B) consume yet not to deliver mixes of merchandise that lie past its creation prospects outskirts.
How could a nation acquire from specialization and exchange?Whenever nations have different open door costs underway they can profit from specialization and exchange. Advantages of specialization incorporate more noteworthy financial effectiveness, buyer advantages, and potential open doors for development for cutthroat areas.
Might a nation at any point acquire from exchange without enjoying an outright benefit?A country that enjoys an outright benefit in creating all products actually stands to profit from exchange with different nations, since the premise of the additions for exchange is similar benefit, not outright benefit. It isn't workable for an individual or country to enjoy a similar benefit in all products.
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the study of business law does not involve an ethical dimension. T/F
False, there is no ethical component to the study of business law.
What exactly does business law mean?Business law, often known as commercial law or mercantile law, is the body of regulations controlling inter-person interactions in commercial concerns, whether established by convention, agreement, national or international legislation.
What are the several categories of business law?Business law, usually referred to as commercial law or corporation law, is the body of legislation that controls the rights, interactions, and conduct of organizations and people involved in trade, sales, and other forms of commerce. It is frequently regarded as a subset of civil law because it deals with both private and public law issues.
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The goal of the marketing exchange is that the parties to the transaction be
a) close partners.
b) interdependent.
c) codependent.
d) satisfied.
e) savvy.
The goal of the marketing exchange is that the parties to the transaction be Satisfied.
As to Why We Market?Marketing is the practice of a firm, business model, person, and perhaps other entity promoting its service. The goal of marketing is just to persuade customers to buy their products and support a certain company.
What Role Does Marketing Play in This?One of the main goals of marketing is to increase a company's size. Businesses may employ a variety of marketing strategies to reach these objectives. To match products with customer wants, for instance, personalization, prediction, and simply identifying the right problem to handle could be necessary.
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in an economy with constant velocity, a real gross domestic product growth rate of 2 percent, an ex ante real interest rate of 3 percent, and a money supply that is expected to grow at 7 percent, the nominal interest rate would be percent.
The nominal interest rate would be 12%. Nominal interest rate is the percentage rate of interest that is quoted on a loan or deposit, without adjusting for inflation.
Nominal interest rate is the interest rate as it is stated, without any adjustment for the effect of inflation on the purchasing power of the money that will be received. It is the rate of interest that borrowers pay on loans and the rate of interest that depositors receive on savings and other deposit accounts.
To determine the nominal interest rate you can use this formula:
Nominal interest rate = Real GDP growth rate + Ex ante real interest rate + Expected growth rate of money supply
In this case:
Nominal interest rate = 2 percent + 3 percent + 7 percent
Nominal interest rate = 12%
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how will an increase in private savings in the united states most likely affect financial capital flows and the value of the dollar in foreign exchange markets?
Capital outflows will result in an increase in the supply of dollars in the foreign . An increase in private saving will result in an increase in the supply of loanable funds .
Which of the following will cause the United States dollar to depreciate in relation to the euro?In the United States, interest rates are going down. People will be more inclined to invest in the EU if interest rates in the US decrease. As more people start exchanging dollars for euros to invest in the EU, the supply of dollars will grow. The value of dollars will decrease if there is more of them.
Why does a foreign currency lose value in comparison to the US dollar?On the one hand, when a government uses monetary policy to lower the value of a currency, this is called devaluation. In contrast, depreciation occurs in the free exchange market as a result of supply and demand. A decision that lowers the value of a currency is known as a devaluation.
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dollar store finds the daily demand for any of their products is given by . if they change their prices from $1 to $1.01, what is the change in demand? round to nearest hundredth 0.01.
Skills in communication, education, technical skills, creativity, experience, problem-solving abilities, mental health, and personal resilience are all examples of human capital.
What is an example of human capital Class 9?
Human capital investment is the investment in things like education, training, and medical care.
What are the most important examples of human capital and physical capital?
Inanimate assets like cash, property, job site equipment, and inventory make up physical capital. In contrast, human capital refers to the capabilities, knowledge, and skills of an organization's staff.
Which four types of capital are there?
Working capital, debt, equity, and trading capital are the four main types of capital.
