The change in ph when 9.00 ml of 0.100 m hcl(aq) is added to 100.0 ml of a buffer solution that is 0.100 m in nh3(aq) and 0.100 m in nh4cl(aq). consult
1)
Step 1: Calculate initial pH
Kb = 1.8*10^-5
pKb = - log (Kb)
= - log(1.8*10^-5)
= 4.745
use:
pOH = pKb + log {[conjugate acid]/[base]}
= 4.745+ log {0.1/0.1}
= 4.745
use:
PH = 14 - pOH
= 14 - 4.7447
= 9.2553
Step 2: Calculate pH after adding HCl
mol of HCl added = 0.1M *9.0 mL = 0.9 mmol
NH3 will react with H+ to form NH4+
Before Reaction:
mol of NH3 = 0.1 M *100.0 mL
mol of NH3 = 10 mmol
mol of NH4+ = 0.1 M *100.0 mL
mol of NH4+ = 10 mmol
after reaction,
mol of NH3 = mol present initially - mol added
mmol of NH3 = (10 - 0.9) mmol
mol of NH3 = 9.1 mmol
mol of NH4+ = mol present initially + mol added
mol of NH4+ = (10 + 0.9) mmol
mol of NH4+ = 10.9 mmol
since volume is both in numerator and denominator, we can use mol instead of concentration
Kb = 1.8*10^-5
pKb = - log (Kb)
= - log(1.8*10^-5)
= 4.745
After the reaction, the following equation holds true: mol of NH3 = mol present initially - mol added mmol of NH3 = (10 - 0.9) mmol mol of NH3 = 9.1 mmol mol of NH4+ = mol present initially + mol added mol of NH4+ = (10 + 0.9) Since volume appears in both the numerator and denominator of the equation, we can use mol in place of concentration: mmol mol of NH4+ = 10.9 mmol
Kb = 1.8*10-5 pKb = -log(Kb) = -log(1.8*10-5) = 4.745
Employ: pOH = pKb + log [conjugate acid]/[base] = 4.745 + log [10.9/9.1] = 4.823
employ: PH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 4.8231 = 9.1769
Step 3: Subtract the final pH from the initial pH to arrive at a change delta pH of -0.0784 (9.1769 - 9.2553).
Incorrect: -0.0784
2) The reaction between NH4+ and OH- will produce NH3 when mol of NaOH supplied is 0.1M *9.0 mL = 0.9 mmol.
NH3 = 0.1 M * 100.0 mL mol of NH3 = 10 mmol NH4+ = 0.1 M * 100.0 mL mol of NH4+ = 10 mmol
After reaction, the equation is: Mol of NH3 = Mol originally present + Mol of NH3 added = (10 + 0.9). mmol mol of NH3 equals 10.9 mmol mol of NH4+ equals mol initially present minus mol added mol of NH4+ = (10 - 0.9) Since volume is in both the numerator and the denominator of mmol mol of NH4+ = 9.1 mmol, we can substitute mol for concentration.
Kb = 1.8*10-5 pKb = -log(Kb) = -log(1.8*10-5) = 4.745
Make use of: pOH = pKb + log [conjugate acid]/[base] = 4.745 + log [9.1/10.9] = 4.666
employ: PH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 4.6663 = 9.3337
delta pH = final pH - initial pH
= 9.3337 - 9.2553
= 0.0784
Answer: 0.0784
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why is potassium dihydrogen arsenate a duller color than potassium nitrate? potassium dihydrogen arsenate has a more stable excited state, so the emitted light is dimmer. potassium dihydrogen arsenate is heavier, so it does not excite as intensely. potassium dihydrogen arsenate also contains arsenic, which is a dull blue color. potassium dihydrogen arsenate is often contaminated with sodium, which dulls the color of light emitted.
Potassium dihydrogen arsenate has a more stable excited state than potassium nitrate, so the emitted light is dimmer.
