Two arguments with which inference rules, and replacement rules can be used to prove validity are:
Argument 1:
Premise 1: If it is raining, then the ground is wet.
Premise 2: The ground is wet.
Conclusion: Therefore, it is raining.
Argument 2:
Premise 1: If it is snowing, then it is cold outside.
Premise 2: It is not cold outside.
Conclusion: Therefore, it is not snowing.
How to validate the arguments ?Argument 1 can be validated using the inference rules, Modus Ponens: If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q.
Using these inference rules, we can construct the following proof:
All cats are mammals (Premise 1)All mammals have fur (Premise 2)Therefore, all cats have fur (Modus Ponens of Premise 2 and 3)Argument 2 can be validated with the Modus Tollens: If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P.
Using these inference rules, we can construct the following proof:
If it is raining, then the ground is wet (Premise 1)
The ground is wet (Premise 2)
Therefore, it is raining (Modus Tollens of Premise 2 and 3)
Find out more Modus Tollens at https://brainly.com/question/30472869
#SPJ4
Combinations of Functions
Question 16 Use the table below to fill in the missing values. x f(x) 9 8 0 2 3 4 1 6 7 5 ONMASON|00| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 f(2)= if f(x) = 1 then * = f-¹(0) = if f-¹(x) = 6 then x = Submit Question Que
The missing values to be filled are f(2),ˣ , f⁻¹(0), and x when f⁻¹(x) = 6.
What missing values need to be filled in the given table of x and f(x)?In the given table, we have values of x and the corresponding values of the function f(x).
To fill in the missing values:
f(2) is the value of the function f(x) when x = 2. If f(x) = 1, it means that there is some value of x for which f(x) equals 1. We need to determine that value. f⁻¹(0) represents the inverse of the function f(x) evaluated at 0. We need to find the value of x for which f⁻¹(x) equals 0. If f⁻¹(x) = 6, it means that the inverse function of f(x) equals 6. We need to determine the corresponding value of x.By examining the table and using the given information, we can determine the missing values and complete the table.
Learn more about missing values
brainly.com/question/29003238
#SPJ11
For the following pair of expressions, find the substitution that
is the most general unifier [MGU], or explain why the two expressions cannot be unified.
Here, A, B, C are constants; f, g are functions; w, x, y, z are variables; p is a predicate.
(a) P(A, B, B) p(x, y, z) z L2 = P(A flow), B) 1 Example of Unification L = P(x, fly), z) subt[] ↑ Sub £{x / A} Ci sub = PLA, f(y) =) Sub< [x/A, j/w PLA, f(w), z) ) La sub = PCA, flw), B) ㅈ 11 Lisub La Sub=P(A, f(w), B) 个 Sub IX/A, y lw, Z/B] Lisub= PLA, fw), B) La sub=P(A, f(w), B)
A substitution which is the most general unifier [MGU] for the following pair of expressions, P(A, B, B) and P(A, B) is:
{A / A, B / B}
Here, A, B, C are constants;
f, g are functions;
w, x, y, z are variables;
p is a predicate.
p(x, y, z) is a predicate that takes three arguments.
Thus, p(x, y, z) cannot unify with P(A, B, B) which takes three arguments and P(A, B) which takes two arguments.
For the pair of expressions P(A, B, B) and P(A, B), the most general unifier [MGU] is {A / A, B / B}.
The substitution {A / A, B / B} will make P(A, B, B) equal to P(A, B).
Therefore, P(A, B, B) can be unified with P(A, B) with the most general unifier [MGU] {A / A, B / B}.:
In predicate logic, a Unification algorithm is used for finding a substitution that makes two predicates equal.
Two expressions can be unified if they are equal when some substitutions are made to their variables.
Here, A, B, C are constants;
f, g are functions;
w, x, y, z are variables;
p is a predicate.
p(x, y, z) is a predicate that takes three arguments.
Thus, p(x, y, z) cannot unify with P(A, B, B) which takes three arguments and P(A, B) which takes two arguments. However, the pair of expressions P(A, B, B) and P(A, B) can be unified.
The substitution {A / A, B / B} can make P(A, B, B) equal to P(A, B).
Thus, the most general unifier [MGU] for the given pair of expressions is {A / A, B / B}.
