The law or convention is the attorney referring to is sovereign immunity.
According to the legal doctrine of sovereign immunity, the federal government cannot be sued without its permission. This principle stems from the notion that the sovereign or state is the ultimate authority and shouldn't be subject to the jurisdiction of another sovereign or state without its permission. According to this rule, foreign governments and their agencies are typically exempt from legal action in courts in other nations, including the United States.
In this instance, the lawyer is notifying Diana that since Thailand is a sovereign state and its government has seized the warehouse, it is not subject to legal action in American courts. The Thai government has the authority to confiscate the warehouse even if it is owned by a US firm and run by an American citizen, and US courts lack the authority to file a lawsuit against the Thai government.
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true/false. president grants administration experienced several scandals during his tenure as president and as a resul, his presidency is ranked below average. of the below presidents which one would most likely be ranked lower than president grant
President Grant's administration experienced several scandals during his tenure as president. However, the most likely to be ranked lower than President Grant is Andrew Johnson
Several scandals, involving corruption and fraud in his government, occurred during the administration of President S. Grant. His presidency is considered to have been below average by historians in part because of these incidents. But most people agree that the administration of President Andrew Johnson is among the worst in American history.
He was subject to impeachment and received harsh criticism for the way he handled Reconstruction and his vetoes of civil rights legislation. Many historians consider his presidency to be among the worst in American history as a result. Later, the U.S. Senate held Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial. It ended with three of the eleven counts against Johnson being dismissed before adjourning sine die without reaching a decision on the other allegations.
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At an uncontrolled intersection, as a general rule?
At an uncontrolled intersection, as a general rule, the driver must have right of way.
Uncontrolled junctions are those where there aren't any overt traffic control devices in place. The arrival rate and individual drivers often define how an uncontrolled intersection operates, whereas flow circumstances, driver perception, and behavioral patterns influence the performance characteristics that emerge. In general, a driver should give way to vehicles approaching from their right at an uncontrolled intersection.
This means that the driver on the left should yield to the driver on the right if two cars are approaching an uncontrolled intersection at the same time. The driver who entered the intersection first, however, has the right of way if another vehicle is already in the intersection. To prevent an accident, the motorist must always yield when in doubt, so that a car can go ahead if there are no vehicles nearing or in the intersection.
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In which of the following situations involving oral contracts can the Statute of Frauds be raised?A) if a written confirmation has not been objected by a party in an oral agreementB) if the seller of specially manufactured goods has made a commitment for their procurementC) if the party against whom enforcement of an oral contract is sought has not admitted in pleadings in court of such a contractD) when a contract that requires written confirmation has been agreed orally
A) if a written confirmation has not been objected by a party in an oral agreement
The Statute of Frauds is a legal statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing in order to be enforceable. It can be raised in situations where a contract requires written confirmation and has been agreed orally but not confirmed in writing. Therefore, the correct answer is A) if a written confirmation has not been objected by a party in an oral agreement.
The Statute of Frauds is a legal statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing in order to be enforceable.
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Which of the following is evidence that more likely than not outweighs the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation?
Conjunct adverb usage: Clearly, the evidence that is more likely than not to outweigh the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation, is the evidence that is the most reliable and convincing.
This evidence should be specific, relevant and reliable, and should be supported by other evidence. It should be sufficient to convince a reasonable person that one conclusion is more likely than another. Conjunct adverbs, such as 'clearly' or 'undeniably', can be used to emphasize the strength of this evidence and to enhance its persuasive power. Conjunct adverbs are a type of adverb used to join two independent clauses together, making them into one larger sentence. They signal that a relationship exists between the two clauses, and provide emphasis and clarity to the reader. Examples of conjunct adverbs include: however, therefore, thus, hence, otherwise, nevertheless, and accordingly. By using conjunct adverbs, writers can easily connect two independent clauses, providing smoother transitions and clearer meaning.
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ich e6 describes standards that apply to: research sponsors only investigators only investigators, sponsors, and irbs irbs only
The ICH E6 GCP defines standards for investigators, sponsors, and IRBs. Following the ICH E6 GCP in the United States is: FDA-regulated drug studies are conducted on a voluntary basis.
The goal of this ICH GCP guidance is to provide a unified standard for the European Union, Japan, and the United States in order to facilitate mutual acceptance of clinical data by these regulatory authorities.
