by entering a project’s limiting factors into a project management software system, a manager can receive ________ recommendations.

If a company decides to flatten its hierarchical structure, it is likely that the middle management level would be eliminated first.

This is because middle managers are responsible for overseeing the work of lower-level employees and relaying information from upper management to those employees.

However, with a flatter structure, communication can occur more directly between upper management and lower-level employees, making the middle manager role less necessary.

Eliminating middle management positions can lead to several benefits for a company.

Firstly, it can reduce costs by eliminating salaries, benefits, and other expenses associated with those positions.

Secondly, it can speed up decision-making processes and increase efficiency, as there are fewer layers of management to go through.

Thirdly, it can empower lower-level employees by giving them more direct access to upper management and a greater sense of responsibility and autonomy.

However, it is important for companies to carefully consider the potential drawbacks of eliminating middle management positions.

These may include a loss of expertise and institutional knowledge, a lack of guidance and mentorship for lower-level employees, and an increased workload for upper management.

Therefore, companies should weigh the potential benefits and drawbacks of a flatter structure before making any changes to their management hierarchy.

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The control environment is indeed a crucial part of a system of internal control. It refers to the overall attitude, awareness, and actions of management and employees concerning the importance of internal controls within an organization.

This environment sets the foundation for the effective functioning of other components of internal control, such as risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring.
The control environment plays a vital role in fostering a culture that values integrity, ethical behavior, and adherence to rules and regulations. It helps establish the "tone at the top," which influences the behavior and decision-making processes of employees at all levels. A strong control environment provides clear policies, procedures, and organizational structure, promoting accountability and transparency.
In addition to setting the tone, the control environment also involves the allocation of resources and the development of skills required to implement and maintain effective internal controls. This includes ongoing training, communication, and support from management.
By creating an environment that emphasizes the importance of internal controls, organizations can better manage risks, prevent fraud, and enhance the reliability of financial reporting. Thus, the control environment is indeed a critical part of a system of internal control, as it lays the groundwork for the effectiveness of all other control components.

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Quick and easy kaizen is a methodology that focuses on identifying and eliminating small inefficiencies in a process to improve overall efficiency. Its relative strength lies in its ability to encourage continuous improvement and to involve all employees in the process. However, it may not be suitable for larger-scale improvements and may not address more significant issues.

Suggestion programs involve employees submitting suggestions for improvement to management. Their strength lies in their ability to identify and address issues from the perspective of those closest to the process. However, they may not always receive a response from management, and suggestions may not always be actionable. Kaizen circle activity involves small groups of employees working together to identify and address issues. Its strength lies in its ability to promote teamwork and collaboration among employees. However, it may not address systemic issues or involve all employees in the process.

Practical kaizen training provides employees with the tools and knowledge necessary to identify and address issues in a systematic way. Its strength lies in its ability to provide a structured approach to problem-solving. However, it may not involve all employees in the process and may not address smaller-scale issues.  Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses, and the best approach will depend on the specific situation and goals of the organization. It may be beneficial to combine approaches or to use different approaches for different types of issues.

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On July 31, Concord Corporation should make the following adjusting entry:

Debit: Unearned Rent Revenue - $7,200

Credit: Rent Revenue - $7,200

This adjusting entry recognizes the portion of the unearned rent revenue that has been earned during the month of July. Since the check received on July 1 represented a 6-month advance payment, only one month's worth of rent revenue needs to be recognized at the end of July. By debiting Unearned Rent Revenue, we reduce the liability for the unearned portion, and by crediting Rent Revenue, we recognize the revenue that has been earned during the period.

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The answer is d. The Chinese Export-Import Bank. The bank provides financing to Chinese companies to invest in overseas projects, including those related to forestry and natural resources. The African Infrastructure Bank, World Bank, International Finance Corporation, and International Monetary Fund are also important financial institutions, but they do not specifically facilitate access to forests in Sub-Saharan Africa for China. It is worth noting that the environmental impact of China's forestry imports has been a topic of concern, as some have criticized China's role in promoting unsustainable logging practices in Africa.

