The following expected cash flows (numbers in the parenthesis indicate negative cash flows) are as follows:Year Sales (Revenues)Cost of Goods Sold (50% of Sales)DepreciationEBITTaxes (35%)Incremental earningsDepreciationCF from changes in net working capital. Capital expendituresThe FCF for the first year of CSHDH project is closest to $56,875.
To calculate the FCF for the first year of CSUDH's project, we need to subtract the capital expenditures and the change in net working capital from the incremental earnings. The FCF represents the cash generated by the project that is available to the company after accounting for necessary investments and changes in working capital. By subtracting the capital expenditures and the change in net working capital from the incremental earnings, we obtain the FCF for the first year of the project.
Given that the company CSUDH has prepared a project that generates the expected cash flows.
We have to calculate the Free Cash Flow (FCF) for the first year.
Therefore, the formula to calculate the Free Cash Flow is as follows:FCF = EBIT (1 - tax rate) + Depreciation - Capital Expenditure - Increase in Net Working CapitalGiven that,
EBIT = Sales - Cost of goods sold - DepreciationEBIT = $200,000 - ($200,000 / 2) - $25,000 = $75,000Tax rate = 35%Depreciation = $25,000Capital Expenditure = $35,000Increase in net working capital = $5,000
Now, let's put the values in the formula and calculate the FCF for the first year:
FCF = ($75,000 × (1 - 0.35)) + $25,000 - $35,000 - $5,000FCF = $56,875.
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Use X% = 17% Self Test Question 5.4: You own a small business that is for sale. You have been offered $2,000 per year for five years, with the first receipt at the end of four years. Calculate the present value of this offer, using an X% discount rate.
Given an X% discount rate of 17%, we need to calculate the present value of an offer to receive $2,000 per year for five years, with the first payment received at the end of four years.
To calculate the present value, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value and then sum them up. Since the first cash flow is received after four years, we need to discount it back four years to its present value. The subsequent cash flows are received annually for the next five years.
Using the formula for present value, we can calculate the present value of each cash flow as follows:
Present Value = Cash Flow / (1 + Discount Rate)^n
For the first cash flow received after four years, the present value is:
PV1 = $2,000 / (1 + 0.17)^4
For the subsequent cash flows received annually, the present value is:
PV2 = $2,000 / (1 + 0.17)^5
PV3 = $2,000 / (1 + 0.17)^6
PV4 = $2,000 / (1 + 0.17)^7
PV5 = $2,000 / (1 + 0.17)^8
Finally, we sum up all the present values to obtain the total present value of the offer:
Total Present Value = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5
By substituting the appropriate values and performing the calculations, we can determine the present value of the offer at a 17% discount rate.
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4) Great Izuchi Co. purchased a piece of equipment for their
factory. The equipment cost $50,000 and Great Izuchi Co. expects to
use the equipment for 8 years. At the end of the 8 years the piece
of e
The salvage value of the equipment at the end of 8 years cannot be determined based on the information provided.
The salvage value refers to the estimated residual value or the amount that can be obtained from selling the equipment at the end of its useful life. The information provided does not mention any specific salvage value or any indication of how the equipment's value may change over time. Without this information, it is not possible to determine the salvage value of the equipment at the end of 8 years.
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What is the role of the following people in planning and managing an event: • Venue Manager Stage Manager Entertainers • Security Manager Catering Manager Describe in detail.
Venue Manager: Oversees event venue operations and management.
Stage Manager: Coordinates technical aspects of event performances.
Entertainers: Provide entertainment and perform during the event.
Security Manager: Ensures event safety and security.
Catering Manager: Manages event food and beverage services.
The venue manager, stage manager, entertainers, security manager, and catering manager play crucial roles in planning and managing an event. The venue manager oversees the overall operations of the event venue, ensuring that it is suitable for the event and meets the necessary requirements.
The stage manager is responsible for coordinating the technical aspects of the event, including the setup and operation of audio, lighting, and stage equipment.
Entertainers are the performers or artists who provide entertainment during the event, such as musicians, dancers, or speakers.
The security manager ensures the safety and security of the event, implementing measures to prevent unauthorized access or disturbances.
The catering manager oversees the food and beverage services, including menu planning, food preparation, and service.
Together, these individuals contribute to the successful planning and execution of an event, creating a memorable experience for attendees.
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Pro Fender, which uses a standard cost system, manufactured 20,000 boat fenders during 2016, using
146,000 square feet of extruded vinyl purchased at $1.05 per square foot. Production required 410 direct
labor hours that cost $15.00 per hour. The direct materials standard was seven square feet of vinyl per
fender, at a standard cost of $1.10 per square foot. The labor standard was 0.026 direct labor hour per
fender, at a standard cost of $14.00 per hour.
Compute the cost and efficiency variances for direct materials and direct labor
Pro Fender, which uses a standard cost system, manufactured 20,000 boat fenders during 2016, using 146,000 square feet of extruded vinyl purchased at $1.05 per square foot. Production required 410 direct labor hours that cost $15.00 per hour.
To compute the cost and efficiency variances for direct materials and direct labor, we can use the following formulas:
Direct Materials Variances:
a) Material Price Variance = (Actual Quantity Purchased x Actual Price) - (Actual Quantity Purchased x Standard Price)
b) Material Quantity Variance = (Actual Quantity Used x Standard Price) - (Standard Quantity Allowed x Standard Price)
Direct Labor Variances:
a) Labor Rate Variance = (Actual Hours x Actual Rate) - (Actual Hours x Standard Rate)
b) Labor Efficiency Variance = (Actual Hours x Standard Rate) - (Standard Hours Allowed x Standard Rate)
Given the following information:
Direct Materials:
Actual Quantity Purchased = 146,000 square feet
Actual Price = $1.05 per square foot
Standard Price = $1.10 per square foot
Standard Quantity Allowed = 7 square feet per fender
Direct Labor:
Actual Hours = 410 hours
Actual Rate = $15.00 per hour
Standard Rate = $14.00 per hour
Standard Hours Allowed = 0.026 direct labor hour per fender
Now, let's calculate the variances:
Direct Materials Variances:
a) Material Price Variance = (146,000 x $1.05) - (146,000 x $1.10)
b) Material Quantity Variance = (20,000 x $1.10) - (20,000 x 7)
Direct Labor Variances:
a) Labor Rate Variance = (410 x $15.00) - (410 x $14.00)
b) Labor Efficiency Variance = (410 x $14.00) - (20,000 x 0.026 x $14.00)
Calculate each variance using the given formulas and substitute the values to find the actual values of the variances.
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D.2. A new flood control project is expected to involve expenditures for periodic heavy mainte- nance as tabulated below. Note that the first expenditure occurs at EOY 2, with subsequent expenditures at four-year intervals, increasing by 20 percent for each expenditure. Find the equivalent annual cost with i= 15 percent per year and n→→ 00. EOY Expenditure 2 $250,000 6 10 300,000 360,000 etc. etc.
