carried by ticks and transmitted through bite of an infected tick
What type of parasite is often carried by ticks?

A lumen is a hollow area or channel found inside a tube or tubular organ, like the intestine or a blood vessel.

Organs can be described as hollow or solid. Spleen, liver, and pancreas are examples of solid organs that typically bleed when damaged. When damaged, hollow organs like the gallbladder, stomach, intestines, and bladder leak their contents into the abdominal cavity, also known as the peritoneal cavity.

A lumen, or hollow passage way through which blood flows, exists in every type of vessel. Smaller lumens in arteries than in veins contribute to the maintenance of the blood's pressure as it moves through the body. The lumen's primary function is to convey materials within the body or between the inside and outside, including air, blood, fluids, food, and other materials.

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It is a direct indicator of an aquatic resource's ability to support aquatic life.

Although oxygen is present in water molecules, aquatic species that live in natural waterways do not require this oxygen. Water actually has some oxygen dissolved in it, up to 10 molecules of oxygen per million of water.

In locations where groundwater discharge into streams makes up a significant component of streamflow, oxygen reaches streams primarily from groundwater discharge. Fish and zooplankton both breathe this dissolved oxygen, which is essential for their survival.

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It is a direct indicator of the potential of an aquatic resource to support aquatic life.

Although oxygen exists in water molecules, aquatic creatures living in natural streams do not require it. Water does have some oxygen dissolved in it, up to 10 molecules per million of water.

Groundwater discharge into streams is the primary source of oxygen reaching streams in areas where groundwater discharge is a substantial component of streamflow. This dissolved oxygen is crucial for the survival of both fish and zooplankton.

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Charles Darwin observed a group of small sparrow-like black birds with strong, short beaks that are known today as Darwin's finches.

visible evidence of Ongoing Evolution: Darwin's Finches

From 1831 to 1836, Darwin traveled around the arena, looking at animals on distinct continents and islands. at the Galapagos Islands, Darwin found numerous species of finches with specific beak shapes.

Darwin's finches (also called the Galápagos finches) are a collection of approximately 18 species of passerine birds. they may be widely recognized for their exceptional range in beak shape and characteristic. they're often categorised as the subfamily Geospizinae or tribe Geospizini.Later, Darwin concluded that numerous birds from one species of finch had possibly been blown by using typhoon or in any other case separated to every of the islands from one island or from the mainland. The finches had to adapt to their new environments and meals assets. They progressively advanced into specific species.

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Darwin's finches, or little black birds resembling sparrows with powerful, short beaks, were observed by Charles Darwin.

Darwin's Finches are an obvious example of ongoing evolution. Darwin circled the arena between 1831 and 1836, studying creatures from various continents and islands. Darwin discovered a wide variety of finch species with distinctive beak forms on the Galapagos Islands.

The Galápagos finches, sometimes known as Darwin's finches, are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds. They may be well known for having a remarkable variety in beak characteristics. They are frequently classified as belonging to the tribe Geospizini or subfamily Geospizinae.

Later, Darwin came to the conclusion that a large number of birds from one species of finch had possibly been scattered to all of the islands by a typhoon or in any other way, either from one island or the mainland. The finches had to become used to their new surroundings and food sources. They evolved into distinct species in stages.

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High tides are experienced as the coastline experiences tidal bulge twice a day. Hence, high tides are experiences 12 hours apart for a certain coastline.

Tides are caused by the gravitational forces applied on the earth largely by the moon and also by the sun. This gravitational force causes the ocean water to be attracted towards the moon which creates a bulge in the ocean.

The earth's rotation can cause the waters that are affected to change. When the sun is parallel to the moon or relatively on the opposite side, these high tides are to be expected.  

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A type of cell division that results in diploid cells is mitosis.

Mitosis can occur in haploid and diploid cells. When a haploid cell divides, it creates two daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another; when a diploid cell divides, it creates two daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another.

Meiosis creates four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically distinct from each other and from the original parental (germ) cell, as opposed to mitosis, which creates two diploid (2n) somatic cells that seem to be genetically identical to one another and from the original parent cell.

A haploid cell is created from a single chromosome through the process of meiosis. Haploid and diploid cells differ from each other in that diploid cells have two entire sets of chromosomes while haploid cells only have one complete set.