According to the United Nations, China has indeed become the world's largest importer of forestry products, and much of these imports come from Sub-Saharan African nations.

In fact, Chinese demand for wood has increased exponentially in recent years, causing a significant impact on forests across Africa. As a result, there have been concerns raised about the sustainability and legality of Chinese logging practices in Africa. In response to these concerns, China has set up partnerships with several organizations to ensure access to African forests, including the Chinese Export-Import Bank and the African Infrastructure Bank. Additionally, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have both provided financial support to African nations in exchange for increased access to their natural resources. While these partnerships may bring much-needed economic growth to African nations, there are ongoing debates about whether they are truly beneficial in the long-term, particularly for the preservation of vital natural resources.

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For the given set of cash flows, the profitability index is 0.401 at 11% discount rate, 0.324 at 16% discount rate, and 0.259 at 23% discount rate.

The profitability index is a measure of the value a project generates per unit of investment. Requirement 1 The present value of the cash flows is $11,465.58. The profitability index is calculated by dividing the present value of the future cash flows by the initial investment: PI = $11,465.58 / $28,600 = 0.401.

Requirement 2 Using a discount rate of 16%, the present value of the cash flows is $9,269.73. The profitability index is PI = $9,269.73 / $28,600 = 0.324.

Requirement 3 Using a discount rate of 23%, the present value of the cash flows is $7,410.24. The profitability index is PI = $7,410.24 / $28,600 = 0.259.

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Answer:

Decreasing the objective function coefficient of a variable to its lower limit will create a revised problem that is unbounded. Decision variables must be clearly defined before constraints can be written. Output from a computer package is precise and answers should never be rounded. So FALSE

The knowledge area that includes the closing process called close project or phase is Project Integration Management. The correct answer is option b.

This knowledge area is responsible for coordinating all aspects of a project and ensuring that it is completed on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of stakeholders.

The close project or phase process is the final process in the Project Integration Management knowledge area and is responsible for formally closing a project or project phase.

During the close project or phase process, the project manager and team assess the project's success or failure, obtain final acceptance of the project deliverables, and archive project documents. They also release project resources and document lessons learned, which can be used to improve future projects.

Effective project integration management is essential for project success. It involves integrating all the project management processes and ensuring that they work together to achieve project goals. Project integration management also ensures that the project is aligned with the organization's strategic goals and objectives.

The correct answer is option b.

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A company with strong core competencies would be better served through related diversification rather than unrelated diversification or outsourcing of critical tasks.

Related diversification allows a company to expand into new markets or product lines that are related to their existing competencies, which can result in synergies and a competitive advantage. By leveraging their existing knowledge and expertise, a company can create new products or services that build on their strengths and differentiate themselves from competitors.

Outsourcing critical tasks, on the other hand, can result in a loss of control and quality, and may not be sustainable in the long term. While outsourcing may provide short-term cost savings, it can also lead to a loss of key skills and knowledge within the organization, making it difficult to maintain a competitive edge.

A focused low-cost strategy may be effective for companies that have a narrow product or service offering, but it may not be sustainable if the company does not have a strong set of core competencies to support it. Therefore, related diversification is the best option for companies with strong core competencies looking to expand and grow their business.

In summary, related diversification is the most effective strategy for a company with strong core competencies as it allows them to leverage their existing knowledge and expertise to expand into new markets or product lines that build on their strengths and differentiate themselves from competitors.

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For the first benefit, an accounting entry would be needed at the end of the year to accrue the cost of the benefit. This is because the company has a legal obligation to provide paid sick leave to its employees and it is a liability that must be recognized in the company's financial statements.

