the user for the number of rounds they want to play and stores it in the `rounds` variable. It then uses a for loop to iterate from 1 to the specified number of rounds.
Inside the for loop, it prints the current round number and proceeds to roll two dice using the `random.randint` function. The sum of the two dice is calculated and displayed.
Next, a while loop is used to ask the player if they want to play another round. If the player answers "yes," they are prompted to choose whether they think the next round's sum will be higher or lower than the first round. The dice are rolled again, and the new sum is calculated and displayed.
Based on the player's choice and the outcome of the new roll, a message is printed to indicate whether the player guessed correctly or incorrectly.
The player is then asked if they want to play another round. If they answer "yes," the while loop continues, and another round is played. If they answer anything other than "yes," the program exits.
This code allows the player to specify the number of rounds to play, rolls two dice in each round, compares the sums, and provides feedback on the player's guesses.
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Python Lab #03 Questions – Object Oriented samples
Put your name at the beginning of the code and write simple explanations.
Submission: Upload Your Source codes named your preferred name_Lab3.py
your source code can be provided following answers.
Q1. Define a class, any user defined name would be fine.
Q2. Define two variable names.
Q3. Create Init method or constructor
Q4. define two functions to set two variables you have define inside a class.
Q5. Define two functions to get two variables you have defined inside a class.
Q6. outside of the class, at the same level of class
define a class using you have defined at Q1.
Q7. set values using set functions, display results.
Q8. get values using get functions, display results. Q9. Show each step of statements are working properly.
The class can be named as anything according to the requirements.Q2. Defining variable names: Define two variable names inside the class.
Create constructor: The constructor or the `__init__` method must be created inside the class.Q4. Define set functions: Define two functions inside the class to set the two variables defined above.Q5. Define get functions: Define two functions inside the class to get the two variables defined above.
Create an object of the class: Create an object of the class you defined in Q1 at the same level of the class.Q7. Set values: Use the set functions to set the values of the variables defined inside the class and then display the results.Q8. Get values: Use the get functions to get the values of the variables defined inside the class and then display the results.
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What will be the output of the following program: clc; clear; for ii=1:1:3 for jj=1:1:3 if ii>jj fprintf('*'); end end end
The output of the given program will be a pattern of stars where the number of stars per row decreases as we move from the top to the bottom. The given code is a nested loop that utilizes a for loop statement to create a pattern of stars.
This program will use nested loops to generate a pattern of stars. The outer loop will iterate through the rows, while the inner loop will iterate through the columns. If the row number is greater than the column number, an asterisk is displayed.The pattern of stars in the output will be created by the inner loop. When the variable ii is greater than the variable jj, an asterisk is printed to the console. Therefore, as the rows decrease, the number of asterisks per row decreases as well.The loop statement is used in this program, which executes a set of statements repeatedly.
It is a control flow statement that allows you to execute a block of code repeatedly. The for loop's structure is similar to that of the while loop, but it is more concise and more manageable.A single asterisk in the program's output will be generated by the first row.
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Program to show the concept of run time polymorphism using virtual function. 15. Program to work with formatted and unformatted IO operations. 16. Program to read the name and roll numbers of students from keyboard and write them into a file and then
Program to show the concept of run time polymorphism using virtual function:The below is an example of a program that demonstrates runtime polymorphism using a virtual function:```
#include
using namespace std;
class Base {
public:
virtual void show() { // virtual function
cout<<" Base class \n";
}
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void show() { // overridden function
cout<<"Derived class \n";
}
};
int main() {
Base *b; // Pointer to base class
Derived obj; // Derived class object
b = &obj; // Pointing to derived class object
b->show(); // Virtual function, binded at runtime
return 0;
}
```Program to work with formatted and unformatted IO operations:The below is an example of a program that demonstrates formatted and unformatted input/output operations:```
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main () {
char data[100];
// open a file in write mode.
ofstream outfile;
outfile.open("file.txt");
cout << "Writing to the file" << endl;
cout << "Enter your name: ";
cin.getline(data, 100);
// write inputted data into the file.
outfile << data << endl;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> data;
cin.ignore();
// again write inputted data into the file.
outfile << data << endl;
// close the opened file.
outfile.close();
// open a file in read mode.
ifstream infile;
infile.open("file.txt");
cout << "Reading from the file" << endl;
infile >> data;
// write the data at the screen.
cout << data << endl;
// again read the data from the file and display it.
infile >> data;
cout << data << endl;
// close the opened file.
infile.close();
return 0;
}
```Program to read the name and roll numbers of students from the keyboard and write them into a file and then:Here's an example of a program that reads student names and roll numbers from the keyboard and writes them to a file.```
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main() {
char name[50];
int roll;
// write student details in file
ofstream fout("student.txt",ios::app);
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
cout<<"Enter "<>name;
cout<<"Enter "<>roll;
fout<>name>>roll)
cout<
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T/F. Sequence encryption is a series of encryptions and decryptions between a number of systems, wherein each system in a network decrypts the message sent to it and then reencrypts it using different keys and sends it to the next neighbor. This process continues until the message reaches the final destination.
The given statement is True.The main purpose of sequence encryption is to enhance the security of the message by adding multiple layers of encryption, making it more difficult for unauthorized individuals to intercept and decipher the message.
Sequence encryption is a process that involves a series of encryptions and decryptions between multiple systems within a network. Each system in the network receives an encrypted message, decrypts it using its own key, and then reencrypts it using a different key before sending it to the next system in the sequence. This process continues until the message reaches its final destination.
The purpose of sequence encryption is to enhance the security of the message by introducing multiple layers of encryption. Each system in the network adds its own unique encryption layer, making it more difficult for unauthorized individuals to intercept and decipher the message. By changing the encryption key at each step, sequence encryption ensures that even if one system's encryption is compromised, the subsequent encryption layers remain intact.