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The type of cell division that results in diploid cells is mitosis.Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It is typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Mitosis is divided into several stages or phases of the cell cycle, such as interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis, which are necessary to successfully make the new diploid cells. During mitosis, the chromosomes in the nucleus duplicate, and then align at the center of the cell before separating into the two new daughter cells.

It's important to note that there is another type of cell division called meiosis, which results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. Meiosis occurs in diploid cells. The chromosomes duplicate once, and through two successive divisions, four haploid cells are produced, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

In summary, Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. Both types of cell division occur in diploid cells but with different outcome in terms of chromosome number in the daughter cells.

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In photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide and water convert to sugar, and solar energy convert to chemical energy. Hence, option C is correct.

"Green plants and a few other species prepare their food through a process called photosynthesis, which involves the utilization of water, carbon dioxide, and sunshine." Plants, algae, and some microorganisms employ the process of photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy.

In the end, sunlight is the sole source of energy for all life on Earth. The foundation of life on earth is the photosynthesis process, which plants use to harness solar energy. It gives the atmosphere the oxygen that all living things need. It keeps the ecosystem's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in check.

Solar energy converts to chemical energy. Therefore option C is correct.

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Answer: C - Enzymes

Explanation:

Five statements about the structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin are correct: - 1:- Both hemoglobin and myoglobin contain a prosthetic group known as heme.

which contains a central iron atom, which is a true statement because iron atoms can bind with one oxygen molecule. As a result, this statement is correct.

The equilibrium between oxyhemoglobin (oxygen-bound hemoglobin) and hemoglobin (free of oxygen molecules). Each molecule of hemoglobin can bind up to four oxygen molecules at the same time; this occurs through cooperative binding, which means that increased hemoglobin-oxygen binding at the protein hemoglobin's subunits (where oxygen is a ligand) increases its affinity for oxygen.

This is because the altered orientation of the protein's secondary structures causes a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule, making it easier for a second molecule of oxygen to be followed by more O2-Haem binding until the molecule is saturated. However, because myoglobin only has one Hem subunit, it can only bind to one molecule of oxygen. while hemoglobin has the ability to bind four.

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Percentage of number is expressed as fraction of 100. It is denoted by %. 40 per cent is equal to 0.40 in decimal.

What is Base percentage?

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Scientists believe that the current global warming situation is not caused by natural forces due to the sheer magnitude and speed of the warming.

In the past, natural climate events, such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, have caused climate changes but these climate changes have been much slower than the current global warming trend. Natural climate events also tend to be more regional in nature, while current global warming is observed across the entire globe.

Furthermore, the current rate of global warming is much faster than any natural climate event in recorded history. This is largely due to the emission of large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, by human activities.

Scientists have identified a clear correlation between the increasing levels of these human-emitted gases and the rising global temperatures.Therefore, according to the majority of experts, human actions are mostly to blame for the current state of global warming.

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Understanding fundamental physics, comparing observations to models, and identifying the specific patterns of climate change brought on by various human and natural variables have all helped scientists conclude that modern climate change is mostly the result of human activity.

In-depth analyses of the effects of the documented rise in atmospheric greenhouse gases on Earth's energy balance are compatible with the known rise in global surface temperature since 1900.

Climate records provide varied traces of various climate impacts. It is clear from both this basic knowledge of the physics of greenhouse gases and pattern-based fingerprint investigations that natural factors alone are unable to account for the recent observed changes in climate.

Natural factors include internal climate system changes, variations in the Sun's output, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun.

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Answer: white furr (&)

Okazaki fragments are short fragments of DNA that are created on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

DNA replication occurs in a semi-conservative manner, with each strand of the original double helix serving as a template for the new strand. The lagging strand is duplicated in intermittent chunks known as Okazaki fragments, whereas the leading strand is repeated constantly. These fragments are then joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase, creating a continuous strand of DNA that is identical to the original template strand.

This process of creating Okazaki fragments and joining them is known as lagging-strand synthesis and is essential for accurately replicating DNA. Without lagging-strand synthesis, mutations would accumulate and the cell would be unable to replicate its genetic information accurately.

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Fragments of copied DNA created on the lagging strand are called Okazaki fragments.