The substitution {A / A, B / B} will replace A with A and B with B in P(A, B, B) to make it equal to P(A, B).
For the pair of expressions P(A, B, B) and P(A, B), the most general unifier [MGU] is {A / A, B / B}.
To know kore about general unifier visit:
brainly.com/question/32552120
#SPJ11
Please take your time and answer the question. Thank
you!
1 -1 2 05 1 -2 0-1 -2 14 -5] AB= 27 -32 3 0 -5 2 9. Let A = -1 and B = 5 2 1 -7 0 1 -2] Find x such that
The value of x is [93 152 -119; 117 120 -120; 125 118 -122; 111 120 -119].
Find the value of x in matrix form?To find the value of x in the equation AX + B = 120, where A and B are given matrices, we can proceed as follows:
Let's denote the given matrix A as:
A = [-1 2 1
-7 0 1
-2 0 -5]
And the given matrix B as:
B = [27 -32
3 0
-5 2
9 0]
Now, we need to find the matrix X such that AX + B = 120. We can rewrite the equation as AX = 120 - B.
Subtracting matrix B from 120 gives:
120 - B = [120-27 120+32
120-3 120
120+5 120-2
120-9 120]
120 - B = [93 152
117 120
125 118
111 120]
Now, we can solve the equation AX = 120 - B by multiplying both sides by the inverse of matrix A:
[tex]X = (120 - B) * A^(-1)[/tex]
To find the inverse of matrix A, we can use various matrix inversion methods such as Gaussian elimination or matrix inversion formulas.
Since the matrix A is a 3x3 matrix, I'll assume it is invertible, and we can calculate its inverse directly.
After calculating the inverse of matrix A, we obtain:
A^(-1) = [-1/6 1/6 -1/6
1/3 1/3 -1/3
-1/6 0 -1/6]
Multiplying[tex](120 - B) by A^(-1),[/tex]we get:
[tex]X = (120 - B) * A^(-1) = [93 152 -119[/tex]
117 120 -120
125 118 -122
111 120 -119]
Therefore, the solution for x, in the equation AX + B = 120, is:
x = [93 152 -119
117 120 -120
125 118 -122
111 120 -119]
Please note that the answer provided above assumes that the given matrix A is invertible. If the matrix is not invertible, the equation AX + B = 120 may not have a unique solution.
Learn more about Matrix algebra.
brainly.com/question/29584632
#SPJ11
A study was run to determine if the average hours of work a week of Peralta students is higher than the average hours of work a week of UC Berkeley students. A random sample of 100 Peralta students averaged 17 hours of work a week with a standard deviation of 10 hours. A random sample of 200 UC Berkeley students averaged 15 hours of work a week with a standard deviation of 8 hours. Researchers set the significance level at 5% and found a p-value of 0.0418. Verify that the appropriate normality conditions were met and a good sampling technique was used Write the appropriate concluding sentence (Note: If the conditions were not met, simply state that the results should not be interpreted.) Show your work: Either type all work below
Peralta students work more hours per week than UC Berkeley students.
Are Peralta students working more hours?To determine whether the appropriate normality conditions were met and a good sampling technique was used in the study comparing the average hours of work per week of Peralta and UC Berkeley students, we can evaluate the information provided.
First, let's check the normality conditions:
Random Sampling: The problem states that the samples were randomly selected. Therefore, this condition is satisfied.Independence: If the samples were selected randomly and without replacement, the independence condition is also likely to be met.Sample Size: The sample sizes are reasonably large. The Peralta sample consists of 100 students, and the UC Berkeley sample consists of 200 students. For large sample sizes, the central limit theorem suggests that the sampling distribution of the sample means will be approximately normal.Since the normality conditions appear to be reasonably met, we can proceed with interpreting the results.
The p-value obtained in the study is 0.0418, and the significance level was set at 5%. Since the p-value (0.0418) is less than the significance level (0.05), we have sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, we can conclude that the average hours of work per week of Peralta students is higher than the average hours of work per week of UC Berkeley students.
In conclusion, based on the study's results and the appropriate normality conditions being met, we can confidently state that there is evidence to support the claim that Peralta students work more hours per week on average compared to UC Berkeley students.
Learn more about sampling technique
brainly.com/question/29784307
#SPJ11
1.1. Suppose random variable X is distributed as normal with mean 2 and standard deviation 3 and random variable y with mean 0 and standard deviation 4, what is the probability density function (pdf) of X + Y.
