Lipids are protecting his car because their nonpolar nature makes them insoluble in water.
What is meant by lipids and its functions ?Any of the countless chemical compounds that are soluble in oil but not in water is a lipid. They include lipids, waxes, oils, hormones, and some membrane components and act as chemical messengers and energy storage molecules.
Lipids are substances that contain hydrocarbons and are used for a range of functions, including as energy storage, as structural components, and even in cell signalling. In the homeostatic system of the human body, lipids and fats have a significant impact.
A wax is a simple lipid that is an ester of an alcohol and long-chain fatty acid. Between 12 and 32 carbon atoms are possible in alcohol. Stems and leaves naturally have a waxy coating. Because of this, the plant doesn't lose a lot of water.
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many game species (e.g. elk, turkey, white-tail deer, antelope) populations have greatly decreased over the past decade due to over-hunting.
False, many game species (e.g. elk, turkey, white-tail deer, antelope) populations have not greatly decreased over the past decade due to over-hunting.
Overhunting is an activity that causes a significant reduction in the population of a species or harm to wildlife. It is also defined as the relentless pursuit of wild or game animals in order to kill or capture them for economic, personal, or food reasons. Local extinctions can result from local hunting and illegal wildlife trade, which can drive species to extinction. Because of hunting, wildlife populations have declined in forests throughout the tropics, and vulnerable species have often been extirpated, resulting in what is known as the 'empty forest syndrome.'
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wes places red blood cells in a petri dish with pure water and observes them under a microscope. he drew a model to illustrate his observations. what is the most likely explanation for wes’s observations?
The red blood cells are places in Hypotonic Solution.
What is Hypotonic Solution?
A hypotonic solution is one that has a higher water content than solute concentration because hypo stands for low. A molecularly dispersed mixture of one or more chemicals in an adequate amount of a solubilizing solvent is referred to as a solution. A solute is something that dissolves in a solution. The cell membrane regulates and manages what goes in and out of the cell. A selectively permeable membrane is one that lets some substances pass through while blocking others.
The solute concretion is always smaller than the cell in a hypotonic solution. Due to the high concentration of solute inside the cells, there is less solvent (water).
When the concentration of solutes in a solution is greater than the concentration of cells in the solution, the solution is said to be hypertonic. An illustration of a hypertonic solution is saltwater. A hypotonic solution, on the other hand, has more water outside the cell. The solution then moves water into the cell.
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which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems? group of answer choices it provides needed limiting nutrients. it can aid corals by killing parasites. it can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish. it is rare and occurs only in bad weather. it does not occur.
True statement are A. It can aid corals by providing their symbiotic algae with nutrients.
The response of a marine ecosystem to an excessive availability of a limiting nutrient is known as marine eutrophication. The idea of a "limiting nutrient" suggests that the amount of primary production in an ecosystem depends on the availability of the limiting nutrient.
What causes eutrophication in the ocean?
The primary cause of eutrophication and subsequent ecosystem degradation in coastal ecosystems worldwide during the 20th century was an increase in anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) via river discharge to coastal ecosystems (Rabalais et al., 2000).
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what is the name of the triangularly shaped structures in the medulla of a kidney that contain the nephrons?
The medulla is the inner region of the parenchyma of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called renal pyramids.
The kidney's parenchyma's interior section is called the medulla.
The renal pyramids, which are triangle-shaped structures with a dense network of nephrons within them, are a collection of several pyramidal tissue masses that make up the medulla.
The Bowman's capsule, which is shaped like a cup and is located in the cortex of the kidney, is at one end of each nephron. The glomerulus, a group of capillaries that conducts blood from the renal arteries into the nephron where plasma is filtered via the capsule, is encircled by it.
The filtered fluid exits the capsule and travels via the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule before exiting the body through the ureter. It then travels down the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle. The complicated management of water and ion concentrations in the body is made possible by the numerous components of the nephrons, each of which is selectively permeable to distinct molecules.
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localized rapid bone turnover, most commonly affecting the skull, femur, tibia, pelvic bones, and vertebrae, is characterized by which bone disorder?
localized rapid bone turnover, most commonly affecting the skull, femur, tibia, pelvic bones, and vertebrae are characterized by Osteitis deformans.