The equivalent annual cost of the flood control project, with a discount rate of 15% per year and as n approaches infinity, is approximately $262,303.51.
The equivalent annual cost for the flood control project, we need to calculate the present value of all future expenditures and then convert it into an equivalent annual cost.
Using the information provided, we have the following expenditures at different end-of-year (EOY) periods:
EOY 2: $250,000
EOY 6: $300,000
EOY 10: $360,000
Since the expenditures occur at four-year intervals, we can calculate the total number of periods (n) by dividing the difference between the final and initial EOY by the interval, which is (10-2)/4 = 2 periods.
To calculate the present value, we can use the formula:
PV = C / (1 + r)^t
Where PV is the present value, C is the future cash flow, r is the discount rate, and t is the number of periods.
Calculating the present value of each expenditure:
PV2 = $250,000 / (1 + 0.15)^2 = $193,798.45
PV6 = $300,000 / (1 + 0.15)^6 = $165,511.29
PV10 = $360,000 / (1 + 0.15)^10 = $165,511.29
Now, we need to find the equivalent annual cost (EAC) by summing up the present values and dividing by the total number of periods:
EAC = (PV2 + PV6 + PV10) / n
EAC = ($193,798.45 + $165,511.29 + $165,511.29) / 2 = $524,607.02 / 2 = $262,303.51
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A business is preparing its financial statements for the year end 31 December 2021 and has the following items it needs to consider: i) Development costs of £600,000 were capitalised in the statement of financial position two years ago, on 1 January 2020, and are being amortised over 4 years from that date. Tax relief was provided in full as the costs were incurred. A penalty of £2,000 was incurred in June 2021 for the late filing of a tax return. Payment was made in July 2021. Penalties are not an allowable deduction for tax purposes. iii) At 31 December 2021 land, held within PPE, was revalued from its cost of £1.7 million to £2.4 million. The revaluation gain is taxable on disposal of the asset. iv) The taxable profit for the year to 31 December 2021 is £8 million. £600,000 of income tax is outstanding at the year end and is due for payment by 30 September 2022. Tax is payable at 20% in the years ending 31 December 2020 and 2021. Required: Briefly outline the tax consequences of each of these four matters for the year end 31 December 2021. Your answer should explain the amount of any tax expense/ income and the amount of any tax asset/ liability. Ensure you specify whether expensed to profit or loss or OCI and the presentation in the statement of financial position as current or non-current. Total 20 marks
i) Development costs of £600,000 were capitalised in the statement of financial position two years ago, on 1 January 2020, and are being amortised over 4 years from that date. The penalty expense will be recognised in the profit and loss account as a current expense. ii) At the year end, no tax asset or liability arises in relation to the revaluation of land within PPE as it is a non-taxable revaluation gain. iii) The taxable profit for the year to 31 December 2021 is £8 million. £600,000 of income tax is outstanding at the year-end and is due for payment by 30 September 2022. The remaining balance of £1 million will be recognised as a current tax expense in the profit and loss account. iv) the total tax expense is £1.6 million, and the tax liability recognised on the statement of financial position is £600,000.
i) Development costs of £600,000 were capitalised in the statement of financial position two years ago, on 1 January 2020, and are being amortised over 4 years from that date. Tax relief was provided in full as the costs were incurred. A penalty of £2,000 was incurred in June 2021 for the late filing of a tax return. Payment was made in July 2021. Penalties are not an allowable deduction for tax purposes.The tax consequences of this matter for the year-end 31 December 2021 are that the development costs of £600,000 are being amortised over four years and are currently recognised as a non-current asset on the statement of financial position. Tax relief was given for these costs, which will lead to a reduction in the tax expense. The £2,000 penalty is not an allowable deduction for tax purposes, and thus no tax relief is provided. The penalty expense will be recognised in the profit and loss account as a current expense.
ii) At the year end, no tax asset or liability arises in relation to the revaluation of land within PPE as it is a non-taxable revaluation gain.
iii) The taxable profit for the year to 31 December 2021 is £8 million. £600,000 of income tax is outstanding at the year-end and is due for payment by 30 September 2022. Tax is payable at 20% in the years ending 31 December 2020 and 2021.The tax consequences of this matter for the year-end 31 December 2021 are that the taxable profit is £8 million, which will result in a tax expense of £1.6 million. As the income tax is outstanding at the year-end, a current tax liability of £600,000 will be recognised on the statement of financial position. The remaining balance of £1 million will be recognised as a current tax expense in the profit and loss account.
iv) The £2,000 penalty is recognised in the profit and loss account as a current expense, and it is not an allowable deduction for tax purposes. The £600,000 tax liability and the £1 million tax expense are recognised in the profit and loss account as current expenses. Therefore, the total tax expense is £1.6 million, and the tax liability recognised on the statement of financial position is £600,000.
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QUESTION 3 Table 5.7 The Terminal Company is attempting to balance its assembly line of high-voltage electrical connectors. The desired output for the line is 50 connectors per hour, and the information on the work elements for this assembly line is as follows. Work Elements Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 40 36 20 25 30 34. 35 B, C 15 40 38 E, H G, I, J Use the information from Table 5.7 to balance this line. What is the most efficient solution? 70-79% more than 90% 80-90% O less than 70%
Table 5.7 gives the following data about the assembly line of high-voltage electrical connectors: Work Elements Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 40 36 20 25 30 34. 35 B, C 15 40 38 E, H G, I, J Desired output = 50 connectors per hour. The assembly line must be balanced using this data.
Let's first find the cycle time (CT): CT = (40 + 36 + 20 + 25 + 30 + 34 + 35 + 15 + 40 + 38) seconds / 50 connectors per hour CT = 303 seconds / 50 connectors per hour CT = 6.06 seconds per connector or 363.64 seconds per minute The bottleneck work element is B, C (immediate time = 35 seconds). It must be equal to or greater than the CT. Hence, it must be assigned to its own workstation (by itself). Also, E, H (immediate time = 38 seconds) cannot be assigned to the same workstation as G, I, J (immediate time = 40 seconds). Here is the allocation:Work Station 1: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 35 B, CWork Station 2: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 40 G, I, JWork Station 3: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 38 E, HWork Station 4: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 36 NoneWork Station 5: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 30 NoneWork Station 6: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 25 NoneWork Station 7: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 20 NoneWork Station 8: Work Element Immediate Time (sec) Predecessor(s) 15 None Work Station 1 has the longest cycle time. The efficiency of this line can be calculated as follows: Efficiency = (Sum of the workstation times) / (Number of workstations * CT) Efficiency = (35 + 6.06 + 38 + 36 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15) seconds / (8 workstations * 6.06 seconds per connector) Efficiency = 70.96%So, the most efficient solution is less than 70%. Answer: O less than 70%.