The IRB/IEC should protect all trial subjects' rights, safety, and well-being. with the proper administration of the investigational product(s), as described in the protocol, the current Investigator's Brochure, the product information, and other information sources provided by the sponsor.
An inspection is defined as the act by a regulatory authority of conducting an official review of documents, facilities, records, and any other resources related to a clinical trial, according to ICH E6.
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true/false. under the uniform securities act of 1956, as amended, an issuer is defined as: any person engaged in the sale of new issue offerings to the public any person who issues or proposes to issue a security any person engaged in the sale of non-exempt securities offerings to the public any person engaged in the sale of secondary offerings to the public
The given statement "under the uniform securities act of 1956, as amended, an issuer is defined as: any person engaged in the sale of new issue offerings to the public any person who issues or proposes to issue a security any person engaged in the sale of non-exempt securities offerings to the public any person engaged in the sale of secondary offerings to the public" is false because as issuer has been defined acts has not bbeen defined in this way under the Unifrom Securities Act.
Under the aforesaid act, an issuer means any individual or entity that issues or proposes to issue any security, with the certain exceptions:
The first exception states that with regard to certificates of deposit, voting trust certificates, collateral trust certificates, certificates of interest, or shares in an unincorporated investment trust that does not have a board of directors or other individuals performing similar duties.
It further excludes those securities in the nature or of the fixed, restricted management, or unit type, the term "issuer" means the individual or entity that performs the acts and assuages the claims with respect to those certificates of deposit, voting trust certificates.
The second exception states "issuer" is not regarded for certificates of interest or participation in oil, gas, or mining titles or leases, or in payments out of production under such titles or leases.
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the full receiving and return address, including names, along with the highest classification level and dissemination markings are required to be on the outer layer of classified documents double wrapped for mailing. T/F
The full receiving and return address, including names, along with the highest classification level and dissemination markings are required to be on the outer layer of classified documents double wrapped for mailing. This statement is false.
Information that has been classified as sensitive and needing protection from unauthorized access is information that has been determined to be sensitive by a government, organisation, or individual. A classification level, such as "confidential," "secret," or "top secret," is typically used to identify it.
This is crucial because it guards against unauthorized parties intercepting the document. To indicate the sensitivity of the information contained therein and who is authorized to view it, the outer layer of the double-wrapped document must also bear the highest classification level and dissemination markings.
This makes it possible to guarantee that only people with active security clearances can read or access the data.
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Which common institution is LEAST based in humanism?
A. religious organization
B. public library
C. court system
D. scientific laboratory
The most prevalent institution is founded on a humanist religious institution.
What is humanism?Humans are seen as the primary subject of serious moral and philosophical study, and humanism is a philosophical position that stresses their individual and societal potential as well as their agency. Humanism is a way of looking at the world that is based on logic and the idea that we are all human, and that moral principles should only be based on human nature and experience. If the goal is to live a good, genuine, and meaningful life, then everything from showing kindness to a complete stranger to scuba diving could be considered humanistic conduct.Humanists hold the view that natural selection led to human evolution rather than human creation. Along with the other species now on our planet, they think that humans will continue to evolve.To learn more about humanism refer to:
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Label these examples as either instances of representative or direct democracy. Representative democracy:-A major bill supported by the majority of citizens passes a state legislature.-Congress votes to impeach an unpopular president.
Representative democracy:
-A major bill supported by the majority of citizens passes a state legislature.
Representative democracy:
-Congress votes to impeach an unpopular president.
-A major bill that many legislators campaigned on passes Congress.
Direct democracy:
-A state constitution is amended following a referendum.
-California's citizens vote to recall their governor.
In contrast to direct democracy, representative democracy is based on the idea that elected officials should represent a group of people. It is also referred to as indirect democracy or representative governance.
Larger nations, where the sheer number of persons involved would make direct democracy unworkable, are more likely to use representative democracy.
Direct democracy, often known as pure democracy, is a type of democracy in which the people makes decisions regarding major policy matters without the assistance of elected officials. This is distinct from representative democracies, which make up the majority of currently existing democracies.
The complete question is:
Label these examples as either instances of representative or direct democracy.
-A major bill supported by the majority of citizens passes a state legislature.
-Congress votes to impeach an unpopular president.
-A major bill that many legislators campaigned on passes Congress.
-A state constitution is amended following a referendum.
-California's citizens vote to recall their governor.
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what is the maximum sentence for involuntary manslaughter?
