1. The entrepreneurs in the case view failure as a necessary and important part of the entrepreneurial process. They understand that failure does not have to be permanent and that it can actually lead to future success. They did not give up after their initial failures but persisted in their efforts to achieve success. They had a growth mindset and were willing to learn from their mistakes, adapt, and try again.
2. The entrepreneurs exhibited a strong entrepreneurial spirit, which is characterized by creativity, innovation, risk-taking, and a willingness to persevere despite obstacles. They had a vision for their businesses and were willing to take calculated risks to bring their ideas to life. They were able to identify opportunities in the market and develop solutions to meet the needs of customers. They were resilient and persistent in their efforts, even when faced with failure.
3. Five mistakes that caused business failures for Thomas Watson include: a lack of market demand for his products, poor financial management, a failure to adapt to changing market conditions, a lack of effective leadership, and an inability to innovate and differentiate his products from those of competitors.
4. Five forces that are driving the growth of entrepreneurship include: advances in technology, which have made it easier and cheaper to start and run a business; globalization, which has opened up new markets and opportunities for entrepreneurs; changes in consumer behavior and preferences, which create new demands for products and services; the rise of social media and online platforms, which enable entrepreneurs to reach a wider audience and connect with customers; and government policies and initiatives that support entrepreneurship and innovation.
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MATCH
I. Managers and employees
II. Investment analysts and information intermediaries
III. Creditors and suppliers
IV. Stockholders and directors
V. Customers and strategic partners
VI. Regulators and tax agencies
___ a. Is company management demonstrating good stewardship of the resources that have been entrusted to it?
___ b. What product lines, geographic areas, or other segments have performed well compared with competitors?
___ c. What regulated price is appropriate given the company's financial condition?
___ d. Is the strategic partnership providing reasonable returns to both parties?
___ e. What expectations about the company's future profit and cash flow should we use as input into the pricing of its stock?
___ f. Is the company in compliance with the contractual terms of its existing loan covenants?
___ g. Have we reached the level of profitability necessary to pay bonuses or profit-sharing payments to employees?
___ h. Is the company financially solvent and able to meet its financial obligations?
___ i. How do our expectations about the economy, interest rates and the competitive environment affect the company?
___j. Should we extend credit to this company in the form of a loan or line of credit for inventory purchases?
___ k To properly analyze?
To properly analyze a company, it is crucial to consider the interests of various stakeholders and evaluate performance, compliance, financial solvency, and strategic partnerships.
a. Managers and employees: This question focuses on the company's management and their ability to responsibly handle the resources entrusted to them. It involves evaluating their decision-making, leadership, and overall stewardship of the company's assets.
b. Investment analysts and information intermediaries: This question relates to identifying product lines, geographic areas, or other segments that have outperformed competitors. It helps investment analysts assess the company's market position and potential for growth.
c. Creditors and suppliers: Determining the appropriate regulated price for a company involves considering its financial condition. Creditors and suppliers need to assess the company's ability to meet its financial obligations and determine a fair price for their products or services.
d. Stockholders and directors: This question pertains to the returns generated from a strategic partnership. Stockholders and directors need to assess whether the partnership is mutually beneficial and if it contributes to the company's overall profitability and value.
e. Customers and strategic partners: Expectations about a company's future profit and cash flow are essential for pricing its stock. Customers and strategic partners consider these expectations when evaluating the company's performance and potential.
f. Regulators and tax agencies: This question focuses on whether the company is complying with the contractual terms of its existing loan covenants. Regulators and tax agencies ensure that the company operates within legal and regulatory boundaries.
g. Employees: The level of profitability necessary to provide bonuses or profit-sharing payments to employees is assessed here. It indicates whether the company's financial performance is sufficient to reward its employees.
h. Creditors and suppliers: This question addresses the company's financial solvency and its ability to meet its financial obligations. Creditors and suppliers need to ensure that the company can fulfill its payment obligations.
i. Investment analysts and information intermediaries: Economic conditions, interest rates, and the competitive environment can significantly impact a company. Analysts and intermediaries consider these factors to assess the company's performance and potential risks.
j. Creditors: This question relates to whether it is suitable to extend credit to the company in the form of a loan or line of credit for inventory purchases. Creditors need to evaluate the company's creditworthiness and ability to repay the debt.
k. To properly analyze a company, it is essential to consider all the aforementioned stakeholders and their respective interests. By evaluating each aspect, a comprehensive understanding of the company's performance, financial condition, strategic partnerships, compliance, and market position can be gained. This holistic approach enables a more informed and accurate analysis of the company's prospects and risks.
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IFRS 15( Five-Step revenue recognition process) :
Identify performance obligations & allocate price (steps
2-4)
21. Identify performance obligations & allocate price (steps 2-4) MediTech AG enters into a contract with Hospital Fullcare for the sale of a medical imaging device and related post-contract support s
Identifying the performance obligations and allocating the price is the third step of the Five-Step Revenue Recognition process.
Identifying the performance obligations and allocating the price is the third step in the Five-Step Revenue Recognition process. MediTech AG enters into a contract with Hospital Full Care for the sale of a medical imaging device and related post-contract support services. Performance obligations must be identified in the contract, which can be standalone goods and services or goods and services bundled together. In addition, the transaction price must be allocated among these performance obligations.
This is accomplished by determining the standalone selling price of each performance obligation and then allocating the transaction price based on the relative standalone selling prices of each performance obligation. Once the performance obligations have been identified and the transaction price has been allocated, MediTech AG can recognize revenue in accordance with the performance obligations it has fulfilled.
