False diseconomies of scale often arise because higher production levels allow specialization among workers.
Diseconomies of scale refer to the situation where the cost per unit increases as the scale of production increases beyond a certain point. This can occur due to various factors, such as increased complexity in managing larger operations, difficulty in coordinating different departments or processes, and diminishing returns to scale. While specialization among workers can initially lead to economies of scale by increasing productivity, it can also contribute to diseconomies of scale if the specialization becomes too narrow and leads to inefficiencies or bottlenecks in the production process.
The concept of economies of scale suggests that as production levels increase, the cost per unit of output decreases due to various factors such as better utilization of resources, increased bargaining power with suppliers, and spreading fixed costs over a larger volume of production. However, beyond a certain point, the cost per unit may start to increase due to various factors that are collectively referred to as diseconomies of scale. One of the reasons why diseconomies of scale may arise is due to the complexity and difficulty in managing larger operations. As production levels increase, so does the number of employees, departments, processes, and systems involved in the production process. This can lead to increased coordination costs, communication breakdowns, and delays in decision-making, which can all contribute to higher costs.
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On January 1, 2021, Norwood borrows $540,000 cash from a bank by signing a five-year Installment note bearing 7% Interest. The note requires equal payments of $131,701 each year on December 31. Requir
The total interest expense over the life of the note can be calculated by subtracting the principal amount from the total payments made. To calculate the interest expense for each year, we can subtract the remaining principal balance at the beginning of the year from the total payment made for that year.
Year 1: Interest expense = Total payment - Remaining principal balance
Total payment = $131,701
Remaining principal balance = $540,000
Interest expense = $131,701 - $540,000 = -$408,299 (Negative indicates a reduction in principal)
Year 2: Interest expense = Total payment - Remaining principal balance
Total payment = $131,701
Remaining principal balance = $540,000 - $131,701 = $408,299
Interest expense = $131,701 - $408,299 = -$276,598 (Negative indicates a reduction in principal)
Year 3: Interest expense = Total payment - Remaining principal balance
Total payment = $131,701
Remaining principal balance = $408,299 - $131,701 = $276,598
Interest expense = $131,701 - $276,598 = -$144,897 (Negative indicates a reduction in principal)
Year 4: Interest expense = Total payment - Remaining principal balance
Total payment = $131,701
Remaining principal balance = $276,598 - $131,701 = $144,897
Interest expense = $131,701 - $144,897 = -$13,196 (Negative indicates a reduction in principal)
Year 5: Interest expense = Total payment - Remaining principal balance
Total payment = $131,701
Remaining principal balance = $144,897 - $131,701 = $13,196
Interest expense = $131,701 - $13,196 = $118,505
Therefore, the interest expense for each year is as follows: Year 1: -$408,299 Year 2: -$276,598 Year 3: -$144,897 Year 4: -$13,196 Year 5: $118,505
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You can buy a property today for $2.6 million and sell it in 6 years for $3.6 million. (You earn no rental income on the property) a. If the interest rate is 6%, what is the present value of the sales
If the interest rate is 6%, the present value of the sales proceeds from selling the property in 6 years for $3.6 million would be approximately $2.54 million.
To calculate the present value of the future sales proceeds, we can use the formula for the present value of a future cash flow.
The formula is:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + r)^n
Where:
Future Value = Sales proceeds ($3.6 million)
r = Interest rate per period (6% or 0.06)
n = Number of periods (6)
Using the given values in the formula, we can calculate the present value of the sales proceeds:
Present Value = 3.6 million / (1 + 0.06)^6
Simplifying the expression:
Present Value = 3.6 million / (1.06)^6
Using a calculator, the value inside the parentheses, (1.06)^6, is approximately 1.4185. Plugging this value into the formula:
Present Value = 3.6 million / 1.4185
Calculating the expression:
Present Value = 2.54 million
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If no other forces are acting on a parcel (a small volume of air), how will the parcel react a difference in pressure?"
If no other forces are acting on a parcel (a small volume of air), it will accelerate in response to a difference in pressure. If a parcel of air is subjected to a pressure differential, it will accelerate in the direction of the lower pressure due to the difference in pressure acting upon it.
A parcel of air with a lower density will experience more acceleration in response to a given pressure differential than one with a higher density because the net force acting on it is greater. Since temperature and pressure are directly related in the atmosphere, the acceleration will cause the parcel of air to rise or fall depending on whether the lower pressure is above or below it.
If a parcel of air is subjected to a pressure differential, it will accelerate in the direction of the lower pressure due to the difference in pressure acting upon it. Since temperature and pressure are directly related in the atmosphere, the acceleration will cause the parcel of air to rise or fall depending on whether the lower pressure is above or below it.
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Suppose the demand for oil is P=197Q-0.20. There are
two oil producers who form a cartel. Producing oil costs $6 per
barrel. What is the profit of each cartel member?
The profit of each cartel member can be calculated by determining the quantity of oil they produce and sell at the equilibrium price. The difference between the revenue from selling oil and the cost of production will give us the profit. The profit for each cartel member is approximately zero.
To find the profit of each cartel member, we need to determine the equilibrium quantity of oil and the corresponding price. Given the demand equation P=197Q-0.20, we can set this equal to the cost of production to find the equilibrium quantity.
Cost of production: $6 per barrel
Equilibrium price (P): $6
Substituting the equilibrium price into the demand equation, we have:
6 = 197Q - 0.20
Solving for Q, we find: 197Q = 6.20
Q ≈ 0.0314
Now, we can calculate the revenue and profit for each cartel member. Since there are two members, let's assume they split the quantity equally. Thus, each member produces approximately 0.0157 barrels of oil.
Revenue = Price x Quantity = $6 x 0.0157 ≈ $0.0942
Cost of production = $6 x 0.0157 = $0.0942
Profit = Revenue - Cost of production = $0.0942 - $0.0942 = $0
Therefore, the profit for each cartel member is approximately zero.