Involuntary manslaughter is a criminal offense that is punishable by up to 10 years in prison and/or a fine.The exact sentence depends on the severity of the crime and state laws.
In some cases, the judge may decide to apply a harsher sentence due to the circumstances of the crime. For example, a judge may apply a higher sentence if the crime was motivated by hatred or if the victim was a minor. In cases where the offender has a criminal history, the sentence may be even more severe. In general, the maximum sentence for involuntary manslaughter is 10 years in prison.
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where were the war crimes trials held for the balkan war?
Local content laws are consistent with the principle of import substitution, in which domestic production replaces the importation of goods from abroad.
a. True b. False
Local "Content laws are regulations that bear a certain proportion of a product, service or good to be manufactured, produced or sourced from within a particular country or region" is true because.
Governments have long used similar laws to cover original diligence and stimulate profitable growth by encouraging domestic product, a process known as import negotiation. This helps to insure that the domestic request is supplied with goods and services and can reduce the exodus of capital from the country.
It also helps to produce jobs, as well as allowing original companies to come more competitive and increase their request share. likewise, happy laws encourage original invention and development, as companies are more likely to invest in exploration and development if they're assured of a original request so option A is correct .
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to prevent further gatherings, the government passed the prohibition of political interference act (1968), which banned the formation and foreign financing of nonracial political parties.
a. true
b. false
True, The Prohibition of Political Interference Act, of 1968 is part of the South African legislature that tried to prevent political group gatherings on a racial basis.
This act is implemented to stop the growth of a liberal party made up of south Africans of different races gathered to prevent racial discrimination and has the aim to rule its people with equality and opportunity.
With the implementation of the law, the liberal party is forced to disband or go underground. The group decides to disband after the implementation of the act. But most of the members decided to fight against the law which made them feel unfair.
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how does the presidential nominating process illustrate the process of constitutional change?
Answer:
The presidential nominating process illustrates the process of constitutional change by showing how the political parties have evolved over time, adapting to changing circumstances and adapting to new technologies, and changing the way they select their nominee for president.
ABC Moving Company has hired various employees. One of these employees dropped a grand piano in the process of moving it for one of ABC’s customers, causing damage to the piano. Who has liability for the damage to the piano?
Would your answer be different if the mover who dropped the piano was a contractor hired by ABC for this one-time event?
Answer:
In the case of the piano damage caused by the employee of ABC Moving Company, it is clear that the company would be held liable for the damages under the principle of vicarious liability. This principle holds that employers are responsible for the actions of their employees that are performed within the scope of their employment. This is based on the legal principle of agency, in which the employer is considered to be the principal, and the employee is considered to be the agent. As such, the employer is held liable for the actions of the agent, as long as they are performed within the scope of the agency relationship.
However, if the mover was a contractor, the situation is slightly different. In this case, ABC Moving Company would not be considered the employer of the contractor and would not be held liable for their actions under the principle of vicarious liability. However, the company could still be held liable for damages if they were found to be negligent in their hiring or supervision of the contractor, or if they breached any contract with the customer regarding the safe handling and transportation of the piano. This could be based on the legal principles of negligence and contractual liability.
Furthermore, It would be important to consider any relevant legislation, case law and industry standards that may apply to the situation and how it could affect the liability of the company. Additionally, looking at comparative legal systems and their approach to similar situations would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand.
In conclusion, the liability of the ABC Moving Company in this case would depend on whether the mover was an employee or contractor and it would be important to consider the legal principles of agency, negligence and contractual liability as well as relevant legislation, case law, industry standards and comparative analysis to fully understand and assess the liability of the company.
Answer: if the mover was part of ABC it would be abc's falt but ic paid contracter it is the contracters falt
Explanation:
How widely is a police report viewed within the criminal justice field and why? What are the negative consequences of a poorly written or incomplete report?
A police report is a document prepared by a police officer that describes the details of an incident they have investigated. These reports are widely used within the criminal justice field as they serve as a record of the incident and provide a basis for further investigation, prosecution, and court proceedings.
What is the police report about?
Poorly written or incomplete police reports can have negative consequences as they can lead to confusion, misunderstandings, and errors in the handling of a case. They can also cause the case to be dismissed due to lack of evidence or credibility. In addition, if the report is not written clearly or if it contains inaccuracies, it can make it difficult for a prosecutor to build a strong case against the defendant.
Moreover, it may also be used against the police officer in court if they are challenged by the defense attorney on their investigation or testimony.