The accrual entry would debit the Sick Leave Expense account and credit the Sick Leave Payable liability account. For the second benefit, no accounting entry would be needed at the end of the year to accrue the cost of the benefit. This is because the cost of providing free flights to employees is not a liability until the flights are actually taken. The company cannot predict how many flights each employee will take during the year, so it is impossible to accrue the cost of the benefit. Instead, the cost of each flight taken by an employee would be recorded as an expense at the time the flight is taken. This would be recorded as a debit to the Employee Flight Expense account and a credit to the Accrued Flight Liability account. It is important to note that while these benefits are provided to employees, they may also impact customers. For example, if too many employees take advantage of the free flight benefit, it could lead to fewer seats available for paying customers. Therefore, it is important for Crash Airlines to carefully manage and monitor these benefits to ensure they are not negatively impacting the experience of their paying customers.

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For the U.S. economy to have a positively skewed wage distribution, it means that the wage distribution has a long right tail.

This means that a large proportion of workers earn very high wages, while the majority of workers earn lower wages. The distribution of wages is not symmetric around the mean, and there is a long tail on the higher end of the wage distribution. This can have implications for income inequality and overall economic growth.

A positively skewed wage distribution means that the wage distribution has a long right tail. This indicates that there is a relatively small number of workers earning exceptionally high wages, which pulls the average wage up, while the majority of workers earn lower wages. In this case, the distribution of wages is not symmetric around the mean, and a large proportion of workers do not earn very high wages.

Therefore, the correct answer is option b. The wage distribution has a long right tail.

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Decrease in demand and an increase in supply can be expected in the country's market for loanable funds. (A)

During the recovery phase of a country's business cycle, businesses tend to make higher profits and the stock market surges. As a result, the demand for loanable funds decreases because businesses have more available capital to finance their operations without needing to borrow.

Meanwhile, the supply of loanable funds increases as investors have more confidence in the economy and are more willing to lend.

This leads to a decrease in the interest rates, making it more affordable for businesses and individuals to borrow money. Therefore, the changes expected in the country's market for loanable funds are a decrease in demand and an increase in supply.(A)

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The market equilibrium point is at a quantity (q) of 30.9 and a price (p) of 187.6.

To find the market equilibrium point for the given demand and supply functions, we need to equate the demand function (p = -4q + 310) and the supply function (p = 6q + 1). Hence,

1: Set the demand function equal to the supply function:

-4q + 310 = 6q + 1

2: Move all the q terms to one side by adding 4q to both sides:

310 = 10q + 1

3: Subtract 1 from both sides to isolate the term with q:

309 = 10q

4: Divide both sides by 10 to find the equilibrium quantity (q):

q = 30.9

5: Plug the equilibrium quantity (q) back into either the demand or supply function to find the equilibrium price (p). We will use the demand function:

p = -4(30.9) + 310

p = 187.6

So, the market equilibrium point for these demand and supply functions is at a quantity (q) of 30.9 and a price (p) of 187.6.

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Find the market equilibrium point for the following demand and supply functions. Demand: p = -4q + 310 and  Supply: p = 6q + 1. The market equilibrium point is ____.

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The procurement process is closely integrated with several other processes within an organization, including inventory management, finance, and operations.

Inventory management is directly linked to procurement since the procurement team must ensure that the organization has the necessary materials and supplies to support production and operations.

Procurement must work closely with inventory management to forecast inventory needs and ensure that sufficient stock is available to meet production schedules.

Finance plays a critical role in procurement, as it is responsible for managing budgets and tracking expenses related to procurement activities. The procurement team must work closely with finance to ensure that they are staying within budget and managing expenses effectively.

Operations are also closely integrated with procurement since the procurement team must ensure that the materials and services they acquire meet the organization's quality and operational standards.

Overall, effective integration of the procurement process with other processes within an organization is crucial to ensure that the organization can meet its production goals and operate efficiently.

Collaboration between different departments and clear communication is essential to ensure that everyone is working towards the same objectives.

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False, Variable overhead is subject to volume variance, as changes in production volume can affect the amount of variable overhead costs incurred.

There can indeed be a volume variance for variable overhead. Volume variance occurs when the actual production level differs from the budgeted production level, causing a difference between the planned variable overhead costs and the actual variable overhead costs. This variance helps identify the efficiency of production and resource utilization.

