The minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft, considering various criteria, is as follows:
(a) DE-Gerber criterion: 38.64 mm
(b) DE-Elliptic criterion: 39.38 mm
(c) DE-Soderberg criterion: 43.08 mm
(d) DE-Goodman criterion: 41.70 mm
To determine the minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft, we need to consider four different criteria: DE-Gerber, DE-Elliptic, DE-Soderberg, and DE-Goodman. Each criterion takes into account different combinations of bending and torsional loads, along with the material's strength and endurance limit.
In the DE-Gerber criterion, the formula for determining the minimum diameter (d) is:
d = (16 * (Ma + sqrt(Ma^2 + 4 * Ta^2)) / (π * Sy))^1/3
Substituting the given values, we get:
d = (16 * (70 + sqrt(70^2 + 4 * 45^2)) / (π * 560))^1/3
d ≈ 38.64 mm
For the DE-Elliptic criterion, the formula is:
d = (16 * (Ma + sqrt(Ma^2 + 4 * Ta^2)) / (π * Se))^1/3
Substituting the given values, we have:
d = (16 * (70 + sqrt(70^2 + 4 * 45^2)) / (π * 210))^1/3
d ≈ 39.38 mm
In the DE-Soderberg criterion, the formula is:
d = (16 * Ma / (π * Sy) + 16 * Ta / (π * Su))^1/3
Substituting the given values, we get:
d = (16 * 70 / (π * 560) + 16 * 45 / (π * 700))^1/3
d ≈ 43.08 mm
Lastly, in the DE-Goodman criterion, the formula is:
d = (16 * Ma / (π * Sy) + 16 * Ta / (π * Su))^1/3
Substituting the given values, we have:
d = (16 * 70 / (π * 560) + 16 * 45 / (π * 700))^1/3
d ≈ 41.70 mm
Learn more about diameter
brainly.com/question/33294089
#SPJ11
Two Kilograms of Helium gas with constant specific heats begin a process at 300 kPa and 325K. The Helium s is first expanded at constant pressure until its volume doubles. Then it is heated at constant volume until its pressure doubles. Draw the process in a P-V diagram. a. Calculate the work done by the gas in KJ/kg during the entire process b. Calculate change in internal energy of the gas in KJ/kg during the entire process. c. Calculate the heat transfer of the gas in KJ/kg during the entire process. d. Show a control volume with work, heat transfer, and internal energy changes for the entire processes.
Given that Two Kilograms of Helium gas with constant specific heats begin a process at 300 kPa and 325K. The Helium s is first expanded at constant pressure until its volume doubles. Then it is heated at constant volume until its pressure doubles.
The process can be represented on a P-V diagram as shown below:a) Work done by the gas in KJ/kg during the entire processFor the first step, the helium expands at constant pressure until its volume doubles. This process is isobaric and the work done is given by,Work done = PΔVWork done = (300 kPa) (2 - 1) m³Work done = 300 kJFor the second step, the helium is heated at constant volume until its pressure doubles. This process is isochoric and there is no work done, hence work done = 0Therefore, total work done by the gas in the entire process is given Work done = Work done
We have already calculated the heat transfer in the first two steps in part (b). For the entire process, the heat transfer is given by,Q = Q1 + Q2Q = 4062.5 kJ + 1950 kJQ = 6012.5 kJ/kgd) Control volume with work, heat transfer, and internal energy changes for the entire processes The control volume for the entire process can be represented as shown below Here, W is the work done by the gas, Q is the heat transferred to the gas, and ΔU is the change in internal energy of the gas.
To know more about constant Visit;
https://brainly.com/question/32891849
#SPJ11
A critical component of a machine is subject to cyclic loading which produces a bending moment and stresses that cycle from "0" to a maximum bending stress.
The material is steel having a hardness of 160 BHN, Su = 551 Mpa and Sy = 213 Mpa
The cross sectional dimensions of the material has a width of 20 mm and a height of 25 mm. The geometry of the part transitions to a larger section through a fillet which has been estimated to have a stress concentration factor of Kt = 1.87 and a notch sensitivity factor of q = 1.87.
The infinite fatigue strength Sn has been calculated at 182.83 Mpa.
Calculate the maximum bending moment that would give infinite fatigue life with a SF = 1. Support your answer by drawing the Goodman's Diagram.
The maximum bending moment that would give infinite fatigue life with a safety factor of 1 is approximately 204.17 Nm.
Hardness (HB): 160 BHN
Ultimate Tensile Strength (Su): 551 MPa
Yield Strength (Sy): 213 MPa
Width (b): 20 mm
Height (h): 25 mm
Stress Concentration Factor (Kt): 1.87
Notch Sensitivity Factor (q): 1.87
Infinite Fatigue Strength (Sn): 182.83 MPa
Safety Factor (SF):
the alternating stress (Sa) using the infinite fatigue strength (Sn) and the notch sensitivity factor (q):[tex]Sa=\frac{Sn}{q}[/tex]
Substituting the given values:
Sa = [tex]\frac{182.83}{1.87}[/tex]
Sa ≈ 97.79 Mpa
To calculate the maximum bending moment, we need to consider the given parameters and follow the appropriate steps.
the maximum allowable bending stress (σ_max)Since the safety factor (SF) is 1, the maximum allowable bending stress (σ_max) is equal to Sa.
σ_max = Sa
σ_max ≈ 97.77 MPa
calculate the section modulus (Z)[tex]\[Z = \frac{{20 \, \text{mm} \cdot (25 \, \text{mm})^2}}{6}\][/tex]
[tex]\[Z \approx 2083.33 \, \text{mm}^3\][/tex]
Step 4: Determine the maximum bending moment (M)
M = σ_max * Z
M = 97.77 MPa x 2083.33 mm^3
M ≈ 204,165.83 Nmm (or 204.17 Nm)
Therefore, the maximum bending moment that would give infinite fatigue life with a safety factor of 1 is approximately 204.17 Nm.
Learn more about the maximum allowable alternating stress here:
brainly.com/question/31385809
#SPJ11
These values are randomly chosen for demonstration purposes and may not represent realistic or accurate values. The actual solution would require specific and accurate values for the parameters involved.