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Here are the actual tabulated demands for an item for a nine-month period (January through September). Your supervisor wants to test two forecasting methods to see which method was better over this period. MONTH ACTUAL January 110 February 134 March 158 April 170 May 166 June 178 July 144 August 130 September 146 a. Forecast April through September using a three-month moving average. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places. ) b. Use simple exponential smoothing with an alpha of 0. 20 to estimate April through September, using the average of January through March as the initial forecast for April. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places. ) c-1. Calculate MAD for each method. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places. ) c-2. Use MAD to decide which method produced the better forecast over the six-month period. Exponential smoothing. Three-month moving average
The tactical forecast is the word for projections used for establishing day-to-day decisions regarding meeting demand. Forecasts are required to establish how a corporation performs processes everyday.
What does "demand" mean?Demand is simply the consumer's unreserved readiness to pay a price for goods and services.The quantity of things that consumers are prepared and willing to purchase at various prices within a specific time frame is known as demand.
What word best describes demands?Claim, precise, and require are a few popular alternatives to demand. While both of these words refer to "asking or calling for what is due or as required," demand connotes a right to be obstinate and insistent as well as frequently the ability to make request that are
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which type of distribution is used when the prodcuer wants more than one but fewer than all of the intermediaries who are willing to carry its products
B) Selective distribution is used when the producer wants more than one but fewer than all of the intermediaries who are willing to carry its products.
Selective distribution is a marketing approach that focuses on distributing specific products through a specific network of retailers, resellers, or wholesalers. Distributors use this method as a bridge between intensive and exclusive distribution.
Selective distribution is a system and strategy that allows a corporation to sell its goods through a limited number of intermediaries. Different block exemption and competition rules govern these types of vertical agreements between businesses to guarantee that no one company has an unfair advantage over another.
Consider a huge food chain that sells franchise stores to individual owners who meet particular criteria established by the main business. Consider an e-commerce behemoth that permits a select number of vendors to sell on their platform.
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Correct question:
Which type of distribution is used when the producer wants more than one, but fewer than all, of the intermediaries who are willing to carry its products?
A) exclusive
B) selective
C) intensive
D) dual
E) multichannel
your client wants to invest a proportion of her total investment budget in your risky fund to provide an expected rate of return on her overall or complete portfolio equal to 8%. what proportion should she invest in the risky portfolio, p, and what proportion in the risk-free asset?
The lower standard deviation shows that the first client is more risk averse and favors assets with lesser risk. The risk-free asset is 7.5%.
A statistician uses the standard deviation to determine how much a bunch of numbers can fluctuate or be spread. The expected value occurs when the standard deviation is low because the values are more likely to fall within a small range, whereas when the standard deviation is high, the values are more likely to be close to the mean.
The lower case Greek letter sigma, which stands for the population standard deviation, or the Latin letter s, which stands for the sample standard deviation, are most frequently used in mathematical equations and texts to represent standard deviation. Standard deviation is also sometimes referred to as SD.
The square root of a random variable's variance is the standard deviation of a sample, statistical population, data collection, or probability distribution.
[tex]E(r_c)=[/tex][tex]8[/tex]%[tex]=5[/tex]%[tex]+y*(11[/tex]%[tex]-5[/tex]%[tex])[/tex]
[tex]y=\frac{(0.0-0.05)}{(0.11-0.05)}=0.5\\[/tex]
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Which of these helps explain why mixed economies develop?
answer choices
a. People become unhappy with aspects of their current economy.
b. People are seldom exposed to the ideas and technologies of other cultures.
c. Government control of an economy tends to make a nation more prosperous.
d. Government control of an economy leads to a diversity of economic approaches.
Aspects of the current economy start to irritate individuals. These assist in explaining how mixed economies develop.
How can economies progress?An economy develops organically from collective human action—a spontaneous order, similar to language. To raise their living standards, people trade with one another. When labour is more productive, higher living standards are made possible.
What year were the first economies start to grow?The emergence of agricultural cultures around 5,000 years ago was the catalyst for the economy's eventual appearance. Because of the development of the plow, the wheel, and other technologies, these communities were able to create surpluses of food.
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a company borrowed $180,000 at an interest rate of 9% compounded annually over six years. the loan will be repaid in installments at the end of each year according to the accompanying repayment schedule. what will be the size of the last payment (x) that will pay off the loan?
x = $289,872.15 will pay off the loan according to the accompanying repayment schedule.