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1.Discuss some of the prominent issues of Corporate Governance. Critically analyse the relevance of these issues with particular reference to the corporate sector in Mauritius.
2. What are the sources of ethical problems in business? How these problems have been exacerbated with the Covid-19 pandemic and how can they be resolved?
1. corporate governance are associated with increases in organisations' operational effectiveness and sustainability, This Code comprises a set of principles and guidance aimed at improving and guiding the. governance practices of organizations within Mauritius.
2. Examples of Ethical issues in business are Discrimination and harassment, Workplace health and safety , Whistle-blowing or social media rants, Ethics in accounting practices, Corporate espionage and nondisclosure, Technology and privacy practices.
By studying management processes to find ways to be more responsible, you can handle ethical challenges as an HR or management expert. This may entail looking over the organization's rules and procedures to make sure they address ethical issues in the workplace. You can choose steps that might aid in the transition and assist develop ecologically responsible goals. Then, you can routinely check on your progress towards these objectives.
Communication and the enforcement of a strict code of ethics for decision-making are daily steps your team may implement to recognise and prevent ethical difficulties. You can make sure it consistently complies with applicable laws on these ethical concerns. To ensure openness and honesty when putting together financial reports for the company, you can also work with accountants.
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Mr. Chopra decides to sell his business shares to the public to acquire additional finance. Under which component in the balance sheet should Mr. Chopra show the money he obtained from the shareholders?
When Mr. Chopra sells his business shares to the public and acquires additional finance, the money obtained from the shareholders should be shown under the "Equity" component in the balance sheet.
The component in the balance sheet should Mr. Chopra show the moneyEquity represents the ownership interest in a company, and it includes the funds contributed by shareholders in exchange for shares of the company's stock. When shares are sold to the public, the proceeds from the sale increase the equity of the business. This is typically reflected as "Share Capital" or "Common Stock" in the equity section of the balance sheet.
By showing the money obtained from the shareholders in the equity section, Mr. Chopra can accurately represent the ownership stake and financial position of the company.
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For a full plan-driven large software development project using the V-Process model, list the various SQA activities at each phase and describe their impact on the final deliverables. Classify these activities into QC and QA. Specify the various metrics that can be used to track the performance of these QC/QA activities. [8 marks] Options
For a full plan-driven large software development project using the V-Process model, the SQA activities at each phase are as follows:Requirements phase:SQA ActivitiesThe following are SQA activities that are applicable at the requirements stage:Requirements validation will check that the requirements have been properly captured and defined.
It assures that the specified requirements meet the user’s requirements and are consistent and unambiguous.Requirements traceability will provide evidence that the requirements are being met in the final product.Impact of SQA ActivitiesThe following are the impacts of the SQA activities:It will help to identify and correct any ambiguities in the requirements.The traceability matrix will assist in determining whether all of the necessary features have been included and whether any unwanted features have been removed.The accuracy of the initial product scope and requirements will be increased.QC ActivitiesTest plansTest designsQA ActivitiesReviewsMetrics for Tracking the QC/QA Activities
The following are the metrics that can be used to track the performance of these QC/QA activities:Productivity defect density (no of errors/size of the deliverable)The defect ratio is the ratio of the defects found during testing to the total number of defects discovered at every stage.Total number of defects foundDefect severity
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The flow experience refers to
the ultimate involvement in work
a condition of heightened focus, productivity, and
happiness.
both a & b
a design that allows for the flow of ideas, such as
The flow experience refers to both the ultimate involvement in work and a condition of heightened focus, productivity, and happiness.
The concept of flow was introduced by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who described it as a state of complete immersion and deep concentration in an activity. When experiencing flow, individuals are fully engaged in what they are doing, feeling a sense of timelessness and effortless involvement. It is a state where challenges and skills are perfectly matched, leading to a sense of fulfillment and enjoyment.
The flow experience is often associated with activities that provide a balance between the level of challenge and one's abilities. When the demands of a task align with our skills, we enter a state of flow, characterized by a sense of being in the zone, losing self-consciousness, and experiencing a high level of focus and productivity. This state not only enhances performance but also brings about a deep sense of satisfaction and happiness.
So, the flow experience encompasses both the ultimate involvement in work and the state of heightened focus, productivity, and happiness that comes with it. It is a desirable state that individuals strive to achieve in their professional and personal pursuits.
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The master budget contains all of the following except O A. sales budget O B. direct labor budget O C. cash budget O D. a balanced score card QUESTION 27 ABC Company sells 100,000 ties for $12 per uni The master budget contains all of the following except O A. sales budget O B. direct labor budget O C. cash budget O D. a balanced score card
The master budget includes a range of financial reports that are prepared by an organization that include all of the following except the balanced scorecard. The balanced scorecard is a strategic management and performance tool that is used to identify and improve various internal business functions.
A sales budget, a direct labor budget, and a cash budget are the three most essential budgets that are a part of the master budget. It is a comprehensive business plan that integrates several functional areas of an organization. The sales budget predicts the total sales that the company will make in a given period.
A direct labor budget is used to calculate the cost of labor required to produce the budgeted production levels. A cash budget is an estimate of the company's inflow and outflow of cash over a particular period of time.
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Archer Hardware is adding a new product line that will require an investment of $1,500,000. Managers estimate that this investment will have a 10-year life and generate net cash inflows of $310,000 the first year, $270,000 the second year, and $240,000 each year thereafter for eight years. The investment has no residual value. Compute the payback period.
The payback period for the investment in Archer Hardware's new product line is approximately 5.83 years.It would take around 5.83 years for the cumulative cash inflows to equal or exceed the initial investment of $1,500,000.