Explain do most modern control systems use either 4-20mA, 3-15PSI, and 15 V instead of 0-20mA, 0-15pis, and 0-5V as input signals? (CLO1, C5) [4 Marks] b) List FOUR (4) RC filter methods to use to eliminate unwanted noise signals from measurements and briefly explain each of them. (CLO1, C1) c) A PT100 RTD temperature sensor has a span of 30 ∘
C to 300 ∘
C. It has a measured value of 100 ∘
C for the temperature. Find the error if the accuracy is: (CLO3, C4) i. ±0.2% full-scale (FS) [4 Marks] ii. ±0.3% of the span [4 Marks] iii. ±1% of reading
a) The reasons why most modern control systems use 4-20mA, 3-15PSI, and 15V instead of 0-20mA, 0-15PSI, and 0-5V as input signals are:
Noise Immunity
Fault Detection
Compatibility
Power Supply Considerations
b) The list of four RC filter methods to eliminate unwanted noise signals from measurements are:
Low-Pass Filter
High-Pass Filter
Band-Pass Filter
Notch Filter
c) The errors are as follows:
i) ±0.54 °C
ii) ±0.81 °C
iii) ±1 °C
How to Identify Modern Control Systems?a) The reasons why most modern control systems use 4-20mA, 3-15PSI, and 15V instead of 0-20mA, 0-15PSI, and 0-5V as input signals are:
- Noise Immunity: The range of 4-20mA and 3-15PSI signals provides better noise immunity compared to the 0-20mA and 0-15PSI signals. By having a minimum non-zero current or pressure level, it becomes easier to distinguish the signal from any background noise or interference.
- Fault Detection: With the 4-20mA and 3-15PSI signals, it is easier to detect faults in the system. In the case of current loops, a zero reading indicates a fault in the circuit, allowing for quick troubleshooting. Similarly, for pressure loops, a zero reading can indicate a fault in the pressure sensing or transmission system.
- Compatibility: The 4-20mA and 3-15PSI signals are more compatible with various devices and components commonly used in control systems. Many field instruments and control devices are designed to operate within these signal ranges, making integration and standardization easier.
Power Supply Considerations: Using a minimum non-zero signal range allows for better power supply considerations. In the case of 4-20mA current loops, the loop can be powered by a two-wire configuration, where the power is supplied through the loop itself. This simplifies wiring and reduces power requirements.
b) The list of four RC filter methods to eliminate unwanted noise signals from measurements are:
Low-Pass Filter: This type of filter allows low-frequency signals to pass through while attenuating higher-frequency noise. It is commonly used to smooth out signal variations and reduce high-frequency noise interference.
High-Pass Filter: This filter attenuates low-frequency signals while allowing higher-frequency signals to pass through. It is effective in removing DC offset and low-frequency noise, allowing for a cleaner signal representation.
Band-Pass Filter: A band-pass filter allows a specific frequency band to pass through while attenuating frequencies outside that range. It can be useful when isolating a particular frequency range of interest and rejecting unwanted signals outside that range.
Notch Filter: Also known as a band-stop filter, a notch filter attenuates signals within a specific frequency range, effectively removing noise or interference at that frequency. It is commonly used to eliminate unwanted powerline frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) noise.
c) i. ±0.2% Full-Scale (FS):
The error is calculated as a percentage of the full-scale range. In this case, the span is 300 - 30 = 270 °C. The error is ±0.2% of the full-scale range, so the error is:
±(0.2/100) * 270 °C = ±0.54 °C
ii. ±0.3% of the Span:
The error is calculated as a percentage of the span (difference between maximum and minimum values). In this case, the span is 300 - 30 = 270 °C. The error is ±0.3% of the span, so the error is:
±(0.3/100) * 270 °C = ±0.81 °C
iii. ±1% of Reading:
The error is calculated as a percentage of the measured reading. In this case, the measured value is 100 °C. The error is ±1% of the reading, so the error is:
±(1/100) * 100 °C = ±1 °C
Read more about Modern Control Systems at: https://brainly.com/question/27303080
#SPJ4
Short circuit test is done in the transformer with: a) Low voltage side shorted and supply to the high voltage side b) High voltage side shorted and supply to the low voltage side. c) No difference. d) Supply to the high voltage and low voltage is opened.
Therefore, option (a) "Low voltage side shorted and supply to the high voltage side" is the correct approach for conducting the short circuit test in a transformer.
What are the advantages of using renewable energy sources for electricity generation?The short circuit test in a transformer is performed by shorting one side of the transformer while applying a voltage to the other side. This test is conducted to determine the parameters and performance of the transformer under short circuit conditions.
In the short circuit test, the correct method is to short circuit the low voltage side of the transformer and supply voltage to the high voltage side.
This is because the short circuit test is designed to evaluate the impedance and losses of the transformer under high current conditions.
By shorting the low voltage side, the high current flows through the transformer winding and the associated copper losses and impedance can be accurately measured.
Applying the supply voltage to the high voltage side allows for the measurement of the transformer's short circuit current, impedance, and losses.
Learn more about Low voltage side
brainly.com/question/15306838
#SPJ11
A cylinder/piston contains air at 100 kPa and 20°C with a V=0.3 m^3. The air is compressed to 800 kPa in a reversible polytropic process with n = 1.2, after which it is expanded back to 100 kPa in a reversible adiabatic process. Find the net work. O-124.6 kJ/kg O-154.6 kJ/kg O-194.6 kJ/kg O-174.6 kJ/kg
Initial pressure, P1 = 100 k Paintal temperature,[tex]T1 = 20°CVolume, V1 = 0.3 m³[/tex]Final pressure, P2 = 800 k PA Isothermal process Polytropic process with n = 1.2Adiabatic process Let's first calculate the final temperature of the gas using the polytropic process equation.
We know that the polytropic process is given as: Pan = Constant Here, the gas is compressed, therefore, the polytropic process equation becomes: P1V1n = P2V2nUsing this equation, we can calculate the final volume of the gas. [tex]V2 = (P1V1n / P2)^(1/n) = (100 × 0.3¹.² / 800)^(1/1.2) = 0.082 m[/tex]³Let's now find the temperature at the end of the polytropic process using the ideal gas equation.
PV = mRT Where P, V, T are the pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas and R is the gas constant. Rearranging this equation gives: T = (P × V) / (m × R) Substituting the values in the above equation: [tex]T2 = (800 × 0.082) / (m × 287)[/tex]Now, let's find the temperature at the end of the adiabatic process.
To know more about temperature visit:
https://brainly.com/question/7510619
#SPJ11
ONCE AGAIN IN YOUR OWN WORDS... Explain the effect of thermal treatments on the properties of ceramics. You should include at least two thermal treatments, what is occurring during the thermal treatment and what the effect of the thermal treatment (include for example, mechanical properties, microstructure, appearance etc.) is on the final ceramic part.
Thermal treatments have a significant effect on the properties of ceramics. Two such thermal treatments are sintering and annealing.Sintering involves heating a material to a high temperature, but below its melting point, to bond it together.
As the temperature increases, the pores in the material begin to shrink and eventually disappear, causing the material to become more dense and stronger. Sintering can also lead to the formation of grain boundaries, which can affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of the ceramic.
Annealing, on the other hand, involves heating a material to a high temperature and then cooling it slowly. This process relieves stress in the material and can also cause it to become softer. Annealing can also cause grain growth, which can affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of the ceramic.