1. Calculate the total amount of interest that will be paid over the six years: Interest = Principal x Interest Rate x Time = $180,000 x 0.09 x 6 = $97,200
2. Calculate the total amount to be repaid: Total = Principal + Interest = $180,000 + $97,200 = $277,200
3. Calculate the amount of each payment: Payment Amount = Total / Number of Payments = $277,200 / 6 = $46,200
4. Calculate the total amount of payments made before the last payment:
Total Payments Made = (Number of Payments - 1) x Payment Amount = (6 - 1) x $46,200 = $275,800
5. Calculate the size of the last payment (x):Last Payment = Total - Total Payments Made = $277,200 - $275,800 = $1,400
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Canadian tire operates four large distribution centers which service over 470 tire retail outlets. They recently installed a YMS, that they have intergrated with their existing WMS and TMS systems. Their expectation was improved performance in over-the-road transportation equipment utilization, driver productivity, and warehouse dock/door utilization. As a relatively new logistics employee, you have been asked to develop an evaluation system to measure operational productivity improvement. While management does not want a financial impact evaluation, they are interested in developing benchmarks to measure initial and sustainable productivity improvement. You have the job—how would you proceed?
I would begin by developing measurable benchmarks for each operational metric, such as truck utilization, driver productivity, and warehouse dock/door utilization.
You have the job—how would you proceed?1. Establish Initial Benchmarks: Gather data from the existing WMS, TMS, and YMS systems to establish initial benchmarks for each of the performance measures that management is interested in evaluating (i.e. over-the-road transportation equipment utilization, driver productivity, and warehouse dock/door utilization).
2. Collect Data on Performance Improvement: Once the initial benchmarks are established, collect data on the performance improvement over time. This data can be used to measure the impact of the YMS on the performance of the overall system.
3. Develop Reports and Dashboards: Develop regular reports and dashboards that track the performance improvement and provide insight into the impact of the YMS on the overall system.
4. Monitor and Evaluate: Continuously monitor and evaluate the performance improvement over time to ensure that the desired improvement goals are met.
5. Adjust Parameters: Make adjustments to the parameters of the YMS, WMS, and TMS systems as needed to ensure the desired performance improvement is maintained.
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Which of these countries has an economy most similar to that of the former Soviet Union? answer choices. Sweden. Norway. South Korea. North Korea.
North Korea.( North Korea, is officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is country in East Asia.)
What isn't always allowed in North Korea?
North Korea has the strict laws about what you can bring. It is illegal to bring in religious, or political items. Please register all notices and electronic devices upon arrival. It is also illegal to knowingly or unintentionally possess items that violate North Korean law.
Does North Koreans Have Internet?
From 2022, ordinary citizens with mobile devices will not be able to access the global internet. Instead, these individuals only have access to state-run enlightenment. When it comes to global internet access, this privilege is only given to a few North Korean elites.
How life in the North Korea?
The country is culturally and economically isolated, with many suffering from malnutrition and living in extreme poverty. Thousands of North Koreans commute daily to farms, factories and the capital, Pyongyang.
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define the set in words. choose the correct answer below. a. the set of cars that have 3 or more years warranty or do not have a good safety rating. b. the set of cars that have 3 or more years warranty and do not have a good safety rating. c. the set of cars that have 3 or more years warranty and have a good safety rating. d. the set of cars that have 3 or more years warranty or have a good safety rating.
If the car cannot be fixed after a reasonable number of attempts, the customer must be given the option of a replacement or a refund.
What different sorts of replacement are there?
replacement of things that lose their value over time. 3. Replacement of products that become out of date as a result of new advancements. 2. Replacement of objects that entirely break down.
What does the word "replacement" signify in a sentence
An act of substituting for something that is missing is known as a replacement. Your substitute teacher is a bothersome replacement for your missing teacher.
All actions and procedures required to replace any existing Project Facilities component with a new one that serves the same purpose
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2. suppose that toyota sells yen-denominated bonds in new york. what type of debt instrument would that be?
No, if sold in Tokyo, it wouldn't be regarded as a Eurobond. It would be regarded as a Eurobond if sold in New York.
They'd be regarded as Eurobonds. In order to construct a railroad network in the nineteenth century, the US economy borrowed extensively from the British. They'd be regarded as Eurobonds. In order to construct a railroad network in the nineteenth century, the US economy borrowed extensively from the British. A new kind of bond on the global financial market is the eurobond. It is the kind of bond that is valued in a different currency than the one of the nation in which it is purchased. For instance, a bond sold in the US and denominated in British pounds qualifies as a Eurobond.