During DNA replication, the double helix structure of DNA must be unwound and separated in order for new strands to be synthesized. This process is carried out by a group of enzymes called helicases, which unwind the double helix and create replication forks at the point where replication begins.

One of the strands, called the leading strand, is replicated continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, which is the same direction as the replication fork moves. However, the other strand, called the lagging strand, is replicated in the opposite direction in short fragments, because it runs opposite to the direction of replication. These fragments, called Okazaki fragments, are typically around 100-200 nucleotides long, and are formed by the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase.

As the replication fork moves along the DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase moves along the leading strand and continuously adds nucleotides to the 3' end. However, on the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction for a short distance before it reaches the end of the strand. So, every time the polymerase reaches the end of the strand, it has to detach and reattach to the next replication fork, creating a new Okazaki fragment.

Once all the Okazaki fragments have been synthesized, they are joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase to form a continuous strand. This process is known as Okazaki fragment ligation. Okazaki fragments are important in DNA replication as they ensure the accuracy and integrity of the newly synthesized.

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The interior region of a phospholipid bilayer is characterized as  Hydrophilic.

The phospholipid bilayer is made up of two phospholipid layers: an internal layer that repels water and an outside layer that attracts it. The single phospholipid molecule shows the hydrophilic (polar) oh group and hydrophilic groups (fatty acid chains).

There are two parts to phospholipids: a head and then a tail. The phosphate group is located in the "head" of the molecule, which is hydrophilic and will dissolve in water. Two hydrophobic fatty acids that make up the molecule's "tail" are what prevent it from dissolving in water.

The plasma membrane's phospholipids are organized into two layers, known as phospholipid bilayers, with a hydrophobic inside and a hydrophilic exterior that attracts water.

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The biological membranes are selectively permeable means that they are selective in allowing the passage of molecules.

The majority of hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) molecules can't travel through the membrane because it is made up of a lipid bilayer, a double layer of phospholipid molecules.

Protein channels and pumps anchored in the phospholipid bilayer regulate the selective translocation of molecules across the membrane. Some of these pumps and channels are gated, which means that they respond to external stimuli by opening or closing, further regulating the flow of molecules across the membrane.

By regulating how molecules and ions cross the membrane, this selective permeability enables cells to maintain a stable internal environment.

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The cell membrane is referred to as selectively permeable since only certain molecules can pass through it.

Only certain types of molecules, such as water and gaseous molecules, can directly pass through cell membranes. All cells have a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane, which separates the contents of the cell from the external environment.

The cell is controlled by the cell membrane. The membrane organelles play a key role in many cellular processes, such as nutrition intake and conversion, chemical synthesis, energy production, and regulation of pathways.

A cell is protected by its cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. Additionally, it offers a stable environment from the inside of the cell. And that membrane serves a variety of purposes. One is to move compounds out of the cell that are harmful as well as nutrients into the cell.

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Synaptic integration is the process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron. It is a mechanism through which neural information is processed and transmitted.

In the process of synaptic integration, the postsynaptic neuron receives inputs from multiple presynaptic neurons. These inputs are in the form of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). EPSPs are positive potentials that tend to depolarize the postsynaptic neuron, while IPSPs are negative potentials that tend to hyperpolarize it.

The postsynaptic neuron then combines these inputs, by adding together all EPSPs and IPSPs generated by different presynaptic neurons. The resulting synaptic potentials are then used to determine whether the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential or not. Synaptic integration is an essential process in the neural communication and it helps to transmit the complex information between neurons.

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Since the lysosome is acidic, you might expect the membrane of the lysosome to have a proton pump to pump H+ into the lysosome.

The internal environment of the lysosome is acidic, which means it has a higher concentration of H+ than the cytoplasm.

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids can all be broken down by a variety of enzymes found in lysosomes, which are organelles contained by a membrane and containing a membrane. The digestive system of the cell, known as lysosomes, is responsible for breaking down material that is taken up from the outside and for digesting cellular waste. Lysosomes can be thought of as thick, spherical vacuoles in their most basic form, but due to changes in the substances that have been taken up for digestion, they can exhibit significant diversity in size and shape. Thus, lysosomes are morphologically varied organelles that share the common function of destroying intracellular debris.