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is an ionic white crystalline salt made up of potassium ions and nitrate ions. It is also known as saltpeter or nitre. Manufacturing fertilizers, pesticides, glass, fireworks, explosives, and rocket fuel are among the uses of potassium nitrate. When added to meat, it triggers a reaction between the myoglobin and hemoglobin in the blood, giving the meat its red color. It is also used as a food preservative. Additionally, some toothpastes use it as an additive to lessen tooth sensitivity. When it comes to human consumption, potassium nitrate use is strictly regulated because it is toxic at high doses.
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explain why it is usually easier to calculate an enzyme's reaction velocity from the rate of appearance of product rather than the rate of
In most circumstances, it is easier to calculate an enzyme's reaction velocity than to calculate the rate at which a SUBSTRATE disappears.
What role does an enzyme play? It is what?
Enzymes are made of proteins, which are the fundamental units of all living things. They serve as catalysts, accelerating metabolic reactions beyond what they would have done on their own. Simply said, without enzymes, such reactions wouldn't occur or would occur too slowly to support life.
What does the word "enzyme" actually mean?
A specific kind of biological catalyst called an enzyme is almost always a protein. It speeds up a particular chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is continually employed during the reaction and is not lost.
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The hydronium ion, H3O+, is a ________.Check all that apply.very strong baseproton acceptorpolyatomic ionproton donorunique form of waterpolyatomic ionproton donor
The hydronium ion, H3O+, is a polyatomic ion. very strong base proton acceptor polyatomic ion proton donor unique form of water polyatomic ion proton donor.
A polyatomic ion, often called a molecular ion, is a collection of covalently bound atoms or a metal complex that can be thought of as acting as a single unit and has a net charge that is not zero. Depending on the definition, a polyatomic ion may or may not be referred to as a "molecule".
Protonated water, also referred to as the hydronium ion, can be found in all aqueous acidic solutions. The aqueous cation H3O+, a particular kind of oxonium ion created by protonating water, is known by the name hydronium ion. It is frequently thought of as the positive ion that forms when an Arrhenius acid dissolves in water because Arrhenius acid molecules in solution give a proton to the nearby water molecules.
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do the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products depend on their initial concentrations?
The value of Keq is unaffected by the initial concentrations, despite the fact that the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products are. No matter the initial concentrations, the equilibrium state will always be reached (same Keq).
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction depends only on temperature. The initial concentrations will change during the reaction and will, at the end, respect the equilibrium constant. The equilibrium constant does not imply specific concentrations, but only the relation between them. Therefore, for a reaction in equilibrium, shifting to the right will result in a decrease in one of the reactants if the concentration of one of the reactants, such as hydrogen or nitrogen, is increased. The temperature is constant when melting. This is due to the fact that heat energy is not used to increase temperature but rather is absorbed by the particles to dissipate forces between them.
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after 21 days, a radioactive substance has decayed to 30.5% of its original amount. after an additional 51 days, what percent of its original amount will it have decayed to
Use the half-life calculator to analyze radioactive decay the substance will have decayed after the time the half-life has elapsed.
Radionuclides or radioactive substances are a class of chemical compounds where the nucleus of the atom is risky. They obtain balance via changes in the nucleus's spontaneous fission, emission of alpha debris, or conversion of neutrons to protons or the reverse.
Radon is a radioactive gasoline that has no color, odor, or flavor. Radon comes from the decay of uranium, which is a radioactive detail found naturally within the Earth's crust. Over billions of years, uranium decays into radium, and finally into radon.
Radioactive sources are used to observe dwelling organisms, diagnose and deal with diseases, sterilize clinical units and food, produce energy for heat and electric electricity, and to screen diverse steps in all types of business methods.
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when considering whether a toxic compound will easily move through soil and enter the groundwater--which of the following properties must be identified?
We are considering whether a toxic compound will easily move through the soil and enter the groundwater. The property that must be identified is: D. Soil sorption coefficient (Kd).