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Exercise 11-2 Computing All Variances (LO3- CC15, 17, 18; L04 - CC22, 23) 5 Huron Company produces a commercial cleaning compound known as Zoom. The direct materials and direct labour standards for one unit of Zoom follow: 14 points Direct materials Direct labour Variable overhead Standard Quantity or Hours 4.10 kilograms 0.40 hour 0.40 hour Standard Price or Rate $1.90 per kilogram $6.00 per hour $1.00 per hour Standard Cost $ 7.79 2.40 0.40 eBook Print References The budgeted fixed overhead cost is $15,022 per month. The denominator activity level of the allocation base is 1,400 direct labour- hours. During the most recent month, the following activity was recorded: a. 10,600 kilograms of material were purchased at a cost of $2.21 per kilogram. b. All of the material purchased was used to produce 3,500 units of Zoom. c. A total of 820 hours of direct labour time was recorded at a total labour cost of 9,348. d. The variable overhead cost was $1,640, and the fixed overhead cost was $27,818. Required: 1. Compute the direct materials price and quantity variances for the month. (Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favourable, "U" for unfavourable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance).) 5 14 points eBook 5. Compute the underapplied or overapplied overhead for the month. (Round intermediate calculations and round final answer to 2 decimal places. Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favourable, "U" for unfavourable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance).) Print References Total variable overhead variance Total fixed overhead variance 5 4. Compute the fixed overhead budget and the volume variances for the month. (Round intermediate calculations to the nearest whole dollar amount. Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favourable, "U" for unfavourable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance).) 14 points Fixed overhead budget variance Fixed overhead volume variance eBook Print References 5. Compute the underapplied or overapplied overhead for the month. (Round intermediate calculations and round final answer to 2 decimal places. Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favourable, "U" for unfavourable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance).)
The variances that are associated with direct materials are calculated as follows:Direct materials price variance = AQ (AP - SP)Direct materials quantity variance = SP (AQ - SQ).
The computations related to direct materials, variable overhead, and fixed overhead budget and volume variances are required to enable companies to control their costs. Management uses these variances to determine how effective it has been in using its resources. Direct materials are the materials that are used directly in the manufacture of a product. The price variance is used to evaluate the difference between the actual and expected prices. The quantity variance is used to evaluate the difference between the actual and expected quantities.The variable overhead spending variance is used to determine the difference between the actual and expected variable overhead costs. This variance is calculated by multiplying the difference between the actual and expected rates by the actual activity level.The fixed overhead budget and volume variances are used to determine whether actual overhead costs were higher or lower than expected. The budget variance is calculated by subtracting the budgeted fixed overhead cost from the actual fixed overhead cost. The volume variance is calculated by subtracting the expected fixed overhead cost from the actual fixed overhead cost.
In conclusion, the computation of variances is an essential tool for controlling costs. The Huron Company is able to calculate its direct materials price and quantity variances, variable overhead spending variance, and fixed overhead budget and volume variances. The use of these variances provides the management with an overview of how effective it has been in using its resources.
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Find an example of an IRS nonacquiescence of a US Tax Court case
from the 2010s. Provide the citation for the nonacquiescence. What
was the issue in the case and why did the IRS disagree with the Tax
The Reczyks won their case, and the IRS was unable income tax deficiency to show that its stance was adequately supported: In this situation, the Reczyks are exempt from paying the interest ($4,015) and the unpaid income tax deficiency ($39,300).
They would still be responsible for paying the $7,829 in attorney fees and other legal expenses.Their cost would be $7829.19 after taxes. Although the IRS persuaded the court that its viewpoint was mostly legitimate, the Reczyks prevailed in their legal dispute:The IRS's stance was judged to be substantially reasonable, therefore even though the Reczyks won their case, they would not be entitled to their legal fees and other litigation costs ($7,829).Their cost after taxes would be identical to that in the initial scenario, which Provide the citation for the nonacquiescence.
Complete question:
Find an example of an IRS nonacquiescence of a US Tax Court case from the 2010s. Provide the citation for the nonacquiescence. What was the issue in the case and why did the IRS disagree with the Tax?
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Consider some examples of global marketing, perhaps that you have heard or learnt or seen in different media. It could be related to a product, a services or an organization from Canada or any other country. Post it in your group forum for discussion for the module and respond to your group member’s posts.
Consider the company that you selected from the Fortune 500 data in Topic 1.2 activity. Analyze the current situation of its global marketplace and the challenges and advantages associated with it. Share your comments with your group for discussion.
One example of global marketing that comes to mind is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola is a well-known brand that is sold in almost every country. The company uses a standardized global marketing strategy, which means that the same marketing mix is used in all countries.
One example of global marketing that comes to mind is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola is a well-known brand that is sold in almost every country. The company uses a standardized global marketing strategy, which means that the same marketing mix is used in all countries. This strategy has allowed Coca-Cola to establish a strong brand identity and global presence. The company has been able to adapt its marketing campaigns to suit local cultures, languages, and customs. In addition, Coca-Cola has developed products that are specifically tailored to local markets, such as Maaza in India and Vegitabeta in Japan. Considering the company I selected from the Fortune 500 data, which was Apple Inc, the current situation of its global marketplace is that Apple has a strong global presence and is recognized as a leader in the technology industry. The company has a presence in over 100 countries and sells its products through a variety of channels, including online stores, retail stores, and third-party distributors.The challenges associated with Apple's global marketplace include the need to adapt its products and marketing campaigns to suit local cultures and customs. Apple has also faced criticism for its labor practices in its overseas factories and the use of tax havens to minimize tax liabilities. The advantages associated with Apple's global marketplace include the ability to reach a large customer base and the potential for economies of scale through global production and distribution networks.
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_____ is used to ensure that business transactions are processed efficiently and accurately and that the resulting information can be accessed by end users and managers in all business areas.
Question 16 options:
1) An enterprise system
2) Aggregate planning
3) Crisis management
4) A justification document
A). An enterprise system is used to ensure that business transactions are processed efficiently and accurately, and that the resulting information can be accessed by end users and managers in all business areas.
The term you are looking for is "enterprise system." An enterprise system is a type of software that integrates all aspects of a business, including accounting, inventory management, customer relationship management, and supply chain management. It is used to ensure that business transactions are processed efficiently and accurately and that the resulting information can be accessed by end users and managers in all business areas.
The system provides a centralized database and real-time data that can be used for decision-making and analysis. Implementing an enterprise system can lead to increased productivity, improved customer service, and cost savings. However, it can also be a complex and costly undertaking that requires careful planning and management.
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a. Fill in the total revenue and marginal revenue columns. Instructions: Enter your answers as a whole number. If you are entering any negative numbers be sure to include a negative sign (-) in front
To fill in the total revenue and marginal revenue columns, I would need additional information regarding changes in quantity or price. Without that information, I am unable to provide specific values for these columns.
However, I can explain the concepts:
Total Revenue: Total revenue is the overall amount of money earned from the sale of a product or service. It is calculated by multiplying the quantity of units sold by the price per unit.
Marginal Revenue: Marginal revenue is the additional revenue generated from selling one additional unit. It is calculated by finding the change in total revenue when one additional unit is sold.