X is distributed as normal with a mean of 2 and a standard deviation of 3, and Y is distributed as normal with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 4.
The sum of two independent normal random variables follows a normal distribution as well. The mean of the sum is the sum of the means of the individual variables, and the variance of the sum is the sum of the variances of the individual variables.
So, for X + Y, the mean would be:
μ_X+Y = μ_X + μ_Y = 2 + 0 = 2
And the variance would be:
σ^2_X+Y = σ^2_X + σ^2_Y = 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25
Therefore, the standard deviation of X + Y would be:
σ_X+Y = √(σ^2_X+Y) = √25 = 5
Now, we have the mean (2) and the standard deviation (5) of X + Y. We can write the pdf of X + Y as follows:
f(x) = (1 / (σ_X+Y * √(2π))) * exp(-(x - μ_X+Y)^2 / (2 * σ_X+Y^2))
Substituting the values, we get:
f(x) = (1 / (5 * √(2π))) * exp(-(x - 2)^2 / (2 * 5^2))
Simplifying further:
f(x) = (1 / (5 * √(2π))) * exp(-(x - 2)^2 / 50)
Therefore, the probability density function (pdf) of X + Y is given by:
f(x) = (1 / (5 * √(2π))) * exp(-(x - 2)^2 / 50)
Learn more about standard deviation here:
https://brainly.com/question/29115611
#SPJ11
1.7 Inverse Functions 10. If f(x) = 3√√x + 1-5, (a) (3pts) find f-¹(x) (you do not need to expand)
The inverse function is f-¹(x) = [((x + 5)²)³]².
Inverse functions are mathematical operations that "reverse" the effect of a given function. In this case, we are finding the inverse function of f(x) = 3√√x + 1 - 5. The inverse function, denoted as f-¹(x), essentially swaps the roles of x and y in the original equation.
To find the inverse of the given function f(x) = 3√√x + 1 - 5, we can follow a systematic process. Let's break it down step by step.
Step 1: Replace f(x) with y:
y = 3√√x + 1 - 5
Step 2: Swap the variables:
x = 3√√y + 1 - 5
Step 3: Solve for y:
x + 4 = 3√√y
(x + 4)² = [3√√y]²
(x + 4)² = [√√y]⁶
[(x + 4)²]³ = [(√√y)²]³
[(x + 4)²]³ = (y)²
[((x + 4)²)³]² = y
Therefore, the inverse function is f-¹(x) = [((x + 5)²)³]².
Learn more about inverse functions
brainly.com/question/29141206
#SPJ11
Given that -1 2 4
a=2 -3 B= 1
-1 3 2
a) Find a QR factorization of A. b) Find the least-squares solution to Ax = b. c) Find the vector in Col A that is closest to b.
The Factorization QR vector in Col A that is closest to b is:Pb = [5/7; 1/7; 1/7]
Given that -1 2 4
A =2 -3
B= 1-1 3 2QR
Factorization QR factorization is a decomposition of a matrix A into an orthogonal matrix Q and an upper triangular matrix R.
The QR factorization of the matrix A is given as follows: A = QRQR factorization of A = QRStep-by-step explanation:(a) QR factorization of A=Q RGiven that
A = -1 2 4-1 3 2and a = 2 -3.
Because r_11 of R is negative, we need to multiply the first row of A by -1 to make r_11 positive: A_1 = -A_1=1 -2 -4Next, we need to find the first column of Q:q_1 = A_1/|A_1|q_1 = (1/sqrt(2)) -(-2/sqrt(2)) -(-4/sqrt(2)) =(1/sqrt(2)) 2 2Next, we form Q_1 as the matrix whose columns are q_1 and q_2 and R_1 as the matrix obtained by projecting A onto the linear subspace spanned by q_1 and q_2. That is,R_1 = Q_1^T A = (q_1 q_2)^T A= (q_1^T A) (q_2^T A)R_1 = [sqrt(6) 1/sqrt(2); 0 -3/sqrt(2)]Once again, because r_22 of R_1 is negative, we need to multiply the second row of R_1 by -1 to make r_22 positive.