What is Soil Sorption Coefficient (Kd)?Soil sorption (adsorption) coefficient, in short Kd, measures the amount of chemical substances absorbed into the soil per amount of water. To calculate the Kd value, we need to divide the concentration of the solid (mg/kg dry solid) by the concentration in the pore water (mg/L). Hence, the correct answer is D. Soil sorption coefficient (Kd).
The question seems incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
When considering whether a toxic compound will easily move through soil and enter the groundwater—which of the following properties must be identified?
a. Water-air ratio (Kw)
b. Bioconcentration factor (BCF)
c. Octanol-water coefficient (Kow)
d. Soil sorption coefficient (Kd)
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Partial bonding, for example, as part of a resonance hybrid, often results in structures with _____.
Answer:
fractional bond orders
Explanation:
because fractional bond orders
a wet cell is an electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is a liquid. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
A wet cell is an electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is a liquid,the given statement is true.
What is electrochemical cell?A device known as an electrochemical cell has the ability to produce electrical energy from chemical processes taking place inside of it or utilize electrical energy from external sources to speed up chemical reactions inside of it. The energy in chemicals may be transformed into electrical energy or vice versa using these devices.
A galvanic cell or voltaic cell is an electrochemical device that uses spontaneous redox reactions to transform chemical energy into electrical energy. Example: The typical 1.5 volt cell used in consumer electronics is an illustration of a galvanic cell.
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solid ammonium chloride, nh4cl, is formed by the reaction of gaseous ammonia, nh3, and hydrogen chloride, hcl. nh3(g) hcl(g)⟶nh4cl(s) a 4.98 g sample of nh3 gas and a 4.98 g sample of hcl gas are mixed in a 0.50 l flask at 25 ∘c. identify the limiting reagent. nh3 hcl nh4cl how many grams of nh4cl will be formed by this reaction? mass: g what is the pressure in atmospheres of the gas remaining in the flask? ignore the volume of solid nh4cl produced by the reaction.
The limiting reagent in this reaction is the hydrogen chloride (HCl).
What is reagent?
A reagent, also known as an analytical reagent, is a substance as well as compound that is added to a system in chemistry to bring about a chemical reaction or check to see if one occurs. Although the terms "reagent" and "reactant" are frequently used interchangeably, "reactant" refers to a substance that is consumed during a chemical reaction. Despite being a part of the reaction mechanism, solvents are not typically referred to as reactants. Catalysts are not reactants because they are not consumed by the reaction. The reactants in biochemistry are frequently referred to as substrates, particularly in relation to enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
The limiting reagent in this reaction is the hydrogen chloride (HCl). This is because it requires more moles of HCl than ammonia to produce ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The number of moles of HCl is 0.0998, while the number of moles of ammonia is 0.0498, so HCl is the limiting reagent.
The amount of NH4Cl that will be formed will be 4.98 g, since this is the amount of the limiting reagent, HCl.
The pressure of the gas remaining in the flask will be unchanged, since no gas is consumed in the reaction, only solids. Therefore, the pressure will remain at 0.50 atmospheres.
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the procedures instructs a student to measure 7.55 ml of solution 1. the student measures 11.89 ml of solution 1. what is the percent (by volume) of extra liquid measured by the student?
The procedures tells a student to measure 7.55 ml of solution 1 but the student measures 11.89 ml of solution 1. The percent by volume of extra liquid measure by the student added is 36.50%.
The percent by volume for any solution is calculated as%(v/v)=(volume of solute/volume of solution)×100
In the given problem, the volume of solution is 11.89 ml and the volume of the solute is
volume of solute=(11.89-7.55)ml
volume of solute=4.34ml
We cannot consider the volume used to measure by procedure because the total volume is increased by extra addition of the solute. Plug all values in the formula
%(v/v)=(4.34 ml/11.89 ml)×100
%(v/v)=0.36501×100
%(v/v)=36.501%
%(v/v)=36.50%
Therefore, the concentration of a liquid measured by the student is 36.50 ml.
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at a certain concentration of h2 and i2, the initial rate of reaction is 98.0 m / s. what would the initial rate of the reaction be if the concentration of h2 were doubled? be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits
Learn the concentration and beginning rate in order to determine the correct number of significant digits. The starting rate of reaction is 98.0 m/s at a specific concentration of h2 and i2.