Bone turnover is the process of physical resistance followed by a substitute by new cartilage accompanying little change in shape, and it happens throughout one's life. Osteoclasts decay cartilage (cartilage physical resistance), releasing the mineral, developing in a transfer of calcium from cartilage fluid to the blood.
High cartilage change is guided bone turnover in postmenopausal wives (9) and BTMs have been intentional in judgment concerning this relationship. A never-ending condition at which point two together the breakdown and regrowth of cartilage are raised. Osteitis deformans happens often in the pelvic and leg cartilages, brain, and lower backbone. It is most common in earlier things and can lead to cartilage pain, deformities, and fractures.
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The complete question is:
Localized rapid bone turnover, most commonly affecting the skull femur, tibia, pelvic bones, and vertebrae, is characterized by which bone disorder?
a. Osteomalacia
b. Osteoporosis
c. Osteitis deformans
d. Osteomyelitis
atp is produced in all stages of cellular respiration. which two statements describe the process of atp synthesis in the electron transport chain?
Since there are so many hydrogen ions there, they can permeate across the membrane and into the matrix.
What two main activities take place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration as a whole?The citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis are the three primary phases of cellular respiration. The cytosol is where glycolysis occurs, the mitochondrial matrix is where the citric acid cycle happens, and the inner mitochondrial membrane is where oxidative phosphorylation happens.
What exactly are the two stages of cellular respiration?The three steps of cellular respiration are glycolysis (stage 1), the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and electron transport (stage 3).
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A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered or threatened species is called a _________.
Drag the labels to complete each of the sentences that discuss the migration of immune cells from the vasculature into injured tissue. epithelial margination When tissue is damaged through trauma or chemicals are released from the injured cells. These chemicals trigger the events leading to including the movement of white blood cells from the vasculature into the damaged tissue. infection phagocytose diapedesis Several of the released chemicals are the vasculature. Others are chemoattractants, or draw phagocytic cells to the site of injury that is, they initiate changes in small proteins that 3 endothelial vasoconstriction Following injury, phagocytes, predominantly neutrophils, migrate to the sides of the vessel walls, a process called There, because of an increase in diameter of the capillaries, they are able to squeeze through the spaces between the cells. This process is known as transmigration vasodilation or platelets vasoactive Once in the tissues, the neutrophils proceed to microbes or other invading substances, thus cleaning up the area so that tissue repair can begin. chemokines inflammation
Vasodilation, as it is known in medicine, is the widening of blood vessels in your body, which increases blood flow through them and lowers blood pressure.
This is a typical process that takes place in your body without your knowledge. Additionally, it might be brought on by the foods and beverages you consume as well as prescription drugs. Vasodilation can also be a sign of some medical conditions.
Your blood serves a variety of functions in your body, including carrying nutrients and oxygen and assisting your body in controlling its temperature.
Your body's blood vessels are more than just tubes that never change in size. Muscle is found in blood vessels as well, and it regulates how broad or thin your blood vessels are.
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Michelle and Keith are apparently normal, but their daughter was born with alkaptonuria, an inherited metabolic disorder. If alkaptonuria is like most human hereditary disorders, the probability of their next child being born with alkaptonuria is:
Alkaptonuria is a very uncommon inborn error of amino acid metabolism caused by a deficiency in the enzyme homogentisic acid (HGA) oxidase, which causes HGA to accumulate in the body's tissues such cartilage and plasma and be excreted in the urine.
The likelihood that their subsequent child will be born with alkaptonuria is 1/4 if the ailment is genetic like the majority of human diseases. A hereditary disease called alkaptonuria causes urine to turn dark from birth. Additional symptoms, however, typically don't surface until adulthood. Symptoms typically advance gradually. Alkaptonuria patients' urine may be unusually dark or it may turn black after prolonged exposure to the air. Nevertheless, because this transition typically takes several hours, it frequently passes unnoticed. Diapers may become discolored black during infancy.
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dna, which is negatively charged, can adsorb onto the surface of citrate-capped au nanoparticles. explain why such a system would exhibit a langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Single-stranded DNA is adsorbed onto citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which improves the stability of AuNPs and is the basis for many biochemical and analytical applications, but the basics of this adsorption reaction are interactions remain unknown.