This Yen-denominated bond is being offered in Japan, and as the Yen is also the currency of Japan, it is not a Eurobond. Since the US currency is not the yen, if the identical bond is sold in a US market like New York, it will be regarded as a europound.
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Ungroup the workheet. Ue the quarter name in cell F5 of the Annual Sale workheet to fill the range G5:I5 with the name of the remaining quarter in the year.
1. Right click on the tab name of the Annual Sale worksheet, then select Ungroup Sheets.
2. Select cell F5 of the Annual Sale worksheet.
3. Type in the name of the first quarter of the year.
4. Select cells G5:I5
5. Type in the remaining quarters of the year, one in each cell.
What is meant by Annual Sale worksheet?An Annual Sale worksheet is a type of spreadsheet used to keep track of a company's sales over the course of an entire year. This worksheet typically includes columns for each month, as well as a total column that adds up all the monthly sales. This worksheet is important for businesses to track their progress over time and gain insight into their sales trends. It also allows them to compare their performance from one year to the next. By looking at the total sales for the year, a business can decide if they need to adjust their strategies in order to increase their sales. Additionally, the worksheet helps businesses generate a forecast for the upcoming year, helping them make more informed decisions. In short, an Annual Sale worksheet is an essential tool for any business that wants to stay on top of their sales and gain insight into their performance.To learn more about Annual Sale worksheet refer to:
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the production possibilities frontier model shows that. state of true of false.1. true 2. false
Answer:
True. Points on the PPF display every possible pairing of two items that could be created if the economy were to function at its maximum capacity.
Explanation:
Initially, suppose Botoga uses 225,000 hours of labor per week to produce jeans and 675,000 hours per week to produce corn, while Doporia uses 675,000 hours of labor per week to produce jeans and 225,000 hours per week to produce corn. Assume there are no other countries willing to trade goods, so in the absence of trade between these two countries, each country consumes the amount of jeans and corn it produces
Over 50% of denim is produced in Asia, most of it in China, India, Turkey, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
How should I put it?Botoga’s opportunity cost of manufacturing 1 pair of jeans is (1/2 bushel/ ¼ bushel/ 2 bushels/ 4 bushels) of rye, whereas Botoga’s opportunity cost is (1/2 bushel/ ¼ bushel/ 2 bushels/ 4 bushels) of rye. As a result, (Dolorium/Bellissima) has a comparative advantage in denim production, whereas (Dolorium/Bellissima) has a comparative advantage in rye production.
BusinessEconomics, When the two nations did not specialize, total weekly output of jeans was 23 million pairs, and total weekly production of maize was 68 million bushels.Denim is manufactured by twill weave. The blended denim fabric has a very good stretchability, comfortable wear. The denim fabric was introduced by Levis Strauss.
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MPI Incorporated has $12 billion in assets, and its tax rate is 25%. Its basic earning power (BEP) ratio is 13%, and its return on assets (ROA) is 4%. What is MPI's times-interest-earned (TIE) ratio
contemporary sales strategy for sales professionals looking to engage with prospects and boost sales.
What would you say is sales?A sale is an agreement that includes, among other things, the exchange of products or services for cash. In other words, a sale would be any act that transfers ownership of a good or commodity to something like a buyer in exchange for cash.
What are the four sales?Needs-satisfaction presenting, conversational selling, selling with a strategic partner, and script-based selling are the four primary sales approaches used by salespeople.
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suppose you want to become a lyft driver and need to lease a car. you want a car valued at $22,000. the dealer will let you drive away with no money down. you sign a 5 year lease with monthly payments. the imbedded discount rate on the lease is 6%. at the end of the fifth year, you would need to pay a residual value payment of $5,255.19 in order to take ownership of the car. what is the required monthly payment? round to the nearest $ and use the $ symbol.
Suppose you want to become a lyft driver and need to lease a car. $ 350 is the required monthly payment
Calculating the problem:Present Value of Car = $22,000
Time Period of Lease = 5 years
Interest Rate = 6%
Future Value = $5,255.19
Calculating Monthly Payment,
Using TVM Calculation,
PMT = [PV = -22,000, T = 60, FV = 5,255.19, I = 0.06/12]
PMT = $350
Monthly Payment = $350
The amount paid each month to repay the loan over the loan's term is known as the monthly payment. When a loan is taken out, not only must the principal, or the original amount loaned out, be repaid, but also the interest that accumulates.