Volume variance for variable production overhead is not possible. A conventional costing method would underapply fixed manufacturing overhead costs for the period if real fixed manufacturing overhead costs were higher than projected fixed manufacturing overhead costs.

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Stephanie's bridal shoppe must sell 237 dress to yield after tax net income of $19000 with tax rate of 40%.

To calculate the number of dresses Stephanie's bridal shoppe must sell to yield an after-tax net income of $19000, we need to use the following formula:

Net Income = (Selling Price - Variable Costs) x Quantity - Fixed Costs - Taxes

We know that the selling price of each dress is $1000 and the variable costs are $400, so the contribution margin per dress is $600 ($1000 - $400). We also know that the fixed costs are $110000 and the tax rate is 40%.

Let's plug in the numbers and solve for quantity:

$19000 = ($600 x Q) - $110000 - (0.4 x ($600 x Q - $110000))
$19000 = $600Q - $110000 - $240Q + $44000
$19000 + $110000 - $44000 = $360Q
$85000 = $360Q
Q = 236.11

Therefore, it is advisable for Stephanie to sell 237 dresses (rounded to nearest number).

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The rate of change of total profit with respect to time is 189,000 dollars per hour.

To find the rate of change of total profit with respect to time, we need to use the formula:

Profit = Revenue - Cost

where Revenue is the product of the selling price and the quantity sold, and Cost is the sum of all expenses incurred in producing the goods.

In this case, the revenue function is given by:

R(x) = r(x) * x = (80x - 0.5x²) * x = 80x² - 0.5x³

And the cost function is given by:

C(x) = c(x) = 30x³

Therefore, the profit function is:

P(x) = R(x) - C(x) = (80x² - 0.5x³) - 30x³ = -0.5x³ + 80x²

To find the rate of change of total profit with respect to time, we need to take the derivative of the profit function with respect to time:

dP/dt = dP/dx * dx/dt

where dx/dt is given as 90.

Taking the derivative of the profit function with respect to x, we get:

dP/dx = -1.5x² + 160x

Plugging in x = 30, we get:

dP/dx = -1.5(30)² + 160(30) = 2100

Therefore, the rate of change of total profit with respect to time is:

dP/dt = dP/dx * dx/dt = 2100 * 90 = 189,000 dollars per hour.

This means that the total profit is increasing at a rate of $189,000 per hour when x = 30 and the rate of change of the quantity sold is 90 units per hour.

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The payback period for this project is 4 years. This means that it will take 4 years for the project to generate enough cash inflow to recover the initial outlay of $132,995.

To compute the payback period for a project that requires an initial outlay of $132,995 and is expected to generate $40,000 per year for 9 years, we need to first calculate the annual cash inflow. Annual cash inflow = $40,000 Next, we need to calculate the cumulative cash inflow for each year. Year 1: $40,000 Year 2: $80,000 Year 3: $120,000 Year 4: $160,000 Year 5: $200,000 Year 6: $240,000 Year 7: $280,000 Year 8: $320,000 Year 9: $360,000 To determine the payback period, we need to find the year in which the cumulative cash inflow equals the initial outlay of $132,995. Year 1: $40,000 (cumulative: $40,000) Year 2: $80,000 (cumulative: $120,000) Year 3: $120,000 (cumulative: $240,000) Year 4: $160,000 (cumulative: $400,000) Year 5: $200,000 (cumulative: $600,000) Year 6: $240,000 (cumulative: $840,000) Year 7: $280,000 (cumulative: $1,120,000) Year 8: $320,000 (cumulative: $1,440,000) Year 9: $360,000 (cumulative: $1,800,000) The payback period is in year 4, as the cumulative cash inflow at the end of year 3 is $400,000, which is greater than the initial outlay of $132,995. Therefore, the payback period for this project is 4 years. This means that it will take 4 years for the project to generate enough cash inflow to recover the initial outlay of $132,995.

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The answer is True, a monopolist that can practice perfect price discrimination will not impose a deadweight loss on society.