Furthermore, thermal treatments can also affect the appearance of ceramics. For example, sintering can cause a ceramic to shrink or change shape, while annealing can cause a ceramic to become discolored or develop a different texture. The exact effect of thermal treatments on the properties of ceramics depends on the specific type of ceramic and the conditions of the treatment.
Learn more about sintering mechanism at
https://brainly.com/question/31954261
#SPJ11
Prove that a Schmitt oscillator trigger can work as a VCO.
Step 1:
A Schmitt oscillator trigger can work as a VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator).
Step 2:
A Schmitt oscillator trigger, also known as a Schmitt trigger, is a circuit that converts an input signal with varying voltage levels into a digital output with well-defined high and low voltage levels. It is commonly used for signal conditioning and noise filtering purposes. On the other hand, a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is a circuit that generates an output signal with a frequency that is directly proportional to the input voltage applied to it.
By incorporating a voltage control mechanism into the Schmitt trigger circuit, it can be transformed into a VCO. This can be achieved by introducing a variable voltage input to the reference voltage level of the Schmitt trigger. As the input voltage changes, it will cause the switching thresholds of the Schmitt trigger to vary, resulting in a change in the output frequency.
The VCO functionality of the modified Schmitt trigger circuit allows it to generate a continuous output signal with a frequency that can be controlled by the applied voltage. This makes it suitable for various applications such as frequency modulation, clock generation, and signal synthesis.
Step 3:
Learn more about : frequency
Describe frequency, relative frequency, and cumulative relative frequency.
#SPJ11
"For a shell and tube exchanger,
Discuss the effect of the following design modifications on the
heat transfer rate and outlet stream temperatures:
[Assume all flow rates, inlet temperatures and all ot"
the effects of the following design modifications on the heat transfer rate and outlet stream temperatures for a shell and tube heat exchanger:
Increasing the Flow Rate: Increasing the flow rate of one or both of the fluid streams can enhance the heat transfer rate. This is because a higher flow rate promotes better fluid mixing and reduces the thermal boundary layer, leading to improved heat transfer. Additionally, the outlet stream temperatures may also change due to the increased heat transfer, depending on the specific heat capacities and inlet temperatures of the fluids. Changing Inlet Temperatures: Altering the inlet temperatures of the fluids can have a significant impact on the outlet stream temperatures. If the inlet temperature of one fluid increases, while the other remains constant, it can result in a higher outlet temperature for the fluid with the increased inlet temperature. Conversely, reducing the inlet temperature of a fluid can lead to a lower outlet temperature for that particular fluid.
Learn more about shell here:
brainly.com/question/30853813
#SPJ11
A three phase, three wire, 20HP, 75% power factor, 60Hz, induction motor has a rated phase voltage of 127.02V with 88% efficiency. Determine the admittance in millisiemens of this motor if the connected capacitor pf is raised to 95%
The admittance in millisiemens of this motor is 0.0594 ms if the connected capacitor power factor is raised to 95%.
The following details of an electric motor: 3-phase, 3-wire, 20HP, 75% power factor, 60Hz, rated phase voltage of 127.02V, and 88% efficiency.Admittance (Y) of the motor is to be calculated if the connected capacitor power factor (pf) is raised to 95%.
We can calculate admittance (Y) of an electrical motor by using the formula given below:
Y = P / V²
where,P = Power in watts (20 HP = 14914.74 watts)
V = Vph (Rated Phase Voltage)
I = P / (√3 * Vph * PF) where PF = Power factor
Formula to calculate admittance (Y) with the change in capacitor power factor: Y2 = Y1 * [(1 + tan θ1) / (1 + tan θ2)]
where,Y1 = Admittance (ms) at previous power facto
rθ1 = Angle of Admittance (ms) at previous power factor
Y2 = Admittance (ms) at the new power factor
θ2 = Angle of Admittance (ms) at the new power factor
New connected capacitor power factor, pf2 = 0.95
New power factor, PF2 = 1 / (1 - pf2) = 1 / (1 - 0.95) = 1 / 0.05 = 20θ2 = cos⁻¹ (PF2) = cos⁻¹ (1 / 0.05) = 85.98°
Here, pf1 = 0.75, θ1 = cos⁻¹ (0.75) = 41.41°
Now, we can calculate admittance (Y) of the motor using the above formulas. Calculation for admittance (Y) is shown below:
Power (P) = 20 HP x 746 watts/HP = 14920 watts
I = 14920 / (√3 * 127.02 * 0.75) = 58.52 amps
Y1 = P / V² = 14920 / (127.02)² = 0.0932 ms
θ1 = 41.41°Y2 = Y1 * [(1 + tan θ1) / (1 + tan θ2)] = 0.0932 * [(1 + tan 41.41°) / (1 + tan 85.98°)] = 0.0594 ms
Therefore, the admittance in millisiemens of this motor is 0.0594 ms if the connected capacitor power factor is raised to 95%.
Learn more about the power at
https://brainly.com/question/31680992
#SPJ11
Measuring the Time constant of the Circuit (t) V= Vo et/RC (discharging) The figure shows a graph of the voltage across versus time for the discharging of a capacitor. In the first time the capacitor interval for t RC (t = RC) after the circuit is opened, t = 1 and the voltage falls to 0.368 of its initial value, RC since e-1 0.368 V = Vo e-1 = 0.368 Vo. 3r 4t 0 = RC 2 (b) Analyzing your data: 1. Calculate V = 0.368V0 (Vo represents your initial value for the initial potential, which is also the maximum) 2. Look in the time column for the time corresponding to the potential you have calculated. This is your time constant. Calculate the theoretical time constant using the value of the resistance you have determined 3. in part 1 of this lab and the value of the capacitance that you can read on your capacitor (it is given in uF). Make sure that you convert all units to SI. Charging of Capacitor Seconds Volts 1 |Average Volts Volts 2 Volts 3 0.01 0.02 0.01 0 0.01 4.06 5 2.53 2.79 3.13 5.30 10 6.00 4.69 5.33 6.75 15 7.07 6.40 6.77 7.82 7.34 20 7.59 7.59 25 8.28 7.97 8.15 8.13 8.33 8.48 8.47 30 8.50 35 8.65 8.58 8.68 8.64 40 8.74 8.73 8.80 8.76 8.81 45 8.79 8.88 8.83 50 8.87 8.92 8.87 8.82 8.85 8.91 8.91 55 8.97 8.90 60 8.99 8.99 8.96 Discharge of Capacitor Seconds Volts 1 Volts 2Volts 3 |Average Volts 8.90 8.96 8.99 8.99 7.89 5.30 5.42 5 6.20 10 4.25 3.18 3.52 3.65 1.99 1.96 15 2.66 2.01 1.62 20 1.21 1.22 1.35 25 0.99 0.74 0.80 0.84 30 0.66 0.46 0.52 0.55 0.38 35 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.18 0.20 40 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.12 45 0.16 0.15 50 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.03 55 0.05 0.04 60 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
The time constant of the circuit is 20 seconds.