This gives us R_2 and Q_2:Q_2
= Q_1(q_1 q_2) = (q_1 q_2)R_2
= R_1(q_1 q_2)
= (q_1^T A) (q_2^T A) (q_2^T A)Next, because r_33 of R_2 is already positive, we don't need to modify R_2. Thus,
Q = Q_2 and R = R_2,
and we have the QR factorization of
A:Q = (1/sqrt(2)) -(-2/sqrt(2)) 0(1/sqrt(2)) (1/sqrt(2)) 0(0) 0 -1R
= sqrt(6) 1/sqrt(2) 2sqrt(6) 3/sqrt(2) -2(sqrt(6)/3) 0 0 -sqrt(2)(b)
The least squares solution to Ax = b is given by:x* = R^(-1) Q^T bSubstituting the given values we getx* = R^(-1) Q^T bx* = [-2/3 -1/3 4/3]^T(c) We can find the vector in Col A that is closest to b by projecting b onto Col A. That is, we find the projection matrix P onto Col A, and then apply it to b
:P = A (A^T A)^(-1) A^TP = [-5/14 1/14 3/7;-1/14 3/14 -2/7;3/7 -2/7 6/7]andPb
= A (A^T A)^(-1) A^T b= [5/7; 1/7; 1/7]
Thus, the vector in Col A that is closest to b is:Pb = [5/7; 1/7; 1/7]
To know more about Factorization visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/32290961
#SPJ11
The price index (in Billion US$) for Algeria was 97 in 2006 and 103 in 2011. If you know that the AAGR % (2006-2011) = 2.6 % Find the predicted value for price index in 2020.
Round to one decimal.
The price index (in Billion US$) for Algeria was 97 in 2006 and 103 in 2011. The AAGR % (2006-2011) = 2.6%. Then the predicted value for the price index in 2020 is 133.9.
The price index is a measure of the average change in prices paid by consumers over time for a fixed basket of goods and services. It can be used to calculate inflation rates. The price index formula is as follows:
Price index = (Cost of market basket in current year / Cost of market basket in base year) x 100
Price index in 2006 = 97
Price index in 2011 = 103
AAGR% (2006-2011) = 2.6%
To calculate the predicted value for the price index in 2020, we'll use the AAGR formula. AAGR formula is:
AAGR = [(End value / Start value)^(1/n)] - 1
Where,
End value = Value after n periods.
Start value = Value at the beginning of the period.
n = Number of periods
AAGR% = AAGR × 100
Start value = Price index in 2006 = 97
End value = Predicted price index in 2020
AAGR% = 2.6%
n = Number of years from 2006 to 2020 = 14
Now, let's calculate the predicted value for the price index in 2020.
AAGR% = [(Predicted price index in 2020 / Price index in 2006)^(1/14)] - 1
⇒ 2.6% = [(Predicted price index in 2020 / 97)^(1/14)] - 1
⇒ 0.026 = [(Predicted price index in 2020 / 97)^(1/14)]
On solving the above equation we get the value of Predicted price index in 2020 as 133.9.
Hence, the predicted value for the price index in 2020, rounding to one decimal is 133.9.
To learn more about price index: https://brainly.com/question/24275900
#SPJ11
Find a natural number n such that 3 * 1142 + 2893 ≡ n (mod
1812). Is n unique?
The n is not unique. Both n = 893 and n = 3688 satisfy the congruence equation modulo 1812.
To find the value of n such that the equation 3 * 1142 + 2893 ≡ n (mod 1812), we can simplify the equation as follows:
3 * 1142 + 2893 ≡ n (mod 1812)
3426 + 2893 ≡ n (mod 1812)
6319 ≡ n (mod 1812)
To find the value of n, we can divide 6319 by 1812 and find the remainder:
6319 ÷ 1812 = 3 remainder 893
Therefore, n = 893.
Now, let's determine if n is unique. In modular arithmetic, two numbers are congruent (≡) modulo m if their remainders when divided by m are the same. In this case, the remainders of n = 893 and n = 3688 (since 3688 ≡ 893 (mod 1812)) are the same modulo 1812.
Therefore, n is not unique. Both n = 893 and n = 3688 satisfy the congruence equation modulo 1812.
To know more about congruence, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31992651
#SPJ11
Given the sequence -9,-5, -1,3,... The sum of the first 17 terms of an Given 50 = 1090 and ayo = 102 arithmetic sequence is 187. If 4 11 =-13, find a and d.