If you provide the relevant data, such as the quantity of season ticket packages sold and any changes in quantity or price, I would be happy to help you calculate the total revenue and marginal revenue.
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The Finance Manager of GIGA Corporation is considering a plan for enhancing the firm'sliquidity. The plan involves raising Br 10,000 by issuing equity shares and investing inmarketable securities that earns 10% before taxes and 5% after taxes. The followingbalance sheet is drafted for this purpose. Cash Br 5,000; Inventories 25,000; Accounts Receivable 20,000; Current Liabilities Br 30,000; Net Fixed Assets Br. 50,000; Long-TermLiabilitiesBr 20,000; Equity CapitalBr 50,000 a) Calculate current ratio, net working capital and return on total assets ratio using theaboveinformation (beforeliquidity plan) b) Calculate current ratio, net working capital and return on total assets after liquidityplanhas beenimplemented.
The Finance Manager of GIGA Corporation is considering a liquidity enhancement plan that involves raising Br 10,000 by issuing equity shares and investing in marketable securities.
The balance sheet before implementing the plan shows Cash Br 5,000; Inventories 25,000; Accounts Receivable 20,000; Current Liabilities Br 30,000; Net Fixed Assets Br. 50,000; Long-Term Liabilities Br 20,000; and Equity Capital Br 50,000. We need to calculate the current ratio, net working capital, and return on total assets ratios before and after implementing the liquidity plan.
a) Before implementing the liquidity plan:
Current Ratio: Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Current Assets = Cash + Inventories + Accounts Receivable = Br 5,000 + Br 25,000 + Br 20,000 = Br 50,000
Current Liabilities = Br 30,000
Current Ratio = Br 50,000 / Br 30,000 = 1.67
Net Working Capital: Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Net Working Capital = Br 50,000 - Br 30,000 = Br 20,000
Return on Total Assets (ROTA) Ratio: Net Income / Total Assets
Since net income is not provided in the given information, we cannot calculate the ROTA ratio.
b) After implementing the liquidity plan:
Cash raised through equity shares = Br 10,000
Invested in marketable securities earning 10% before taxes and 5% after taxes:
Earnings before taxes = Br 10,000 x 10% = Br 1,000
Earnings after taxes = Br 1,000 x (1 - 0.05) = Br 950
Updated Balance Sheet:
Cash = Br 5,000 + Br 10,000 = Br 15,000
Current Assets = Br 15,000 + Br 25,000 + Br 20,000 = Br 60,000
Current Liabilities = Br 30,000
Net Working Capital = Br 60,000 - Br 30,000 = Br 30,000
Current Ratio: Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Current Ratio = Br 60,000 / Br 30,000 = 2
Return on Total Assets (ROTA) Ratio: Net Income / Total Assets
Net Income = Earnings after taxes = Br 950
Total Assets = Net Fixed Assets + Current Assets = Br 50,000 + Br 60,000 = Br 110,000
ROTA Ratio = Br 950 / Br 110,000
Therefore, after implementing the liquidity plan, the current ratio becomes 2, the net working capital increases to Br 30,000, and the ROTA ratio depends on the net income earned from the marketable securities.
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Which of the following statements about challenges in operations management is FALSE?
A) Job specialization is giving way to empowered employees.
B) Local or national focus is giving way to global focus.
C) Sustainable production is giving way to a low-cost focus.
D) Rapid product development is partly the result of shorter product cycles.
E) The goal of mass customization is to produce customized products, whenever and wherever needed.
The statement that is FALSE about challenges in operations management is sustainable production is giving way to a low-cost focus. The correct answer is option C.
Operations management is concerned with managing the processes and resources needed to produce and deliver products and services to customers. Operations managers face many challenges in managing these processes effectively and efficiently. One of the challenges is to balance the trade-offs between different goals, such as quality, speed, cost, and flexibility. The other challenge is to adapt to the changing business environment and customer needs.
Job specialization has been a traditional approach to organizing work, but now many organizations are empowering their employees to make decisions and take ownership of their work. Local or national focus is giving way to global focus because of the increasing globalization of markets and the need to compete with global rivals.
Rapid product development is partly the result of shorter product cycles because of advances in technology and the need to respond quickly to customer demands. The goal of mass customization is to produce customized products, whenever and wherever needed, to satisfy the unique needs of customers and gain a competitive advantage.
Sustainable production is not giving way to a low-cost focus; rather, it is becoming an increasingly important goal for many organizations because of the need to reduce their environmental impact, comply with regulations, and meet the expectations of socially responsible customers.
Therefore, the statement that is FALSE about challenges in operations management is option C).
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When the famous sneaker brand New Balance was publicly endorsed and praised by President Donald Trump one day after he took office, many of its brand fans (who apparently were not Trump-supporters) were found to turn their backs on the brand in rage. Please use balance theory to explain this change of consumer attitude towards the New Balance brand.
Balance theory is a psychological theory that states that people tend to seek consistency among their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
In the case of New Balance, when President Donald Trump publicly endorsed and praised the brand, it created an imbalance in the attitude of some of its brand fans who were not Trump-supporters.Balance theory suggests that people strive for balance between three elements: their attitudes, their beliefs, and their behaviors. When these elements are balanced, people tend to feel more comfortable, while an imbalance can create discomfort and a desire to restore balance. When President Trump endorsed New Balance, it created an imbalance among the attitudes of some of its brand fans, who were not Trump supporters.The endorsement from President Trump was a belief (or attitude) that was inconsistent with the attitudes of some of the brand's fans. This imbalance created discomfort and led some of the fans to change their attitudes towards the brand. The change in attitude was an attempt to restore balance to their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.In summary, balance theory can explain the change in consumer attitude towards the New Balance brand after it was publicly endorsed by President Trump. The endorsement created an imbalance in the attitudes of some of the brand's fans, leading to a change in their attitude towards the brand.
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You place 10000 TRY in a savings account that pays 3% per annum interest, compounded monthly. How much will be in your account after 2 years and 3 months? What if the interest is compounded quarterly?
After 2 years and 3 months, with monthly compounding at an annual interest rate of 3%, the amount in the savings account can be calculated using the compound interest formula.
The formula for compound interest is given by: A = P * (1 + r/n)^(nt), where A is the final amount, P is the principal amount, r is the interest rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and t is the number of years.
In this case, the principal amount (P) is 10,000 TRY, the interest rate (r) is 3% (or 0.03), the compounding frequency (n) is 12 (monthly compounding), and the time (t) is 2.25 years (2 years and 3 months).