In this study, we measured the kinetics, capacity and isotherms of DNA adsorption and showed that the adsorption process is governed by electrostatic forces. Charge repulsion between DNA strands and between DNA and AuNPs can be reduced by adding salt, lowering the pH, or using uncharged peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). A Langmuir adsorption isotherm is obtained, showing that there is both adsorption and desorption of DNA from the AuNPs. Higher salt concentrations promote DNA adsorption, but higher salt concentrations also increase the rate of desorption due to DNA compaction. DNA adsorption capacity is determined by the length of DNA oligomers, DNA concentration, and salinity. Previous studies have shown faster adsorption of short DNA oligomers by AuNPs. We find that AuNPs are more effectively protected from aggregation when longer DNA is adsorbed. DNA adsorption is also facilitated by the use of low pH buffers and high alcohol concentrations. A model based on electrostatic repulsion of AuNPs has been proposed to explain the adsorption/desorption behavior of DNA.
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PLS HURRY
Figure 1 below shows the structure of a(an)
O DNA molecule.
O amino acid.
RNA molecule.
O protein.
The given figure shows the structure of DNA molecule.
What is DNA molecule?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is the molecule that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism's growth and operation.
The structure of DNA is a double helix, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder. Deoxyribose and phosphate groups alternately form the backbone of each strand.
One of the four bases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine—is joined to each sugar (T). Adenine forms chemical bonds with thymine while cytosine forms chemical bonds with guanine to join the two strands together.
Therefore, The given figure shows the structure of DNA molecule.
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Which of the following options is correct?
A stretch reflex
a) is an example of a polysynaptic reflex.
b) is important in regulating muscle length.
c) involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon.
d) is activated when a skeletal muscle lengthens.
e) Both b and d
The correct answer is (e). Muscle lengthening triggers the stretch reflex, which also alters the sensitivity of the muscle. often known as the stretch reflex. The stretch reflex controls a muscle's length.
The stretch reflex can be triggered by internal forces, such as the stimulation of the motor neurons, or external forces, such as a load applied to the muscle. A person being served food while carrying a plate is an illustration of the former. On the muscle opposing side, A stretch reflex contracts in reaction to its passive stretching, These muscles spindles will sense any muscle stretching and trigger a contraction to restore proper posture.
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If a triplet on template DNA is AAA, what will be the anticodon on tRNA
a. UUU
b. AAA
c. TTT
d. AUG
If a triplet on template DNA is AAA, AAA will be the anticodon on tRNA. If AAA is present on the template strand of DNA, it will be translated to mRNA as UUU.
The anticodon sequence of the tRNA that would bind to this mRNA is AAA. Option B is the proper response since AAA is the anticodon sequence on tRNA. An anticodon is a three-nucleotide unit that has the same three bases as an mRNA codon. With the use of three complimentary base pairings with one or more amino acid codons, each tRNA molecule's unique anticodon triplet sequence may be used to create three different amino acid codons. Anticodons can only couple with one codon because of wobble base pairing. The first nucleotide of the anticodon is often inosine, which can form hydrogen bonds with several bases in the corresponding codon position.
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1. describe the basic process of an elisa. what binds to what? when you get a positive or negative result from an elisa, what are you actually seeing?
Antigen-antibodies has interaction in the foundation of ELISA. Here, the particular antibodies unite with or bind to their target antigen. The substrate can only bind to the enzyme when the contact occurs.
A favorable outcome is attained because substrate conversion may then be seen. Proteins called antibodies serve as your body's defence against foreign substances. Your immune system creates antibodies, which bind to these foreign molecules and transport them out of your body. Immunoglobulin is a different term for antibody. An antigen is a material from outside your body that reacts with it. An enzyme is a protein that serves as a biological catalyst. A certain chemical reaction in the cell is accelerated by it. During the process, the enzyme is not destroyed.
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which organ is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying foreign chemicals in the blood, including drugs? liver kidneys gallbladder spleen stomach
The liver is in charge of metabolizing and detoxifying foreign substances, including medications, in the blood.