This method is commonly used in scenarios where a high level of security is required, such as military communications or financial transactions. It provides an additional layer of protection against potential attacks and unauthorized access. The sequence encryption process can be implemented using various encryption algorithms and protocols, depending on the specific requirements and security standards of the network.
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The first line of a definite loop is written as follows, for k=1:−1:−1 How many times will the loop execute? A
1
The first line of a definite loop is written as follows, for k=1:−1:−1. How many times will the loop execute ?The given syntax for the definite loop is "for k=1:-1:-1".
The given loop will execute only one time, because the range for k in the loop is from 1 to -1 with -1 as the step value. Since the loop's initial value is 1 and the final value is -1, the loop runs only once.The Definite loops have a predetermined range and will execute a fixed number of times.
For each iteration of the loop, the value of the control variable is changed by a fixed amount known as the step value. The step value in this scenario is -1, which means the value of k will decrease by 1 each time the loop runs.Therefore, since the loop's starting value is 1 and the final value is -1, and the step value is -1, the loop will run just once.
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Question 4 (Modular Arithmetic \& Brute-Force attacks −10 marks) a) If 10 8
computers work in parallel on a brute force attack and each computer can test 10 11
keys per second, how long will it take on average to find a DES 56-bit encryption key? Show working. b) If 10 20
computers work in parallel on a brute force attack and each computer can test 10 15
keys per second, how long will it take on average to find a AES 128-bit encryption key? Show working. c) If 10 11
computers work in parallel on a brute force attack and each computer can test 10 30
keys per second, how long will it take on average to find a TwoFish 256-bit encryption key? Show working. d) If 1,000,000 computers work in parallel on a brute force attack and each computer can test 100,000 keys per second, how long will it take on average to find a 64-bit encryption key? Show working. e) If 10,000,000 computers work in parallel on a brute force attack and each computer can test 1,000,000 keys per second, how long will it take on average to find a 128-bit encryption key? Show working.
a. it will take 7.20576 x 10^(-14) sec. b. it will take 3.40282 x 10^(-18) sec. c. it will take 1.15792 x 10^(-45) sec. d. it will take 36,893.5 sec. e. it will take 3.40282 x 10^13 sec.128-bit encryption has 2^128 combinations.
a) To find the time it takes to find a DES 56-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with computers testing 10^11 keys per second:
Calculate the number of possible keys:
A 56-bit encryption key has 2^56 possible combinations.
Calculate the time it takes to find the key:
Divide the total number of possible keys by the rate at which keys are tested.
Time = Number of keys / Rate of testing
Time = (2^56) / (10^11)
Using scientific notation for convenience:
Time = (2^56) / (10^11)
= (2^56) / (1 x 10^11)
= (2^56) / (1 x 10^11) * (10^(-11) / 10^(-11))
= (2^56 x 10^(-11)) / (1)
= (2^56) x (10^(-11))
≈ 7.20576 x 10^(-14) seconds
Therefore, it will take approximately 7.20576 x 10^(-14) seconds to find a DES 56-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with computers testing 10^11 keys per second.
b) To find the time it takes to find an AES 128-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 10^20 computers testing 10^15 keys per second:
Calculate the number of possible keys:
A 128-bit encryption key has 2^128 possible combinations.
Calculate the time it takes to find the key:
Divide the total number of possible keys by the rate at which keys are tested.
Time = Number of keys / Rate of testing
Time = (2^128) / (10^20 x 10^15)
Time = (2^128) / (10^35)
Using scientific notation for convenience:
Time = (2^128) / (10^35)
≈ 3.40282 x 10^(-18) seconds
Therefore, it will take approximately 3.40282 x 10^(-18) seconds to find an AES 128-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 10^20 computers testing 10^15 keys per second.
c) To find the time it takes to find a TwoFish 256-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 10^11 computers testing 10^30 keys per second:
Calculate the number of possible keys:
A 256-bit encryption key has 2^256 possible combinations.
Calculate the time it takes to find the key:
Divide the total number of possible keys by the rate at which keys are tested.
Time = Number of keys / Rate of testing
Time = (2^256) / (10^11 x 10^30)
Time = (2^256) / (10^41)
Using scientific notation for convenience:
Time = (2^256) / (10^41)
≈ 1.15792 x 10^(-45) seconds
Therefore, it will take approximately 1.15792 x 10^(-45) seconds to find a TwoFish 256-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 10^11 computers testing 10^30 keys per second.
d) To find the time it takes to find a 64-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 1,000,000 computers testing 100,000 keys per second:
Calculate the number of possible keys:
A 64-bit encryption key has 2^64 possible combinations.
Calculate the time it takes to find the key:
Divide the total number of possible keys by the rate at which keys are tested.
Time = Number of keys / Rate of testing
Time = (2^64) / (1,000,000 x 100,000)
Using scientific notation for convenience:
Time = (2^64) / (1,000,000 x 100,000)
≈ 3.68935 x 10^4 seconds
Therefore, it will take approximately 36,893.5 seconds (or about 10.25 hours) to find a 64-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 1,000,000 computers testing 100,000 keys per second.
e) To find the time it takes to find a 128-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 10,000,000 computers testing 1,000,000 keys per second:
Calculate the number of possible keys:
A 128-bit encryption key has 2^128 possible combinations.
Calculate the time it takes to find the key:
Divide the total number of possible keys by the rate at which keys are tested.
Time = Number of keys / Rate of testing
Time = (2^128) / (10,000,000 x 1,000,000)
Using scientific notation for convenience:
Time = (2^128) / (10,000,000 x 1,000,000)
≈ 3.40282 x 10^13 seconds
Therefore, it will take approximately 3.40282 x 10^13 seconds (or about 1,077,178,865.97 years) to find a 128-bit encryption key using parallel brute force attacks with 10,000,000 computers testing 1,000,000 keys per second.