Using the compound interest formula, we can calculate the final amount (A) by plugging in the given values: A = 10,000 * (1 + 0.03/12)^(12*2.25).
If the interest is compounded quarterly instead of monthly, we would use a compounding frequency (n) of 4. The rest of the calculation would remain the same.
To find the final amount after 2 years and 3 months with quarterly compounding, we would use the formula: A = 10,000 * (1 + 0.03/4)^(4*2.25).
By performing these calculations, we can determine the respective amounts in the savings account after 2 years and 3 months with monthly compounding and quarterly compounding.
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What is the purpose of project quality management?
Who is the ultimate definer of quality? Why?
Understand the nature and specifics of Six-sigma
What are methods for determining if we have a real problem in our process?
How do we quantify the costs of having a quality in our enterprise?
Help me with these question
The purpose of project quality management is to ensure that the project meets the needs and requirements of the stakeholders. Project quality management includes all activities involved in ensuring that the project is of the highest quality possible, and that all stakeholders are satisfied with the final product or service produced.
Who is the ultimate definer of quality? Why?The ultimate definer of quality is the customer. The customer is the one who defines what quality means to them, and they are the ones who will determine whether or not a product or service meets their standards. This is why it is important for businesses to focus on customer satisfaction when implementing quality management processes.Understand the nature and specifics of Six-sigmaSix-sigma is a methodology used to improve the quality of a process. It is based on statistical analysis and is designed to eliminate defects or errors in a process. The goal of six-sigma is to reduce variability and improve the overall efficiency of a process.
What are methods for determining if we have a real problem in our process?There are several methods for determining if we have a real problem in our process, including statistical process control, root cause analysis, and process mapping. Statistical process control involves monitoring a process over time to identify trends and patterns that may indicate a problem. Root cause analysis is used to identify the underlying causes of a problem, while process mapping involves visually mapping out a process to identify areas for improvement.How do we quantify the costs of having quality in our enterprise.
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Which one of the following situations creates the most liquidity risk?
A. Long-term assets funded by long-term liabilities
B. Short-term assets funded by short-term liabilities
C. Long-term assets funded by short-term liabilities
D. Short-term assets funded by long-term liabilities
E. Long-term liabilities funded by short-term assets
The situation that creates the most liquidity risk is C. Long-term assets funded by short-term liabilities.
This is because short-term liabilities are due for repayment within a year or less, while long-term assets such as property, plant and equipment or investments can take several years to generate cash flows. If short-term liabilities cannot be rolled over or refinanced when they become due, the firm may be forced to sell its long-term assets at a discount or face default, which can result in significant losses.
In contrast, options A and B match the maturity of assets and liabilities, minimizing liquidity risk. Option D, short-term assets funded by long-term liabilities, may create interest rate risk but not necessarily liquidity risk. Option E, long-term liabilities funded by short-term assets, may create refinancing risk but not necessarily liquidity risk.
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Which of the following is correct?
Group of answer choices
The value of a bond is the present value of future coupon payments.
The longer the maturity, the higher the maturity risk premium.
The coupon rate is used as the discount rate when determining the value of a bond.
The correct statement is that the coupon rate is used as the interest rate when determining the value of a bond, not as the discount rate.
The coupon rate is the interest rate that a bond issuer pays to its bondholders. The discount rate, on the other hand, is the rate of return required by an investor to purchase a bond. It is used to discount the future cash flows of the bond to their present value.Bonds are financial instruments that enable organizations to raise funds from investors. They are sold at a face value, which is the amount of money that the bondholder will receive at the maturity of the bond. Bonds have a fixed interest rate that is paid to bondholders periodically, typically semi-annually or annually. This interest rate is known as the coupon rate and is determined at the time of issuance of the bond.
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In the multiplier model, we assume the following: That only the capital stock is fixed. That only the state of technology is fixed. That both capital and the state of technology are fixed. That aggregate demand can affect the size of the capital stock in the short run.
Fixed capital stock assumption in the multiplier model: Capital quantity remains constant in the short run, allowing analysis of aggregate demand effects on output and employment.
What are the main components of the aggregate expenditure equation in macroeconomics?In the context of the multiplier model, the assumption that only the capital stock is fixed means that the quantity of capital in an economy is assumed to remain constant in the short run.
This assumption allows economists to analyze the effects of changes in aggregate demand on output and employment without considering adjustments in the capital stock.
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Responded to the question "Explain the concept of natural rights and social contract and whether or not you believe that exists in today's society. Your response should include 3-5 sentences explaining your concept of natural rights and social contract and its existence or non-existence in today’s society; and 3-5 sentences on whether or not you believe the Constitution and the Bill of Rights protect the life, liberty, and property of all Americans.
While the existence of natural rights and the social contract is a subject of philosophical debate, many societies recognize and protect these rights through legal frameworks. In today's society, the concept of natural rights and the social contract continues to influence legal and political systems, but challenges and interpretations vary.
Natural rights refer to fundamental rights that are not dependent on any particular government or society. They are often considered inherent and inalienable, encompassing rights such as life, liberty, and property. The social contract is a theoretical concept where individuals agree to abide by the laws and authority of a government in exchange for protection of their rights. Whether natural rights and the social contract truly exist is a philosophical question with different perspectives.
In contemporary society, the recognition and protection of natural rights vary across different countries and legal systems. Many democratic societies have established constitutions and legal frameworks that aim to safeguard these rights.
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An entrepreneur has cash amount A and wants to invest I > A into a project. The project yields R> 0 with probability p and 0 with probability 1 - p. The probability of success is pH if the entrepreneur works and PL = PH - AP, (Ap> 0) if he shirks. The entrepreneur obtains private benefit B if he shirks and 0 otherwise. Assume that I > PH (R-B) and PLR + B < I. In contrast with the risk-neutrality assumption made in class, assume that the entrepreneur has utility for consumption e given by: u(c) = ={ e if c 2 co -[infinity] otherwise i.e., the entrepreneur is infinitely risk averse below co> 0 (assume that A co to ensure that the entrepreneur is not in the "-[infinity] range" in the absence of financing.) 1. Compute the minimum equity level A for which the project is financed by risk neutral investors when the market rate of interest is zero. 2. How does A vary with co? 3. Repeat the analysis carried out in (1) assuming that the project yields RS with prob. p and RF > 0 with prob. 1-p, with RS > RF and compare the results with the case in which u (c) = c for any c≥ 0.