In perfect price discrimination, the monopolist charges each consumer the highest price they are willing to pay for each unit of the good.

As a result, the monopolist captures all consumer surplus and converts it into producer surplus. This leads to an allocation of resources that is equivalent to the one achieved in a competitive market, where the quantity produced and consumed is at the socially optimal level.

Therefore, in this scenario, there is no deadweight loss generated by the monopolist's actions.

Hence, the statement is true.

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No, the reference to the mortgage in the note does not cause it to be nonnegotiable.

A promissory note's negotiability is established by its language alone, not by reference to an external document like a mortgage. In this instance the note is negotiable because it satisfies the criteria for negotiability, which include being payable to order or bearer and constituting an unconditional promise to pay a specific sum of money.

The fact that the mortgage is mentioned in the note serves to inform future holders of the note that it is secured by a mortgage on real estate rather than having any bearing on its negotiability. In order to collect on the note and mortgage of Holly Hill, Charter Bank may file a lawsuit.

The question is incomplete, complete question will be "Holly Hill Acres, Ltd. (Holly Hill), purchased land from Rogers and Blythe. As part of its consideration, Holly Hill gave Rogers and Blythe a promissory note and purchase money mortgage. The note read, in part, “This note with interest is secured by a mortgage on real estate made by the maker in favor of said payee. The terms of said mortgage are by reference made a part hereof.” Rogers and Blythe assigned this note and mortgage to Charter Bank of Gainesville (Charter Bank) as security in order to obtain a loan from the bank. Within a few months, Rogers and Blythe defaulted on their obligation to Charter Bank. Charter Bank sued to recover on Holly Hill’s note and mortgage. Does the reference to the mortgage in the note cause it to be nonnegotiable? Holly Hill Acres, Ltd. v. Charter Bank of Gainesville, 314 So.2d 209, Web 1975 Fla.App. Lexis 13715"

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To effectively and efficiently advertise to millennials, De Beers can leverage digital platforms and social media to reach this tech-savvy generation. This can include targeted ads on popular social media  platforms that are tailored to the interests and preferences of millennials.

Another approach that can be effective is influencer marketing. Partnering with popular social media influencers who have a strong following among millennials can help De Beers tap into their audience and increase brand visibility. These influencers can create content that showcases De Beers' products in an authentic and relatable way, helping to establish a connection with millennials.
De Beers can also focus on creating a strong brand identity that resonates with millennials. This can include highlighting the sustainability and ethical practices that the company follows, which are important values for this generation. Additionally, De Beers can create engaging and immersive experiences through pop-up shops and events that appeal to the millennial audience.
Overall, a combination of digital advertising, influencer marketing, and focusing on creating a strong brand identity that aligns with the values of this generation, De Beers can successfully advertise to this key demographic.

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The company should recognize a $62,500 loss on disposal in its financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The correct answer is D. $62,500 loss on disposal.

When a company sells a plant asset, it must recognize the difference between the sale price and the book value (original cost minus accumulated depreciation) as a gain or loss on disposal. In this case, the book value of the asset is calculated as follows:
Book value = Original cost - Accumulated depreciation
Book value = $375,000 - ($150,000 + $37,500)
Book value = $187,500

Since the sale price of the asset is $125,000, the company will recognize a loss on disposal. The amount of the loss is calculated as follows:
Loss on disposal = Book value - Sale price
Loss on disposal = $187,500 - $125,000
Loss on disposal = $62,500

Therefore, the correct answer is D. $62,500 loss on disposal.

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BIGS stands for Business Intelligence and Global Sourcing. It is a program created by BP Lubricants that aimed to consolidate and streamline their procurement processes globally.

One of the primary challenges that BP Lubricants faced was the lack of transparency and standardization in their procurement processes. This was particularly true in regions where the company had a decentralized procurement model. As a result, there was a lack of visibility into supplier performance, supplier spending, and contract compliance.