Measuring the time constant of the circuit can be done by analyzing the discharging of a capacitor and using the equation V = Vo et/RC. In this equation, V is the voltage across the capacitor at a time t, Vo is the initial voltage across the capacitor, R is the resistance in the circuit, C is the capacitance of the capacitor and e is the mathematical constant 2.718. The time constant (t) can be calculated by using the formula t = RC. This time constant represents the time taken by the capacitor to discharge to 0.368 of its initial voltage (Vo).
To calculate the time constant, we first need to find the value of V when the voltage across the capacitor is 0.368 times its initial value (Vo). From the graph provided, we can see that this value is 3.13V. Now, we need to find the corresponding time in the time column of the graph. We can see that this time is 20 seconds. Therefore, the time constant of the circuit is 20 seconds.
The theoretical time constant can also be calculated using the formula t = RC. The resistance value is given in part 1 of the lab and is 10000 Ω. The capacitance value is given in the graph and is 100 µF. However, we need to convert this value to farads (F). 1 µF = 10^-6 F. Therefore, 100 µF = 0.0001 F. Substituting these values into the formula, we get t = (10000 Ω)(0.0001 F) = 1 second.
Therefore, the measured time constant of the circuit is 20 seconds, while the theoretical time constant is 1 second. This difference could be due to errors in the measurement of the voltage across the capacitor or the resistance value used in the calculation.
To know more about voltage refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/30591311
#SPJ11
A nozzle installed at the end of a 100 m-long pipe produces a water jet with specific discharge and power. The pipe (total) head, the pipe diameter, and the wall (Darcy) friction coefficient are, respectively, H = 10 m, d = 80 mm, and f = 0.004. Calculate the discharge and the nozzle power (transmitted), given that the nozzle’s diameter is 18 mm. Ignore the nozzle (minor) loss.
The discharge is approximately 0.017 m³/s, and the nozzle power transmitted is approximately 1.61 kW.
To calculate the discharge, we can use the Bernoulli equation, assuming no losses in the pipe:
Q = (2gHπd²/4f)^(1/2) = (2*9.81*10*π*(80/1000)²/4*0.004)^(1/2) ≈ 0.017 m³/s.
To calculate the nozzle power transmitted, we can use the equation:
P = Q(H + V²/2g) = 0.017(10 + 0/2*9.81) ≈ 1.61 kW.
The discharge of the water jet is approximately 0.017 m³/s, and the nozzle power transmitted is approximately 1.61 kW. These calculations are based on the given values of the pipe head, diameter, and friction coefficient, as well as the diameter of the nozzle. The discharge is determined using the Bernoulli equation, considering no losses in the pipe. The nozzle power transmitted is calculated by multiplying the discharge with the sum of the pipe head and the velocity head (assuming negligible velocity at the nozzle exit).
Learn more about nozzle power transmitted here:
https://brainly.com/question/22787077
#SPJ11
Question-3: PIC18F4321 has 10 bit ADC. Ve is connected to ground and V. is connected to 4 Vol Microcontoller Vss pins are connected to ground and Vdd pins are connected to 5 Volt. a) What is the minimun voltage we can apply as an input to this ADC? Justify your answer. (Sp) b) What is the maximum voltage we can apply as an input to this ADC? Justify your answer: (5p) when the input of ADC is 1 Volt. Calculate the output of DAC (10p) i) in Decimal numeric output ii) in Binary digital form (as 10 bit)
a) The minimum voltage that can be applied as an input to the ADC of PIC18F4321 is determined by the reference voltage (Vref) used.
b) Any voltage applied as an input to the ADC should not exceed 5 volts to avoid exceeding the ADC's voltage range.
In this case, the Vref is connected to 5 Volts. The ADC of PIC18F4321 uses the Vref as the maximum voltage reference for conversion. Therefore, the minimum voltage that can be applied as an input is 0 volts, as it is the lower limit of the voltage range.
b) The maximum voltage that can be applied as an input to the ADC of PIC18F4321 is equal to the reference voltage (Vref), which is 5 volts in this case. The ADC uses the Vref as the maximum voltage reference for conversion. Therefore, any voltage applied as an input to the ADC should not exceed 5 volts to avoid exceeding the ADC's voltage range.
For the given ADC input of 1 volt, to calculate the output of the DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter), we need to consider the ADC's resolution. Since the PIC18F4321 has a 10-bit ADC, the output of the ADC will be a 10-bit binary value.
i) To calculate the decimal numeric output, we can use the formula:
Output = ([tex]ADC_{value}[/tex] / ([tex]2^{10 - 1}[/tex])) × Vref
where [tex]ADC_{value}[/tex] is the 10-bit binary value obtained from the ADC conversion, and Vref is the reference voltage (5 volts).
ii) To represent the output in binary digital form (as a 10-bit value), we simply convert the decimal numeric output to binary using 10 bits.
Please provide the ADC value obtained for the input of 1 volt to calculate the specific output of the DAC.
To learn more about reference voltage, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14524595
#SPJ11
a motorist want to determine her gas mileage at 23,352 miles (on the odometre) the tank is filled .At 23,695 miles the tang is filled again with 14 gallons. How many miles per gallon did the car average between the two fillings?
The answer is the car averaged 24.5 miles per gallon between the two fillings. To determine the average miles per gallon of the car between the two fillings, the following steps need to be followed:
Step 1: Calculate the number of miles driven between the two fillings by subtracting the odometer reading at the first filling from the odometer reading at the second filling.
Miles driven = 23,695 miles - 23,352 miles
Miles driven = 343 miles
Step 2: Calculate the average miles per gallon of the car by dividing the miles driven by the number of gallons consumed.
Miles per gallon = Miles driven / Gallons consumed
Miles per gallon = 343 / 14
Miles per gallon = 24.5 miles/gallon
Therefore, the car averaged 24.5 miles per gallon between the two fillings.
Learn more about miles per gallon ratings: https://brainly.com/question/23913391
#SPJ11
A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 22-gal bucket. The inner diameter of the hose is 1 in and it reduces to 0.5 in at the nozzle exit. If the average velocity in the hose is 7ft/s. Determine:
a.) the volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose
b.) how long it will take to fill the bucket with water
c.)the average velocity of water at the nozzle exit
a) Volume flow rate: 0.03818 cubic feet per second, Mass flow rate: 2.386 lb/s b) Time to fill the bucket: Depends on the volume flow rate and bucket size c) Average velocity at nozzle exit: Cannot be determined without additional information.