The minimum equity level A for which the project is financed by risk-neutral investors when the market rate of interest is zero is A = I - PHR + Bp/u[co]. 2. As co increases, the minimum equity level A decreases. This is because an increase in co makes the entrepreneur less risk-averse, and he would be willing to undertake the project with less compensation for risk. 3. The minimum equity level A is given by A ≥ I - pHRS - (1 - pH)(RF + B) + phe.
1. To compute the minimum equity level A for which the project is financed by risk-neutral investors when the market rate of interest is zero, we first derive the entrepreneur's expected utility from the project assuming he works. The entrepreneur's expected utility is given as follows:u(I - A + R) = e
Where I - A + R is the amount of money the entrepreneur would receive if the project is successful, given that he has invested A and the market rate of interest is zero. Solving for A yields:
A ≥ I - PHR + Bp/u[co].
Thus, the minimum equity level A for which the project is financed by risk-neutral investors is A = I - PHR + Bp/u[co].
2. A co increases, and the minimum equity level A decreases. This is because an increase in co makes the entrepreneur less risk averse, and he would be willing to undertake the project with less compensation for risk.
3. In this case, the entrepreneur's expected utility is given by:
u(I - A + RS) = pH e + (1 - pH)u(I - A + RF + B)
The minimum equity level A is given by:
A ≥ I - pHRS - (1 - pH)(RF + B) + phe
In summary, an increase in RS reduces the minimum equity level needed for financing, as it reflects a less risky project. Furthermore, the discrepancy between (1) and (3) arises from the entrepreneur's utility function not being linear in (I - A + R), as assumed in (1).
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Support the price of woun' doors while the share of working age population wing to work increases. One things equal What will happen in the labor market?
Supporting the price of wooden doors while the share of the working-age population willing to work increases will likely result in an impact on the labor market.
What will be the effect on the labor market when the price of wooden doors is supported while the share of the working-age population willing to work increases?
When the price of wooden doors is supported, it means that measures are taken to prevent the price from falling. This can be done through various means such as subsidies, tariffs, or regulations. At the same time, if the share of the working-age population willing to work increases, it implies a larger labor force available for employment.
In the labor market, supporting the price of wooden doors can have several effects. Firstly, it may lead to increased demand for wooden doors as their price is kept higher, which can create more job opportunities in the door manufacturing industry. This can result in an increase in employment and potentially lower unemployment rates.However, the impact on the overall labor market will depend on the specific dynamics of the wooden door industry and its interconnectedness with other sectors. If the door manufacturing industry is a significant employer and has a strong link to other industries, supporting its price can have broader positive effects on the labor market.
Conversely, if the price support leads to inefficiencies or artificial market conditions, it could have unintended consequences. It may discourage innovation, hinder competition, or divert resources away from more productive sectors of the economy. This can limit job creation and hinder overall economic growth.It is important to consider the long-term implications and potential trade-offs when implementing policies to support specific industries. Balancing the short-term benefits with the broader goals of promoting a dynamic and efficient labor market is essential for sustainable economic development.
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The element of the marketing mix that describes a good, service,
or idea to satisfy consumers' needs is known as
Multiple Choice
the product.
the industry.
promotion.
the place or distribution
The element of the marketing mix that describes a good, service, or idea to satisfy consumers' needs is known as "the product."
The product refers to the tangible or intangible offering that is presented to the target market. It encompasses physical products, services, and even ideas or concepts. It includes features, benefits, quality, branding, packaging, and other attributes that differentiate it from competitors and create value for customers. The product element of the marketing mix focuses on understanding customer needs and developing offerings that meet those needs effectively. In the context of the marketing mix, the product element plays a crucial role in attracting and retaining customers. It involves developing a product strategy that aligns with the target market's preferences, positioning the product in a way that creates a unique selling proposition, and continuously improving and innovating the product to meet changing consumer demands.
Furthermore, the product element encompasses various decisions related to product development, design, pricing, packaging, and branding. It involves conducting market research, identifying customer insights, and translating those insights into product features and benefits that address specific customer needs and preferences. The product element also includes decisions about product positioning, targeting specific customer segments, and creating a strong brand identity that resonates with consumers.
Overall, the product element of the marketing mix is essential for creating value and satisfying customer needs. It involves understanding customer preferences, developing offerings that meet those preferences, and continuously improving and innovating to stay competitive in the market. By focusing on the product element, companies can create differentiated offerings that attract and retain customers, leading to business success.
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Which of the following statement is true:
A) None of the other answers is correct.
B) Since the subsidy increases both consumer surplus and producer surplus, subsidy does not create any deadweight loss.
C) The economic incidence of the tax depends on who must legally pay the tax.
D) In general, the burden of the tax falls on the more elastic side of the market.
E) There can never be price ceiling and price floor that are simultaneously binding in the same market.
The true statement among the options provided is:
C) The economic incidence of the tax depends on who must legally pay the tax.
Option C correctly states that the economic incidence of a tax depends on who is legally responsible for paying the tax. The legal responsibility for paying a tax does not always determine who bears the economic burden of the tax. The actual incidence of the tax can vary depending on factors such as the elasticity of demand and supply, and the ability of market participants to shift the burden of the tax through adjustments in prices or quantities. In some cases, the burden of the tax may be passed onto consumers, while in other cases, it may be borne by producers.
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Which country is NOT in the CPTPP?
Select one:
a.
Peru
b.
United States
c.
New Zealand
d.
China
e.
Mexico
The country that is NOT in the CPTPP is the United States. Option b is correct.
The CPTPP, also known as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, is a free trade agreement between 11 countries, including Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. The United States was originally a member of the TPP but withdrew from the agreement in 2017. The CPTPP was then formed by the remaining 11 countries, without the United States. The agreement aims to reduce trade barriers and increase economic integration among member countries, covering a wide range of areas such as trade in goods, services, intellectual property, and investment.