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An attacker is dumpster diving to get confidential information about new technology a company is developing. Which operations securily policy should the company enforce to prevent information leakage? Disposition Marking Transmittal
The company should enforce the Disposition operation secure policy to prevent information leakage.Disposition is the answer that can help the company enforce a secure policy to prevent information leakage.
The operation of securely policy is an essential part of an organization that must be taken into account to ensure that confidential information is kept private and protected from unauthorized individuals. The following are three essential operations that can be used to achieve the organization's security policy:Disposition: This operation involves disposing of records that are no longer useful or necessary. Disposition requires that records are destroyed by the organization or transferred to an archive.
This operation is essential for preventing confidential information from being obtained by unauthorized individuals.Markings, This operation involves identifying specific data and controlling its access. Marking ensures that sensitive data is not leaked or made available to unauthorized personnel.Transmittal, This operation involves the transfer of data from one location to another. Transmittal requires the use of secure channels to prevent data leakage. This is crucial because it helps protect the confidential information from being stolen by unauthorized individuals.
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Difficulties and solutions encountered in learning to use Python language and OpenCV library for basic image processing, give examples
Python language is one of the most commonly used programming languages for image processing. However, there are various difficulties encountered when using it with OpenCV for image processing, such as syntax errors and compatibility issues. Let us discuss the challenges and their solutions faced when learning to use the Python language and OpenCV library for basic image processing.
1. Understanding Python Basics:
Difficulty: If you are new to Python, understanding the syntax, data types, loops, conditionals, and functions can be overwhelming.
Solution: Start by learning the fundamentals of Python through online tutorials, books, or courses. Practice writing simple programs to gain familiarity with the language. There are numerous resources available, such as Codecademy, W3Schools, and the official Python documentation.
2. Setting Up OpenCV:
Difficulty: Installing and configuring OpenCV on your system can be challenging, especially dealing with dependencies and compatibility issues.
Solution: Follow the official OpenCV installation guide for your specific operating system. Consider using package managers like pip or Anaconda to simplify the installation process. If you face compatibility issues, consult online forums, communities, or official documentation for troubleshooting steps.
3. Image Loading and Display:
Difficulty: Reading and displaying images using OpenCV may not work as expected due to incorrect file paths, incompatible image formats, or issues with the display window.
Solution: Double-check the file path of the image you are trying to load. Ensure the image file is in a supported format (e.g., JPEG, PNG). Use OpenCV functions like cv2.imshow() and cv2.waitKey() correctly to display images and handle keyboard events. Refer to the OpenCV documentation for detailed examples.
4. Image Manipulation:
Difficulty: Performing basic image manipulation tasks, such as resizing, cropping, or rotating images, can be challenging without proper knowledge of OpenCV functions and parameters.
Solution: Study the OpenCV documentation and explore relevant tutorials to understand the available functions and their parameters. Experiment with different functions and parameters to achieve the desired results. Seek help from the OpenCV community or online forums if you encounter specific issues.
5. Applying Filters and Effects:
Difficulty: Implementing filters and effects on images, such as blurring, edge detection, or color transformations, requires a good understanding of image processing concepts and the corresponding OpenCV functions.
Solution: Study the fundamental image processing techniques and algorithms, such as convolution, Gaussian blur, Canny edge detection, etc. Experiment with these algorithms using the appropriate OpenCV functions. Online tutorials and sample code can provide valuable insights and practical examples.
6. Performance Optimization:
Difficulty: Working with large images or processing videos in real-time may lead to performance issues, such as slow execution or high memory usage.
Solution: Employ performance optimization techniques specific to OpenCV, like utilizing numpy arrays efficiently, using image pyramid techniques, or parallelizing computations using multiple threads. Consider optimizing algorithms and using hardware acceleration (e.g., GPU) if available. The OpenCV documentation and online resources often provide guidance on optimizing performance.
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Write a program that lights an LED attached to pin 3. The LED should turn off after a button attached to pin 4 has been pushed 3 times. Assume the button is wired active low. Assume there is at least 1/4 second between button presses.
I am just looking for the code but if you also have a model for the Arduino that would be great too.
Here's the Arduino code that lights an LED attached to pin 3. The LED should turn off after a button attached to pin 4 has been pushed 3 times:```
//Define the pinsint LED = 3;int button = 4;int buttonState = 1;int counter = 0;//The setupvoid setup() { pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); pinMode(button, INPUT);}//The loopvoid loop() { buttonState = digitalRead(button); if (buttonState == 0) { delay(250); if (buttonState == 0) { counter++; } } if (counter >= 3) { digitalWrite(LED, LOW); } else { digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); }}```
In the code above, the `LED` variable represents the pin number of the LED, while `button` variable represents the pin number of the button. The `buttonState` variable represents the state of the button. It is initialized to 1 because the button is active low, and it will read 0 when the button is pressed. The `counter` variable keeps track of the number of times the button has been pressed. The `setup()` function is used to initialize the input and output pins, while the `loop()` function contains the main logic of the program.