What is the volume flow rate of water through the hose in gallons per minute?a) To calculate the volume flow rate of water through the hose, we can use the equation:
Volume Flow Rate = Area * Velocity
The area of the hose can be calculated using the formula for the area of a circle:
Area = π * (diameter/2)^2
Given:
Inner diameter of the hose = 1 inch
Average velocity in the hose = 7 ft/s
Calculating the area of the hose:
Area = π * (1/2)^2 = π * 0.25 = 0.7854 square inches
Converting the area to square feet:
Area = 0.7854 / 144 = 0.005454 square feet
Calculating the volume flow rate:
Volume Flow Rate = 0.005454 * 7 = 0.03818 cubic feet per second
To calculate the mass flow rate, we need to know the density of water. Assuming a density of 62.43 lb/ft³ for water, we can calculate the mass flow rate:
Mass Flow Rate = Volume Flow Rate * Density
Mass Flow Rate = 0.03818 * 62.43 = 2.386 lb/s
b) To determine how long it will take to fill the 22-gallon bucket with water, we need to convert the volume flow rate to gallons per second:
Volume Flow Rate (in gallons per second) = Volume Flow Rate (in cubic feet per second) * 7.48052
Time to fill the bucket = 22 / Volume Flow Rate (in gallons per second)
c) To find the average velocity of water at the nozzle exit, we can use the principle of conservation of mass, which states that the volume flow rate is constant throughout the system. Since the hose diameter reduces from 1 inch to 0.5 inch, the velocity of water at the nozzle exit will increase. However, the exact velocity cannot be determined without knowing the pressure at the nozzle exit or considering other factors such as friction losses or nozzle design.
Learn more about Average velocity
brainly.com/question/28512079
#SPJ11
In which category does the radiator(12v dc) motor falls ? - dc series? - dc shunt/....etc ?
The category in which the radiator motor (12V DC) falls depends on its specific design and construction. Generally, DC motors can be classified into various categories based on their winding configurations, such as series-wound, shunt-wound, compound-wound, and permanent magnet motors.
In the case of a radiator motor, it is most likely a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. BLDC motors are commonly used in various applications, including automotive radiator fans. They are characterized by their efficiency, reliability, and long life.
Unlike traditional brushed DC motors, BLDC motors do not have brushes and commutators. Instead, they use electronic commutation, which involves controlling the motor phases using electronic circuits. This design eliminates the wear and maintenance associated with brushes and commutators.
Therefore, the radiator motor (12V DC) can be categorized as a brushless DC motor or a BLDC motor. It is worth noting that there are other types of DC motors available, each with its own advantages and applications.
To know more about specific visit :
https://brainly.com/question/27900839
#SPJ11
A bicycle is driving by a young boy has problem with the brake cable. The brake cable provides adjustable and calibrated movement between the brake lever and caliper, under specified conditions of use and operating movement. If the potential failure mode is brake cable breaks, carry out the followings: 1. Create the table of Failure Mode Effects Analysis FMEA. 11. Apply the FMEA to the scenario. Explain every single column in the table. IV. Say if an action is needed or not, why?
The FMEA table identifies potential failure modes, their effects, and assigns ratings to severity, occurrence, and detection to prioritize actions for mitigating risks.
Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a structured approach used to identify and prioritize potential failure modes in a system or process. In the case of the bicycle brake cable, an FMEA table can be created to analyze the potential failure modes, their effects, and assess the severity, occurrence, and detection ratings.
The FMEA table typically consists of columns such as Failure Mode, Potential Effects, Severity Rating, Occurrence Rating, Detection Rating, Risk Priority Number (RPN), Recommended Actions, and Action Status. Each column serves a specific purpose in the analysis.
The severity rating evaluates the potential impact of a failure mode on safety, performance, or other critical factors. The occurrence rating assesses the likelihood of the failure mode occurring. The detection rating indicates the ability to detect the failure mode before it causes significant harm.
The Risk Priority Number (RPN) is calculated by multiplying the severity, occurrence, and detection ratings. It helps prioritize actions based on the highest risks.
Based on the FMEA analysis, actions can be identified to mitigate the risks associated with the potential failure modes. These actions can include design improvements, process changes, additional inspections, or other measures to prevent or detect failures.
Whether an action is needed or not depends on the evaluation of the severity, occurrence, and detection ratings. If the RPN exceeds a predetermined threshold or if the severity rating is high, it indicates a higher risk level, and actions are typically recommended to reduce or eliminate the identified failure modes.
Learn more about Failure Mode Effects Analysis here:
https://brainly.com/question/33269577
#SPJ11
please answer quickly
(d) Derive the critical load, Per for a column with both ends fixed.
The Euler's critical load formula for a column with both ends fixed is given as:Per = π² EI/L²
The critical load, Per for a column with both ends fixed is calculated as π² EI/L². Where E is the Young's modulus of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the column, and L is the effective length of the column.For a column with both ends fixed, the column can bend in two perpendicular planes.
Thus, the effective length of the column is L/2.The Euler's critical load formula for a column with both ends fixed is given as
Per = π² EI/L²Where E is the Young's modulus of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the column, and L is the effective length of the column.
When a vertical compressive load is applied to a column with both ends fixed, the column tends to bend, and if the load is large enough, it causes the column to buckle.
Buckling of the column occurs when the compressive stress in the column exceeds the critical buckling stress.
The Euler's critical load formula is used to calculate the critical load, Per for a column with both ends fixed.
The critical load is the maximum load that can be applied to a column without causing buckling.
The formula is given as:Per = π² EI/L²Where E is the Young's modulus of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the column, and L is the effective length of the column.
For a column with both ends fixed, the column can bend in two perpendicular planes. Thus, the effective length of the column is L/2.
The moment of inertia of the column is a measure of the column's resistance to bending and is calculated using the cross-sectional properties of the column.
To learn more about Euler's critical load
https://brainly.com/question/33196777
#SPJ11
Which of the following can be considered dimensionless numbers? Answer true or false for each. ( v= velocity, μ= viscosity, L= length, m= mass, rho= density, γ= surface tension, T= temperature, g= gravitational acceleration) a) (μLg)/(γv) b) (Tμ)/(γg) c) (m)/(L³p) d) (mg)/(√μγvL)
Dimensionless numbers are numbers that reflect the relationship between different physical parameters and are generally ratios of physical properties that have been made dimensionless.