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What is the ideal exchange rate for the following perspectives? Why is that the ideal? a. A US tourist looking to spend a weekend Cancun.
b. A Mexican salsa manufacturer who ships his product to the US. c. A US hamburger producer who ships her products to Mexico.
a. For a US tourist looking to spend a weekend in Cancun:
The ideal exchange rate from the perspective of a US tourist would be a stronger US dollar to the Mexican peso. A stronger US dollar means that the tourist would get more pesos for each dollar exchanged. This would make the trip to Cancun more affordable for the US tourist, as their purchasing power would increase. They would be able to get more for their money, which can lead to a more enjoyable and economically favorable experience during their weekend in Cancun.
b. For a Mexican salsa manufacturer who ships their product to the US:
The ideal exchange rate from the perspective of a Mexican salsa manufacturer would be a weaker Mexican peso to the US dollar. A weaker peso means that when the manufacturer converts their earnings from US dollars to pesos, they would receive more pesos per dollar. This would make their exported products more competitive in the US market, as they would be relatively cheaper for US consumers compared to domestically produced salsa. It can help boost exports and increase the manufacturer's profitability.
c. For a US hamburger producer who ships their products to Mexico:
The ideal exchange rate from the perspective of a US hamburger producer would be a stronger Mexican peso to the US dollar. A stronger peso means that when the producer converts their earnings from pesos to US dollars, they would receive more dollars per peso.
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11. Coke strategies a. Using internet sources, such as Coca-Cola's corporate website, determine two strategies Coca-Cola was (as of 2021) or is currently (as of May, 2022) actually pursuing. You must explain in detail why you determined each was a strategy Coke is pursuing, and what the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy (not strategy type) are. b. Identify what strategic type each strategy you found for Coke is and why you think it fits that strategy type.
As of May 2022, Coca-Cola has been pursuing two strategies to ensure its success in the competitive marketplace. The following are the two strategies:1. Diversification of Product Offerings:One of the strategies that Coca-Cola has been pursuing is the diversification of product offerings. This strategy is aimed at expanding the company's product line and increasing its market share by introducing new products to the market.
For example, the company has been introducing new flavors of its existing products such as Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero, as well as new products such as sparkling water. The diversification of product offerings is an effective strategy for Coca-Cola because it helps the company stay ahead of the competition by introducing new products that appeal to changing consumer tastes and preferences.The advantage of this strategy is that it allows the company to increase its market share and revenue by reaching new customers who may not have been interested in its existing products. However, the disadvantage of this strategy is that it can be costly to develop new products and introduce them to the market.2. Focus on Sustainability:Coca-Cola's second strategy is a focus on sustainability. The company has been working towards reducing its environmental impact by using more sustainable packaging materials and reducing its carbon footprint. The focus on sustainability is an effective strategy for Coca-Cola because it helps the company appeal to consumers who are increasingly concerned about environmental issues.The advantage of this strategy is that it helps the company improve its image and appeal to consumers who value sustainability. However, the disadvantage of this strategy is that it can be expensive to implement and may not result in immediate benefits for the company. In conclusion, the two strategies that Coca-Cola is currently pursuing are diversification of product offerings and a focus on sustainability. The diversification of product offerings is a related diversification strategy, while the focus on sustainability is a differentiation strategy.
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Coca-Cola is a popular soft drink brand that has been successful in the global market since its establishment in 1886. The company has developed several marketing strategies over the years to keep up with the changing market trends and to remain competitive in the global market.
In this regard, Coca-Cola has pursued several strategies as of 2021 and is currently pursuing, as of May 2022, that have helped the company maintain its leading position in the global market. Two strategies pursued by Coca-Cola include product differentiation and market segmentation. Product Differentiation: Coca-Cola has pursued product differentiation as a strategy by introducing new products and flavors. For instance, the company has developed several new flavors of Coke that cater to different market segments and geographic regions. By introducing new products, Coca-Cola can differentiate its products from competitors, thus gaining a competitive advantage. Advantages of product differentiation include increased sales, market share, and customer loyalty. Disadvantages include high development costs, cannibalization of existing products, and increased competition. Market Segmentation: Coca-Cola has pursued market segmentation as a strategy by targeting specific customer groups with specific products and marketing campaigns. For example, the company has developed products that cater to different age groups, tastes, and lifestyles. Advantages of market segmentation include increased sales, market share, and customer loyalty. Disadvantages include high marketing costs, difficulty in identifying the right customer segments, and cannibalization of existing products. The strategic type that fits the product differentiation strategy is differentiation strategy. It is because the strategy involves creating unique and differentiated products or services to gain a competitive advantage. The strategic type that fits the market segmentation strategy is focus strategy. It is because the strategy involves targeting specific customer groups with specific products or services.
Coca-Cola has pursued several strategies that have helped the company maintain its position in the global market. The product differentiation and market segmentation strategies have been effective in differentiating the company's products from competitors and targeting specific customer groups with specific products. However, the strategies have their advantages and disadvantages. The product differentiation strategy can lead to increased sales and customer loyalty but can also result in high development costs and increased competition. The market segmentation strategy can lead to increased sales and customer loyalty but can also result in high marketing costs and difficulty in identifying the right customer segments.
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What industries in China have an interest n an undervalued
exchange rate? Does this valuation hurt any group in China?
China's export-oriented industries, such as manufacturing and tourism, have an interest in an undervalued exchange rate.
Which industries in China benefit from an undervalued exchange rate?An undervalued exchange rate in China provides a significant advantage to industries such as manufacturing and tourism. When the Chinese currency is undervalued, it lowers the cost of Chinese exports for foreign buyers. This affordability stimulates greater demand for products and services from these sectors. Given their heavy reliance on exports, a lower exchange rate enhances their competitiveness in the global marketplace. Manufacturers can offer their goods at more competitive prices, while the tourism industry can attract more international visitors with affordable travel expenses. As a result, an undervalued exchange rate directly benefits these industries by bolstering their export capabilities and stimulating economic growth.
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The industries in China that have an interest in an undervalued exchange rate are mainly exporters. This valuation can hurt some groups in China. For instance, importers will need to pay more for foreign goods as their purchasing power is diminished due to the undervalued exchange rate.
The industries in China that have an interest in an undervalued exchange rate are mainly exporters. The export-oriented industries in China prefer to have an undervalued exchange rate as it makes the products cheaper to foreign buyers.
In addition, it also means that the exporters earn more profits on their exports as they receive more Chinese yuan for every unit of foreign currency earned. Therefore, exporters are more likely to lobby for an undervalued exchange rate.
Valuation affects different groups in different ways. An undervalued exchange rate is beneficial to the exporters in China.
However, this valuation can hurt some groups in China. For instance, importers will need to pay more for foreign goods as their purchasing power is diminished due to the undervalued exchange rate.