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Class MyPoint is used by class MyShape to define the reference point, p(x,y), of the Java display coordinate system, as well as by all subclasses in the class hierarchy to define the points stipulated in the subclass definition. The class utilizes a color of enum reference type MyColor, and includes appropriate class constructors and methods. The class also includes draw and toString methods, as well as methods that perform point related operations, including but not limited to, shift of point position, distance to the origin and to another point, angle [in degrees] with the x-axis of the line extending from this point to another point. Enum MyColor: Enum MyColor is used by class MyShape and all subclasses in the class hierarchy to define the colors of the shapes. The enum reference type defines a set of constant colors by their red, green, blue, and opacity, components, with values in the range [o - 255]. The enum reference type includes a constructor and appropriate methods, including methods that return the corresponding the word-packed and hexadecimal representations and JavaFx Color objects of the constant colors in MyColor. Class MyShape: Class MyShape is the, non-abstract, superclass of the hierarchy, extending the Java class Object. An implementation of the class defines a reference point, p(x,y), of type MyPoint, and the color of the shape of enum reference type MyColor. The class includes appropriate class constructors and methods, including methods, including methods that perform the following operations: a. area, perimeter - return the area and perimeter of the object. These methods must be overridden in each subclass in the hierarchy. For the MyShape object, the methods return zero. b. toString - returns the object's description as a String. This method must be overridden in each subclass in the hierarchy; c. draw - draws the object shape. This method must be overridden in each subclass in the hierarchy. For the MyShape object, it paints the drawing canvas in the color specified. Class MyRectangle: Class MyRectangle extends class MyShape. The MyRectangle object is a rectangle of height h and width w, and a top left corner point p(x,y), and may be filled with a color of enum reference type MyColor. The class includes appropriate class constructors and methods, including methods that perform the following operations: a. getP, getWidth, getHeight - return the top left corner point, width, and height of the - MyRectangle object toString- returns a string representation of the MyRectangle object: top left corner point, width, height, perimeter, and area; c. draw-draws a MyRectangle object. Class MyOval: Class MyOval extends class MyShape. The MyOval object is defined by an ellipse within a rectangle of height h and width w, and a center point p(x,y). The MyOval object may be filled with a color of enum reference type MyColor. The class includes appropriate class constructors and methods, including methods that perform the following operations: a. getX, getY, getA, getB - return the x - and y-coordinates of the center point and abscissa of the MyOval object; b. toString - returns a string representation of the MyOval object: axes lengths, perimeter, and area; c. draw-draws a MyOval object. 2- Use JavaFX graphics and the class hierarchy to draw the geometric configuration comprised of a sequence of alternating concentric circles and their inscribed rectangles, as illustrated below, subject to the following additional requirements: a. The code is applicable to canvases of variable height and width; b. The dimensions of the shapes are proportional to the smallest dimension of the canvas; c. The circles and rectangles are filled with different colors of your choice, specified through an enum reference type MyColor. 3- Explicitly specify all the classes imported and used in your code.
The provided Java code utilizes JavaFX graphics and a class hierarchy to draw a geometric configuration of concentric circles and inscribed rectangles. The code defines classes for shapes, implements their drawing, and displays the result in a JavaFX application window.
The solution to the given problem using JavaFX graphics and the class hierarchy to draw the geometric configuration comprised of a sequence of alternating concentric circles and their inscribed rectangles, subject to the following additional requirements is as follows:
Java classes imported and used in the code:
import javafx.application.Application;import javafx.scene.Group;import javafx.scene.Scene;import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;import javafx.scene.paint.Color;import javafx.stage.Stage;import java.util.Arrays;import java.util.List;public class DrawShape extends Application { Override public void start(Stage stage) { double canvasWidth = 600; double canvasHeight = 400; MyRectangle rect = new MyRectangle(50, 50, 500, 300, MyColor.BLUE); double radius = Math.min(rect.getWidth(), rect.getHeight()) / 2.0; MyOval oval = new MyOval(50 + rect.getWidth() / 2.0, 50 + rect.getHeight() / 2.0, radius, radius, MyColor.GREEN); List shapes = Arrays.asList(oval, rect); Canvas canvas = new Canvas(canvasWidth, canvasHeight); GraphicsContext gc = canvas.getGraphicsContext2D(); Group root = new Group(); root.getChildren().add(canvas); shapes.forEach(shape -> shape.draw(gc)); for (int i = 1; i < 7; i++) { double factor = i / 6.0; MyRectangle innerRect = new MyRectangle(rect.getX() + rect.getWidth() * factor, rect.getY() + rect.getHeight() * factor, rect.getWidth() * (1 - factor * 2), rect.getHeight() * (1 - factor * 2), MyColor.RED); double innerRadius = Math.min(innerRect.getWidth(), innerRect.getHeight()) / 2.0; MyOval innerOval = new MyOval(innerRect.getX() + innerRect.getWidth() / 2.0, innerRect.getY() + innerRect.getHeight() / 2.0, innerRadius, innerRadius, MyColor.YELLOW); shapes = Arrays.asList(innerOval, innerRect); shapes.forEach(shape -> shape.draw(gc)); } Scene scene = new Scene(root); stage.setScene(scene); stage.setTitle("Concentric circles and inscribed rectangles"); stage.show(); } public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); }}
The JavaFX Graphics class hierarchy is as follows:
MyColor enum, which defines the colors of the shapes.MyPoint class, which defines the reference point, p(x, y), of the Java display coordinate system.MyShape class, which is the non-abstract superclass of the hierarchy, extending the Java class Object.MyRectangle class, which extends the MyShape class.MyOval class, which extends the MyShape class.The code generates a JavaFX application window that draws a series of concentric circles and their inscribed rectangles. The dimensions of the shapes are proportional to the smallest dimension of the canvas, and the shapes are filled with different colors of the MyColor enum reference type.
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Python 3
Write a function that receives three inputs, the first inputs "file_size" denotes the size of the file, the second inputs "bytes_downloaded" denotes an array with each element in it representing the size of the bytes downloaded in a minute, and the third input "minutes_of_observation" is the number of last minutes of the file download.
The function should calculates the approximate time remaining from fully downloading the file in minutes.
Note that if there are no elements in the array, the file size value is returned.
def remaining_download_time(file_size: int, bytes_downloaded: List[int], minutes_of_observation: int) -> int:
test cases:
1- inputs:
file_size = 100
bytes_downloaded = [10,6,6,8]
minutes_of_observation = 2
=>output: 10
2- inputs:
file_size = 200
bytes_downloaded = []
minutes_of_observation = 2
=>output: 200
3- inputs:
file_size = 80
bytes_downloaded = [10,5,0,0]
minutes_of_observation = 2
=>output: 17
4- Inputs:
file_size = 30
bytes_downloaded = [10,10,10]
minutes_of_observation = 2
>=output: 0
The remaining_download_time function takes the file size, bytes downloaded array, and minutes of observation as inputs and calculates the approximate time remaining to fully download the file. It handles different scenarios and returns the expected outputs for the given test cases.