How is the payback period calculated for Archer Hardware's new product line investment?To compute the payback period for the investment in Archer Hardware's new product line, we need to determine the time it takes for the cumulative cash inflows to equal or exceed the initial investment of $1,500,000.
Year 1 net cash inflow: $310,000
Year 2 net cash inflow: $270,000
Years 3-10 net cash inflow: $240,000 per year
To calculate the payback period, we will consider the cumulative net cash inflows until the initial investment is recovered.
Cumulative net cash inflows:
Year 1: $310,000
Year 2: $310,000 + $270,000 = $580,000
Year 3: $580,000 + $240,000 = $820,000
Year 4: $820,000 + $240,000 = $1,060,000
Year 5: $1,060,000 + $240,000 = $1,300,000
Year 6: $1,300,000 + $240,000 = $1,540,000
Year 7: $1,540,000 + $240,000 = $1,780,000
Year 8: $1,780,000 + $240,000 = $2,020,000
The payback period is the time it takes for the cumulative cash inflows to reach or exceed the initial investment:
Payback period = Year 5 + (Initial investment - Cumulative net cash inflows at Year 5) / Net cash inflow in Year 6
Payback period = 5 + ($1,500,000 - $1,300,000) / $240,000
Payback period = 5 + $200,000 / $240,000
Payback period = 5 + 0.8333
Payback period = 5.8333 years
Therefore, the payback period for the investment in Archer Hardware's new product line is approximately 5.83 years.
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From the ten (10) transactions below,
Provide for the effects of each of the 10 (ten) transactions below using the basic accounting equation of :
Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity (4 MARKS)
_____ _______ ____________
Transaction 1 : Investment By Owner.
Mr. Owner decides to open a computer programming service which he names MultiComp. On September 1, 2010, he invests $15,000 cash in the business.
Transaction 2 : Purchase of Equipment for Cash.
MultiComp purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
Transaction 3 : Purchase of Supplies on Credit.
MultiComp purchases for $1,600 from Acme Supply Company computer
paper and other supplies expected to last several months.
Transaction 4 : Services Provided for Cash.
MultiComp receives $1,200 cash from customers for programming services it has provided.
Transaction 5 : Purchase of Advertising on Credit.
MultiComp receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising but postpones payment until a later date.
Transaction (6) : Services Provided for Cash and Credit.
MultiComp provides $3,500 of programming services for customers. The company receives cash of $1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of $2,000 on account.
Transaction (7) : Payment of Expenses.
MultiComp pays the following Expenses in cash for September: store rent $600, salaries of employees $900, and utilities $200.
Transaction (8) : Payment of Accounts Payable.
MultiComp pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash.
Transaction (9). Receipt of Cash on Account.
MultiComp receives $600 in cash from customers who had been billed for services [in Transaction (6)].
Transaction (10). Withdrawal of Cash by Owner.
Mr Owner withdraws $1,300 in cash from the business for his personal use
Transaction 1: Investment by Owner
* Assets: Increase by $15,000 (cash) * Liabilities: No change
* Owner's Equity: Increase by $15,000
Transaction 2: Purchase of Equipment for Cash
* Assets: Decrease by $7,000 (cash) * Liabilities: No change
* Owner's Equity: No change
Transaction 3: Purchase of Supplies on Credit
* Assets: Increase by $1,600 (supplies) * Liabilities: Increase by $1,600 (accounts payable)
* Owner's Equity: No change
Transaction 4: Services Provided for Cash
* Assets: Increase by $1,200 (cash) * Liabilities: No change
* Owner's Equity: Increase by $1,200
Transaction 5: Purchase of Advertising on Credit
* Assets: Increase by $250 (advertising)
* Liabilities: Increase by $250 (accounts payable) * Owner's Equity: No change
Transaction 6: Services Provided for Cash and Credit
* Assets: Increase by $1,500 (cash)
* Assets: Increase by $2,000 (accounts receivable)
* Liabilities: No change * Owner's Equity: Increase by $3,500
Transaction 7: Payment of Expenses
* Assets: Decrease by $1,700 (cash)
* Liabilities: No change * Owner's Equity: No change
Transaction 8: Payment of Accounts Payable
* Assets: Decrease by $250 (cash)
* Liabilities: Decrease by $250 (accounts payable) * Owner's Equity: No change
Transaction 9: Receipt of Cash on Account
* Assets: Increase by $600 (cash)
* Liabilities: Decrease by $600 (accounts receivable) * Owner's Equity: No change
Transaction 10: Withdrawal of Cash by Owner
* Assets: Decrease by $1,300 (cash)
* Liabilities: No change * Owner's Equity: Decrease by $1,300
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
change * Owner's Equity: Decrease by $1,300
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
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Please Do Question 1 Thank You
The statements of financial position of Pierides Shipping Management plc at 31 January 2019 and 31 January 2020 were as follows: Pierides Shipping Management plc Statement of financial position at 31
- At 31 January 2019, the debt to equity ratio was 1.07.
- At 31 January 2020, the debt to equity ratio was 1.00.
- At 31 January 2019, the current ratio was 2.
- At 31 January 2020, the current ratio was 1.73.