What, using an example, is concentration?
1) Percent Concentration:
The amount of solute that completely dissolves in 100 g of solvent. We know that there are 20 g of solute in 100 g of solution if the solution's concentration is 20 percent. Example: The solution is made by combining 10 g of salt with 70 g of water. Find the solution's concentration using mass percent.
What would you say about concentration?
The amount of solute contained in a specific amount of solution is the substance's concentration. Typically, concentrations are described in terms of molarity, which is the number of
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A chunk of dry ice, solid co2, disappears after sitting at room temperature for a while. There is no puddle of liquid. What happened?.
Answer:
When dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is exposed to room temperature, it sublimates, meaning it changes directly from a solid to a gas. This process is known as sublimation and is why dry ice "disappears" when left at room temperature. As the dry ice sublimates, it releases carbon dioxide gas into the air.
peleaste help me :(
The increase in the ocean's average water temperature during mid months of the year may be associated with the summer season and therefore those cities should be located in the northern hemisphere.
Why does temperature vary in the Hemispheres?Temperature varies in the Hemispheres due to the amount of solar radiation received by the earth's surface, which is higher during mid-months (i.e. June, July and August) in the northern hemisphere.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that temperature varies in the hemispheres according to the month which is associated with the solar radiation received in these months.
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write the balanced equation for the yeast using glucose to produce energy, ethanol and carbon dioxide.
the balanced equation for the yeast using glucose to produce energy, ethanol and carbon dioxide.
C12H22O11+H2O →4C2H5OH+4CO2
The production of medicines, polymers, lacquers, polishes, plasticizers, and cosmetics all need ethanol. In medicine, ethanol is employed as a topical anti-infective and as an antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol overdose. The toxicity of ethanol is rather low. To ensure microbiological stability when used as the only preservative in beverages, minimum concentrations of 18 to 21% by volume are needed. The majority of the alcohol you consume is broken down by your liver so it may be eliminated from your system. As a result, chemicals that are even more dangerous than alcohol are produced. These compounds have the potential to harm liver cells and result in significant liver conditions. 4 out of 5 liver disease deaths are related to alcohol.
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What happened when force was applied to the ionic crystal? describe interactions between the ions within the crystal.
Similar ions repel one another and the crystal lattice breaks as a result of the powerful electrostatic interactions.
High melting points are found in ionic substances. Ionic chemicals are brittle and rigid. When an ionic chemical is dissolved in water, it separates into ions. Ionic compound solutions and melting forms of these substances carry electricity, while solid materials do not. The chemical formula of an ionic compound is metal + nonmetal or polyatomic ions.
Ionic networks, also known as lattices, are formed when these oppositely charged ions attract one another. Why this occurs is explained via electrostatics: Like charges repel while opposing charges attract. The result of many ions attracting one another is the formation of massive, organized crystal lattices where each ion is surrounded by ions with the opposing charge.
Hence, ionic bond species repel each other when reach too much closer.
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calculate the following quantities for mixing 5 mol of h2 with 3 mol of o2 at 300 k and 1 atm under conditions where no chemical reaction occurs, assuming ideal gases: change in gibbs free energy for the system, change in helmholtz free energy for the system, change in entropy for the system, and change in chemical potential for h2. change in enthalpy for h2. change in energy for h2. is the process spontaneous? why?
The energy change that takes place as reactants become products is known as the standard Gibbs free energy change (Go). If Gorxn is negative and the reaction is exergonic, the products are more stable than the reactants.
According to the Gibbs phase rule, the number of degrees of freedom is given by the equation if the equilibrium in a heterogeneous system is not influenced by gravity or by electrical and magnetic forces. F = C-P + 2, where C is the total number of chemical components and P is the total number of phases.
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write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of the weak acid hcn with water. include the phase of each species. chemical equation:
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of the weak acid HCN with water is HC ≡ N (aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ N₃O⁺ + ⁻C ≡ N (aq)
What does the chemistry term "equation" mean?