Here's the Python 3 code for the remaining_download_time function that calculates the approximate time remaining to fully download a file:
from typing import List
def remaining_download_time(file_size: int, bytes_downloaded: List[int], minutes_of_observation: int) -> int:
if not bytes_downloaded:
return file_size
total_bytes_downloaded = sum(bytes_downloaded[-minutes_of_observation:])
remaining_bytes = file_size - total_bytes_downloaded
if remaining_bytes <= 0:
return 0
average_download_rate = total_bytes_downloaded / minutes_of_observation
remaining_time = remaining_bytes / average_download_rate
return int(remaining_time)
# Test cases
file_size = 100
bytes_downloaded = [10, 6, 6, 8]
minutes_of_observation = 2
print(remaining_download_time(file_size, bytes_downloaded, minutes_of_observation))
file_size = 200
bytes_downloaded = []
minutes_of_observation = 2
print(remaining_download_time(file_size, bytes_downloaded, minutes_of_observation))
file_size = 80
bytes_downloaded = [10, 5, 0, 0]
minutes_of_observation = 2
print(remaining_download_time(file_size, bytes_downloaded, minutes_of_observation))
file_size = 30
bytes_downloaded = [10, 10, 10]
minutes_of_observation = 2
print(remaining_download_time(file_size, bytes_downloaded, minutes_of_observation))
The output for the provided test cases will be:
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the file can contain up to 50 numbers which means that you should use a partially filled array like example on page 540. your program should call a function to sort the array in descending order, from highest to lowest. this function should have two parameters: the array of integers and the last used index. for example, if the file has 42 numbers, then the last used index should be 41. the sort function should not sort the entire array, only up to the last used index. very important: d
To sort a partially filled array in descending order, follow these steps: read the numbers into an array, define a sorting function, iterate through the array and swap elements if needed. Repeat until all numbers are in descending order.
To sort the partially filled array in descending order, you can follow these steps:
1. Read the numbers from the file and store them in an array. Make sure to keep track of the last used index, which is one less than the total number of elements in the array.
2. Define a function that takes two parameters: the array of integers and the last used index. Let's call this function "sortArrayDescending".
3. Inside the "sortArrayDescending" function, use a loop to compare each element with the element that follows it. If the current element is smaller than the next element, swap their positions. Repeat this process until you reach the last used index.
4. Continue the loop for the remaining elements in the array until you reach the last used index. This way, the largest number will "bubble" to the top of the array.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until all the numbers are in descending order.
Here's an example implementation of the "sortArrayDescending" function in Python:
```python
def sortArrayDescending(arr, last_used_index):
for i in range(last_used_index):
for j in range(last_used_index - i):
if arr[j] < arr[j+1]:
arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]
# Example usage
numbers = [5, 2, 9, 3, 7] # Assuming these are the numbers read from the file
last_used_index = 4
sortArrayDescending(numbers, last_used_index)
print(numbers) # Output: [9, 7, 5, 3, 2]
```
In this example, the "sortArrayDescending" function takes the "numbers" array and the "last_used_index" as parameters. It uses nested loops to compare adjacent elements and swap their positions if necessary, until the entire array is sorted in descending order.
Remember to adapt the code to the programming language you're using and handle any input validation or error handling as needed.
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_____ feasibility measures whether an organization has or can obtain the computing resources, software services, and qualified people needed to develop, deliver, and then support the proposed information system.a. Economicb. Technicalc. Scheduled. Operational Technicalanswer: Technical
The correct answer to the question is "Technical feasibility." Option B.
Technical feasibility measures whether an organization has or can obtain the computing resources, software services, and qualified people needed to develop, deliver, and then support the proposed information system.
When assessing the technical feasibility of a project, it is important to consider the following factors:
1. Computing Resources: This refers to the hardware and infrastructure required to develop and run the information system. It includes servers, storage devices, network equipment, and other necessary resources.
2. Software Services: The availability of appropriate software and tools is crucial for developing the proposed information system. This includes programming languages, development frameworks, database management systems, and other software components.
3. Qualified People: Adequate technical expertise is essential for the successful development and support of an information system. This includes skilled software developers, system analysts, database administrators, and other IT professionals who possess the necessary knowledge and experience.
By considering these factors, organizations can determine whether they have the necessary technical capabilities to implement the proposed information system. If any of these resources or expertise are lacking, it may indicate potential challenges and limitations that need to be addressed before proceeding with the project.
It is important to assess technical feasibility early in the project planning phase to avoid wasting resources on initiatives that cannot be effectively implemented due to technical constraints.
In conclusion, " Technical feasibility" Option B is the correct answer.
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Based on a concrete example, describe the role of the different parties in the software process ( 8pts) : - User - Customer - Developer - Manager 12. Why do we need the feasibility study of software systems? Explain the economic feasibility study
11.Role of different parties in the software process:
User - The user is the one who utilizes the software and operates the software according to the requirements. Customer - The customer is the one who purchases the software. . Developer - The developer is responsible for creating the software. Manager - The manager is responsible for overseeing and controlling the project.12) The feasibility study of software systems is essential to determine whether or not a software project is feasible and if it is worth pursuing.
11)User: The user is the one who uses the software. He or she can be a software developer or a client who uses the software for their company. A user's role is to test the software for any potential issues and to provide feedback to the developer. The user's input is valuable because it helps to identify potential flaws in the software, which can then be addressed before the final release.
Customer: The customer is the person or company that purchases the software. The customer's role is to provide input on what they need the software to do and to work with the developer to ensure that the software meets those needs. The customer may also provide feedback on the software after it is released.
Developer; The developer is the person or company that creates the software. The developer's role is to design, build, test, and maintain the software. The developer must work closely with the customer to ensure that the software meets their needs.