Additionally, consumers are likely to experience an increase in the prices of imported products, making them less affordable. The undervalued exchange rate also makes it difficult for domestic firms to compete with imported products as they become more expensive.
Furthermore, the undervalued exchange rate can lead to inflationary pressures within the economy. Therefore, while some groups benefit from an undervalued exchange rate, others suffer from its consequences.
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Prepare vertical analysis and comment on the changes between Year 2021 and 2020 (000's omitted) 2021 2020 Current asset 29 21 PPE (net) 137 147 Total assets 166 168 Current liability 23 22 Long term liability 95 80 Retained earnings 48 66 Total liability and equity 166 168
Vertical AnalysisVertical analysis is a technique that examines financial statements to identify trends and evaluate performance over time. It helps businesses to identify how much each item contributes to the overall statement and to compare the various ratios of different organizations and across different periods.
It is a method of financial statement analysis in which each item is represented as a percentage of a base figure within the statement, thereby enabling easy comparison of information over time periods and against other businesses. The base figure for vertical analysis of the balance sheet is usually total assets or total liabilities and equity.Using vertical analysis, we can identify the financial status of a company and determine its ability to meet its financial obligations. It can be useful for investors and financial analysts to assess a company's strengths and weaknesses and make informed decisions. Let's see the changes between 2021 and 2020 using vertical analysis.Vertical Analysis of the Balance SheetFor the vertical analysis of the balance sheet, we will use the following formula: (Each Item/Total Assets or Liabilities and Equity) x 100
2021 2020
Current Assets 17.47% 12.5%
PPE (net) 82.53% 87.5%
Total Assets 100% 100%
Current Liability 13.86% 13.10%
Long Term Liability 57.23% 47.62%
Retained Earnings 28.92% 39.29%
Total Liability and Equity 100% 100%
Comments on the ChangesBetween the years 2020 and 2021, there have been some significant changes in the vertical analysis of the balance sheet. The main points are as follows:
The proportion of current assets has increased by 4.97%, from 12.5% in 2020 to 17.47% in 2021. This indicates that the company has invested more in short-term assets, which can be used to pay off current liabilities.
PPE (net) has decreased by 4.97%, from 87.5% in 2020 to 82.53% in 2021. This suggests that the company has either sold off some of its fixed assets or has not invested as much in them as it did in the previous year.
The proportion of current liabilities has increased by 0.76%, from 13.10% in 2020 to 13.86% in 2021. This means that the company has taken on more short-term debt.
The proportion of long-term liabilities has increased by 9.61%, from 47.62% in 2020 to 57.23% in 2021. This indicates that the company has taken on more long-term debt, which may have been used to finance expansion or acquisition.
Retained earnings have decreased by 10.37%, from 39.29% in 2020 to 28.92% in 2021. This suggests that the company has paid out more dividends or incurred losses in the current year.
The proportion of total liabilities and equity has remained unchanged at 100%.
In conclusion, the company has invested more in short-term assets and taken on more debt in both the short and long term, but has not invested as much in fixed assets. Its retained earnings have decreased, which may have been due to dividend payouts or losses.
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Big Pharmaceutical Companies have patents that would give them a
monopoly power on their products (drugs). Discuss the positive and
negative economic impacts of these monopolies during the Covid-19
pa
The monopolies held by big pharmaceutical companies on their products, particularly drugs related to Covid-19, have both positive and negative economic impacts.
On the positive side, these monopolies provide incentives for research and development, leading to innovation and the discovery of effective treatments or vaccines. However, they also result in higher drug prices, reduced access to medications, and hinder competition, which can have negative consequences, especially during a global health crisis like Covid-19.
The existence of patents and monopolies in the pharmaceutical industry encourages companies to invest significant resources in research and development. These monopolies create a temporary exclusivity period for the company, allowing them to recoup their investment and generate profits. This incentivizes innovation, as companies strive to develop new drugs and treatments, including those for combating Covid-19. The positive economic impact includes advancements in medical science, improved healthcare outcomes, and the potential for long-term benefits beyond the current crisis.
However, these monopolies also have negative consequences. With exclusive rights, pharmaceutical companies can set high prices for their products, resulting in limited affordability and access for patients. During a global pandemic like Covid-19, where access to affordable treatment and vaccines is crucial, high prices can create barriers, particularly in developing countries or for vulnerable populations. Additionally, monopolies limit competition and inhibit market dynamics, reducing the potential for alternative, more affordable treatments and hindering overall healthcare system efficiency.
It is important to strike a balance between incentivizing innovation and ensuring equitable access to essential medications. Governments, regulatory bodies, and international organizations play a role in addressing these challenges by implementing policies that encourage research and development while also promoting affordability, access, and competition in the pharmaceutical industry.
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TES-416 Inc. is a retailer. Its accountants are preparing the company's 2nd quarter master budget. The company has the following balance sheet as of March 31.
TES-416 Inc.
Balance Sheet
March 31
Assets
Cash
$95,000
Accounts receivable
142,000
Inventory
54,000
Plant and equipment, net of depreciation
225,000
Total assets
$516,000
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$86,000
Common stock
332,000
Retained earnings
98,000
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$516,000
TES-416 accountants have made the following estimates:
1 Sales for April, May, June, and July will be $360,000, $380,000, $370,000, and $390,000, respectively.
2 All sales are on credit. Each month’s credit sales are collected 35% in the month of sale and 65% in the month following the sale. All of the accounts receivable at March 31 will be collected in April.
3 Each month’s ending inventory must equal 25% of next month’s cost of goods sold. The cost of goods sold is 60% of sales. The company pays for 40% of its merchandise purchases in the month of the purchase and the remaining 60% in the month following the purchase. All of the accounts payable at March 31 are related to previous merchandise purchases and will be paid in April.
4 Monthly selling and administrative expenses are always $48,000. Each month $7,000 of this total amount is depreciation expense and the remaining $41,000 is spent for expenses that are paid in the month they are incurred.
5 The company will not borrow money or pay or declare dividends during the 2nd quarter. The company will not issue any common stock or repurchase its own stock during the 2nd quarter.
P1) How much is the company's expected merchandise purchases in the month of June?
P2) How much is the company's expected total Net Operating Income for the 2nd quarter ending on June 30?
P1) The company's expected merchandise purchases in the month of June is $222,000. P2) The company's expected total Net Operating Income for the 2nd quarter ending on June 30 is $ 987,000.