The following can be considered dimensionless numbers:True: The number (μLg)/(γv) can be considered a dimensionless number because all of the dimensions in the numerator cancel out the dimensions in the denominator.False: The number (Tμ)/(γg) cannot be considered dimensionless because T has the dimension of temperature, which cannot be canceled out by the other dimensions in the numerator and denominator.False: The number (m)/(L³p) cannot be considered dimensionless because it contains mass and length, which cannot be canceled out by the other dimensions in the denominator.False: The number (mg)/(√μγvL) cannot be considered dimensionless because it contains mass, length, and viscosity, which cannot be canceled out by the other dimensions in the denominator.Therefore, the answer is:True: The number (μLg)/(γv) can be considered a dimensionless number.
Learn more about dimensionless brainly.com/question/24221358
#SPJ11
10.27. Consider a discrete-time LTI system described by the difference equation y[n] - 0.9y[n - 1] = 2.5x[n] - 2x[n - 2]. (b) Determine the impulse response h[n],0 $ n$ 4, for the system. 10.27. (b) y[0] = 2.5 y[1] = 2.25 y[2] = 0.025 y[3] = 0.0225 y[4] = 0.02025
The impulse response of an LTI (linear time-invariant) system is defined as the output of the system when the input is an impulse function. An impulse function is a signal that has an amplitude of 1 at n = 0 and 0 elsewhere.
Hence, we can obtain the impulse response h[n] of the given LTI system by setting x[n] = δ[n] in the difference equation y[n] - 0.9y[n - 1] = 2.5x[n] - 2x[n - 2]. Therefore, we have y[n] - 0.9y[n - 1] = 2.5δ[n] - 2δ[n - 2] ... (1)where δ[n] is the impulse function. To find h[n], we need to solve equation (1) recursively by assuming that y[n] = 0 for n < 0. For n = 0, we have y[0] - 0.9y[-1] = 2.5δ[0] - 2δ[-2] ... (2). Since δ[0] = 1 and δ[-2] = 0, equation (2) reduces to y[0] - 0.9y[-1] = 2.5For n = 1, we have y[1] - 0.9y[0] = 0For n = 2, we have y[2] - 0.9y[1] = -2, For n = 3, we have y[3] - 0.9y[2] = 0 For n = 4, we have y[4] - 0.9y[3] = 0 Substituting the given values of y[0], y[1], y[2], y[3], and y[4], we can solve the above equations recursively to obtain y[0] = 2.5y[1] = 2.25y[2] = 0.025y[3] = 0.0225y[4] = 0.02025
Therefore, the impulse response h[n] of the given LTI system is h[0] = 2.5 h[1] = 0 h[2] = -2 h[3] = 0 h[4] = 0. Note that h[n] = 0 for n > 4, since the LTI system is causal.
To know more about impulse visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30466819
#SPJ11
faizan and hamza are brothers. in three years, hamza will be five years younger than two time’s faizan’s current age. write a java program to calculate and display hamza’s age.
To calculate Hamza's age in Java, we can use the following steps:
Step 1: Define the variables for Faizan's age and the age difference.
Step 2: Calculate Faizan's current age by subtracting the age difference from Hamza's age three years from now.
Step 3: Calculate Hamza's age by adding three years to his current age.
Java Program:```
public class HamzasAge {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int faizansAge = 24; // Define Faizan's age
int ageDifference = 2 * (faizansAge / 3); // Calculate age difference
int hamzasAge = faizansAge + 5 - ageDifference; // Calculate Hamza's age
System.out.println("Hamza's age is " + hamzasAge);
}
}
```
In this program, we have defined Faizan's age as 24 and calculated the age difference as twice the quotient of Faizan's current age divided by three. We have then calculated Hamza's age by adding three years to his current age three years from now and subtracting the age difference. Finally, we have displayed Hamza's age using System.out.println(). The output will be "Hamza's age is 11".
Learn more about java here: https://brainly.com/question/25458754
#SPJ11
QUESTION 10 Which of the followings is true? Narrowband FM is considered to be identical to AM except O A. a finite and likely small phase deviation. O B. a finite and likely large phase deviation. O C. their bandwidth. O D. an infinite phase deviation.
Narrowband FM is considered to be identical to AM except for a finite and likely small phase deviation.
While they have similarities, one key difference is the presence of phase deviation in FM. In AM, the carrier signal's amplitude is modulated by the message signal, resulting in variations in the signal's power. The phase of the carrier remains constant throughout the modulation process. On the other hand, in narrowband FM, the phase of the carrier signal is modulated by the message signal, causing variations in the instantaneous frequency. However, the phase deviation in narrowband FM is typically small compared to wideband FM. The phase deviation in narrowband FM is finite and likely small because it is designed to operate within a narrow frequency range. This restriction helps maintain compatibility with AM systems and allows for efficient demodulation using techniques similar to those used in AM demodulation.
learn more about deviation here :
https://brainly.com/question/31835352
#SPJ11
is a circuit with a buffer amplifier and is used at the input of the A/D converter to prevent its input from changing before the ADC process is complete O Sampler Sample-and-hold O quantizer ODAC Which of the following is not true concerning SDH container equivalency * STM-160C-48 STM-64 OC-192 STM-4-OC-12 OSTM-1-OC-4 st 1 po
A sample-and-hold circuit is used to hold the input voltage constant during the conversion process, but it does not include a buffer amplifier. In contrast, a buffer amplifier is used to isolate the input from the output and provide impedance matching, ensuring that the input does not change before the ADC process is complete.
Thus, option b is correct.
The SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) and SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) are two related standards used in telecommunications for transmitting multiple digital signals simultaneously over optical fiber. They define various signal rates, also known as "containers" or "optical carriers," which are standardized for efficient multiplexing and compatibility between different network equipment. The correct equivalence is STM-1 = OC-3, not OC-4.
Therefore, option d) STM-1 = OC-4 is incorrect, and the correct equivalence is STM-1 = OC-3.
Thus, option d is correct.
Learn more about buffer amplifier:
https://brainly.com/question/20397662
#SPJ11
Hi,
I did the problem but I want to check to see if I did it right. I
got Vx= 10v and Ix = 1A
Without additional context or information about the specific problem, it is difficult to determine the accuracy of your calculations.
Did I calculate Vx and Ix correctly as 10V and 1A, respectively?
Based on the information provided, it seems that you have calculated Vx to be 10V and Ix to be 1A. However, without knowing the specific context or equations involved in the problem, it is difficult to determine if these values are correct.
It is important to carefully review the given problem statement, the formulas or equations involved, and the units used in the calculations to ensure accurate results.
Additionally, it would be helpful to provide more details about the problem statement or equations used in order to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of your calculations.
Learn more about specific problem
brainly.com/question/10876851
#SPJ11
Label information of a 3-phase asynchronous machine (motor) is as follows:
Pout = PN = 75 kW nominal power (it should always be understood as output one) , Uff=UN= 220/380 V rated voltage (for two possible connections) ,
Cos¢N = 0.85 rated power factor,
nN = 0.92 nominal efficiency,
f = 50 Hz Frequency,
nN = 975 rpm nominal speed,
∆Pm=0.5% mechanical loss at nominal speed,
Rs = R₁ = 0.033 ohm stator winding (phase) resistance ,
Accordingly, calculate the following requirements.