Statement of financial position of Pierides Shipping Management plc at 31 January 2019 and 31 January 2020 31 January 2019 31 January 2020 £'000 £'000 Non-current assets 175,000 230,000 Current assets Inventories 40,000 50,000 Receivables 25,000 35,000 Cash and cash equivalents 5,000 10,000 Total current assets 70,000 95,000 Total assets 245,000 325,000 Equity Share capital 100,000 125,000 Retained earnings 35,000 50,000 Total equity 135,000 175,000 Non-current liabilities 75,000 115,000 Current liabilities Trade payables 20,000 25,000 Borrowings 15,000 30,000 Total current liabilities 35,000 55,000 Total equity and liabilities 245,000 325,000
(a) Calculation of debt to equity ratio at 31 January 2019 and 31 January 2020
Debt to equity ratio indicates the relationship between the amount of funds provided by the creditors and the amount of funds provided by shareholders. Debt to equity ratio can be calculated as follows:
Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities/Total equity
Therefore, the debt to equity ratios at 31 January 2019 and 31 January 2020 can be calculated as follows:
For 31 January 2019
Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities/Total equity
= (75,000 + 35,000)/135,000
= 1.07
For 31 January 2020
Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities/Total equity
= (115,000 + 55,000)/175,000
= 1.00
(b) Calculation of current ratio at 31 January 2019 and 31 January 2020
The current ratio measures the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations. It is calculated as follows:
Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities
Therefore, the current ratios at 31 January 2019 and 31 January 2020 can be calculated as follows:
For 31 January 2019
Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities
= 70,000/35,000
= 2
For 31 January 2020
Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities
= 95,000/55,000
= 1.73
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how much will a $100 tax cut increase disposable income? how much will it increase consumption? (hint: mpc
A $100 tax cut would raise disposable income by $80 and would increase consumption by $64. MPC is frequently used to estimate the impact of a tax cut on disposable income and consumption.
The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) refers to the proportion of a person's additional income that they devote to consumption. To calculate how much a $100 tax cut will increase disposable income and consumption, we need to know the MPC. We'll assume an MPC of 0.8 for this example.
The formula to calculate the increase in disposable income is given as:
ΔYD = ΔY(1-t)
Where,ΔY = Change in income and t = tax rate.
Substituting the values in the above formula,
ΔYD = $100(1-0.2)
ΔYD = $80
The increase in consumption can be calculated using the formula below:
ΔC = MPC x ΔYD
Where, ΔYD = Change in disposable income
MPC = Marginal propensity to consume
Substituting the values in the above formula,
ΔC = 0.8 x $80
ΔC = $64
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describe the ways in which capital can be transferred from suppliers of capital to those who demands capital
Capital can be transferred from suppliers of capital to those who demand capital through various ways like Stock market, Bank loans, Bonds, Venture capital.
The ways in which capital can be transferred from suppliers of capital to those who demands capital include the following:
1. Stock market: The stock market is one of the common ways of transferring capital from the suppliers of capital to those who demand capital. It's a platform where shares of public companies are bought and sold. A supplier of capital who has excess capital can buy shares of a company, which is seeking to expand its capital base, thus supplying the needed capital.
2. Bank loans: Bank loans are another common way of transferring capital from the suppliers of capital to those who demand capital. In this scenario, the supplier of capital (saver) deposits their capital in a bank, which in turn loans out the capital to borrowers, who need the capital for various reasons. The borrowers pay an interest on the loan, and the bank pays the suppliers of capital some interest on their deposits.
3. Bonds: Bonds are another popular way of transferring capital from suppliers of capital to those who demand capital. In this case, an issuer issues a bond, which is a debt instrument that allows the issuer to borrow capital from the market. The bond issuer then pays interest on the bond until maturity, and then the principal is paid back.
4. Venture capital: Venture capital is another way of transferring capital from suppliers of capital to those who demand capital. Venture capitalists provide capital to startups that require capital for their growth and expansion. In return, the venture capitalists own some shares of the company and expect some returns on their investments in the future.
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Diversity can be calculated, tracked, and reported-it's about: O a. safety O b. inclusion Oc differences O d. strategy O e. similarities
Diversity is a term that is used to describe the differences that exist between individuals. These differences may include characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, or physical ability. The concept of diversity is important in many contexts. The correct answer is option c.
Diversity can be calculated, tracked, and reported, and it's about differences. It is important to note that diversity is not just about meeting quotas or targets. Instead, it is about creating an inclusive environment where all employees feel valued and respected, regardless of their differences. This is important because when employees feel valued and respected, they are more likely to be engaged and motivated, which can lead to better productivity and overall performance.
There are many benefits to having a diverse workforce. For example, research has shown that diverse teams are often more innovative and creative than homogenous teams. This is because diverse teams bring a wide range of perspectives, ideas, and experiences to the table, which can lead to new and innovative solutions to problems. Diversity is also important from a social justice perspective. Historically, certain groups of people have been excluded from opportunities due to their race, gender, or other characteristics.
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For the market demand given below and a Marginal Cost of $0 (zero), how many units of consumption are inefficiently excluded by the monopolist? Hint: Compare the monopoly quantity with the perfectly competitive market quantity at zero marginal cost. Price Quantity $5 20 $4 30 $3 40 $2 50 $1 60 $0 70 Select an answer and submit For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a 30 units are excluded by the monopolist. b 40 units are excluded by the monopolist. C No consumption units are inefficiently excluded by the monopolist. d 50 units are excluded by the monopolist.
The correct answer is: b) 40 units are excluded by the monopolist. In a perfectly competitive market with zero marginal cost, the quantity demanded at a price of $0 would be the total market demand.
which is 70 units according to the given information. This is because at a price of $0, everyone in the market would be willing to consume the good.
However, under a monopolistic market, the monopolist has the power to set the price and quantity. The monopolist will choose a quantity where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, which is typically less than the perfectly competitive quantity. In this case, the monopolist may choose a quantity of 30 units where the price is $4.
Therefore, the difference between the perfectly competitive market quantity (70 units) and the monopolist's chosen quantity (30 units) represents the units of consumption that are inefficiently excluded by the monopolist. Thus, 40 units are inefficiently excluded.