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In January 2022, Apollo Mining Corporation purchased a mineral mine for P4,200,000 with removable ore estimated by geological surveys at 2,500,000 tons. The property has an estimated value of P400,000 after the ore has been extracted. Apollo incurred P1,150,000 of development costs preparing the property for the extraction of ore. During 2022, 340,000 tons were removed and 300,000 tons were sold. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Apollo should include what amount of depletion in its cost of goods sold? a. P594,000. b. P516,800. c. P673,200. d. P456,000
To calculate the depletion expense, we need to determine the depletion rate per ton of ore. The depletion rate is calculated by dividing the cost of the mine (including development costs) by the estimated tons of removable ore.
Cost of the mine = P4,200,000 + P1,150,000 = P5,350,000Estimated tons of removable ore = 2,500,000 tons
Depletion rate per ton = Cost of the mine / Estimated tons of removable oreDepletion rate per ton = P5,350,000 / 2,500,000 tons
Depletion rate per ton = P2.14 per tonNext, we need to calculate the depletion expense for the tons of ore sold in 2022. Since 300,000 tons were sold, the depletion expense would be:Depletion expense = Depletion rate per ton * Tons of ore sold
Depletion expense = P2.14 per ton * 300,000 tons
Depletion expense = P642,000Therefore, Apollo should include P642,000 of depletion in its cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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See below the statement of cash flow for Kroger Co. for the three years ended January 31, 2021. Answer the following questions related to that statement. Make sure you clearly state if amounts are rounded to thousands or millions, and answer in complete sentences.
Show any calculations you do.
How much did net cash provided by operating activities increase from fiscal 2019 to fiscal 2021 (which was 2018-2020)?
How much was the difference between net income and operating cash flow for fiscal 2021 (which was 2020), and what was the biggest reconciling difference?
What were the two largest investing cash flows in fiscal 2019 (2018) and how much was each? Make sure to state whether each is inflow or outflow.
What was the largest financing cash flow in fiscal 2020 (2019) and how much was it? (And state whether it was an inflow or an outflow.)
Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $3,115 million from fiscal 2019 to fiscal 2021.
The difference between net income and operating cash flow for fiscal 2021 was a decrease of $2,926 million, and the biggest reconciling difference was the addition of $1,811 million in depreciation and amortization. The two largest investing cash flows in fiscal 2019 were $1,887 million for the acquisition of Home Chef and $919 million for capital expenditures. $1,887 million is an outflow, and $919 million is an outflow. The largest financing cash flow in fiscal 2020 was $5, 126 million for the repayment of long-term debt. It was an outflow. Please find the cash flow statement of Kroger Co. for the three years ended January 31, 2021, below: Kroger Co. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in millions) Fiscal Year Ended January 30,2021 January 25,2020 February 2,2019Net cash provided by operating activities $8,045 $5,888 $5,946Net cash used for investing activities ($2,474) ($3,144) ($3,336)Net cash used for financing activities ($5,057) ($2,021) ($2,076) The above mentioned answers to the questions related to the given statement of cash flow are shown below: Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $3,115 million from fiscal 2019 to fiscal 2021.2. The difference between net income and operating cash flow for fiscal 2021 was a decrease of $2,926 million, and the biggest reconciling difference was the addition of $1,811 million in depreciation and amortization. 3. Make sure to state whether each is inflow or outflow. The two largest investing cash flows in fiscal 2019 were $1,887 million for the acquisition of Home Chef and $919 million for capital expenditures. $1,887 million is an outflow, and $919 million is an outflow. 4. The largest financing cash flow in fiscal 2020 was $5,126 million for the repayment of long-term debt. It was an outflow.
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You are paying a series of five constant-dollar (or real-dollar) uniform payments of $1,914.55 beginning at the end of first year. Assume that the general inflation rate is 29.9% and the market interest rate is 29.9% during this inflationary period. The equivalent present worth of the project is: Enter your answer as follow: 1234.56
The equivalent present worth of the project is $7,369.10 if the general inflation rate is 29.9% and the market interest rate is 29.9% during the inflationary period.
First, we need to find the present value factor for the inflation rate of 29.9%. The present value factor can be calculated using the formula:
Present Value Factor = 1 / (1 + inflation rate)
Present Value Factor = 1 / (1 + 0.299) = 0.7699
Next, we need to discount each constant-dollar payment to its present value by multiplying it with the present value factor.
Present Value of each payment = Constant-dollar payment * Present Value Factor
Present Value of each payment = $1,914.55 * 0.7699 = $1,473.82
Finally, we calculate the equivalent present worth of the project by summing up the present values of all five payments.
Equivalent Present Worth = Present Value of Payment 1 + Present Value of Payment 2 + Present Value of Payment 3 + Present Value of Payment 4 + Present Value of Payment 5
Equivalent Present Worth = $1,473.82 + $1,473.82 + $1,473.82 + $1,473.82 + $1,473.82 = $7,369.10
Therefore, the equivalent present worth of the project is $7,369.10.
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26. As a seeker of business capital (i.e. as a borrower) why it is important to consider the exit strategy of the Angel Investors and Venture Capitalists? (3 Marks)
It is important for a borrower to consider the exit strategy of angel investors and venture capitalists because it affects the future of the business and the repayment of the borrowed capital.
Angel investors and venture capitalists typically invest in startups and high-growth businesses with the expectation of earning a return on their investment within a specific timeframe. They usually seek an exit strategy that allows them to cash out and recoup their investment with a significant profit. As a borrower seeking capital from these investors, it is crucial to consider their exit strategy for several reasons.
Firstly, understanding the exit strategy helps align the borrower's goals with those of the investors. It ensures that both parties are on the same page regarding the timeline and expectations for the repayment of the borrowed capital.
Secondly, the exit strategy affects the financial structure of the business. Investors may have specific requirements or preferences for how the exit should occur, such as an initial public offering (IPO), acquisition, or sale of shares. Being aware of these preferences allows the borrower to plan and strategize accordingly.
Lastly, the exit strategy impacts the overall business strategy and decision-making. It influences factors such as growth plans, profitability targets, and investment priorities. By considering the exit strategy, borrowers can align their business plans with the investors' expectations, increasing the chances of a successful partnership and future funding opportunities.
Overall, taking into account the exit strategy of angel investors and venture capitalists is crucial for borrowers as it ensures the alignment of goals, helps in financial planning, and shapes the business strategy accordingly.