Reaction equation are symbolic depictions of chemical reactions where the reactants and products are stated in relation to the following chemical formulae.
Equation and response are what?What is an equations and a chemical reaction? In a chemical change, bonds between molecules of the reagent are destroyed and new bonds between molecules of the product are established to create a new substance. A chemical formula is nothing more than a statement of fact that represents how reactants generate products.
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what is the abbreviated nomenclature for octadecanoic acid with two double bonds (don't worry about the designation of where those bonds occur)? 18:2 o 16:1 o 14:2 o 18:1 o 18:0
The abbreviation of octadecenoic acid with two double bonds is 18:2.
Nomenclature
Nomenclature is a system of naming objects within a certain profession or field. For instance, in biology, we have learned about binomial nomenclature. Binomial nomenclature alludes to the practice of designating living things by two names, such as referring to people as Homo sapiens.
A system of names and terminology used in a specific community or field of study is also referred to as nomenclature. The terminology that is used in sculpting is one example, a group of names or phrases. Naming of the chemical compounds or living organisms is done on the basis of nomenclature.
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a certain substance has a heat of vaporization of 26.64 kj/mol.26.64 kj/mol. at what kelvin temperature will the vapor pressure be 8.008.00 times higher than it was at 287 k?
At 457.3 K temperature, the vapour pressure will be higher, for the given substance and its heat of vapourization.
What is Vapour pressure?The pressure that a vapour exerts on its condensed phases in a closed system when they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with one another at a specific temperature is known as vapour pressure. A liquid's evaporation rate can be determined by looking at the equilibrium vapour pressure.
Calculation:
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is as follows:
ln (P2/P1) = ∆Hvap/R * (1/T1 - 1/T2)
ln (8.008) = (26.64 * 10³J/mol) / (8.314J/mol/K) * {(1/287K) - (1/T2) }
2 = (3.2 * 10³/K) * {(T2 - 287K)/ (287T2 * K)
0.000625/K * 287T2 * K = T2 - 287K
179.375K = T2 -287K
T2 = 457.3K.
Hence, at 457.3 K temperature, the vapour pressure will be higher.
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a 3.50 gram sample of ch4 is burned in a calorimeter. the calorimeter is filled with 35.0 grams of water. the temperature of a calorimeter increases from 25.0°c to 30.0°c. calculate the energy lost or gained by the reaction.
The energy that an object gains or loses is related by the equation (Q = m•C•T). since a positive value means that heat was added to the system. The heat can be gained or lost without change in temperature.
How to solve?by the equation (Q = m•C•T)
m=3.50g
C=35
T=+5°c
Q=3.50*35*(+5oC)=612.5.
What is the equation for energy acquired or lost?An object's heat uptake or loss and the resulting temperature variations are related by the description above and the following equation (Q = m•C•T). We now know that heat can occasionally be gained or lost without a corresponding change in temperature. When the substance is changing states, this is what happens.
What is heat amount and what is its unit?the amount of heat needed to raise a substance's temperature by one degree Celsius or one kelvin per unit mass.It has the symbol c. joule per kg kelvin is the SI unit. In the SI system, all types of energy are measured in (J/kg K)joules. Because heat is a form of energy, the SI unit for heat is also joules (J), and it is defined as the quantity of energy required to increase the temperature of a given mass by one degree. This is significant because heat is a form of energy.
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draw the lewis structure for the polyatomic hydronium anion. be sure to include all resonance structures that satisfy the octet rule.
The polyatomic hydronium cation's Lewis structure is H3O+.
The hydronium ion is denoted by the symbol H3O+, and it will have 8 valence electrons to comply with the octet rule.
the quantity of valence electrons is:
First H atom has one valence electron, whereas the second H atom has a similar amount of valence electrons. Third H atom has one more valence electron than O, which has six.