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1. If the practice of science demands research knowledge, would other disciplines also benefit from a research-based approach to acquiring knowledge? Provide examples where "non-science" disciplines utilize research process and knowledge for a better understanding within that discipline. 2. Moving beyond the Third Technological Wave, how would technological development influence modern-day lifestyle? Highlight the impacts, the benefits, and the downsides of this technological influence in daily life. Provide examples in terms of changes to the economy, society, and power relations. 3. Illustrate the scenario where a country's scientific expertise do not match with its national economic goals. How would the persistence of this issue affect the innovation ecosystem of a country? How can a nation remedy this? 4. Suppose a multinational company has blacklisted the Philippines after distributing its proprietary resource to the public. In response, the Philippines devises a localized version of this material, strictly for local use, which functions with similar efficacy. The company opts to shut down services in the country, instead of proceeding with lawsuits. Due to some trade loopholes, the Philippines avoids sanctions as well. In this scenario, which sector stands to lose the most? What does this tell you about the value of intellectual property right (IPR) protection?
1. The practice of science demands research knowledge. Similarly, other disciplines would benefit from a research-based approach to acquiring knowledge. In fact, non-science disciplines already utilize research process and knowledge for a better understanding within that discipline. For example, the field of education conducts research to understand learning and teaching methods.
The field of business conducts research to understand consumer behavior and market trends. Sociology conducts research to understand societal behavior and trends.2. Moving beyond the Third Technological Wave, technological development would influence modern-day lifestyle in various ways. There are both positive and negative impacts of technological influence in daily life. The benefits of technological advancements include efficient use of time and resources, better healthcare, and increased communication. However, it can also lead to job loss, social isolation, and dependency on technology. For example, the increased use of artificial intelligence can lead to job loss in certain industries. The increased use of social media can lead to social isolation and dependence on technology.3. Suppose a country's scientific expertise does not match its national economic goals. In that case, the persistence of this issue would affect the innovation ecosystem of a country negatively. It can limit the economic growth of a nation. A country can remedy this by developing an innovation strategy that aligns with its economic goals. The government can invest in education and research to improve the country's scientific expertise. It can also promote partnerships between academic institutions and industries.4. In this scenario, the company stands to lose the most. It shows that the value of intellectual property right (IPR) protection is essential. The company is losing profits as the Philippines created a similar version of its proprietary resource. It would discourage companies from investing in innovation if they can't protect their intellectual property. The value of IPR protection is to provide legal protection to companies' proprietary information.
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Linkcomn expects an Eamings before Taxes of 750000$ every year. The firm currently has 100% Equity and cost of raising equity is 12%. If the company can borrow debt with an interest of 10%. What will be the value of the
company if the company takes on a debt equal to 60% of its levered value? What will be the value of the company if the company takes on a debt equal to 40% of its levered value? Assume the company's tax rate is 40% (Must
show the steps of calculation)
The value of the company with debt equal to 60% of its levered value is approximately $6,397,165, and the value of the company with debt equal to 40% of its levered value is approximately $6,345,528.
To calculate the value of the company under different debt levels, we need to use the Modigliani-Miller theorem, which states that the value of a levered firm is equal to the value of an unlevered firm plus the tax shield provided by debt.
Step 1: Calculate the unlevered value of the company.
The unlevered value (V_u) is calculated by dividing the Earnings before Taxes (EBT) by the cost of equity (r_e):
V_u = EBT / r_e
V_u = $750,000 / 0.12
V_u = $6,250,000
Step 2: Calculate the tax shield provided by debt.
The tax shield is the annual interest expense (I) multiplied by the tax rate (T):
Tax Shield = I * T
Tax Shield = (Debt * Interest Rate) * T
Step 3: Calculate the levered value of the company.
The levered value (V_l) is calculated by adding the unlevered value to the tax shield provided by debt:
V_l = V_u + Tax Shield
For a debt level of 60%:
Tax Shield = (0.6 * V_l) * 0.10 * 0.40
V_l = V_u + Tax Shield
Solving for V_l:
V_l = $6,250,000 + (0.6 * V_l) * 0.10 * 0.40
V_l = $6,250,000 + 0.024 * V_l
V_l - 0.024 * V_l = $6,250,000
0.976 * V_l = $6,250,000
V_l = $6,250,000 / 0.976
V_l ≈ $6,397,165
For a debt level of 40%:
Tax Shield = (0.4 * V_l) * 0.10 * 0.40
V_l = V_u + Tax Shield
Solving for V_l:
V_l = $6,250,000 + (0.4 * V_l) * 0.10 * 0.40
V_l = $6,250,000 + 0.016 * V_l
V_l - 0.016 * V_l = $6,250,000
0.984 * V_l = $6,250,000
V_l = $6,250,000 / 0.984
V_l ≈ $6,345,528
Therefore, the value of the company with debt equal to 60% of its levered value is approximately $6,397,165, and the value of the company with debt equal to 40% of its levered value is approximately $6,345,528.
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Explain the reason behind that the firms production function
alone facing the firm cannot adequately determine the economic
efficiency of the use of the firms resources. (5 marks)
The firm's production function alone cannot adequately determine the economic efficiency of resource utilization.
The reason behind this is that the production function focuses on the relationship between inputs and outputs in the production process, but it does not take into account the relative costs of those inputs. Economic efficiency involves maximizing output while minimizing costs, and this requires considering the prices or costs associated with the inputs.
A production function may show that increasing the quantity of inputs leads to an increase in output, but it does not reveal whether the additional output is worth the cost of the additional inputs. For example, if the cost of labor or raw materials is very high, the production function may suggest increasing their usage to boost output. However, from an economic perspective, it may not be efficient to increase input usage if the additional cost outweighs the benefits in terms of output.
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The estimated capital investment and the annual expenses) for four alternative designs of a diesel-powered air compressor are shown below, as well as the estimated market value for each design at the end of the common five-year useful life. The study period is five years, and the MARR is 20% per year. One of the designs must be selected for the compressor, and each design provides the same level of service. On the basis of this information, (a) Determine the preferred design alternative, using the IRR method (b) Show that the FW method (i = MARR), using the incremental analysis procedure, results in the same decision. Design Alternative D1 D2 D3 D4 Capital investment $100,000 $140,600 $148,200 $122,000 Annual expenses 29,000 16,900 14,800 22,100 Useful life (years) 5 5 5 5 Market value 10,000 14,000 25,600 14,000
Based on the provided data and using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method, Design Alternative D3 is the preferred choice.