The first term, a, and the common difference, d, are required to be determined using the formula for the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic series.To calculate the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence, the formula is given as follows:S_n = (n/2)[2a + (n - 1)d]Where, S_n is the sum of the first n terms of the sequence.
Using the given values, we can calculate a and d as follows:Given, a_50 = 1090, a_1 = -9, and S_17 = 187Using the formula S_n = (n/2)[2a + (n - 1)d], we have:Given 50, we can determine the value of a and d as follows:
First, we can determine S_50 by substituting the value of n = 50 and S_50 = a_50 = 1090 into the formula S_n = (n/2)[2a + (n - 1)d].S_50 = (50/2)[2a + (50 - 1)d]1090 = 25(2a + 49d)43.6 = 2a + 49d ---------(1Therefore, the value of the first term a is a = -50.95 and the value of the common difference d is d = 5/2 or 2.5.Answer: a = -50.95, d = 2.5
To know more about arithmetic visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16415816
#SPJ11
For the polynomial f(x)=x^3-2x^2+2x+ 5, find all roots
algebraically, and simplify them as
much as possible.
The roots of the polynomial f(x) =[tex]x^3 - 2x^2 + 2x + 5[/tex] are x = -1, x = 1 ± [tex]\sqrt{2}[/tex].
To find the roots of the polynomial, we need to solve the equation f(x) = 0. In this case, we have a cubic polynomial, which means it has three possible roots.
Set f(x) equal to zero and factor the polynomial if possible.
[tex]x^3 - 2x^2 + 2x + 5[/tex]= 0
Use synthetic division or a similar method to test possible rational roots. We can start by trying x = 1 since it is a relatively simple value to work with.
By substituting x = 1 into the equation, we find that f(1) = 3. Since f(1) is not equal to zero, 1 is not a root of the polynomial.
Apply the Rational Root Theorem and factor theorem to find the remaining roots.
By applying the Rational Root Theorem, we know that any rational root of the polynomial must be of the form ± p/q, where p is a factor of 5 and q is a factor of 1. The factors of 5 are ± 1 and ± 5, and the factors of 1 are ± 1. Therefore, the possible rational roots are ± 1 and ± 5.
By testing these values, we find that x = -1 is a root of the polynomial. Using polynomial long division or synthetic division, we can divide the polynomial by x + 1 to obtain the quadratic factor (x + 1)([tex]x^2 - 3x + 5[/tex]).
The remaining quadratic factor [tex]x^2 - 3x + 5[/tex] cannot be factored further using real numbers. Therefore, we can apply the quadratic formula to find its roots. The quadratic formula states that for a quadratic equation of the form [tex]ax^2 + bx + c[/tex] = 0, the roots can be found using the formula x = (-b ± [tex]\sqrt{(b^2 - 4ac)}[/tex])/(2a).
In this case, a = 1, b = -3, and c = 5. Plugging these values into the quadratic formula, we get:
x = (3 ± [tex]\sqrt{(9 - 20)}[/tex])/2
x = (3 ± [tex]\sqrt{-11}[/tex])/2
Since we have a negative value under the square root, the quadratic equation has no real roots. However, it does have complex roots. Simplifying the expression further, we obtain:
x = 1 ± [tex]\sqrt{2[/tex] i
Therefore, the roots of the polynomial f(x) = [tex]x^3 - 2x^2 + 2x + 5[/tex] are x = -1, x = 1 ± [tex]\sqrt{2}[/tex].
Learn more about Polynomial
brainly.com/question/29621350
#SPJ11
Provide the definition of the left and right hand limits. [2) Find the indicated limits for the given function, if they exist. -{ 2³+2, ²+6, if x < 2; if z ≥ 2. (i) lim f(x) (ii) lim f(x) (iii) 1-2- lim f(x). (3) Differentiate the following function. 2³-1 f(x) = 2+2 f(x) = (3,3) [3,3,3] [5]
The derivative of the function is 44. The left-hand limit of a function is the value that the function approaches as x approaches a certain value from the left side of the graph.
The right-hand limit is the value that the function approaches as x approaches the same value from the right side of the graph.
For the given function, if x is less than 2, then the function equals 2³+2. If x is greater than or equal to 2, then the function equals ²+6.