To address these challenges, BP Lubricants developed the BIGS program, which involved consolidating its procurement operations into a single global procurement function. The company also implemented a new procurement technology platform to manage its procurement processes globally. This platform provided greater visibility into supplier performance and spending, as well as enhanced analytics capabilities.

The results obtained from the BIGS program were impressive. The company was able to reduce procurement costs by over $100 million per year and achieved a 90% compliance rate with its new procurement policies. Additionally, the program led to improved supplier performance and greater transparency in supplier relationships, which helped to improve the overall performance of the company.

In conclusion, the BIGS program was a significant success for BP Lubricants. It allowed them to overcome many of the challenges they faced with their procurement processes and helped them to achieve significant cost savings and improved supplier performance. By leveraging technology and adopting a more centralized procurement approach, BP Lubricants was able to create a more efficient and effective procurement function that was better able to support the company's strategic objectives.

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To determine Mary's taxable income for 2020, we need to calculate her adjusted gross income (AGI) by subtracting her allowable deductions from her total income. Then, we subtract her standard deduction and any applicable tax credits to arrive at her taxable income.

Total Income: Mary's total income includes her salary of $30,000 and the personal use casualty gain of $10,000. Therefore, her total income is $40,000.

Adjustments: Mary has a personal use casualty loss of $17,000. However, this loss is subject to a $100 floor, meaning only losses exceeding $100 can be deducted. Therefore, Mary can deduct $16,900 ($17,000 - $100) as an itemized deduction.

Adjusted Gross Income (AGI): To calculate Mary's AGI, we subtract her allowable deductions from her total income. Her other itemized deductions of $4,000 can also be included. Therefore, her AGI is $40,000 - $16,900 - $4,000 = $19,100.

Deductions and Taxable Income: As a head of household, Mary is eligible for a standard deduction of $18,650 in 2020. This reduces her taxable income to $450 ($19,100 - $18,650).

Mary's taxable income for 2020 is $450. This amount will be used to determine her federal income tax liability based on the applicable tax rates and any eligible tax credits.

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The given statement, "SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery: Based on this case, multi-national corporations should regard illicit payments to foreign officials as simply another cost of doing business" is False.

Multi-national corporations should not regard illicit payments to foreign officials as simply another cost of doing business. Such behavior is unethical and illegal. The SEC's charges against Siemens AG demonstrate that engaging in bribery and corruption can result in significant legal and financial consequences for companies. In addition to fines and reputational damage, companies may face criminal prosecution and civil lawsuits.

Furthermore, bribes and other illicit payments undermine fair competition and can have negative effects on the economies and societies of the countries in which they occur. By engaging in such behavior, companies also risk alienating their customers, employees, and stakeholders who expect them to operate with integrity and transparency.

Instead, multi-national corporations should prioritize ethical business practices and compliance with anti-corruption laws and regulations. This includes implementing robust internal controls, conducting due diligence on business partners, and training employees on ethical conduct. By doing so, companies can protect themselves from legal and financial risks while also contributing to a more fair and sustainable global business environment.

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False. Multi-national corporations should not regard illicit payments to foreign officials as simply another cost of doing business. The SEC and other regulatory bodies view such payments as illegal under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and other anti-bribery laws.

The case of Siemens AG is an example of the serious consequences that can result from engaging in bribery and corruption.In this case, Siemens AG was charged by the SEC for engaging in a decade-long bribery scheme to win business in various countries. The company paid over $1.4 billion in bribes to officials in countries including Argentina, Bangladesh, China, and Venezuela. As a result, Siemens AG paid significant fines and penalties, and several of its executives were also charged and convicted of criminal offenses.The FCPA and other anti-bribery laws aim to promote transparency, accountability, and fair competition in international business transactions. Multi-national corporations have a responsibility to conduct their business in an ethical and lawful manner, and to comply with these laws to avoid legal and reputational risks.

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The journal entry to record the issuance of 24,000 shares of $10 par value common stock in exchange for land valued at $243,000 and a building valued at $372,000 is:

The company is issuing 24,000 shares of common stock at a par value of $10 per share, which gives a total par value of $240,000 (24,000 shares x $10 per share). Since the land is valued at $243,000 and the building is valued at $372,000, the total value of the assets received is $615,000. The difference between the total value of assets received and the par value of the common stock issued is $375,000 ($615,000 - $240,000).