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The Spanish tourist think that the working conditions in the factories is very hectic and has   negative effect on living conditions of the workers due to the high risk of falling ill and usually has a low pay.

This is also referred to as a production plant and it consists of several buildings filled with machinery, where workers manufacture items or operate machines during the processing of item into another product.

Factory work is very different from other types of labor because it involves very long hours of work which makes it very tedious and has a negative effect on living conditions.

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Predation is the act of one species' (the predator's) member eating all or a portion of another species' living or recently living body.

When two organisms interact, it's called predation. The predator eats all or a portion of the prey's body. A type of predation called herbivory uses a plant as the prey organism. Population dynamics of the predator and prey have an impact on one another.

Predation occurs when a member of one species—the predator—eats the entire living or recently living body of another species—the prey. The prey suffers negative consequences as a result of this contact, which is positive for the predator. One organism kills and eats another in a predation situation. For an organism to live longer and encourage reproduction, it needs energy from predation.

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A member of one species (the predator) which feeds directly on all or part of a living organism (the prey) as part of the food web is the process called predation.

A food web is an interconnected network of food chains where an organism can be eaten by various organisms or it can feed upon different typed of organisms. In a food web, an organism has no defined trophic level.

Predation is the type of biological interaction where one organism gets benefitted while the other one is harmed. The organism benefitting in the interaction is called predator while the one being harmed is called prey. The example of predation is a lion feeding on deer.

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B) Cytoplasm. Additionally, the cytoplasm of plant cells contains huge, fluid-filled vesicles known as vacuoles.

The pectin polysaccharide matrix, which is highly cross-linked, contains a matrix of cellulose microfibrils, vesicles and cross-linking glycans that make up the cell wall. The cytoplasm of plant cells serves a variety of crucial purposes. It keeps the cell in its proper shape, offers vital support to the internal structures, and serves as the organelles' suspension medium. The gel-like substance that fills a cell is called cytoplasm. It serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions. It offers a foundation for other organelles to function within the cell.

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Answer: it is analogous

Explanation:

The most likely application of stem cell research is a treatment for genetic disorders, which are inherited from either or both parents.

The ability to generate patient-specific cells can be used to develop new therapies for diseases caused by genetic mutations, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and other inherited disorders. Additionally, stem cell research can also be used to study the underlying causes of these diseases and to develop new drugs to treat them. While stem cell research can also be applied to other areas such as cancer, viral infections, and macular degeneration, it is not as well established in these areas as it is for genetic disorders.

The body's building blocks are stem cells, which are cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles. Daughter cells are created when stem cells divide properly in the body or a lab to create more cells.

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The flowering plants are another name for angiosperms. The root system and the shoot system are the two parts of these plants.

Angiosperms are plants that blossom and produce fruits that contain their seeds. They are the most numerous and varied subgroup of the kingdom Plantae.

In angiosperms, stamens are present. The reproductive organs in flowers called stamens are responsible for producing the pollen grains that contain the genetic material for males.

Angiosperms are sometimes known as flowering plants. These plants are composed of two parts: the root system and the shoot system.

Wind, insects, and other animals all contribute to pollination. The pollen grain is the male component, and the ovary is the female component.

Thus, these are the structures present in angiosperm.

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Laura carries the dd allele, therefore means that both alleles have Blonde hair and have the recessive dd allele. The dominant allele is D, whereas d is the recessive allele.

Lizzy has the homozygous dominant trait in which both characters (DD) are dominant, whereas Lena and Lyle (Dd, one is dominant and one recessive) are heterozygous dominants that phenotypically indicate the dominant character.

A dominant/recessive relationship is the most frequent form of allele interaction. When one (dominant) allele of a gene effectively beats the other (recessive) allele, the allele is said to be dominant. Blood types and eye color are instances of dominant/recessive gene interactions.

A dominant allele, which can come from just one parent, causes a dominant phenotype in those who carry one copy of the gene. A person needs two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent, in order to result in a recessive phenotype.

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Laura carries the recessive dd allele, which indicates that both alleles have blonde hair and carry the allele. D is the recessive allele, whereas d is the dominant allele.

While Lena and Lyle (Dd, one is dominant and one recessive) are heterozygous dominants that phenotypically reflect the dominant character, Lizzy has the homozygous dominant trait in which both characters (DD) are dominant.