How does the liver metabolize drugs?Numerous medicines are metabolised by the liver, and as a result, water-soluble molecules that can be eliminated in the bile are produced. This is the consequence of phase 1 reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions, which are mediated by cytochrome p450. Phase 2 reactions, which are conjugative, come next.
What is Cytochrome P450?A class of enzymes known as cytochrome P450 performs oxidation and reduction activities (phase 1) using iron to increase the solubility of medicines in water, which helps with excretion. Because they are attached to cell membranes and have a haem pigment that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm when exposed to carbon monoxide, CYP450 enzymes get their name.
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during endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form? multiple choice question.
Endochondral Ossification takes place within membranes.
Endochondral ossification first takes place at the primary site at the center of the diaphysis, which allows formation of the two growth plates. Primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying.
In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Endochondral ossification occurs in the bone tissue in the stage of early fetal development. It begins when MSCs start to produce a cartilage template of long bones, such as the femur and the tibia.
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a eukaryotic cell in g1 has 10 dna double helices. if this cell underwent mitosis, how many dna molecules (i.e. dna double helices) would be present in the cell during prophase?
Ten DNA double helices make up a eukaryotic cell in g1. There would be 20 DNA molecules (or DNA double helices) in the cell during prophase if this cell underwent mitosis.
Cells that have a nucleus, organelles, and a plasma membrane are referred to as eukaryotic cells. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals are examples of eukaryotic organisms. The biological domain Eukaryota includes these creatures. When chromosomes are split during cell division in eukaryotic cells, the process is referred to as mitosis. Cell division occurs when the parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The cell's nucleus and chromosomes are divided to create two new daughter cell nuclei during the mitosis process.
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some reflexes are initiated with a painful stimulus, followed by signal processing in the central nervous system and subsequent contraction of a muscle. what is the proper sequence of neurons used in this pathway?
The correct sequence of the components in a reflex is the Receptor → Sensory neuron → Spinal cord → Motor neuron → Muscle.
So, in this order, the reflex arc comprises of sensor, sensory neuron, control center, motor neuron, and muscle
The spinal cord serves as the primary control center for reflex actions. The spinal cord serves as the junction point for thousands of reflex arcs. Any involuntary and spontaneous reaction is a reflex, and the neurological system mediates the response.
A sensory neuron delivers electrical signals to a relay neuron in the CNS's spinal cord. Sensory neurons are linked to motor neurons through relay neurons. A motor neuron transmits electrical signals.
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Nasa is giving serious consideration to the concept of solar sailing. A solar sailcraft uses a large, low-mass sail and the energy and momentum of sunlight for propulsion.
The sail should be reflective in solar sail aircraft, which uses the energy and momentum of sunlight for propulsion.
Extended trips in our solar system that need a high speed of several 10 km/s would be made achievable by using this ground-breaking low-thrust propulsion technique. Because in this instance the momentum transferred to the sail per unit area per time is greater than, the sail should be reflective. The equation provides the radiation pressure of the wave that completely absorbed:
Pab = I/C
While the radiation pressure of the wave that totally reflected is given by the following equation:
Pref = 2I/C
Hence, the pressure due to the radiation of reflection larger than for absorbing. Therefore, the sail should be reflective.
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The great seal of the united states features an eagle clutching an olive branch in the talons of its right foot, symbolizing the power of peace. What is it grasping in the talons of its other foot?.
A peace sign, an olive branch, and thirteen arrows, which stand for war, are placed in each of the claws of an eagle bearing the motto "E Pluribus Unum," which is written on a scroll.
In the US seal, what does the eagle represent?The Founders made the proper choice when they decided to make the bald eagle the country's emblem. This majestic bird serves as an appropriate symbol for America's strength and freedom because of its ferocious beauty and audacious independence.
On the Great Seal of the United States, what is the American eagle holding?On June 20, 1782, the United States' Great Seal was officially approved by Congress after six years of research. clutching an olive branch in its beak, the bald eagle.
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How eukaryotic cell’s chromosomes change as a cell prepares to divide?
Before a mobileular starts to divide, its chromosomes are first replicated into copies, one for every daughter mobileular. Once the chromosomes are replicated, they start to condense and coil tightly.