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is a procedure during which the name of the defendant and the alleged crime are recorded in the investigating agency's or police department's records.
Police investigation record is a procedure during which the name of the defendant and the alleged crime are recorded in the investigating agency's or police department's records.
The Code of Criminal Procedure referred to the police investigating the records for the collection of evidence which is conducted by an authorative officers who is authorized by a Magistrate.There are three types of investigations which include suchas Experimental , Comparative, Descriptive.
The procedure of police investigating consists based on the following steps that is first FIR report filling, location of the crime,collecting evidence and interrogating the relevant persons. The police play the most important role in the investigation of a criminal case menas they have to investigate the cognizable case and find the truth as per the provisions of laws.
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Discuss three digital footprints you have left within the last week.
Describe what online safety, security, or privacy issue exist for each footprint.
Describe a time when you or someone you know was a victim of phishing.
Explain three steps that could enhance your privacy, security, and safety online now and in the future.
Digital footprints that may have been left have been discussed below
Searching the web: When you search the web, you leave a digital footprint in the form of search history and cookies. This footprint can be used by companies to track your browsing habits and show you targeted ads. Privacy issues include the collection and use of personal data by companies without the user's knowledge or consent.Social media posts: When you post on social media, you leave a digital footprint in the form of your posts and activity. This footprint can be used by companies to track your interests and activity, and by hackers and scammers to gain access to your personal information. Privacy issues include the sharing of personal information with third parties and the potential for hackers to access personal information.Online shopping: When you shop online, you leave a digital footprint in the form of purchase history and payment information. This footprint can be used by companies to track your shopping habits and show you targeted ads. Privacy issues include the collection and use of personal information and payment information by companies without the user's knowledge or consent.As for online safety, security, and privacy, a few steps that could enhance them are:
Using a strong and unique password for each account, and changing them periodically.Using a reputable security software and keeping it updated.Being cautious when clicking on links or opening attachments in emails, even if they appear to be from a known sender.Using two-factor authentication whenever possible to add an extra layerRead more on digital footprints here: https://brainly.com/question/5679893
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how does the use of computing raise legal and ethical concerns?
The use of computing raises legal and ethical concerns as cyber networks are more susceptible to online crimes' and other copyright related infringements.
With the rapid evolution of information technology, it is essential to understand security concerns, privacy concerns, and the primary negative effects of IT and ensure legal compliance.
White-collar, intellectual crime includes computer crimes. Anyone who would perpetrate such a crime would need to be in a position to gain access to a computer system where and get access to confidential data. Theft of money through a computer is one instance of a computer crime.
Privacy is a different aspect of information technology ethics.
The extent of information collecting made possible by computers is a major source of concern. It also gets difficult to retrieve the stolen data.
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An employer owed an employee $200 in unpaid wages. A law of the state in which the employer and the employee reside and in which the employee works provides that the courts of that state must decide claims for unpaid wages within 10 days of filing.
After the employee filed a claim in state court pursuant to this law, the employer filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition in federal bankruptcy court. In the bankruptcy proceeding, the employer sought to stay further proceedings in the unpaid wages claim on the basis of a federal statute which provides that a person who files a federal bankruptcy petition receives an automatic stay of all proceedings against him or her in all federal and state courts. No other federal laws apply.
In addition to the supremacy clause of Article VI, what is the most obvious constitutional basis for the imposition of a stay of the unpaid wages claim in the state court?
A. Congress's power to provide uniform rules of bankruptcy.
B. Congress's power to provide for the general welfare.
C. Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction and procedures of the courts.
D. Congress's power to regulate commerce among the states.
The correct option of this question is : A. Congress's power to provide uniform rules of bankruptcy.
Article I, Section 8, of the United States Constitution approves Congress to sanction "uniform Regulations regarding the matter of Liquidations." Under this award of power, Congress established the "Bankruptcy Code" in 1978. The Bankruptcy Code, which is arranged as title 11 of the United States Code, has been revised a few times since its establishment. The uniform government regulation oversees all bankruptcy cases.
The procedural parts of the bankruptcy interaction are administered by the Government Rules of Bankruptcy Method (frequently called the "Bankruptcy Rules") and nearby guidelines of every bankruptcy court. The Bankruptcy Rules contain a bunch of true structures for use in bankruptcy cases. The Bankruptcy Code and Bankruptcy Rules (and nearby standards) put forward the formal lawful methodology for managing the obligation issues of people and organizations
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fill in the blank. the___was established by the wagner act to oversee labor-management relations. group of answer choices commission on labor relations federal trade commission national labor relations board equal employment opportunity commission
The National Labor Relations Board was established by the Wagner Act to oversee labor-management relations.