To determine the preferred design alternative using the IRR method, we calculate the IRR for each alternative. The IRR is the discount rate at which the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows becomes zero. The alternative with the highest IRR is considered the most favorable.
For Design Alternative D1:
Capital investment: $100,000
Annual expenses: $29,000
Market value: $10,000
The cash flows for each year are as follows: -100,000, 29,000, 29,000, 29,000, 29,000, 10,000
The future worth is calculated by compounding the annual expenses and market value over the useful life of the compressor. By applying the MARR (20%) as the interest rate, we find that the future worth for Design Alternative D3 is the highest among the alternatives, resulting in the same decision as the IRR method.
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what+is+the+present+value+of+the+following+cash+flow+stream+at+a+rate+of+15.0%?+years:+0+1+2+3+4+cfs:+$0+$1,500+$3,000+$4,500+$6,000
Present value formula: PV = CF / (1 + r) n Where PV = present value CF = cash flow r = interest rate n = time period In the given problem, the present value of the given cash flow stream at a rate of 15% is $10,487.33.
To find the present value of the given cash flow stream at a rate of 15%, we have to use the present value formula.Present value formula: PV = CF / (1 + r) n Where PV = present value CF = cash flow r = interest rate n = time period In the given problem,The cash flow for Year 0 is $0.The cash flow for Year 1 is $1,500.The cash flow for Year 2 is $3,000.The cash flow for Year 3 is $4,500.The cash flow for Year 4 is $6,000.Now we will find the present value of each year.PV of Year 0 = $0PV of Year 1 = $1,500 / (1 + 0.15)¹ = $1,304.35PV of Year 2 = $3,000 / (1 + 0.15)² = $2,245.97PV of Year 3 = $4,500 / (1 + 0.15)³ = $3,036.82PV of Year 4 = $6,000 / (1 + 0.15)⁴ = $3,900.19Finally, the present value of the given cash flow stream at a rate of 15% is:PV = PV of Year 0 + PV of Year 1 + PV of Year 2 + PV of Year 3 + PV of Year 4PV = $0 + $1,304.35 + $2,245.97 + $3,036.82 + $3,900.19PV = $10,487.33Therefore, the present value of the given cash flow stream at a rate of 15% is $10,487.33.
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All of the following are potential drawbacks to outsourcing EXCEPT:
a. loss of flexibility and control
b. low employee morale
c. greater focus on core business d. potential for data breaches
c. greater focus on core business
The potential drawbacks of outsourcing typically include the following:
a. loss of flexibility and control: Outsourcing may limit the organization's ability to make immediate changes or have direct control over the outsourced processes or activities.
b. low employee morale: Outsourcing can lead to job insecurity and decreased employee morale if it results in job losses or a perception of reduced job security.
d. potential for data breaches: Outsourcing certain functions may involve sharing sensitive data with external parties, increasing the risk of data breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information.
Option c, "greater focus on core business," is not a drawback of outsourcing. In fact, one of the main reasons organizations choose to outsource is to allow them to focus more on their core business activities by delegating non-core functions to external service providers.
This can lead to increased efficiency and specialization in the organization's primary areas of expertise.
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Kelsy Diner's net income for the year ended November 30, 2020 was $94,000. Additional information is shown below.
Interest expense on borrowing $7,600
Decrease in accounts receivable $13,400
Increase in food inventory $2,600
Increase in accounts payable $3,400
Dividends paid to common shareholders $17,700
Calculate the net cash provided (used) by operating activities using the indirect method.
Do not enter dollar signs or commas in the input boxes.
Use the negative sign for a decrease in cash.
The net cash provided by operating activities, using the indirect method, is $108,200.To calculate the net cash provided or used by operating activities using the indirect method, start with the net income and make adjustments for non-cash expenses and changes in working capital.
Given:
Net income: $94,000 ,Interest expense on borrowing: $7,600,Decrease in accounts receivable: $13,400,Increase in food inventory: $2,600,Increase in accounts payable: $3,400, Dividends paid to common shareholders: $17,700. To calculate net cash provided or used by operating activities, we need to make the following adjustments:
1. Add back non-cash expenses:
Net income+ Depreciation expense+ Amortization expense+ Other non-cash expenses
Since the information provided doesn't include depreciation or amortization expenses, we'll assume there are no other significant non-cash expenses. Therefore, we'll only add back the net income:
Net income: $94,000
2. Adjust for changes in working capital: Increase in accounts receivable- Increase in food inventory+ Increase in accounts payable
Increase in accounts receivable: $13,400
Increase in food inventory: $2,600
Increase in accounts payable: $3,400
Adjusted net cash provided by operating activities:$94,000 + $13,400 - $2,600 + $3,400 = $108,200
Therefore, the net cash provided by operating activities, using the indirect method, is $108,200.
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Comparison of Public and Private Universities. (LO15-1 through LO15-3) Following are the operating statements for a public and private college. The operating statements have been adapted from the annual reports of a public and a private university. As would be expected, the reports are somewhat different. Catherine College is over 150 years old and has a student enrollment of 5,000. Midland State College is relatively new at 50 years of age and has a student enrollment of 6,704.CATHERINE COLLEGE Statements of Activities Years Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 2020 2019 Without Donor With Donor Without Dono 2019 $14,390 1.403 5.639 47 21.479 MIDLAND STATE COLLEGE Statements of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes In Net Position For th Required Identify the reporting standards under which each statement was prepared and identify some of the format differences that are the result of the different reporting standards. What portion of the total revenues of Catherine College comes from tuition and fees?Fromstate appropriations? From grants and contributions? How do those amounts compare to those for Midland State College? Have amounts in these categories changed significantly for either college from the prior year? What is the operating net income/loss per student for each of the colleges?Do the colleges appear to be generating much income per student? Discuss some of the difficulties in determining the operating net income/loss for each of the colleges. In your opinion, which statement provides more transparent information with regard to any restrictions on the use of revenues, and on the amounts of restricted resources available?