During metaphase, the chromosomes line up throughout the middle of the mobileular. During anaphase, the chromosomes separate and flow alongside spindle fibers to contrary ends of the mobileular. During telophase, the chromosomes, which had been wonderful and condensed, start to unfold out into tangle of chromatin.
As mitosis progresses, the microtubules connect to the chromosomes, that have already duplicated their DNA and aligned throughout the middle of the mobileular. The spindle tubules then shorten and flow closer to the poles of the mobileular. As they flow, they pull the only reproduction of every chromosome with them to contrary poles of the mobileular.
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Hairston and colleagues argued that terrestrial ecosystems have a _______ proportion of autotroph biomass consumption compared to aquatic ecosystems because _______ is stronger in terrestrial ecosystems.
lower; predation
The term "land plants," sometimes known as "autotrophs," refers to organisms that synthesize new organic compounds, such as sugars, by photosynthesis. Terrestrial habitats have substantially higher concentrations of decomposers.
Which ecosystems—those on land or those in water—perform better?Because there are more ectotherms and producers like algae that lack lign, aquatic ecosystems typically have higher efficiency compared to land ecosystems.
Which ecosystems—those on land or those in water—perform better?Because there are more ectotherms and producers like algae that lack lign, aquatic ecosystems typically have higher efficiency compared to land ecosystems. An ecosystem is a place where several types of living things coexist to create a bubble of life, including plants, animals, and other species.
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9. why did you measure the distance each protein traveled into the gel from the top of the resolving gel and not the bottom of the well?
Gel electrophoresis is normally set up with the negative electrode at the top of the gel and the positive electrode at the bottom of the gel. The DNA products are loaded at the top of the gel, and then a current is applied to separate them then DNA molecules will run toward the bottom.
The positive electrode is often placed at the bottom of the gel, and the negative electrode is typically placed at the top. At the top of the gel, the DNA products are added, and a current is then used to separate them. Due to the negative charge of DNA, when an electric current is supplied to the gel, DNA will move in the opposite direction, toward the positively charged electrode. The DNA fragments are ordered in order because shorter DNA strands pass through the gel more quickly than longer ones do.
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you are in charge of creating a mathematical model that describes the population growth of a species of butterfly where the adults lay their eggs in the fall and then die. what type of population growth best describe this species?
The mathematical model that describes the butterfly growth is exponential growth curve.
Exponential growth, a populace's in line with capita (in line with individual) boom price remains the identical irrespective of populace size, making the populace develop quicker and quicker because it receives larger. In nature, populations can also additionally develop exponentially for a few period, however they may in the long run be restrained through aid availability.
The Exponential Growth Model:
Malthus proposed a mathematical version of populace boom. Here as the butterfly shows immigration and migration along with the growth.
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write your own sequence of dna that could be turned into a protein. this should be approximately 30 letters long (10 codons). it should be in the format 3' aag ccc ….. 5'
The DNA sequence is 3' TACAAGAACTGCTACGCAAGCCTTAGCATC 5'.
What are the roles of proteins ?
Proteins play a significant structural role in the body, including the muscles, bones, and hair. Many biological reactions can proceed more quickly thanks to the proteins that make up enzymes. The ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cells translate the mRNA sequence into the protein
The stop codon is UAG and the start codon is AUG in mRNA.
mRNA sequence :
5' AUGUUCUUGACGAUGCGUUCGGAAUCGUAG 3'
Hence , The DNA sequence is 3' TACAAGAACTGCTACGCAAGCCTTAGCATC 5'.
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how do antiviral drugs help to treat viral infections? question 7 options: they remove all viral proteins from the host. they interfere with viral replication. they remove all viral mrnas from the host. they remove all viruses from the infected host.
Antiviral drugs aid the body's defense against dangerous viruses. The medications can lessen viral infection symptoms and minimize their duration. Antivirals also reduce the likelihood of contracting or transmitting the herpes and HIV viruses.
Treatments for the majority of viral illnesses only provide temporary relief from symptoms while you wait for your immune system to eradicate the virus. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics. Antiviral medications are available to treat several viral infections. Numerous viral infections might be stayed away from with the aid of vaccinations. They seek to lessen illness symptoms and cut down Antiviral on its length. They can also aid in stopping the spread of viruses.