With or without a union, employees in the private sector have the right to form associations to collectively bargain for better pay and working conditions. This freedom is protected by the National Labor Relations Board, an independent federal agency. To regulate labor-management relations, the Wagner Act established it.
It was passed with the intention of defending employees' rights to establish and join unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in other concerted activities for the benefit of collective bargaining or other forms of mutual aid or protection. The Wagner Act's requirements must be enforced by the NLRB, which is also in charge of making sure that both employees' and employers' rights are upheld.
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the 5 places where laws come from?
The places where laws come from are Legislation, parliament, general customes, common law and supreme court.
Where do the majority of our laws originate?
Congress, the federal government's legislative body, is in charge of passing laws on a national level. The two legislative houses that make up Congress are the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. Any member of anybody who was elected may propose a law. A bill is an idea for a new law.
What are the five primary legal frameworks in the US?
The United States Constitution, state constitutions, federal and state statutes, common law, case law, and administrative law are the main sources of law in the country.
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the prosecutor is an attorney for the victim in a criminal proceeding?
No, the prosecutor is not an attorney for the victim in a criminal proceeding but a prosecutor is an attorney employed by the Government and prosecutes people accused of breaking the law.
Who is a prosecutor?A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in states with either the common law adversarial system or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law. Typically, the prosecutor represents the state or the government in the case brought against the accused person.
Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree and are recognised as suitable legal professionals by the court in which they are acting.
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Which of the following are legal protections available to a business that allow a business to capitalize on the firms intellectual property: (select all the answer options that are correct)
protection for a trade secret
a patent for an invention
a copyright for a written work
protection from extortion
Ideas, innovations, and creations with intellectual property are important to a company.
B) An invention that has a patent.
Intellectual property protection prevents a company's innovations from being used by rival businesses to their financial advantage. It grants a company the right to make the only profits from its ideas. By guaranteeing that businesses will profit from their innovations, protecting intellectual property promotes research and development.
Ideas, innovations, and creations with intellectual property are important to a company. A company's competitive advantage comes from these intangible resources. A person or organisation will benefit fully from ideas and creations if intellectual property is protected.
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Sam employs Tess in his clothing store. Tess recently grabbed a customer who she mistakenly thought was shoplifting clothes from the store. The customer has sued Sam for assault. Is Sam liable for this act?
Yes Sam is liable for the way that Tess has acted in the clothing store to the customer.
How is Sam liable?In this scenario, it's possible that Sam could be liable for the actions of Tess if it can be shown that she was acting as his agent or representative at the time of the incident. Under agency law, an employer can be held responsible for the actions of their employees if the employees are acting within the scope of their employment, or if the employer has authorized or ratified the actions of the employee.
However, if Tess acted outside of her job duties or without authorization from Sam, he may not be held liable. The customer would have to prove that Tess is an agent of Sam and she acted in the course of her employment.
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true/false. a group of national socialist party sympathizers decides to have its annual protest march in a city with a heavily jewish population. concerned about the marchers inciting violence, the city council members vote to change the permitting requirements for marches in their city, making the march more expensive compared with other similar events
The decision made by council is absolutely right because from the perspective of law and order maintenance in the city its crucial for the people to follow necessary steps so that peace of the city remains undisturbed.
The annual protest march of national socialist party sympathizers is not cancelled but few of its permissions is taken away from the perspective of law maintenance in the city, as in the city heavily populated with Jewish, this march could have lead to violence and social unrest in the city.
The complete question is -
A group of national socialist party sympathizers decides to have its annual protest march in a city with a heavily Jewish population. concerned about the marchers inciting violence, the city council members vote to change the permitting requirements for marches in their city, making the march more expensive compared with other similar events. The decision made by Council is right or wrong?
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FILL THE BLANK remedies ___ involve specific performance.
Part of the common law tradition relies on the doctrine of ____
The Latin phrase for the correct answer in the previous question means ____
One of the important functions of law is to provide ___
Remedies that call for a certain action. The theory of specific performance is a component of the common law system. To accomplish a certain thing is what the Latin expression for the right response to the prior inquiry signifies. The provision of remedies is one of the law's key roles.