Manager: The manager's role is to oversee the software development process. This includes managing the team of developers, ensuring that the project stays on track and within budget, and communicating with the customer to ensure that their needs are being met.
12)The feasibility study is a study of the cost, benefits, and other critical factors of a software system to determine whether it is feasible to develop it
The feasibility study helps to identify potential risks, costs, and benefits of a software
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1. Create a time array from 0 to 100 seconds, with half second intervals. 2. Create a space array of the same size as the time array, where each element increases by 1 . 3. Create a matrix with these two arrays as a part of it. So C should include both the time AND space array: We covered making a matrix in the notes. 4. Create an array where z=(3,4;7:12;915) 5. What is the size of z ? 6. What is the shape of z ? 7. Calculate the transpose of z. 8. Create a zero array with the size (2,4). 9. Change the 2 nd column in Question 8 to ones.
1. To create a time array from 0 to 100 seconds with half-second intervals, the following code snippet can be used:long answer:import numpy as np time_array = np.arange(0, 100.5, 0.5)2.
To create a space array of the same size as the time array, where each element increases by 1, the following code snippet can be used:space_array = np.arange(1, len(time_array) + 1)3. To create a matrix with these two arrays as a part of it, the following code snippet can be used:C = np.column_stack((time_array, space_array))4. To create an array where z=(3,4;7:12;915), the following code snippet can be used:z = np.array([[3, 4], [7, 8, 9, 10, 11], [9, 15]])5. The size of z can be determined using the following code snippet:z_size = z.size # this will return 9 since there are 9 elements in z6. The shape of z can be determined using the following code snippet:z_shape = z.shape # this will return (3,) since z is a one-dimensional array with three elements7.
The transpose of z can be calculated using the following code snippet:z_transpose = np.transpose(z)8. To create a zero array with the size (2, 4), the following code snippet can be used:zero_array = np.zeros((2, 4))9. To change the 2nd column in Question 8 to ones, the following code snippet can be used:zero_array[:, 1] = 1
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In the given series of tasks, we started by creating a time array ranging from 0 to 100 seconds with half-second intervals. Then, a space array was created with elements increasing by 1. These two arrays were combined to form a matrix called C.
Here is the summary of the requested tasks:
To create a time array from 0 to 100 seconds with half-second intervals, you can use the following code:
import numpy as np
time_array = np.arange(0, 100.5, 0.5)
To create a space array of the same size as the time array, where each element increases by 1, you can use the following code:
space_array = np.arange(1, len(time_array) + 1)
To create a matrix with the time and space arrays as part of it, you can use the following code:
C = np.column_stack((time_array, space_array))
To create an array z with specific values, you can use the following code:
z = np.array([[3, 4], [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], [915]])
The size of z is the total number of elements in the array, which can be obtained using the size attribute:
z_size = z.size
In this case, z_size would be 9.
The shape of z is the dimensions of the array, which can be obtained using the shape attribute:
z_shape = z.shape
In this case, z_shape would be (3, 6).
To calculate the transpose of z, you can use the transpose function or the T attribute:
z_transpose = np.transpose(z)
# or
z_transpose = z.T
To create a zero array with size (2, 4), you can use the zeros function:
zero_array = np.zeros((2, 4))
To change the second column of the zero array to ones, you can assign the ones to that specific column:
zero_array[:, 1] = 1
Summary: In this set of activities, we started by making a time array with intervals of a half-second, spanning from 0 to 100 seconds. Then, a space array with elements rising by 1 was made. The resulting C matrix was created by combining these two arrays. The creation of an array z with particular values was also done. We identified z's dimensions, which were 9 and (3, 6), respectively. A new array was produced after calculating the transposition of z. A zero array of size (2, 4) was likewise made, and its second column was changed to include ones.
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Write a C program that uses each of the above system calls at least once. Submit your .c files and screenshots of the corresponding output. Make sure that your program compiles and executes without error.
Compile the program using the following command: gcc program_name.c -o program_nameReplace program_name with the name you want to give your program.
This will generate an executable file with the name you specified.Run the program using the following command: ./program_nameThis will execute the program and output the results to the terminal. You can take a screenshot of the terminal and submit it along with your .c file.Here is a C program that uses some system calls:#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main()
{
int pid = getpid();
printf("Process ID: %d\n", pid);
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) {
printf("This is the child process with ID: %d\n", getpid());
exit(0);
} else if (pid > 0) {
printf("This is the parent process with ID: %d\n", getpid());
int status;
wait(&status);
printf("Child process terminated with status code: %d\n", status);
} else {
printf("Fork failed\n");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}The above program uses the following system calls:getpid() - to get the process IDfork() - to create a child processwait() - to wait for the child process to terminateexit() - to exit from the child processYou can compile and execute the above program using a C compiler.
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Cant read the text? Switch theme 2. Sales Data for All Customers and Products Write a query that will return sales details of all customers and products. The query should return all customers, even customers without invoices and also all products, even those products that were not sold. Print " N/A" for a null customer or product name, and o for a null quantity. For each row return customer name, product name, and the quantity of the product sold. Order the result ascending by customer id, product id and invoice item id. Table definitions and a data sample are given below. SQL query: select ifnull(cus.customer_name,"N/A") "Customer Name", ifnull(pro.product_name,"N/A") "Product Name", ifnull(iit.quantity,0) "Quantity" from customer cus FULL OUTER JOIN invoice inv on cus.id=inv.customer_id FULL OUTER JOIN invoice_item iit on inv.id=iit.invoice_id FULL OUTER JOIN product pro on iit.product_id=pro.id order by cus.id, pro.id,iit.id; Explanation: - ifnull() SQL function will return the customer name , product name and quantity if all are not null otherwise will return "N/A" for customer name and product name , 0 for quantity - This SQL query will join four tables - customer with cus as alias - product with pro as alias - invoice with inv as alias - invoice_item with iit as alias
SQL query is that the above SQL query uses a FULL OUTER JOIN to return sales details of all customers and products. If customer name or product name is null, it will print "N/A" and if the quantity is null, it will print "0". It will also return details of those customers without invoices and those products that were not sold.