To determine the answers to your questions, we need to calculate the relevant figures based on the provided information.
P1) Expected merchandise purchases in the month of June:
The cost of goods sold is 60% of sales.
Sales for June are estimated to be $370,000.
Therefore, the cost of goods sold for June would be 60% of $370,000.
Merchandise purchases in the month of June = Cost of goods sold for June
Cost of goods sold for June = 60% * Sales for June
= 0.60 * $370,000
P1) Expected merchandise purchases in the month of June = $222,000
P2) Expected total Net Operating Income for the 2nd quarter ending on June 30:
Net Operating Income is calculated by subtracting total expenses from total revenues.
We need to calculate the revenues and expenses for each month (April, May, and June) and sum them up.
Revenues:
April sales: $360,000
May sales: $380,000
June sales: $370,000
Collections from credit sales:
April collections: 35% of April sales
May collections: 65% of April sales + 35% of May sales
June collections: 65% of May sales + 35% of June sales
Expenses:
Selling and administrative expenses are $48,000 per month.
Depreciation expense is $7,000 per month.
Now, let's calculate the revenues and expenses:
April collections = 35% * $360,000
May collections = 65% * $360,000 + 35% * $380,000
June collections = 65% * $380,000 + 35% * $370,000
Total revenues = April sales + May sales + June sales
Total expenses = (Selling and administrative expenses - Depreciation expense) * 3 (for April, May, and June)
Net Operating Income = Total revenues - Total expenses 123000
Net Operating Income = 987000
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6. Reasons why a business has to change include:
Competitor behavior
Customer expectations
Development of technology and communications
Response to a crisis
All the above
Businesses often need to change due to various factors, including competitor behavior, customer expectations, the development of technology and communications, and the need to respond to a crisis.
Change is an inevitable part of business growth and sustainability. Several reasons necessitate businesses to change and evolve over time.Firstly, competitor behavior can prompt a business to change. When competitors introduce new products or services, adopt innovative strategies, or gain a competitive advantage, it forces other businesses to reassess their own offerings, market positioning, and business practices. Adapting to changes in the competitive landscape is crucial to maintain a competitive edge.Customer expectations play a significant role in driving change.
As customer preferences, demands, and behaviors evolve, businesses must align their products, services, and customer experience accordingly. By understanding and meeting customer expectations, businesses can attract and retain customers, drive customer loyalty, and remain relevant in the market.The development of technology and communications is another reason for business change. Technological advancements present opportunities for businesses to improve efficiency, enhance processes, and innovate their products or services. Adopting new technologies can streamline operations, enhance customer experiences, and open new markets. Businesses must keep up with technological developments to stay competitive.
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Conduct research on how Strategic Management (SM), Human Resource Management (HRM) are related, and then evaluate the role they play in providing outcomes such as organisations with a competitive advantage. Provide examples to support the answer.
Provide citation in APA format for recent 2019-2022.
Strategic Management (SM) and Human Resource Management (HRM) are closely related as HRM plays a crucial role in implementing strategic initiatives and achieving competitive advantage for organizations.
Strategic Management involves formulating and implementing strategies to achieve organizational goals. HRM, on the other hand, focuses on managing human resources within an organization, including recruitment, training, performance management, and employee development. The alignment between SM and HRM is crucial for organizations to effectively execute their strategies. According to research by Jiang, Lepak, Hu, and Baer (2019), the integration of HRM practices with strategic goals positively impacts firm performance and leads to a competitive advantage. For example, Southwest Airlines has been successful in differentiating itself in the highly competitive airline industry by strategically aligning its HRM practices with its low-cost strategy. The company's emphasis on hiring and training employees with a strong customer service orientation has contributed to its competitive advantage in delivering exceptional customer experiences.
Citation: Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2019). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 62(4), 869-898.
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a. Distinguish between activity-based costing and the traditional volume-based costing method. b. Nana Kay Ltd (NKI) manufactures a unique hair pomade - Nwinwura. The product's standard selling price is GHe 100, and NKL projected that monthly production and sales are 1.000 units. The standard cost of the product is GHE80, which is made up of the following cost elements: Direct materials: 15 grams at GH¢3.00 per grams: Direct labour: 5 hours at Gle4 per hour; Variable manufacturing overheads: 5 hours at GHe2 per hour: and Fixed manufacturing overheads: 5 hours at GHél per hour. During March 2021, the actual data for the period extracted from the books of NKL are as follows: i. A total of 1,400 units of the products were manufactured, and the total units of the produc sold were 1,200 units at a price of GHe 102 per unit. Pape 2 of ii. Direct material used and purchased was 22,000 grams, and it cost GHc4 per grams. The workers who worked on the products were paid direct wages GHe5 per hour, and they worked for 6,800 hours. iii. The variable manufacturing overheads and fixed manufacturing overheads incurred during the month were GHe 11,000 and GHe6,000, respectively. You are required to: Compute the total sales variances and total cost variances (i.e., material cost, labour cost, variable overhead cost, and fixed overhead cost). Clearly show the usage/efficiency variances and the price/rate variances. [15 marks] Total: 20 marks Question 3
Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and traditional volume-based costing methods are two approaches used to allocate costs to products or services.
ABC: ABC is a costing method that assigns costs to specific activities based on their consumption of resources. It identifies various cost drivers, such as machine hours, setup time, or number of orders, and allocates costs accordingly. ABC provides a more accurate and detailed understanding of the costs associated with different activities and products/services. It is particularly useful when overhead costs are significant and traditional methods may not capture the true cost drivers. Traditional Volume-Based Costing: The traditional volume-based costing method allocates costs based on a single cost driver, usually a volume-related metric like direct labor hours or machine hours. It assumes that costs are directly proportional to the volume of production or sales. This method is simpler and easier to implement but may not accurately reflect the actual consumption of resources by different activities or products/services. In the given scenario, to compute the total sales variances and total cost variances, you would compare the actual costs and revenues with the standard costs and revenues. By analyzing the differences, you can determine the variances and their causes. For example, the material cost variance would compare the actual cost of materials used (22,000 grams at GH¢4 per gram) with the standard cost (15 grams at GH¢3 per gram). The labor cost variance would compare the actual wages paid (6,800 hours at GH¢5 per hour) with the standard cost (5 hours at GH¢4 per hour). Similarly, variable overhead cost variance and fixed overhead cost variance would compare the actual costs incurred with the standard costs.
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