What is the term for a monthly payment?A fixed payment made by a borrower to a lender on a predetermined date each month is known as an equated monthly installment (EMI). Each month, EMIs are applied to both the principal and the interest so that the loan is paid off completely in a predetermined amount of time.
What kinds of payments are typical each month?They typically occur on a monthly basis, like car payments, mortgage payments, or rent. However, fixed costs can be paid quarterly or annually. Examples of these kinds include insurance premiums, professional association dues, and HOA dues.
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the activity of making net payments to creditors and owners (excluding interest) is called a(n) blank activity in the accounting statement of cash flows. multiple choice question.
The activity of making net payments to creditors and owners (excluding interest) is called a(n) financing activity in the accounting statement of cash flows.
The cash flow statement examines how much money comes in and goes out of a business. The finance activity is concerned with how a company obtains funds and returns them to investors via capital markets. These actions also include making loans, issuing and reselling additional stock, and paying cash dividends. The cash flow between a company and its owners and creditors is tracked in this area of the statement of cash flows.
The cash outflows connected to the repayment of debts and other obligations that the business owes to its creditors are referred to as net payments to creditors in the cash flow statement. This covers the repayment of loans, bonds, and other debts the business has incurred. In the balance statement of the company, lease payments and other commitments that are categorised as debt are also included.
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supply curves have a positive slope because of the: a. law of supply. b. law of equilibrium. c. theory of comparative advantage. d. demand curve.
The correct answer is a. Law of Supply.Supply curves have a positive slope because of the law of supply.
The law of supply states that, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied by producers also increases. This is why supply curves have positive slopes.
A basic tenet of economic theory is the rule of supply, which asserts that an increase in price will result in an increase in the quantity supplied, all other things being equal. In other words, there is a direct correlation between price and quantity, and quantities react to price changes in the same way.
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used bonds to issue new mortgages to families currently in default and to prevent foreclosure. True or false
The assertion is correct in light of how the question addresses using bonds to grant new mortgages to households already in arrears and avert foreclosure.
What does the term "mortgage" mean exactly?a formal commitment to borrow from a bank or any other financial institution, notably to fund the purchase of a home or other properties, or the sum borrowed: Obtain a mortgage by asking for one. You obtain a mortgage with a term deposit on your house.
In India, what is a mortgage?A mortgage is a lien holder that enables you to access funds by providing the lender security in the form of an immobile asset, such a commercial or residential property. Until you pay back the loan, the borrower retains the asset.
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we would expect the demand for jeans to be a. more elastic than the demand for clothing. b. less elastic than the demand for clothing. c. neither more elastic, less elastic, nor the same elasticity as that of the demand for clothing. d. the same as the demand for clothing.
We would expect the demand for jeans to be - more elastic than the demand for clothing.
The correct option is a.
A price change causes a considerable change in the amount needed to satisfy an elastic demand. Demand is considered to be inelastic when the amount desired does not vary much as a result of a price modification.
Elasticity of demand is the degree to which demand responds to a change in an economic factor.
Price is the economic factor that is most frequently taken into account when determining elasticity. Additional factors include the availability of alternatives and one's income level.
Demand elasticity measures how it alters in response to altering macroeconomic circumstances. When demand is unaffected by price changes, it is said to be inelastic.
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Identify one business and describe the Target market to determine the important factors in an industry analysis in the said business as to:
Business: McDonald's
Target Market: McDonald's targets a broad range of consumers, including families, young professionals, and students. The fast-food chain targets those who are looking for a convenient, quick and inexpensive meal.
Important Factors in Industry Analysis:
1. Competitor Analysis: It is important for McDonald's to stay aware of their competitors. This includes understanding their competitors' pricing, menu offerings, customer service, and marketing strategies.
2. Market Trends: McDonald's must be aware of current trends in the fast food industry, such as health-consciousness, vegan and vegetarian options, and convenience.
3. Consumer Demographics: McDonald's needs to understand the demographics of their target market, such as age, income, gender, and location.
4. Supply Chain: McDonald's must ensure that they have a reliable and efficient supply chain in place to meet consumer demand.