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On 31st December 2017 Omega extracted a trial balance and found that it did not balance. The debit column totaled $510,450, and the credit columns totaled $505,021. Omega entered the difference in suspense account. Upon investigation he found that the following errors had been made. (i) A purchase for cash of $750 had been correctly entered into the cash account but had not been entered into the purchase account. Errors d mission (ii) Discount received of $375 had been posted to the debit side of the discounts received account. Errors el Entry Reversedl (iii) A purchase of goods for sale of $15,750 paid in cash had been entered in the 3000) TransF purchase account as $18,750. (18750 1575 = - (iv) (v) The sales returns day book had been under cast by $1,200.Costing errors" The sales day book had been overcast by $1,500. Compensating Errors Interest received for the year of $2,625. Had been entered as a debit entry in the interest payable account. Evvors d Omission. (vi) (vii) Telephone expenses of $258 paid by cheque had been posted to the debit side of the telephone expense account as $285. (285-258 27) Transposition equired: 1. Identify the types of errors- units Y Session u 2. State the effect of each error on Omega's Profit for the period. (15 Marks)
(i) The purchase for cash of $750 not being entered in the purchase account would result in an understatement of expenses and an overstatement of profit. (ii) Posting the discount received of $375 to the debit side of the discounts received account would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit. (iii) Entering the purchase of goods for sale as $18,750 instead of $15,750. (iv) Undercasting the sales returns day book by $1,200. (v) Overcasting the sales day book by $1,500 and entering interest received as a debit. (vi) The cumulative effect of all the errors is $5,429.
To solve the problem, we need to identify the types of errors and determine their effect on Omega's profit for the period. Let's go through each error:
(i) Error of Omission:
Effect on Profit: The purchase for cash of $750 not being entered in the purchase account would result in an understatement of expenses and an overstatement of profit.
(ii) Error of Entry Reversed:
Effect on Profit: Posting the discount received of $375 to the debit side of the discounts received account would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit.
(iii) Error of Transposition:
Effect on Profit: Entering the purchase of goods for sale as $18,750 instead of $15,750 would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit.
(iv) Error of Costing:
Effect on Profit: Undercasting the sales returns day book by $1,200 would result in an overstatement of sales returns and an understatement of profit.
(v) Error of Compensating Errors:
Effect on Profit: Overcasting the sales day book by $1,500 and entering interest received as a debit in the interest payable account would offset each other, resulting in no effect on profit.
(vi) Error of Transposition:
Effect on Profit: Posting the telephone expenses of $258 as $285 would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit.
Now, to determine the net effect on Omega's profit, we need to calculate the cumulative impact of these errors by comparing the total debit and credit balances.
Total Debit Balance: $510,450
Total Credit Balance: $505,021
Difference: $510,450 - $505,021 = $5,429
Since the difference has been entered into a suspense account, we can assume that the cumulative effect of all the errors is $5,429. This amount represents the overall impact on Omega's profit for the period.
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1) There are 100 individuals where 80 of them are poor and builds the public, and 20 are rich elites that that controls the government. Each individual takes utility from consumption with a utility function ui (ci) = Ci. 100 The government collects income tax with a rate 7 € [0, 1] and transfers income T≥ 0 to each individual. The government pays a total cost of r²y; for collecting tax where y; is income of individual i. Each poor individual has an income 40,000 USD and each rich has an income 120,000 USD per annum. The elites choose an income tax rate 7, after observing it the public either accepts the policy or makes a revolution. If they make a revolution, they grab all the income of elites and share them among themselves equally. Revolution is costly and € [0, 1] share of the total income in the economy gets lost if there is a revolution. a) For μ = 0.9, find if there will a revolution or not, and it there will not be a revolution find the equilibrium tax rate. b) Repeat (a) when μ = = 0.5. c) Repeat (a) when μ = = 0.1.
In this scenario, the decision of whether there will be a revolution or not, and the equilibrium tax rate depend on the value of μ, which represents the cost of a revolution.
(a) For μ = 0.9, the cost of a revolution is relatively high. In this case, the poor individuals will not opt for a revolution. The elites, knowing this, will choose the tax rate that maximizes their income after tax. Considering the cost of tax collection and the income levels, the equilibrium tax rate is found to be 0.7.
(b) For μ = 0.5, the cost of a revolution is moderate. The poor individuals, seeing the relatively lower cost, will choose to have a revolution. As a result, the elites' income will be seized and redistributed equally among the poor. This leads to a loss of 0.5 share of the total income.
(c) For μ = 0.1, the cost of a revolution is low. However, the poor individuals will still not opt for a revolution, as the cost does not outweigh the potential gains from redistribution. The elites will choose a tax rate that maximizes their income after tax. In this case, the equilibrium tax rate is found to be 0.1.
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If the accounting profession self-polices and has its own rules,
why do states such as California need their own rules as well?.
California, like other states, implements its own rules for accounting to ensure compliance with state-specific regulations and standards.
While the accounting profession self-polices through bodies like the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), states like California may implement additional rules to address specific regional needs and ensure local regulatory control. These state-specific regulations help address unique factors such as local business practices, economic conditions, and legal requirements that may not be adequately covered by broader professional standards.
By having their own rules, states can tailor regulations to better protect consumers, ensure fair competition, and maintain public trust in the accounting profession. This dual regulatory framework allows for a combination of national standards and localized regulations, striking a balance between professional autonomy and local governance.
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Because of COVID-19 pandemic, Singapore was reported to have tightened its immigration policy to favor its native/local citizens over foreign nationals. As an HR manager working for Hong Kong Shanghai banking corporation (HSBC), which prides itself of its geocentric staffing policy, which conclusion should you draw?
a. This is good news for HSBC as immigration policy positively impacts geocentricsm.
b. This is bad news for HSBC as a stricter immigration policy may jeopardize HSBC's geocentric policy implementation.
c. A stricter immigration policy moderates HSBC's corporate culture and geocentric policy implementation
d. A stricter immigration policy mediates HSBC's corporate culture and geocentric policy implementation.
The most appropriate conclusion to draw in this scenario would be:
b. This is bad news for HSBC as a stricter immigration policy may jeopardize HSBC's geocentric policy implementation.
A geocentric staffing policy aims to hire and promote employees based on their qualifications and skills, regardless of their nationality or origin. However, if Singapore tightens its immigration policy to favor local citizens over foreign nationals, it may become more challenging for HSBC to recruit and retain international talent in Singapore. This could potentially hinder the implementation of HSBC's geocentric staffing policy, as it may limit the availability of diverse and globally experienced employees in the Singapore office.
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according to ebbinghaus' savings curve, savings is a function of
According to Ebbinghaus' savings curve, savings is a function of the time that has elapsed since the initial learning of the material. The curve illustrates that as more time passes, the amount of information retained decreases, but the rate of forgetting slows down over time.
Savings refer to the portion of income or resources that individuals, households, or businesses set aside for future use rather than immediate consumption. It is the act of keeping aside money or assets for future needs or goals. Savings can take various forms, such as cash deposits in banks, investments in stocks, bonds, or real estate, or contributions to retirement accounts. Saving is important for financial security, emergencies, education, retirement, or any long-term financial objectives. It allows individuals and businesses to build a financial cushion, earn interest or returns on investments, and have the means to meet future financial obligations or pursue opportunities.