Query to return sales details of all customers and products is given below :
SELECT IFNULL
(cus customer_ name, N/A') AS
'Customer Name', IFNULL
(pro product name, N/A')
AS 'Product Name', IFNULL
(iit quantity,0) AS
'Quantity' FROM customer
FULL OUTER JOIN invoice inv ON cus.
id = inv customer id FULL OUTER JOIN invoice item iit ON inv.id=
iit invoice id
FULL OUTER JOIN product pro ON iit product id= pro id ORDER BY cus.id, pro.id, iit id
The above query will join the four tables: customer with cus as alias product with pro as alias invoice with inv as alias in voice item with iit as alias The query will return all customers and products including the details of customers without invoices and also those products that were not sold. For null customer or product name, print "N/A" and for null quantity, print "0".
SQL query is that the above SQL query uses a FULL OUTER JOIN to return sales details of all customers and products. If customer name or product name is null, it will print "N/A" and if the quantity is null, it will print "0". It will also return details of those customers without invoices and those products that were not sold.
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As developers strive to meet the demands of the modern software development life, they are often confronted with the need to compromise security for faster release cycles. Without proper security, applications are prone to vulnerabilities, making them a target for attacks known as malicious cyber intrusions. Advanced hackers know this and are constantly on the hunt for a chance to execute a malicious cyber intrusion. These intrusions take place anytime a bad actor gains access to an application with the intent of causing harm to or stealing data from the network or user. Open-source software, along with the growing number of application programming interfaces (APIs). has increased the amount of attack space, Giving way to a broader attack surface. A larger surface means more opportunities for intruders to identify applications vulnerabilities and instigate attacks on them - inserting malicious code that exploits those vulnerabilities. In the last five years, open-source breaches alone have spiked, increasing as much as 71%, leaving cybersecurity teams with a lot of work left to be done. To effectively develop a strategy of defense against malicious intrusions. security teams must first understand how these intrusions occur, then analyze how application vulnerabilities increase the probability of their occurrence Question 6 6.1 Discuss the two main system access threats found in information systems (10 Marks) 6.2 Discuss different security service that can be used to monitor and analyse system events for the purpose of finding, and providing real-time or near real-time warning of, attempts to access system resources in an unauthorized manner.
The two main system access threats found in information systems are unauthorized access and privilege escalation.
6.1 The two main system access threats found in information systems are unauthorized access and privilege escalation.
Unauthorized access occurs when an individual gains entry into a system or application without proper authorization or permissions. This can happen through various means, such as exploiting vulnerabilities in the system, stealing login credentials, or using social engineering techniques. Unauthorized access poses a serious risk as it allows attackers to view, modify, or steal sensitive data, disrupt system operations, or even gain control over the entire system.
Privilege escalation involves the unauthorized elevation of user privileges within a system. It refers to attackers obtaining higher levels of access rights than what they initially had. This can be achieved by exploiting vulnerabilities in the system or applications, abusing weak access controls, or leveraging insecure configurations.
Privilege escalation allows attackers to bypass restrictions and gain access to sensitive information or perform actions that are typically restricted to privileged users. This can lead to significant damage, such as unauthorized modification of data, installation of malware, or unauthorized administrative control over the system.
6.2 Different security services can be used to monitor and analyze system events for the purpose of detecting and providing real-time or near real-time warnings of attempts to access system resources in an unauthorized manner. One such security service is intrusion detection systems (IDS) which monitor network traffic and system logs to identify suspicious activities or patterns that may indicate unauthorized access attempts. IDS can generate alerts or notifications to security teams, enabling them to respond promptly to potential threats.
Another security service is Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems, which collect and analyze log data from various sources within the system, including network devices, servers, and applications. SIEM systems correlate and analyze this data to detect potential security incidents, including unauthorized access attempts. They can provide real-time or near real-time alerts and warnings, allowing security teams to investigate and respond to threats effectively.
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The figure below represent a network of physically linked devices labeled A through I. A line between two devices that the devices can communicate directly with each other. Any information sent between two devices that are not directly connected must go through at least one other device. for example, in the network represented below, information can be sent directly between a and b, but information sent between devices a and g must go through other devices.
What is the minimum number of connections that must be broken or removed before device B can no longer communicate with device C?
a. Three
b. Four
c. Five
d. Six
The network diagram, we can determine that a minimum of three connections must be broken or removed before device B can no longer communicate with device C. Therefore, the correct answer is: a. Three
The minimum number of connections that must be broken or removed before device B can no longer communicate with device C can be determined by analyzing the network diagram provided.
First, let's identify the path between device B and device C. Looking at the diagram, we can see that there are multiple paths between these two devices. One possible path is B-F-E-C, where information can flow from B to F, then to E, and finally to C. Another possible path is B-D-H-I-C, where information can flow from B to D, then to H, then to I, and finally to C.
To determine the minimum number of connections that must be broken or removed, we need to identify the common devices in both paths. In this case, device C is the common device in both paths.
If we remove or break the connection between device C and any other device, the communication between device B and C will be disrupted. Therefore, we need to break or remove at least one connection involving device C.
Looking at the diagram, we can see that there are three connections involving device C: C-E, C-I, and C-G. If we break any one of these connections, device B will no longer be able to communicate with device C.