5. Product Innovation: McDonald's must remain innovative and offer new products that appeal to their target market.
6. Advertising and Promotion: McDonald's needs to have an effective advertising and promotional strategy to reach their target market and increase market share.
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strategic management adheres to the perspective that what might be seemingly ideal for one functional area of an organization might not be in the best interest of the total organization. this perspective is known as
Strategic management adheres to the perspective that what might be seemingly ideal for one functional area of an organization might not be in the best interest of the total organization. this perspective is known as a "holistic" approach to management.
This approach requires managers to consider the impact of their decisions on the entire organization before they make them, instead of just focusing on the immediate impact on a single department or function. this approach promotes cooperation and collaboration among all of the different departments and functions within the organization, allowing them to work together to achieve the best possible outcome.
Hence correct answer is holistic approach.
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through an internal service fund, new county operates a centralized data processing center to provide services to new's other governmental units. this internal service fund billed new's parks and recreation fund $150,000 for data processing services. what account should new's internal service fund credit to record this $150,000 billing to the parks and recreation fund?
New County's Internal Service Fund (ISF) should credit the "Revenue from Services" account to record the $150,000 billing to the Parks and Recreation Fund.
The Internal Service Fund (ISF) is responsible for providing services to other governmental units within New County, and in this case, the data processing services provided to the Parks and Recreation Fund. The ISF is billing the Parks and Recreation Fund for these services, which is considered a "revenue" for the ISF.
It's important to note that the ISF is a separate fund from the Parks and Recreation Fund and therefore, the ISF should record the billing as revenue in its own financial records. The Parks and Recreation Fund, on the other hand, would record the payment as an "expense" in its financial records. This helps to ensure that the financial records for each fund are accurate and separate.
Overall, the ISF should credit the "Revenue from Services" account to record the $150,000 billing to the Parks and Recreation Fund, and the Parks and Recreation Fund should debit the "Expense for Services" account. This is the standard accounting practice for internal service fund billing to other governmental units.
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during the current year, winchester company sold 80,000 units at a selling price of $20 per unit. variable cost per unit was $15, and winchester's net income for the year was $40,000. what was the amount of winchester's fixed costs?
The amount of Winchester's fixed costs is $360,000
To calculate Winchester's fixed costs, we can use the formula:
Fixed Costs = Total Revenue - (Variable Costs + Net Income)
We know that Total Revenue is 80,000 units x $20 per unit = $1,600,000
Variable Costs is 80,000 units x $15 per unit = $1,200,000
Net Income is $40,000
So, we can substitute these values into the formula:
Fixed Costs = $1,600,000 - ($1,200,000 + $40,000)
Fixed Costs = $1,600,000 - $1,240,000
Fixed Costs = $360,000
Therefore, the amount of Winchester's fixed costs is $360,000.
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which of the following is not a part of effective corporate governance? a. focus on short-run profits that add up in the long run b. use of stock-based compensation for key employees c. holding managers accountable for poor performance d. rules and practices to ensure that managers balance the needs of customers, employees, and affected citizens with shareholder interests e. having a strong, independent board of directors
Option A is correct. Focus on short-run profits that add up in the long run is not a part of effective corporate governance.
What is effective corporate governance?The mechanisms and procedures put in place to ensure that a business is being handled ethically and responsibly, in the best interests of all stakeholders, including shareholders, clients, employees, and the community, are referred to as effective corporate governance.
1. A robust, independent board of directors that protects shareholders' interests and is not subject to management is one aspect of this.
2. Using stock-based pay to better match the interests of key workers with those of shareholders
3. Using performance measurements and open channels of communication to hold managers accountable for subpar performance.
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An item on sale costs 40% of the original price. If the original price was $95 , what is the sale price?
ITS 7TH GRADE BTW!
Answer:
Explanation:
If it's 40% OFF, then it would cost 57
but if it's 40% OF the original cost it would be $38
the cost, in environmental quality, of a unit of pollution that is emitted into the environment is the:
The cost of a unit of pollution emitted into the environment in terms of environmental quality is the: external cost.
What exactly is an external cost?
External costs are those incurred by transportation users but not directly borne by them, such as congestion, air pollution, climate change, accidents, noise, expenses for both upstream as well as downstream operations, costs for the natural environment and additional costs in metropolitan areas.
An externality is a cost or benefit that a producer generates but does not bear or receive personally. An externality can be both positive and negative and might emerge from the production or consumption of a good or service.
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