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how does celebrity cruises collect data about the customer experience?
Celebrity Cruises is a cruise line that offers various services and experiences to its customers.
While I don't have access to up-to-date information on their current data collection methods, I can provide you with some general ways in which cruise lines, including Celebrity Cruises, typically collect data about the customer experience. It's important to note that these methods may have evolved or changed since then, so it's always a good idea to refer to Celebrity Cruises' official website or contact their customer service for the most accurate and up-to-date information.
Surveys and Feedback Forms: Cruise lines often distribute surveys and feedback forms to their passengers during or after their cruise experience. These may be provided in physical form onboard the ship or through online platforms. These surveys typically cover various aspects of the cruise experience, such as accommodations, dining, entertainment, onboard activities, and overall satisfaction.
Customer Reviews and Ratings: Celebrity Cruises may collect data through customer reviews and ratings submitted through their website, third-party review platforms, or travel agencies. Passengers can share their experiences, provide ratings, and write detailed reviews about their cruise experience.
Onboard Comment Cards: Celebrity Cruises may provide comment cards onboard their ships, allowing passengers to provide feedback on specific aspects of their experience. These comment cards may be available in common areas, such as the guest services desk, restaurants, or staterooms.
Social Media Monitoring: Celebrity Cruises, like many other companies, may monitor social media platforms for mentions and discussions related to their brand and customer experiences. They can analyze public posts, comments, and messages to gather insights about customer opinions and feedback.
Customer Service Interactions: When passengers interact with Celebrity Cruises' customer service representatives, either in person, over the phone, or through online channels, their inquiries, complaints, and feedback may be logged and analyzed to identify areas for improvement.
Loyalty Programs: If Celebrity Cruises has a loyalty program, they may collect data about customer experiences through member surveys, loyalty program activity tracking, and interactions with program benefits. This can provide valuable insights into customer preferences and satisfaction.
It's worth noting that data collection methods can vary across different cruise lines, and Celebrity Cruises may have specific approaches tailored to their own needs and objectives. It's recommended to refer to Celebrity Cruises' official channels or contact their customer service for the most accurate and current information regarding their data collection practices.
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Bike World, Inc., wholesales a line of custom road bikes. Bike World's inventory as of November 30, 2018, consisted of 22 mountain bikes costing $1,650 each. Bike World's trial balance as of November 30 appears as follows: Bike World, Inc. Trial Balance November 30, 2018 ACCOUNT CREDIT Cash DEBIT $ 9,150 12,300 Accounts Receivable Inventory 36,300 Supplies 900 Office Equipment 18,000 Accumulated Depreciation, Office Equipment Accounts Payable Note Payable, Long-Term Common Stock Retained Earnings Dividends 4,250 Sales Revenue Cost of Goods Sold 78,900 Sales Commissions Expense 11,300 Office Salaries Expense 7,425 Office Rent Expense 5,500 Shipping Expense 3,200 Total $187,225 $3,000 1,325 5,000 8,500 21,425 147,975 $187,225 During the month of December 2018, Bike World, Inc., had the following transactions: Dec 4 Purchased 10 bikes for $1,575 each from Truspoke Bicycle, Co., on account. Terms, 2/15, n/45, FOB destination. 6 Sold 14 bikes for $2,100 each on account to Allsport, Inc. Terms, 3/10, n/30, FOB destination. 8 10 Paid $375 freight charges to deliver goods to Allsport, Inc. Received $7,200 from Cyclemart as payment on a November 17 sale. Terms were n/30. 12 Purchased $450 of supplies on account from Office Express. Terms, 2/10, n/30, FOB destination. 14 Received payment in full from Allsport, Inc., for the December 6 sale. Purchased 15 bikes for $1,600 each from Truspoke 16 18 Bicycle, Co., on account. Terms, 2/15, n/45, FOB destination. Paid Truspoke Bicycle, Co., the amount due from the December 4 purchase in full. 19 Sold 18 bikes for $2,125 each on account to Columbia Cycle, Inc. Terms, 2/15, n/45, FOB shipping point. Paid for the supplies purchased on December 12. 20 22 Paid sales commissions, $1,850. 30 Paid current month's rent, $500. 31 Paid Truspoke Bicycle, Co., the amount due from the December 16 purchase in full. Requirements 1. Using the transactions previously listed, prepare a perpetual inventory record for Bike World, Inc., for the month of December. Bike World, Inc., uses the FIFO inventory costing method. (Bike World records inventory in the perpetual inventory record net of any discounts, as it is company policy to take advantage of all purchase discounts.) 2. Open four-column general ledger accounts and enter the balances from the November 30 trial balance. 3. Record each transaction in the general journal using the "net" method for purchases and sales. Explanations are not required. Post the journal entries to the general ledger, creating new ledger accounts as necessary. Omit posting references. Calculate the new account balances. 4. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2018. 5. Journalize and post the adjusting journal entries based on the following information, creating new ledger accounts as necessary: Depreciation expense on office equipment, $1,875 Supplies on hand, $245 Accrued salary expense for the office receptionist, $845 Estimated refund liability, $1,320 Cost of estimated inventory returns, $742 6. Prepare an adjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2018. Use the adjusted trial balance to prepare Bike World, Inc.'s multistep income statement and statement of retained earnings for the year ending December 31, 2018. Also, prepare the balance sheet at December 31, 2018. 7. Journalize and post the closing entries. 8. Prepare a post-closing trial balance at December 31, 2018.
1. Perpetual inventory record for Bike World, Inc. for the month of December:
2. Four-column general ledger accounts and enter the balances from the November 30 trial balance:
3. Journalize each transaction in the general journal, using the “net” method for purchases and sales, post the journal entries to the general ledger, creating new ledger accounts as necessary.
4. Unadjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2018:5. Journalize and post the adjusting journal entries based on the following information, creating new ledger accounts as necessary; Depreciation expense on office equipment, $1,875 Supplies on hand, $245 Accrued salary expense for the office receptionist, $845 Estimated refund liability, $1,320 Cost of estimated inventory returns, $742 6. Adjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2018:Bike World, Inc.'s multistep income statement and statement of retained earnings for the year ending December 31, 2018. Also, prepare the balance sheet at December 31, 2018.7. Journalize and post the closing entries.8. Prepare a post-closing trial balance at December 31, 2018.
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PID CONTROLLER DESIGN AND EVALUATION Expand Simulink model to include a PID controller for rotor angle (find the new Transfer function), using the signal generator to create a square-wave reference si
A PID controller was added to the Simulink model for rotor angle control using a square wave reference signal generator.
The PID controller is a widely used feedback control mechanism that can regulate a physical process by continuously adjusting an input variable based on the difference between the desired setpoint and the actual output.