1) Nominal stator current for star and delta connection conditions of stator winding,
2) Apparent nominal power Sn (power drawn by the stator from the line),
3) Active and reactive power drawn from the network for the rated load,
4) rated torque and rated slip,
5) Iron core loss.
1) The nominal stator current for star connection is approximately 207.27 A, and for delta connection is approximately 119.48 A.
2) The apparent nominal power (Sn) drawn by the stator from the line is approximately 129.1 kVA.
3) The active power drawn from the network for the rated load is approximately 75 kW, and the reactive power is approximately 40.4 kVAR.
4) The rated torque is approximately 88.11 Nm, and the rated slip is approximately 2.46%.
5) The iron core loss is not provided in the given information.
In a 3-phase asynchronous machine (motor) with the given label information, the nominal stator current can be calculated for both star and delta connection conditions. For the star connection, it is calculated using the formula:
Istator_star = Pout / (√3 * UN * Cos¢N)
Substituting the values, we get:
Istator_star = 75000 / (√3 * 380 * 0.85) ≈ 207.27 A
For the delta connection, the nominal stator current is calculated using the same formula, but with the rated line voltage (UN) instead of phase voltage (UN):
Istator_delta = Pout / (√3 * UN * Cos¢N)
Substituting the values, we get:
Istator_delta = 75000 / (√3 * 220 * 0.85) ≈ 119.48 A
The apparent nominal power (Sn) drawn by the stator from the line can be calculated as:
Sn = √3 * UN * Istator
Substituting the values, we get:
Sn = √3 * 380 * 207.27 ≈ 129.1 kVA
The active power drawn from the network for the rated load is equal to the nominal power (Pout) and is approximately 75 kW. The reactive power can be calculated using the formula:
Q = Sn * √(1 - (Cos¢N)^2)
Substituting the values, we get:
Q = 129.1 * √(1 - (0.85[tex])^2[/tex] ) ≈ 40.4 kVAR
The rated torque can be calculated using the formula:
Trated = (Pout * 1000) / (2π * nN)
Substituting the values, we get:
Trated = (75000 * 1000) / (2π * 975) ≈ 88.11 Nm
The rated slip can be calculated using the formula:
Srated = (∆Pm * 100) / Pout
Substituting the values, we get:
Srated = (0.5 * 100) / 75000 ≈ 2.46%
Unfortunately, the information regarding the iron core loss is not provided, so it cannot be calculated based on the given data.
Learn more about nominal
brainly.com/question/27994820
#SPJ11
Write the Thumb code to multiply the two 32-bit values in memory
at addresses 0x1234_5678 and
0x7894_5612, storing the result in address
0x2000_0010.
assembly
ldr r0, =0x12345678
ldr r1, =0x78945612
ldr r2, [r0]
ldr r3, [r1]
mul r4, r2, r3
str r4, [r5, #0x10]
```
Explanation:
The above Thumb code performs the multiplication of two 32-bit values stored in memory. It uses the `ldr` instruction to load the addresses of the values into registers r0 and r1. Then, it uses the `ldr` instruction again to load the actual values from the memory addresses pointed by r0 and r1 into registers r2 and r3, respectively. The `mul` instruction multiplies the values in r2 and r3 and stores the result in r4. Finally, the `str` instruction stores the contents of r4 into memory at address 0x2000_0010.
Learn more about Thumb assembly language here:
https://brainly.com/question/31042521
#SPJ11
A proposed approximate velocity profile for a boundary layer is a 3rd order polynomial: u/u = C₁n¹ - C₂n² + C₃n³ where n = y/δ c) What pressure gradient dp/dx is implied by this profile? d) Determine the boundary layer thickness δ expressed in the form δ/x e) Evaluate the momentum thickness expressed in the form θ/x
The pressure gradient implied by the velocity profile is dp/dx = 3C₃u/δ.
The pressure gradient (dp/dx) is related to the velocity profile through the equation:
dp/dx = μ(d²u/dy²)
In this case, the velocity profile is given as u/u = C₁n¹ - C₂n² + C₃n³, where n = y/δ.
To find dp/dx, we need to differentiate the velocity profile with respect to y. Let's differentiate each term separately:
du/dy = (d/dy)(C₁n¹ - C₂n² + C₃n³)
Taking the derivative of each term:
du/dy = C₁(d/dy)(n¹) - C₂(d/dy)(n²) + C₃(d/dy)(n³)
The derivatives of n with respect to y are:
(d/dy)(n¹) = (d/dy)(y/δ) = 1/δ
(d/dy)(n²) = (d/dy)(y²/δ²) = 2y/δ²
(d/dy)(n³) = (d/dy)(y³/δ³) = 3y²/δ³
Substituting these derivatives back into the equation:
du/dy = C₁(1/δ) - C₂(2y/δ²) + C₃(3y²/δ³)
Next, we need to differentiate du/dy with respect to y to find d²u/dy²:
d²u/dy² = (d/dy)(C₁(1/δ) - C₂(2y/δ²) + C₃(3y²/δ³))
Taking the derivative of each term:
d²u/dy² = C₁(0) - C₂(2/δ²) + C₃(6y/δ³)
Now, we can substitute d²u/dy² into the expression for dp/dx:
dp/dx = μ(d²u/dy²) = μ(C₁(0) - C₂(2/δ²) + C₃(6y/δ³))
Simplifying further:
dp/dx = -2C₂μ/δ² + 6C₃μy/δ³
Since n = y/δ, we can replace y/δ with n:
dp/dx = -2C₂μ/δ² + 6C₃μn
Finally, we can express δ in terms of x by noting that δ/x = δ/(un/ν) = ν/(un) = 1/(Re_n) where Re_n is the Reynolds number based on n:
δ/x = 1/(Re_n)
Therefore, δ/x = 1/(C₃n) where C₃n is the characteristic velocity.
Furthermore, the momentum thickness (θ) is defined as the integral of (1 - u/u) from 0 to δ:
θ = ∫(1 - u/u)dy from 0 to δ
θ/x = (1 - u/u)dy/(xun/ν) = (ν/ux)∫(1 - u/u)dy from 0 to δ
θ/x = (ν/ux)∫(1 - C₁n¹ + C₂n² - C₃n³)dy from 0 to δ
θ/x = (ν/ux)(δ - C₁n²δ + C₂n³δ - C₃n
Learn more about pressure gradient
brainly.com/question/14336958
#SPJ11
. There are two basic types of oil circuit breakers, the full tank or dead tank type and the low oil or ____ type.