The entry above debits the Land account for $243,000 and the Building account for $372,000 to record the receipt of the assets. The Common Stock account is credited for the par value of the shares issued ($240,000) and the Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par – Common Stock account is credited for the difference between the total value of assets received and the par value of the shares issued ($375,000).

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To determine the optimum portfolio for the laboratory, we need to evaluate the investment proposals based on their present worth and select the combination that maximizes the present worth while staying within the capital limit.

Without the specific details of the investment proposals, it is not possible to calculate the present worth, IRR, or determine the optimum portfolio. To proceed with the analysis, we would need information such as the initial cost, expected cash flows, and timing for each investment proposal.

Once we have these details, we can calculate the present worth of each proposal by discounting the cash flows to their present values using the MARR of 10%. The present worth represents the net value of the investment over the 10-year planning horizon.

To form the optimum portfolio, we would need to consider the capital limit of $1,000,000. We can select a combination of investment proposals that maximizes the present worth while ensuring that the total cost of the selected proposals does not exceed the capital limit.

Additionally, the IRR (Internal Rate of Return) for the portfolio can be calculated to assess the overall return on the combined investments. The IRR represents the discount rate at which the net present value of the investment becomes zero.

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The average customer base calculated in step 3, you can estimate the closing customer base in 2020. In this case, the closing customer base in 2020 is approximately 57,782.5 customers.

To complete the assumptions section of the financial model and determine the closing customer base in 2020, please follow these steps:
1. Begin with the given data points: 88,000, 52,400, 26,580, and 64,150. These might represent quarterly or monthly customer base numbers in 2020.
2. Add up these numbers to find the total customer base for the year 2020: 88,000 + 52,400 + 26,580 + 64,150 = 231,130.
3. Determine the average customer base in 2020 by dividing the total customer base by the number of data points (4 in this case): 231,130 / 4 = 57,782.5.
4. In the assumptions section of your financial model, you may want to include factors that could impact the customer base, such as market trends, seasonality, competition, and marketing efforts. For example, if your analysis shows that the customer base is heavily influenced by seasonal factors, you could assume that the customer base will grow during certain periods and decline during others.
5. Based on these assumptions and the average customer base calculated in step 3, you can estimate the closing customer base in 2020. In this case, the closing customer base in 2020 is approximately 57,782.5 customers.
Remember to keep your answer concise, and be sure to review the assumptions section later to ensure that all relevant factors have been considered in your financial model.

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The common-size values of both net income and costs of goods sold increased this year over last year. Correct answer is: As a percentage of sales, the cost of goods sold increased while the sum of total expenses, interest, and taxes decreased for the year.

When the common-size values of both net income and costs of goods sold increase, it means that the cost of producing and selling goods has increased while the overall profit margin has also increased. This suggests that the company has been able to effectively manage its costs and generate higher revenues, resulting in a better profit margin.

However, it is important to note that the increase in the cost of goods sold may be a cause for concern, as it suggests that the company may be experiencing higher production costs or increased pricing pressure. The decrease in total expenses, interest, and taxes may indicate that the company has been able to reduce its operating expenses or take advantage of tax incentives.

Overall, this analysis highlights the importance of understanding the underlying drivers of changes in financial statements and using common-size analysis to compare financial performance across different periods.

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Lee's demand for lattes is perfectly inelastic. Option B is answer.

This means that regardless of the price of lattes, Lee will always spend $20 a week on them. A perfectly inelastic demand implies that the quantity demanded remains constant regardless of changes in price.

In this case, Lee's willingness to spend $20 on lattes each week does not change, even if the price of lattes increases or decreases. This suggests that Lee's demand is not responsive to changes in price, and he is willing to pay the same amount regardless of the price.

Option B (perfectly inelastic) is the correct answer.

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