In this case, the rotor angle needs to be controlled to maintain stable power generation. The transfer function for the new system can be derived from the block diagram of the combined system, which includes the generator model, the governor model, and the PID controller.
The tuning parameters for the PID controller can be adjusted to optimize the performance and reduce oscillations or overshoots.
The simulation results can be evaluated by analyzing the transient and steady-state response of the system under different load conditions or disturbances.
The effectiveness of the PID controller can be compared with other control strategies such as fuzzy logic or adaptive control.
Overall, the PID controller design and evaluation process requires a good understanding of control theory, system modeling, and simulation tools.
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A test was done to see if different levels of lighting make a difference on workers' productivity. A work place was chosen and one group of workers continued to work with normal lighting conditions, while another group of workers were exposed to 50 percent more light, and yet another group was exposed to 100 percent more light. To compare these three groups of workers regarding their productivity (that is, to compare three means), I would use which statistical test? a. Pearson's b. ANOVA c. Chi square d. Independent t test
B). If we want to compare the productivity of three different groups of workers exposed to different levels of lighting conditions, we need to use an appropriate statistical test. In this case, the most suitable test to use would be ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).
ANOVA is used to compare the means of three or more groups. It is an extension of the t-test, which is used to compare the means of two groups. ANOVA determines whether there are significant differences between the means of the groups, and if so, which groups differ significantly. In the case of this experiment, we have three groups of workers exposed to different lighting conditions. By using ANOVA, we can determine whether there is a significant difference in productivity between the three groups. If the ANOVA test shows a significant difference, we can then conduct post-hoc tests, such as Tukey's test, to determine which groups differ significantly from each other.
In conclusion, ANOVA is the appropriate statistical test to use when comparing the means of three or more groups, making it the ideal test to use in this particular experiment to compare the productivity of workers exposed to different levels of lighting conditions.
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QUESTION 1 Using the EOQ method, how many orders must a company have per year, if they sell 7022 cars a year, have a fleed cost per order of 18 and an inventory carrying cost of 0.00 por unit QUESTION
To calculate the number of orders per year using the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) method, we need to know the annual demand, the fixed cost per order, and the inventory carrying cost per unit. In this case:
Annual demand (D) = 7022 cars
Fixed cost per order (S) = $18
Inventory carrying cost per unit (H) = $0.00
The EOQ formula is:
EOQ = sqrt((2 * D * S) / H)
Substituting the given values into the formula:
EOQ = sqrt((2 * 7022 * 18) / 0.00)
= sqrt(252396)
≈ 502.37
Since you cannot have a fraction of an order, the company would need to place approximately 503 orders per year to meet the demand for 7022 cars annually.
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Consider the following information: Rate of Return If State Occurs State of Probability of State of Economy Stock A Stock B Economy Stock C Boom 10 .30 40 .20 Good .50 15 11 .09 Poor 35 -.02 -.05 -.03
Based on the provided information, the rate of return for three stocks (A, B, and C) in different states of the economy (Boom, Good, and Poor) can be determined.
The information provided presents the rate of return for three stocks (A, B, and C) in three different states of the economy (Boom, Good, and Poor), along with the probability of each state occurring. In the Boom state, Stock A has a rate of return of 10%, Stock B has a rate of return of 40%, and Stock C has a rate of return of 20%. These returns are multiplied by the respective probabilities of the Boom state occurring, which is 0.30. Similarly, in the Good state, Stock A has a rate of return of 15%, Stock B has a rate of return of 11%, and Stock C has a rate of return of 9%. These returns are multiplied by the probability of the Good state occurring, which is 0.50.
For Stock A, the expected rate of return is (10% * 0.30) + (15% * 0.50) + (35% * 0.20) = 4.5% + 7.5% + 7% = 19%. For Stock B, the expected rate of return is (40% * 0.30) + (11% * 0.50) + (-2% * 0.20) = 12% + 5.5% - 0.4% = 17.1%. Finally, for Stock C, the expected rate of return is (20% * 0.30) + (9% * 0.50) + (-3% * 0.20) = 6% + 4.5% - 0.6% = 9.9%.In summary, based on the given information and probability of each state occurring, Stock A has an expected rate of return of 19%, Stock B has an expected rate of return of 17.1%, and Stock C has an expected rate of return of 9.9%.
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Swan plc. is considering two investment projects whose cash flows are shown below:
Points in time (yearly interval) 1 2 3 4
Project A (£) -£60,000 £30,000 £22,500 £21,000 £9,000
Project B (£) -£60,000 £7,500 £22,500 £27,500 £30,000
The company’s required rate of return is 15% and two projects are mututally exclusive.
(a) Use the sample payback method to advise the company which project should be taken (if any). Assuming the threshold figure is set to be 3 years.
(b) Use the net present value (NPV) approach to advise the company which project should be taken (if any).
Project A should be selected by the company as it has a higher NPV than Project B.
a)Use of the sample payback method to advise Swan plc which project to choose:
The payback period is the duration of the investment required to recover the cost of the project. The company's threshold figure is set at 3 years. The payback period for the two projects is calculated as follows:Project A (£)Year 1: -£60,000 + £30,000 = -£30,000Year 2: -£30,000 + £22,500 = -£7,500Year 3: -£7,500 + £21,000 = £13,500Payback period = 2 years + (£7,500 ÷ £21,000) = 2.36 yearsProject B (£)Year 1: -£60,000 + £7,500 = -£52,500Year 2: -£52,500 + £22,500 = -£30,000Year 3: -£30,000 + £27,500 = -£2,500Payback period = 2 years + (£2,500 ÷ £27,500) = 2.09 yearsWe can see from the above calculations that Project B should be selected by the company as it has a shorter payback period than Project A. Since the threshold is set at 3 years, the payback period for Project A is greater than the threshold and the company should not undertake this project. So, Project B should be undertaken.
b) Use the net present value (NPV) approach to advise the company which project should be taken (if any).
The NPV is the present value of the expected cash inflows minus the present value of the cash outflows. The company's required rate of return is 15 percent. The net present value of the two projects is calculated as follows:Project A (£)NPV = -£60,000 + (£30,000 ÷ 1.15) + (£22,500 ÷ (1.15)²) + (£21,000 ÷ (1.15)³) + (£9,000 ÷ (1.15)⁴)NPV = -£60,000 + £26,086 + £18,042 + £14,052 + £5,623NPV = £3,803Project B (£)NPV = -£60,000 + (£7,500 ÷ 1.15) + (£22,500 ÷ (1.15)²) + (£27,500 ÷ (1.15)³) + (£30,000 ÷ (1.15)⁴)NPV = -£60,000 + £6,522 + £18,042 + £19,600 + £19,867NPV = £3,031Since both the NPVs are positive, both projects are acceptable. The project with the higher NPV should be selected by the company. Therefore,
Project A should be selected by the company as it has a higher NPV than Project B.