The plus sign indicates that one electron has been lost, and as oxygen is the most electronegative element, it is the center atom. Consequently, it possesses eight valence electrons. Here is an illustration of the Lewis structure:
[ H - O : - H ]⁺
|
H
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when a cold drink is taken from a refrigerator, its temperature is 5°c. after 25 minutes in a 20°c room its temperature has increased to 10°c. (round your answers to two decimal places.)
Temperature after 40 minutes is 12.15 degree C
T= [tex]Ce^{kt}[/tex] +Ts
Setting T=T0 (initial temperature of cold drink) at t=0 then we have
T0= [tex]Ce^{0}[/tex]+ Ts ⟺ C=T0−Ts
Now, we have
T=(T0−Ts)ekt+Ts
ekt=T−TsT0−Ts
t=1kln(T−TsT0−Ts)(1)
Given condition: Temperature rise of cold drink from T0=5∘ C→T=10∘ C in time t=25 minutes & Ts=20 degree celsius substituting values in (1) we get
25=1kln(10−205−20)
k=125ln(23)
a) Temperature T after t=40 minutes, setting corresponding values in (1), we get
40=1125ln(23)ln(T−205−20)
ln(20−T15)=4025ln(23)
20−T15=(23)8/5
T=20−15([tex]2/3^{8/5}[/tex]) ≈ 12.15 degree C
Temperature is a unit used to represent how hot or cold something is. It can be stated using the Celsius or Fahrenheit scales, among others. Temperature shows which way heat energy will naturally flow, i.e., from a hotter (body with a higher temperature) to a colder (body with a lower temperature) (one at a lower temperature)
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How much heat is needed to condense 22.25 grams of nitrogen gas at â€""195.8°c? the latent heat of vaporization of nitrogen is 199.0 j/g. joules
As per the question, the mass of the nitrogen gas m = 22.25 gram.
The latent heat of vaporization of nitrogen = 199.0 j/g
As per the question, the nitrogen gas will condense. During condensation, the nitrogen gas will lose or release heat equal to its latent heat.
Hence, the heat released by nitrogen gas Q = ml = 22.25 × 199.0 J = 4427.75 J.
Hence, the amount of heat released will be 4427.75 J.
How can you figure out how much heat is in each gram?The formula: can be utilized to determine energy. Q = mc ∆T. In the equation, Q stands for energy expressed in joules or calories, m for mass expressed in grams, c for specific heat, and T for temperature change, which is the difference between the final temperature and the initial temperature. Water has a specific heat of 1 calorie/gram °C.
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based on what you wrote in the table in part a, what effect do lone pairs have on the bond angle? why do you think this happens?
Because they are more in close proximity to the core atom's nucleus than lone pairs are, lone pairs reject other lone pairs more strongly than bonding pairs do effect the bond angle.
When a single pair of electrons at the central atom begins to resist the bound pair of electrons, the bond angle decreases and the bonds are slightly shifted inward. It moves existing atoms closer together and modifies their geometry. It's equivalent to include an atom. When there is an increase in back bonding, the bond angle rises. Because the lone pair electrons of the two atoms reject one another, adjacent atoms in a molecule that have lone pair electrons will not be kept together in their bond as securely.
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What happens to the chemistry of the seawater as more co2 is absorbed into the oceans?.
Answer:
As more CO2 is absorbed into the oceans, the chemistry of the seawater changes. The pH of the seawater decreases, making it more acidic. This can have a negative effect on marine life, as many species are sensitive to changes in pH. Additionally, the increased acidity can cause the dissolution of calcium carbonate, which is an important component of coral reefs and other marine habitats.
Cameron used ounces of hydrochloric acid in one experiment. She used ounces of the acid in a second experiment. How much more acid did cameron use in the second experiment?.
Cameron used ounces of hydrochloric acid in one experiment. She used ounces of the acid in a second experiment. In second experiment, She used 2 ounces of the acid
Amount required is x = 3/8 Given: Cameron used 1 ounces of hydrochloric acid in one experiment. She used 2 ounces of the acid in a second experiment.
To find: How much more acid did Cameron use in the second experiment?