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ronald myers and roger sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of
Ronald Myers and Roger Sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of a split brain.
The optic chiasm and corpus callosum of each cat in their main experimental group were both removed by Myers and Sperry because there are two ways for visual information to travel from one eye to the contralateral hemisphere.
The cerebral cortex, which is found in folded form, is a part of the brain's gray matter. Fissures are formed by the grooves between the folds. The largest fissure in the cerebral cortex, which divides the brain into two hemispheres, is called the longitudinal fissure. White matter is what makes up the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum serves as an intrinsic link between the two brain hemispheres. Roger Sperry removed part of the corpus callosum while conducting studies on epilepsy treatment.
Your right side of the brain controls the LVF only sends visual information to the right hemisphere, while RVF only sends visual information to the left. Two writing instruments are needed. As soon as you see the images, try to draw both of them at once, one on each piece of paper. The left half of the body. Your left brain directs the activities of your right body. The right visual field and the left visual field are separate parts of each eye this shows the effect of a split-brain.
The complete question is:
Ronald Myers and Roger Sperry transected both the optic chiasm and corpus callosum in a group of research cats, and then put a patch on one eye. this had the effect of ___________.
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which of the following is likely to cause the precipitation of lime out of a water solution? a) photosynthesis in heat-loving algae b) rain falling out of clouds c) reduction of temperature and pressure d) water squeezed into rock joints e) sublimation of liquid water
C) Reduction of temperature and pressure is likely to cause the precipitation of lime out of a water solution.
To precipitate limestone add the lime to water to form calcium hydroxide to from hydrated lime or slake. Remove additional impurities from the slaked lime. Combine the solution with carbon dioxide and slaked lime.
In general ,When limestone is heated, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas are formed. When carbon dioxide gas is passed through freshly prepared lime water, the solution turns milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate, that is not soluble in water.
Hence, C is the correct option
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chemical reactions proceed spontaneously if the change in free energy g, is a negative number. at times, cells must make reactions with positive g values proceed. explain how atp (adenosine triphosphate) can be used by the cell to make reactions with positive g proceed in the direction necessary.
In coupled reaction, one reaction has a positive delta G while other has large negative delta G. And combining these two reaction net reaction has negative delta-G, thus proceed in desired direction.
Most of the anabolic reactions or constructive reactions in the cells are not energetically favourable that is, delta G is positive. And chemically only those reactions occur which are energetically favourable that is delta G is negative. To overcome this problem cell utilize the energy which is conserved in the form of ATP. Phosphate bonds are present in ATP are high energy bonds, when it is hydrolyze, hey will produce large amount of energy. This high energy is used by the cell to overcome from the energy requirement in the other non favourable reaction where delta G is positive. This is termed as the coupled reaction, in which one reaction has a positive delta G while other has large negative delta G. Thus, combining these two reactions the net delta-G of the reaction becomes negative and reaction moves into the desired direction.
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the parents of a child with hyper-igm syndrome used preimplantation genetic diagnosis (pgd) to produce a second child to serve as a cord blood donor to cure the sick child. not only did they have to make sure the donor child did not have hyper-igm, but also they had to be sure the child had compatible:
The expecting parents had to make sure that the unborn child's tissue matched that of their child who had hyper-igm syndrome.
Why does high IgM syndrome occur?Rare, one-in-a-million, and possibly fatal genetic mutations that severely compromise the immune system and render a person incapable of producing antibodies are the root cause of hyper IgM syndromes. Patients with hyper IgM are significantly more likely to develop recurrent and opportunistic infections.
Patients who suffer from HIGM syndrome are unable to switch from producing IgM antibodies to IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies. Patients with this condition consequently have low amounts of IgG and IgA but normal or high levels of IgM in their blood. These several antibody subtypes each serve a different purpose in the fight against pathogens. Normally, B-lymphocytes can make IgM antibodies on their own, but in order to switch from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE, they need interactive assistance from T-lymphocytes. Numerous genetic flaws that impair this interaction between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes cause HIGM.
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