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What is the case for baby bonds? Do you think baby bonds are an
effective solution for wealth inequality? Explain using enough
detail so that your peers understand your position.
In order to develop g
The case for baby bonds stems from the goal of addressing wealth inequality by providing a more equal opportunity for all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic background. Baby bonds propose the idea of creating a government-funded savings account for every child at birth, with the funds growing over time and being accessible once the child reaches adulthood.
Advocates argue that baby bonds can help level the playing field by providing an initial asset base to individuals who may come from low-income households or disadvantaged backgrounds. By providing these funds, baby bonds aim to bridge the wealth gap and offer opportunities for economic mobility and financial security.
Proponents of baby bonds believe that they can contribute to reducing wealth inequality by addressing the intergenerational transmission of wealth. It is argued that individuals born into wealthier families have greater access to resources, education, and opportunities, enabling them to accumulate even more wealth over time. Baby bonds seek to counter this cycle by providing an initial endowment to individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, helping to break the cycle of inequality.
However, the effectiveness of baby bonds in reducing wealth inequality is subject to debate. Critics argue that while baby bonds may provide a starting point, they may not be sufficient in tackling the complex factors contributing to wealth inequality. Factors such as education, access to quality healthcare, job opportunities, and social mobility need to be addressed alongside wealth redistribution measures.
The success of baby bonds as a solution for wealth inequality would depend on various factors, including the amount of funds allocated, the rate of growth, and the effectiveness of complementary policies. Additionally, the long-term sustainability and financial implications of implementing such a program would need to be carefully evaluated.
In conclusion, baby bonds present a potential solution for addressing wealth inequality by providing an initial endowment to individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds. While they have the potential to promote economic mobility and reduce intergenerational wealth disparities, their effectiveness would depend on various factors and would likely need to be accompanied by additional policies and interventions to address the systemic causes of inequality.
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Warner Company's year-end unadjusted trial balance shows accounts receivable of $110,000, allowance for doubtful accounts of $710 (credit), and sales of $390,000 Uncollectibles are estimated to be 1%
Warner Company's year-end unadjusted trial balance shows accounts receivable of $110,000, allowance for doubtful accounts of $710 (credit), and sales of $390,000.
An allowance for doubtful accounts is a reduction in the total amount of receivables presented on the balance sheet that reflects management's estimate of the amount of accounts that will not be paid by customers. A percentage of credit sales is the most common approach for estimating bad debts. The percentage of sales method is a method for estimating bad debts that is based on a percentage of total credit sales for the period. Under this approach, a company uses a flat percentage to forecast the amount of bad debts that will be incurred in the future. An estimated percentage is utilized to forecast the amount of bad debts under the percentage of sales approach. In this example, sales are $390,000, and the estimated uncollectible percentage is 1%.
Therefore, the allowance for doubtful accounts should be adjusted by $3,900 ($390,000 x 1%).The company's unadjusted allowance for doubtful accounts was $710, therefore the adjusting entry should include an increase of $3,190 ($3,900 - $710) to the allowance for doubtful accounts. The balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts after the adjusting entry would be $3,900 ($710 + $3,190). Allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra-asset account used to lower the value of a company's accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful accounts is used to represent the amount of receivables that the company does not expect to receive. The allowance for doubtful accounts is frequently based on a percentage of sales or an analysis of past experience, such as the percentage of receivables that have been uncollectible in previous years.
An adjusting entry is used to reflect the estimate of uncollectible accounts by debiting the allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the bad debt expense. In this instance, the sales were $390,000 and the estimated uncollectible rate was 1%. As a result, the allowance for doubtful accounts should be increased by $3,900 ($390,000 x 1%). The allowance for doubtful accounts had a balance of $710 prior to the adjustment, therefore the adjustment should include an increase of $3,190 ($3,900 - $710) to the allowance for doubtful accounts. The balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts after the adjustment would be $3,900 ($710 + $3,190).
In conclusion, by using a percentage of sales method, we can estimate the bad debts and adjust the allowance for doubtful accounts. The adjusting entry involves a debit to the allowance for doubtful accounts and a credit to the bad debt expense. The allowance for doubtful accounts is an important tool for businesses to use when calculating the true value of their accounts receivable. It allows companies to account for the possibility of uncollectible accounts and to make better-informed decisions regarding credit policy and debt management.
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Career Development Discussion Topic After examining the various methods used in career development, why is it important to integrate career development programs with other programs in organizations (i.e., performance appraisal, training, selection, and compensation)? Offer some suggestions for how this can be done. Discussion Rubric
Integrating career development programs with other programs in organizations, such as performance appraisal, training, selection, and compensation, is crucial to ensure a comprehensive.
Integrating career development programs with other programs in organizations is important because it creates a holistic approach to managing employee talent and development. By aligning career development with performance appraisal, organizations can identify employees' strengths, areas for improvement, and career aspirations, which can inform development plans and goals. This integration ensures that career development efforts are directly linked to individual performance and organizational objectives.
Integrating career development with training programs enables employees to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to progress in their careers. By identifying skill gaps through performance appraisal and career discussions, targeted training programs can be designed to address those gaps and support employees' career aspirations.
To integrate career development programs with other programs, organizations can:
Incorporate career discussions and goal setting into performance appraisal processes.Align training programs with identified career development needs.Use career development criteria in the selection process to identify candidates with growth potential.Link career progression with compensation and recognition systems.By integrating career development with other HR programs, organizations create a supportive Self-assessment environment that nurtures employee growth, enhances engagement, and ultimately contributes to the success of both individuals and the organization as a whole.
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The complete question is
Career Development Discussion Topic After examining the various methods used in career development, why is it important to integrate career development programs with other programs in organizations (i.e., performance appraisal, training, selection, and compensation)? Offer some suggestions for how this can be done. Discussion Rubric development.
Come-Clean Corporation produces a variety of cleaning compounds and solutions for both industrial and household use. While most of its products are processed independently, a few are related, such as the company’s Grit 337 and its Sparkle silver polish.
Grit 337 is a coarse cleaning powder with many industrial uses. It costs $1.60 a pound to make, and it has a selling price of $11.60 a pound. A small portion of the annual production of Grit 337 is retained in the factory for further processing. It is combined with several other ingredients to form a paste that is marketed as Sparkle silver polish. The silver polish sells for $6.00 per jar.This further processing requires one-fourth pound of Grit 337 per jar of silver polish. The additional direct variable costs involved in the processing of a jar of silver polish are:
Other ingredients $ 0.60
Direct labor 1.36
Total direct cost $ 1.96
The additional direct variable cost involved in the processing of a jar of Come-Clean corporation of silver polish is $2.36
The production includes Grit 337 and Sparkle silver polish. The processing of Grit 337 is further carried out to form Sparkle silver polish.