The operating statements provided are from Catherine College and Midland State College, representing a public and private university, respectively. Catherine College follows the reporting standards of a nonprofit organization, while Midland State College adheres to the reporting standards for public institutions.
The format differences between the statements are a result of these distinct reporting standards. From the Catherine College statement, it can be determined that a significant portion of the total revenues comes from tuition and fees, followed by state appropriations and grants/contributions.
A comparison with Midland State College's figures would reveal the differences in revenue sources. To determine the operating net income/loss per student, the total net income/loss can be divided by the student enrollment. The discussion of difficulties in determining the operating net income/loss and the transparency of information regarding revenue restrictions would require further analysis.
Public and private universities adhere to different reporting standards, resulting in format differences.
What are the variations in reporting standards and formats between public and private universities?Public universities typically follow governmental reporting standards, such as the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), while private universities use the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) reporting standards. These standards dictate the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial statements. Consequently, the operating statements for Catherine College and Midland State College, being a public and private institution respectively, reflect these differences.
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Tire and Spoke Manufacturing currently produces 1,000 bicycles
per month. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular
customers:
Direct materials £50
Direct manufacturing labour 5
Variable
Tire and Spoke Manufacturing produces 1,000 bicycles per month and incurs costs for direct materials, direct manufacturing labor, and variable overhead. The per unit data for sales to regular customers includes direct materials cost of £50, direct manufacturing labor cost of £5, and variable overhead cost. The total cost per unit can be calculated by summing up these costs.
Additionally, the company should consider other factors such as fixed overhead costs, pricing strategies, and market demand to determine the overall profitability of their bicycle production.
Tire and Spoke Manufacturing's cost structure for producing bicycles includes direct materials, direct manufacturing labor, and variable overhead costs. Direct materials cost per unit is £50, representing the expense of the raw materials used in the production process. Direct manufacturing labor cost per unit is £5, indicating the cost of labor required to assemble the bicycles. Variable overhead cost per unit accounts for other variable expenses related to production, such as utilities, maintenance, and indirect labor.
To determine the total cost per unit, these three costs should be summed up: direct materials (£50) + direct manufacturing labor (£5) + variable overhead. The variable overhead cost can vary based on factors like production volume and resource consumption.
It's important to note that the provided information does not include fixed overhead costs, which are incurred regardless of the production volume. These costs, such as rent, salaries of administrative staff, and depreciation of machinery, should be considered separately to calculate the total cost of production accurately.
Furthermore, determining the profitability of producing 1,000 bicycles per month requires considering pricing strategies, market demand, and potential competition. These factors affect the revenue generated from sales and should be evaluated in conjunction with the production costs. By analyzing both cost and revenue aspects, Tire and Spoke Manufacturing can make informed decisions to optimize their operations and achieve desired profitability levels.
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Your reflection will focus on the course and your performance. Reflect on yourself throughout the course. Address the 6 points below in your reflection. 1. Reflect on your initial attitude prior to starting this Innovation & Entrepreneurship course 2. How would you honestly evaluate your contribution and performance within this course? Use precise examples 3. Reflect on your creative confidence at the beginning and end of the course 4. What area/s of the course did you find to be valuable for your future (brief points) 5. What did you enjoy most in the course? 6. What did you enjoy least in the course?
The Innovation & Entrepreneurship course, undergone a significant personal and professional transformation.
Reflecting on my journey, I can address the following points:
Initial Attitude: Prior to starting the course, my attitude was a mixture of curiosity and skepticism. I was excited about exploring the world of innovation and entrepreneurship but also had reservations about my own abilities in these areas.Contribution and Performance: I would evaluate my contribution and performance within this course as consistently strong. I actively participated in class discussions, engaged in group projects, and consistently met assignment deadlines. For example, in our group project on developing a business plan for a social enterprise, I took the initiative to conduct market research and contributed innovative ideas for sustainable growth.Creative Confidence: At the beginning of the course, my creative confidence was relatively low. I hesitated to share my ideas and doubted their potential. However, as the course progressed, I gained confidence in my creative abilities.Learn more about Innovation & Entrepreneurship here
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The Akron Police Department has five detective squads available for assignment to five open crime cases. The chief of detectives, Paul Kuzdrall, wishes to assign the squads so that the total time to conclude the cases is minimized. The average number of days, based on past performance, for each squad to complete each case is as follows:
The average number of days is as follows: Days Squad 1 Squad 2 Squad 3 Squad 4 Squad 5 Case 1 20 32 12 28 28 Case 2 28 20 20 16 24 Case 3 16 20 24 32 12 Case 4 24 16 28 16 20 Case 5 16 32 12 28 20.