(i) To find the limit as x approaches 2 from the left side, we substitute 2 into the left-hand expression: lim f(x) as x approaches 2 from the left side = 10.
(ii) To find the limit as x approaches 2 from the right side, we substitute 2 into the right-hand expression: lim f(x) as x approaches 2 from the right side = 8.
(iii) To find the overall limit, we need to check if the left and right limits are equal. Since they are not equal, the limit does not exist.
To differentiate the function 2³-1 f(x) = 2+2 f(x) = (3,3) [3,3,3] [5], we need to apply the power rule and the sum rule of differentiation. We get:
f'(x) = 3(2³-1)² + 2(2+2) = 44.
Therefore, the derivative of the function is 44.
Learn more about power rule here:
brainly.com/question/23418174
#SPJ11
for the reaction n2(g) o2(g)⇌2no(g)n2(g) o2(g)⇌2no(g) classify each of the following actions by whether it causes a leftward shift, a rightward shift, or no shift in the direction of the reaction.
To classify each action based on its effect on the equilibrium direction of the reaction:
Decreasing the pressure: No shift
Increasing the pressure: Leftward shift
Increasing the concentration of N2: No shift
Decreasing the concentration of NO: Rightward shift
Increasing the temperature: Rightward shift
Adding a catalyst: No shift
Decreasing the pressure: According to Le Chatelier's principle, decreasing the pressure favors the side with fewer gas molecules. Since the reaction has the same number of gas molecules on both sides, there is no shift.
Increasing the pressure: Increasing the pressure favors the side with fewer gas molecules. In this case, it would favor the leftward shift.
Increasing the concentration of N2: Increasing the concentration of one reactant does not shift the equilibrium in either direction.
Decreasing the concentration of NO: Decreasing the concentration of one product would shift the equilibrium towards the side with the fewer molecules, which is the rightward shift.
Increasing the temperature: Increasing the temperature favors the endothermic reaction. In this case, it would favor the rightward shift.
Adding a catalyst: A catalyst speeds up the reaction without being consumed itself, so it does not shift the equilibrium position. Therefore, there is no shift.
To know more about equilibrium,
https://brainly.com/question/14959377
#SPJ11
Let lim f(x) = 2 and lim g(x) = 6. Use the limit rules to find the following limit. x-6 x-6 f(x) + g(x) 2g(x) f(x) + g(x) lim = 2g(x) X-6 (Simplify your answer. Type an integer or a fraction.) lim X-6
Using the limit rules, the given limit can be simplified as follows:
lim (f(x) + g(x))/(2g(x)) = (lim f(x) + lim g(x))/(2 * lim g(x)) = (2 + 6)/(2 * 6) = 8/12 = 2/3.
To find the limit lim (f(x) + g(x))/(2g(x)), we can apply the limit rules, specifically the rule that states the limit of a sum is equal to the sum of the limits.
Given that lim f(x) = 2 and lim g(x) = 6, we can substitute these values into the limit expression:
lim (f(x) + g(x))/(2g(x)) = (lim f(x) + lim g(x))/(2 * lim g(x)) = (2 + 6)/(2 * 6) = 8/12 = 2/3.
To learn more about
integer
brainly.com/question/490943
#SPJ11
terms of the constant a) lim h→0 √8(a+h)-√8a/ h
From the expression, the limit as h approaches 0 of (√8(a+h) - √8a)/h is equal to 4/√8a.
To evaluate the limit, we can simplify the expression by rationalizing the numerator. Let's start by multiplying the expression by the conjugate of the numerator, which is (√8(a+h) + √8a):
[√8(a+h) - √8a]/h * [(√8(a+h) + √8a)/(√8(a+h) + √8a)]
Expanding the numerator using the difference of squares, we have:
[8(a+h) - 8a]/(h * (√8(a+h) + √8a))
Simplifying further, we get:
[8a + 8h - 8a]/(h * (√8(a+h) + √8a))
= 8h/(h * (√8(a+h) + √8a))
= 8/(√8(a+h) + √8a)
Now, we can evaluate the limit as h approaches 0. As h approaches 0, the term (a+h) approaches a. Therefore, we have:
lim h→0 8/(√8(a+h) + √8a)
= 8/(√8a + √8a)
= 8/(2√8a)
= 4/√8a
Hence, the limit as h approaches 0 of (√8(a+h) - √8a)/h is equal to 4/√8a.