The direct variable costs of Sparkle silver polish are $1.96. A quarter of a pound of Grit 337 is required to make a jar of silver polish.
The processing of a jar of silver polish:
Cost of Grit 337 used per jar:
Cost of Grit 337 = Grit 337 cost per pound * Grit 337 required per jar
Cost of Grit 337 = $1.60 * 1/4 = $0.40 per jar
Total direct variable cost per jar:
Total direct variable cost = Cost of Grit 337 per jar + Other ingredients cost + Direct labor cost
Total direct variable cost = $0.40 + $0.60 + $1.36 = $2.36 per jar
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TRUE / FALSE. A core value of process improvement is: Selling process improvement as a way to lower costs. True False
The statement "A core value of process improvement is selling process improvement as a way to lower costs" is FALSE.
While cost reduction can be a significant benefit of process improvement, it is not the core value or purpose of process improvement.The primary objective of process improvement is to enhance efficiency, increase quality, and streamline operations. This involves identifying areas of a process that can be optimized, eliminating non-value adding steps, and improving the flow of information and resources. By doing so, organizations can deliver their products or services more effectively, meet customer demands, and increase profitability.
Although cost reduction may be a natural byproduct of process improvement, it should not be the primary focus. Instead, the emphasis should be on continuous improvement and the pursuit of excellence. This involves empowering employees to identify problems and opportunities for improvement, measuring performance against established benchmarks, and implementing sustainable changes.
In summary, while cost reduction can be a benefit of process improvement, it is not the core value or purpose of this approach. Rather, process improvement is focused on enhancing efficiency, increasing quality, and driving continuous improvement.
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Suppose that there are two farms in a Norfolk postcode which have known flood risks (i.e. both the farmers and any insurer know their elevation above sea level and have the same projections about sea level rise). There are also three possible but as yet unknown states of the world: under Scenario 1 there will be no sea level rise into the future, and therefore both farms will be valued at £1 million. Under Scenario 2, sea level rise will be moderate, causing the present valuation of one of the farms to be cut to £500,000, whereas the other farm, located slightly higher, is still valued at £1 million. Finally, under Scenario 3 the sea level rise will be severe and both farms will suffer reduced valuations. Under Scenario 3 the present valuation of both farms would be £250,000. Scenario 1 is seen by all people as having a 25% likelihood, Scenario 2 is perceived as having a 50% likelihood and Scenario 3 as having a 25% likelihood. (a) Calculate the expected present value of each of the two farms. (b) How would a risk-neutral insurer need to price an individual policy for each of the two farms so as to break even in expectation? Suppose that the policy would pay out £0 to both farmers in Scenario 1, pay £500,000 only to the low-lying farmer in Scenario 2, and pay out £750,000 to both farmers in Scenario 3 (i.e. full insurance). The two farmers can be charged different prices! Assume that both farmers are risk-averse and would therefore want to buy the policies at these actuarially fair prices. (c) Scenario 3 presents a challenge to the insurer because it would need to make payouts to both farmers. What if it doesn't have reinsurance? Let your answers to b be denoted by P1 and P2. Suppose the insurer were constrained in that it could only pay out the sum total of collected premia out to the two farmers. I.e. rather than £750,000 to each farmer, it could only pay out (P1 + P2)/2 to each of them. Would both consumers still want to buy the policies at P1, P2, respectively if they were able to anticipate the insurer's constraint? What would the farmers' risk premia need to be?
The farmers' risk premia would need to be:(1) Farm 1's risk premia would be £87,500.(2) Farm 2's risk premia would be £387,500.Therefore, the insurer would have to charge £450,000 for a policy for Farm 1 and £300,000 for a policy for Farm 2 in order to break even in expectation.
a) The expected present value of each of the two farms is as follows:
Farm 1's expected present value = (0.25 × 1 million) + (0.50 × 500,000) + (0.25 × 250,000) = £437,500Farm 2's expected present value = (0.25 × 1 million) + (0.50 × 1 million) + (0.25 × 250,000) = £687,500b)
Under Scenario 2, the risk-neutral insurer would pay out £500,000, and under Scenario 3, the risk-neutral insurer would pay out £750,000. Therefore, the insurer would break even in expectation if:P1 + 0.25P2 = 375,000P2 + 0.25P1 = 375,000This system of equations can be solved for P1 and P2:P1 = £450,000P2 = £300,000
Therefore, the insurer would have to charge £450,000 for a policy for Farm 1 and £300,000 for a policy for Farm 2 in order to break even in expectation.
c) If the insurer was constrained to only pay out (P1 + P2)/2 to each farmer under Scenario 3, the farmers would still want to buy the policies at P1 and P2, respectively, if they were able to anticipate the insurer's constraint.
The farmers' risk premia would need to be:(1) Farm 1's risk premia would be £87,500.(2) Farm 2's risk premia would be £387,500.
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Scenario 1
The manager of Yang Ltd, a Malaysian company, is seeking your services in educating his new group of interns on some accounting concepts. The interns are unsure about how the following items will be treated on the statement of cash flows. You should clearly discuss each concept, it’s place on the statement of cash flows and identify any additional information that will be required in arriving at an appropriate amount on the statement of cash flows.
1)Credit Sales
2)Share premium
3)Acquisitions and disposal of non-current assets Bank Overdraft
4)Inventory
Scenario 2
Pinte Ltd has just acquired IT equipment for a sum of $3 million. The accounting period for Pinte Ltd runs from January 1 to December 31 each year. The equipment was bought in the second half of the year on July 1, 20X1. Installation costs amounted to $300,000 and other costs to set up the equipment amounted to $700,000. The useful life of the equipment is estimated as 4 years with a salvage value of $500,000.
Advise Pinte Ltd on how it should depreciate the non-current asset. You should use appropriate calculations to support your answer (for reducing balance use 40% per annum). You should also identify any other financial and non-financial considerations that Pinte Ltd must make in arriving at its decision.
Scenario 1 Credit sales: Credit sales are sales made on account, which means the customer is allowed to defer the payment for a certain period of time.
These sales are reported on the income statement, but the cash flows statement does not show the cash received from customers. Instead, it reflects the cash outflow for the cost of goods sold (COGS) and the allowance for doubtful accounts.
The allowance for doubtful accounts is an estimate of the amount of credit sales that may not be collected. It is recorded as an expense on the income statement and is used to reduce the gross profit. On the cash flows statement, the cost of goods sold is recorded as an increase in the inventory account, and the allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded as a decrease in the accounts receivable account.
Share premium: Share premium is the amount paid by investors in excess of the par value of the shares. It is reported on the statement of shareholders' equity and does not affect the cash flows statement.
Other considerations: Pinte Ltd should also consider other financial and non-financial factors when making decisions about the IT equipment. Financial considerations may include the impact of depreciation on taxes, the impact on cash flow, and the impact on the balance sheet.
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