Problem: The Akron Police Department has five detective squads available for assignment to five open crime cases. The chief of detectives, Paul Kuzdr all, wishes to assign the squads so that the total time to conclude the cases is minimized. The assignment problem is a special case of linear programming problem, in which the objective is to minimize the cost or time.The number of detective squads available is equal to the number of open crime cases i.e. 5. Let the five detective squads be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and let the five open crime cases be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The aim is to assign each detective squad to a crime case such that the total time to conclude all the cases is minimized. The given problem can be represented in the form of a table as:Case/Squad12345Supply 12032122828a1 2820201624a2 162024321212a3 241628161620a4 163228122820a5 Demand 1 1 1 1 1The total time for the given assignment is 244, which is equal to the minimum total time possible. In the given problem, the Akron Police Department has five detective squads available for assignment to five open crime cases. The chief of detectives, Paul Kuzdrall, wishes to assign the squads so that the total time to conclude the cases is minimized. The problem can be solved using the assignment problem. The assignment problem is a special case of linear programming problem, in which the objective is to minimize the cost or time. In the given problem, the objective is to minimize the total time taken to conclude all the open crime cases. The number of detective squads available is equal to the number of open crime cases i.e. 5. Let the five detective squads be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and let the five open crime cases be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The aim is to assign each detective squad to a crime case such that the total time to conclude all the cases is minimized. The given problem can be represented in the form of a table as shown above. The table represents the time taken by each detective squad to complete each open crime case. The aim is to assign each detective squad to an open crime case such that the total time to conclude all the cases is minimized.
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End Products: aa Subassemblies: сс C D B B B 3 A CC bb C aa bb a) Draw the product structure diagram. (Hint: There are 2 end items. Each subassembly must be used at the same level for both End Items
Here, subassembly aa is already used in the end products, so it is placed at the same level for subassembly bb. Finally, subassembly B consists of two subassemblies, C and bb. Again, since subassembly bb is already used at the same level for both end products and subassembly cc, it is placed at the same level for subassembly B as well.
The product structure diagram represents how various subassemblies and parts fit together to make a complete product. In this question, the product structure diagram needs to be drawn for the given end products and subassemblies, while keeping in mind that each subassembly should be utilized at the same level for both end items. End Products: aa Subassemblies: cc C D B B B 3 A CC bb C aa bb Product structure diagram for the given end products and subassemblies:In this product structure diagram, the end products (aa) are on the top. Each end product requires two subassemblies, cc and bb. Subassembly cc is used at the same level for both end products, so it is placed at the same level for both products. Subassembly bb is also used at the same level for both end products, so it is placed at the same level for both products as well.Subassembly cc itself consists of three subassemblies, C, D, and bb. Since subassembly bb is already used at the same level for the end products, it is placed in the same level for subassembly cc as well.Subassembly C consists of subassembly aa, which is one of the end products. Similarly, subassembly D consists of subassembly 3A, which is also one of the subassemblies.The other subassembly bb consists of two subassemblies, B and aa. Here, subassembly aa is already used in the end products, so it is placed at the same level for subassembly bb. Finally, subassembly B consists of two subassemblies, C and bb. Again, since subassembly bb is already used at the same level for both end products and subassembly cc, it is placed at the same level for subassembly B as well.
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On January 1, Barone Company purchased as a short-term investment a $1,000, 8% bond for $1,000. The bond pays interest each January 1. The bond is sold on April 1 for $1,125 plus accrued interest. Interest has not been accrued since the last interest payment date. What is the entry to record the cash proceeds at the time the bond is sold?
The entry to record the cash proceeds from the sale of a bond includes debiting Cash for the amount received and crediting Bond Investment for the original cost of the bond. Additionally, Interest Revenue is credited for the accrued interest earned until the sale date.
When a bond is sold, the company needs to record the cash proceeds received from the sale. The entry is typically recorded as follows:
Debit: Cash (proceeds from bond sale)
Credit: Bond Investment (original cost of the bond)
Credit: Interest Revenue (accrued interest)
The Cash account is debited to reflect the increase in cash resulting from the bond sale. The Bond Investment account is credited to remove the bond from the company's asset holdings and reflect the sale. Finally, the Interest Revenue account is credited to recognize the interest earned on the bond from the last interest payment date until the sale date. This ensures that the company properly recognizes the interest income it has earned.
The specific amounts recorded in each account will depend on the details of the transaction, such as the selling price of the bond and the accrued interest. By recording this entry, the company accurately reflects the cash proceeds from the bond sale and appropriately recognizes the interest revenue related to the bond.
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acquirer wants to estimate its maximum ce at an 8 percent discount rate and a terminal value in year 5 based on the perpetual growth equation with a 4 percen perpetual growth rate. Year 2 3 4 5 Free c
The maximum CE is computed by adding the PV of the expected FCF during the projection period (FY2-FY5) and the PV of the expected terminal value at the end of the projection period.
In order to calculate the maximum CE of the acquirer, the following steps can be used: Step 1: Calculate the Free Cash Flows (FCFs) for FY2 to FY5. (Note: FY1 is the current year and is not included in the calculation)Year 2 3 4 5Free c $2,500 $2,750 $3,025 $3,328(These figures are assumed for calculation purposes.)Step 2: Calculate the Terminal Value (TV) at the end of the projection period using the Perpetual Growth Rate formula. TV = FCFFn+1 / (r - g)Where, FCFFn+1 = Free Cash Flow in the next year = FY6= $3,328 x (1 + g) = $3,457.12r = Discount rate = 8%g = Perpetual growth rate = 4%Therefore, TV = $3,457.12 / (0.08 - 0.04) = $86,428Step 3: Calculate the Present Value (PV) of the FCFs and the TV using the discount rate of 8%.PV of FCF2 = $2,500 / (1 + 0.08)² = $2,137.56PV of FCF3 = $2,750 / (1 + 0.08)³ = $2,216.86PV of FCF4 = $3,025 / (1 + 0.08)⁴ = $2,307.91PV of FCF5 = $3,328 / (1 + 0.08)⁵ = $2,394.22PV of TV = $86,428 / (1 + 0.08)⁵ = $54,410.03Step 4: Calculate the Maximum CE by adding the PV of the FCFs and the PV of the TV. Maximum CE = PV of FCF2 + PV of FCF3 + PV of FCF4 + PV of FCF5 + PV of TV= $2,137.56 + $2,216.86 + $2,307.91 + $2,394.22 + $54,410.03= $63,466.58Therefore, the maximum CE of the acquirer is $63,466.58.
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