Solution:In one experiment, Cameron used 1 ounces of hydrochloric acid i.e 13 = 1
In second experiment, She used 2 ounces of the acid. i.e. 21 = 1 17 Let x amount more she used then experiment 1 in experiment 2.
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Consider heptane, a linear compound composed of 7 carbons and 16 hydrogens. In this experiment, would you expect this compound to have a small or large retention factor in this experiment?.
The compound have large retention factor in the experiment.
Definition of retention factor and its formula
Retention factor is one of the useful chromatographic descriptor since it is dimensionless and independent of the flow rate and column dimensions of mobile phases. The formula for retention time is given as follows,
k = tR – toto.
The retention factor may be affected by the temperature, and affected by the composition of the solvent, when the FM are liquid.
Heptane is a derivative of the distillation of oil, Heptane is a chemical compound that is made up of seven carbons, that is why it begins with the prefix "hept".
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Part A What is produced at each electrode in the electrolysis of NaBr(aq)? Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. View Available Hint(s)
In the provided query, bromine gas ([tex]\rm Br_2[/tex]) and sodium metal ([tex]\rm Na[/tex]) are produced when NaBr (Sodium bromide) is electrolyzed in an aqueous solution.
Electrolysis is the method of driving a non-spontaneous chemical reaction with an electric current.
In this reaction, sodium bromide is broken down into its constituent elements, bromine and sodium. Bromine is produced at the anode and sodium is produced at the cathode.
Overall reaction: [tex]\rm 2NaBr \rightarrow Br_2 + 2Na[/tex]
When NaBr(aq) is electrolyzed, the following reactions occur at the electrodes:
At the anode (positive electrode): Br- ions are oxidized to Br2 gas and electrons.
[tex]\rm 2Br^- \rightarrow Br_2 + 2e^-[/tex]
The reaction at the anode involves the oxidation of bromide ions to bromine gas.
At the cathode (negative electrode): Na+ ions are reduced to Na metal and electrons.
[tex]\rm 2Na^+ + 2e^- \rightarrow 2Na[/tex]
The reaction at the cathode involves the reduction of sodium ions to sodium metal.
Therefore, when NaBr(aq) is electrolyzed, bromine gas and sodium metal are produced.
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a net magnetic moment is associated with each atom in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials. explain why ferromagnetic materials can be permanently magnetized whereas paramagnetic ones cannot
Ferromagnetic materials can be permanently magnetized whereas paramagnetic ones cannot because in ferromagnetic material the electron spin is in the same direction whereas in the paramagnetic material the electrons spin is in all direction.
A net magnetic moment is associated with each of the atom in the paramagnetic and the ferromagnetic materials. the ferromagnetic is permanently magnetized as the in case of ferromagnetic material the electron spin is in same direction. and ferromagnetic material shows strong attractive or repulsive force when ferromagnetic material introduced to the permanent magnet.
In the case of paramagnetic material the electrons spin is in all the direction thats why paramagnetic material cannot be permanently magnetized.
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Give the percent yield when 28. 16 g of co2 are formed from the reaction of 6. 000 moles of c8h18 with 3. 000 moles of o2.
25% of carbon dioxide gas is produced. when 6. 000 moles of c8h18 and 3. 000 moles of o2 react to produce 28. 16 g of co2.
The meaning of percent yield
The actual yield is calculated as the theoretical yield multiplied by 100 to get the percent yield. Actual Yield / Percent Yield Theory Yield) = 100% There are various reasons why a chemical reaction's actual yield could be lower than its theoretical yield; these will be covered in more detail in later chapters of the course.
What does a high yield percentage indicate?
Yield percentages might range from more than 100% to less than 100%. A higher yield % can be a sign that there is water in your product, too much reactant, or other contaminants. decreased percent
Briefing:
Theoretical mass of
co2= no.of moles×molecular mass of co2=2.56mol*44g/mol=112.64g
Experimental mass of co2 = 28.16 g
percentage yield=28.16*100/112.64=25%
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