Allele interactions most frequently take the shape of a dominant/recessive relationship. An allele of a gene is considered to be dominant when it successfully outperforms an opposing (recessive) allele. Dominant/recessive gene interactions can be seen in things like blood types and eye colour.

When only one copy of a dominant allele is present, it results in a dominant phenotype and can derive from just one parent.

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Answer:

C. Digestion

Explanation:

During digestion, starches and sugars are broken down both mechanically aka chewing and chemically turned into glucose, fructose, and/or galactose

When new plants are formed by cuttings or calluses from older plants, they look just like the parent plants because they are genetically identical to the parent plant.

This is because the cutting or callus that is used to start the new plant contains all of the genetic information of the parent plant, including the information that controls the plant's growth and development. This means that the new plant will have the same characteristics, such as leaf shape, flower color, and overall growth habit, as the parent plant. This process is called vegetative reproduction, where a part of a plant, such as a stem cutting, is used to propagate a new plant. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent plant because it has the exact same set of chromosomes, which is responsible for determining the plant's characteristics. This is different from the sexual reproduction where new plant is formed by the fusion of sperm and egg cells which can lead to genetic variation.

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The thick, hardened layers of skin known as calluses and corns form when the skin tries to protect itself from pressure and friction. They typically appear on the fingers, hands, or toes and feet. The calluses and corns can look unpleasant.

The pressure and friction that result from wearing improperly fitting shoes, skipping socks, and using hand tools or musical instruments are the main contributors to the development of corns and calluses. Thus, it can be claimed that an increase in the production of epidermal cells causes the development of calluses and corns.

A section of a plant used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual) propagation is known as a plant cutting. A portion of the donor plant's stem or root is placed in a suitable medium, like damp soil. If the circumstances are right, the plant fragment will start to grow as a separate plant without the help of the parent plant, a process known as striking. New roots and stems are produced through root and stem cuttings, respectively. Some plants can be propagated via leaf fragments, often known as leaf cuttings, which develop both stems and roots. Cuttings are another name for the scions used in grafting.

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The one similarity between the lungs and capillaries is that they are both involved in gas exchanges. The correct option is B.

A network of blood arteries known as capillaries transports oxygen and blood throughout the body.

The movement of gases into and out of the body is actively regulated by both the lungs and the capillaries.

The walls of the alveoli, where carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse, are joined by capillaries. While oxygen gets to the heart while being connected to RBCs, carbon dioxide is expelled outside by the lungs.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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The hypothalamus, a reflection of the dura mater, covers the superior surface of the gland. The infundibulum can flow via a central gap in this membrane.

The gland is important anatomically in numerous ways: Sphenoid sinus located anteriorly (the pituitary gland is accessed surgically via the sphenoid sinus, known as a trans-sphenoidal approach). The pons, basilar artery, dorsum sellae (the posterior wall of the sella turcica), and posterior intercavernous sinus. diaphragm sellae, a fold of the dura mater that protects the pituitary gland, and optic chiasm are located superiorly. Sphenoid sinus is located below. Cavernous sinus is located laterally.

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The hawk would have more energy available than the mouse.

Editors of Biology dictionary, "Primary Consumer." Chipmunks, mice, horses, birds, deer, and various insects are a few of the main consumers or herbivores that inhabit the land. Primary consumers or herbivores are animals that consume vegetation.

Energy is lost as metabolic heat when animals from one trophic level are ingested by species from the next level, hence energy diminishes as it goes up the food chain. At the second trophic level, they are. Deer, mice, and even elephants are herbivores in an ecosystem of grasslands. They consume trees, shrubs, and grasses.

A mouse that consumes seeds and fruits is the main consumer in a desert ecology. The hawk will consume the mouse because it is its prey.

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The amount of available energy will differ in the trophic levels such that the trophic level of hawk will have less energy than the trophic level of mouse.

Available energy is defined as the energy present inside any living organism through the food it consumes. In a food chain system, the available energy always decreases as the food chain increases.

Trophic level is the position where an organism lies in a food chain. It is not a constant position and the trophic level of an organism keeps differing as the food chain changes. However, in grazing food chains, the autotrophs always belong to the primary or first trophic level.

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