Specific performance is a legal remedy that requires a party to fulfill their contractual obligations, as opposed to monetary damages. It is typically used in situations where the subject matter of the contract is unique and cannot be replaced, such as the sale of a specific piece of real estate or a one-of-a-kind item.
The doctrine of specific performance is a principle of common law, which is a legal system based on court decisions and customs rather than written laws. Common law is used in many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
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remedies granted by way of exception involve specific performance.
Part of the common law tradition relies on the doctrine of custom and precedent.
The Latin phrase for the correct answer in the previous question means confidential Writer.
One of the important functions of law is to provide international peace and security and political stability
In contrast to monetary damages, specific performance is a type of legal remedy that calls on a party to carry out their contractual commitments. It is frequently applied in circumstances when the contract's subject matter is distinct and irreplaceable, such as when selling a particular piece of real estate or a one-of-a-kind object.
A common law theory, or legal system founded on court judgements and conventions rather than written laws, is the idea of particular performance. Many nations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, employ common law.
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If research could show that the tendency to commit crime is inherited, what should be done with young children of violent prone criminals?
thomson association is an organization that conducts campaigns and protests against the construction and operation of industries and factories in residential and forest areas. they also mobilize people to lobby against the government to implement standards and regulations on the establishment of hazardous industries. since it is an independent organization, it takes care of its own economic and political interests. based on this information, thomson association would come under the purview of the .
Thomson association is an organization that conducts campaigns and protests against the construction and operation of industries and factories in residential and forest areas: Civil Society.
Civil society can be perceived as the "third area" of society, particular from government and business, and including the family and the confidential circle. By different creators, civil society is utilized in the feeling of 1) the total of non-governmental organizations and foundations that advance the interests and will of residents or 2) people and organizations in a society which are free of the public authority.
In some cases the term civil society is utilized in the more broad feeling of "the components like right to speak freely, an autonomous legal executive, and so on, that make up a vote based society" (Collins English Word reference). Particularly in the conversations among masterminds of Eastern and Focal Europe, civil society is likewise viewed as a regulating idea of civic values.
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a state legislature recently enacted a statute forbidding public utilities regulated by the state's public service commission to increase their rates more than once every two years. a power company, a public utility regulated by that commission, has just obtained approval of the commission for a general rate increase. the power company has routinely filed for a rate increase every ten to 14 months during the last 20 years. because of uncertainties about future fuel prices, the power company cannot ascertain with any certainty the date when it will need a further rate increase; but it thinks it may need such an increase sometime within the next 18 months.
The correct option of this question is: (C) dismiss the complaint, because this action is not ripe for decision.
public utility, undertaking that gives specific classes of administrations to the public, including normal transporter transportation (transports, aircrafts, railways, engine cargo transporters, pipelines, and so on); phone and transmit; power, intensity, and light; and local area offices for water, sterilization, and comparable administrations. In many nations such endeavors are state-possessed and state-worked, however in the US they are mostly exclusive and are worked under close governmental regulation.
The exemplary clarification for the need to manage public utilities is that they are endeavors in which the innovation of creation, transmission, and dissemination unavoidably prompts total or fractional syndication — that they are, in an expression, natural monopolies.
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The complete question is:
The legislature of the state of Gray recently enacted a statute forbidding public utilities regulated by the Gray Public Service Commission to increase their rates more than once every two years. Economy Electric Power Company, a public utility regulated by that commission, has just obtained approval of the commission for a general rate increase. Economy Electric has routinely filed for a rate increase every ten to 14 months during the last 20 years. Because of uncertainties about future fuel prices, the power company cannot ascertain with any certainty the date when it will need a further rate increase; but it thinks it may need such an increase sometime within the next 18 months. Economy Electric files an action in the federal district court in Gray requesting a declaratory judgment that this new statute of Gray forbidding public utility rate increases more often than once every two years is unconstitutional. Assume no federal statute is relevant. In this case, the court should
(A) hold the statute unconstitutional, because such a moratorium on rate increases deprives utilities of their property without due process of law.
(B) hold the statute constitutional, because the judgment of a legislature on a matter involving economic regulation is entitled to great deference.
(C) dismiss the complaint, because this action is not ripe for decision.
(D) dismiss the complaint, because controversies over state regulated utility rates are outside of the jurisdiction conferred on federal courts by Article III of the Constitution.