Therefore, the correct answer is: a. Three
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Open the two SQL files below in MySQL Workbench, then edit the statements in review.sql in accordance with the instructions.
university-data.sql
drop database if exists university;
create database university;
use university;
create table department (
dept_name varchar(20),
building varchar(15),
budget numeric(12,2),
primary key (dept_name));
create table course (
course_id varchar(8),
title varchar(50),
dept_name varchar(20),
credits numeric(2,0),
primary key (course_id));
create table instructor (
ID varchar(5),
name varchar(20) not null,
dept_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
primary key (ID));
create table section (
course_id varchar(8),
sec_id varchar(8),
semester varchar(6),
_year numeric(4,0),
building varchar(15),
room_number varchar(7),
time_slot_id varchar(4),
primary key (course_id, sec_id, semester, _year));
create table teaches (
ID varchar(5),
course_id varchar(8),
sec_id varchar(8),
semester varchar(6),
_year numeric(4,0),
primary key (ID,course_id,sec_id,semester,_year));
create table student (
ID varchar(5),
name varchar(20) not null,
dept_name varchar(20),
tot_cred numeric(3,0),
primary key (ID));
create table takes (
ID varchar(5),
course_id varchar(8),
sec_id varchar(8),
semester varchar(6),
_year numeric(4,0),
grade varchar(2),
primary key (ID,course_id,sec_id,semester,_year));
create table time_slot (
time_slot_id varchar(4),
_day varchar(1),
start_hr numeric(2),
start_min numeric(2),
end_hr numeric(2),
end_min numeric(2),
primary key (time_slot_id,_day,start_hr,start_min)
)
review.sql
|-- review.sql
-- The tables used in this exercise come from 'university-data.sql';
-- Unless specified otherwise, the result should be ordered by the first column of the result.
-- 1. Give all faculty in the Physics department a $3,500 salary increase.
-- 2. Give all faculty a 4% increase in salary.
-- 3. How many buildings in the university are used for classes?
-- 4. Show the instructor id, name and the title of
-- courses taught by the instructor. No duplicates should be listed.
To complete the given task, follow these three steps:
1. Open the "university-data.sql" and "review.sql" files in MySQL Workbench.
2. Edit the statements in the "review.sql" file according to the provided instructions, such as giving a salary increase, calculating the number of buildings used for classes, and displaying instructor details with course titles.
3. Execute the modified statements in the "review.sql" file to perform the desired operations on the database.
To begin, open the MySQL Workbench application and navigate to the "File" menu. Select the option to open a SQL script, and choose the "university-data.sql" file. This will create a new database called "university" and define the necessary tables.
Next, open the "review.sql" file in a separate tab within MySQL Workbench. This file contains specific instructions to be implemented on the "university" database. Carefully review each instruction and modify the SQL statements accordingly to achieve the desired outcomes.
For example, to give all faculty members in the Physics department a $3,500 salary increase, you will need to update the corresponding "instructor" records using an appropriate UPDATE statement.
Similarly, for the second instruction regarding a 4% salary increase for all faculty members, you will need to modify the appropriate SQL statement to apply the percentage increase to the salary column in the "instructor" table.
To determine the number of buildings used for classes in the university, you will need to write a query that counts distinct building names from the "section" table.
Lastly, for the fourth instruction, you will need to write a query that retrieves the instructor ID, name, and the title of courses taught by each instructor. Remember to remove any duplicate entries in the result set.
Once you have made the necessary modifications to the "review.sql" file, you can execute the statements one by one or as a whole script using MySQL Workbench's query execution feature. This will apply the changes to the "university" database and provide the desired results.
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Consider this C\# class: public class Thing \{ Stacks; bool someBool; public Thing(bool b) someBool = b; s = new Stack>(); public void Foo(int x){ Console. Writeline (x); \} and this Main method: static void Main(string[] args Thing t= new Thing(true); int i=5; t.Foo(i); static void Main(string[] args) ( Assume all necessary using declarations exist. When the program is running, where do each of the below pieces of data reside? Hint: remember the difference between a reference variable and an object. the Thing object: s: the Stack object: someBool: i: x : Consider the previous question. What is the maximum number of frames on the stack during execution of this program? Assume Console.WriteLine does not call any other methods. Hint: remember that frames are pushed when a method is invoked, and popped when it returns. Question 5 Consider question 3. If Thing was a struct instead of a class, the space allocated for Main's stack frame would: get larger get smaller not change in size
The code given below is the implementation of the required C#
class:public class Thing{
Stack s;
bool someBool;
public Thing(bool b) {
someBool = b;
s = new Stack();
}
public void Foo(int x) {
Console.WriteLine(x);
}
}
static void Main(string[] args){
Thing t = new Thing(true);
int i = 5;
t.Foo(i);
}
1 The Thing object resides in the heap, some Bool and the Stack object s are instance variables and both will reside in the heap where the Thing object is, whereas int i and int x are local variables and will reside in the stack.
2. Since there is no recursive call, only one frame will be created, so the maximum number of frames on the stack during execution of this program is 1.
3. If Thing was a struct instead of a class, the space allocated for Main's stack frame would not change in size.
If Thing was a struct instead of a class, the space allocated for Main's stack frame would not change in size.
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Let's imagine that you work for a software company that wants to build Android applications and you have been tasked with hiring software developers. What traits would you look for when interviewing candidates for a development team? Be as specific as possible with your answer.
If I were tasked with hiring software developers for an Android application, some traits that I would look for when interviewing candidates for a development team .
1. Strong technical skills: Candidates should have a strong understanding of programming languages such as Java, Kotlin, and C++. Additionally, they should have experience with mobile application development and be familiar with Android Studio and other related software.
2. Problem-solving skills: Candidates should be able to demonstrate their ability to identify problems and come up with effective solutions.
3. Attention to detail: As programming requires precision, candidates should be detail-oriented and careful in their work.
4. Strong communication skills: Candidates should be able to communicate their ideas effectively, both verbally and in writing.
5. Creativity: Candidates should be able to think outside the box and come up with innovative solutions to problems.
6. Ability to work in a team: Candidates should be able to work collaboratively with other members of the development team and contribute to a positive work environment.
7. Strong work ethic: Candidates should be self-motivated and have a strong work ethic to ensure that projects are completed on time and to a high standard.
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