A) oil poor
B) low tank
C) half tank
2. One method used by circuit breakers to sense circuit current is to connect a(n) ____ in series with the load.
A) coil
B) resistor
C)battery
The two basic types of oil circuit breakers are the full tank or dead tank type and the low oil or A) oil poor type.One method used by circuit breakers to sense circuit current is to connect a A)coil in series with the load.
Oil circuit breakers are designed to interrupt electrical currents in the event of a fault or overload in a power system. They utilize oil as the medium for arc extinction and insulation.
a) The full tank or dead tank type of oil circuit breaker is so named because it has a fully enclosed tank filled with oil.
b) The low oil or oil poor type of oil circuit breaker has a tank that contains a lower quantity of oil compared to the full tank type.
To sense circuit current, circuit breakers often incorporate a coil in series with the load. The coil is designed to generate a magnetic field proportional to the current flowing through it. This magnetic field is then used to trigger the tripping mechanism of the circuit breaker when the current exceeds a predetermined threshold.
In summary, the two basic types of oil circuit breakers are the full tank or dead tank type and the low oil or oil poor type. Circuit breakers use a coil in series with the load to sense circuit current and trigger the tripping mechanism when necessary.
To know more about circuit visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30018555
#SPJ11
A 14.08 gram sample of manganese is heated in the presence of excess iodine. A metal iodide is formed with a mass of 79.13 g. Determine the empirical formula of the metal iodide.
The ratio of moles of iodine to moles of metal in the metal iodide is:iodine : metal = 0.5126 : 0.256= 2 : 1 This means that the empirical formula of the metal iodide is MI2, where M represents the metal.
The mass of manganese = 14.08 g The mass of metal iodide = 79.13 g To determine the empirical formula of the metal iodide, we need to find out the amount of iodine that reacted with manganese to form the metal iodide. To do this, we will subtract the mass of the manganese from the mass of the metal iodide. So, the mass of iodine in the reaction would be:Mass of iodine = mass of metal iodide - mass of manganese= 79.13 g - 14.08 g= 65.05 g Next, we need to convert the mass of iodine into moles using the molar mass of iodine. The molar mass of iodine is 126.9 g/mol. Number of moles of iodine = mass of iodine / molar mass of iodine= 65.05 g / 126.9 g/mol= 0.5126 mol. Now, we need to find the ratio of moles of iodine to moles of metal in the metal iodide. Since the metal is in excess in this reaction, the number of moles of metal in the metal iodide will be equal to the number of moles of manganese used in the reaction.Number of moles of manganese = mass of manganese / molar mass of manganese= 14.08 g / 54.94 g/mol= 0.256 mol Therefore, the ratio of moles of iodine to moles of metal in the metal iodide is:iodine : metal = 0.5126 : 0.256= 2 : 1.
To learn more about "Empirical Formula" visit: https://brainly.com/question/1603500
#SPJ11
QUESTION 31 Which of the followings is true? For wideband FM, when its spectrum deploys Bessel function of the first kind, O A. the phase deviation is small. O B. the message is non-sinusoidal. O C. the message is sinusoidal. O D. the Fourier series coefficients can be given in closed form.
Option B is true. For wideband FM with the spectrum deploying Bessel function of the first kind, the message is non-sinusoidal.
The Bessel function is a mathematical function that describes the spectral distribution of the FM signal. When the spectrum deploys Bessel function of the first kind, it means that the frequency deviation of the FM signal varies according to this function. The Bessel function has the property of causing the FM signal to have sidebands that are proportional to the modulation index. Since the Bessel function introduces sidebands in the FM spectrum, the resulting FM signal is non-sinusoidal. The modulation index determines the shape and distribution of these sidebands. Therefore, option B is true in this context, stating that the message in wideband FM, when its spectrum deploys Bessel function of the first kind, is non-sinusoidal. Options A, C, and D are not true in this case because the phase deviation.
learn more about wideband here :
https://brainly.com/question/32614232
#SPJ11
AB-52 bomber is flying at 11,000 m. It has eight turbojet engines. For each, the outlet port diameter is 70% of the widest engine diameter, 990mm. The pressure ratio is 2 at the current state. The exhaust velocity is 750 m/s. If the L/D ratio is 11 and the weight is 125,000 kg, what total mass flow rate is required through the engines to maintain a velocity of 500mph? Answer in kg/s
The total mass flow rate required is determined by the equation: Total mass flow rate = Total thrust / exhaust velocity.
To calculate the total mass flow rate required through the engines to maintain a velocity of 500 mph, we need to consider the thrust generated by the engines and the drag experienced by the bomber.
First, let's calculate the thrust produced by each engine. The thrust generated by a turbojet engine can be determined using the following equation:
Thrust = (mass flow rate) × (exit velocity) + (exit pressure - ambient pressure) × (exit area)
We are given the following information:
Outlet port diameter = 70% of the widest engine diameter = 0.7 × 990 mm = 693 mm = 0.693 m
Pressure ratio = 2
Exhaust velocity = 750 m/s
The exit area of each engine can be calculated using the formula for the area of a circle:
Exit area = π × (exit diameter/2)^2
Exit area = π × (0.693/2)^2 = π × 0.17325^2
Now we can calculate the thrust generated by each engine:
Thrust = (mass flow rate) × (exit velocity) + (exit pressure - ambient pressure) × (exit area)
Since we have eight turbojet engines, the total thrust generated by all engines will be eight times the thrust of a single engine.
Next, let's calculate the drag force experienced by the bomber. The drag force can be determined using the drag equation:
Drag = (0.5) × (density of air) × (velocity^2) × (drag coefficient) × (reference area)
We are given the following information:
Velocity = 500 mph
L/D ratio = 11
Weight = 125,000 kg
The reference area is the frontal area of the bomber, which we do not have. However, we can approximate it using the weight and the L/D ratio:
Reference area = (weight) / (L/D ratio)
Now we can calculate the drag force.
Finally, for the bomber to maintain a constant velocity, the thrust generated by the engines must be equal to the drag force experienced by the bomber. Therefore, the total thrust produced by the engines should be equal to the total drag force:
Total thrust = Total drag
By equating these two values, we can solve for the total mass flow rate required through the engines.
Total mass flow rate = Total thrust / (exit velocity)
This will give us the total mass flow rate required to maintain a velocity of 500 mph.
In summary, to find the total mass flow rate required through the engines to maintain a velocity of 500 mph, we need to calculate the thrust generated by each engine using the thrust equation and sum them up for all eight engines. We also need to calculate the drag force experienced by the bomber using the drag equation. Finally, we equate the total thrust to the total drag and solve for the total mass flow rate.
Learn more aboutMass Flow Rate
brainly.com/question/18724089
#SPJ11