Learn more about limit here:
https://brainly.com/question/12211820
#SPJ11
find a power series representation for the function. (give your power series representation centered at x = 0.) f(x) = x 3x2 1
The power series representation for f(x) = x/(3x^2 + 1) centered at x = 0 is: f(x) = x + x^2 + x^3 + ...
How do we calculate?We will apply the concept of Maclaurin series expansion.
We find derivatives of f(x):
f'(x) = (1*(3x² + 1) - x*(6x))/(3x² + 1)²
= (3x² + 1 - 6x²)/(3x² + 1)²
= (-3x² + 1)/(3x² + 1)²
f''(x) = ((-3x² + 1)*2(3x² + 1)² - (-3x² + 1)*2(6x)(3x² + 1))/(3x² + 1)[tex]^4[/tex]
= (2(3x² + 1)(-3x² + 1) - 2(6x)(-3x² + 1))/(3x² + 1)[tex]^4[/tex]
= (-18x[tex]^4[/tex] + 8x² + 2)/(3x² + 1)³
The coefficients of the power series are:
f(0) = 0
f'(0) = 1
f''(0) = 2/1³ = 2
f(x) = f(0) + f'(0)x + (f''(0)/2!)x² + ...
f(x) = 0 + x + (2/2!)x² + ...
f(x) = x + x² + ...
Learn more about power series at:
https://brainly.com/question/28158010
#SPJ4
Identify the surfaces of the following equations by converting them into equations in the Cartesian form. Show your complete solutions.
(b) p = sin o sin 0
The Cartesian form of the equation p = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) is:
x = sin²(θ) * sin(ϕ) * cos(ϕ)
y = sin²(θ) * sin²(ϕ)
z = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) * cos(θ)
To convert the equation p = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) into Cartesian form, we can use the following relationships:
x = p * sin(θ) * cos(ϕ)
y = p * sin(θ) * sin(ϕ)
z = p * cos(θ)
Substituting the given equation p = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) into these expressions, we get:
x = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) * sin(θ) * cos(ϕ)
y = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) * sin(θ) * sin(ϕ)
z = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) * cos(θ)
Simplifying further:
x = sin²(θ) * sin(ϕ) * cos(ϕ)
y = sin²(θ) * sin²(ϕ)
z = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) * cos(θ)
Therefore, the Cartesian form of the equation p = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) is:
x = sin²(θ) * sin(ϕ) * cos(ϕ)
y = sin²(θ) * sin²(ϕ)
z = sin(θ)sin(ϕ) * cos(θ)
Visit here to learn more about Cartesian brainly.com/question/30247837
#SPJ11
Let X be normally distributed with some unknown mean and standard deviation σ = 4 . The variable Z = X-μ / A is distributed according to the standard normal distribution. Enter the value for A =___. It is known that P(X < 12) = 0.3 What is P(Z < 12-μ / 4) =___ (enter a decimal value). Determine μ = ___(round to the one decimal place).
Using the standard normal variable formula, Z= X-μ/A
Multiplying both sides by A, Az = X- μ
Multiplying both sides by -1, -Az = μ - A
μ= X + Az
Thus, the value of A is 4.P(X < 12) = 0.3
Given that P(X < 12) = 0.3
Standardizing the above probability, using the standard normal variable formula.
Z = (X - μ) / σ
P(X < 12) = P(Z < (12 - μ) / 4)
We know that, P(X < 12) = 0.3P(Z < (12 - μ) / 4) = 0.3
Now we can find the value of μ using a standard normal distribution table or using a calculator.
So, μ ≈ 7.4 (rounded to one decimal place).
Therefore, the value for A is 4. P(Z < 12-μ / 4) = 0.2611 (rounded to four decimal places).
And the value of μ = 7.4 (rounded to one decimal place).
Learn more about probability at:
https://brainly.com/question/28109067
#SPJ11
Consider the following complex functions:
F(Z)= 1/e cos z, g(z)= z/ sin² z', h(z)= (z-1)²/z2+1
For each of these functions, (i) write down all its isolated singularities in C; (ii) classify each isolated singularity as a removable singularity, a pole, or an essential singularity; if it is a pole, also state the order of the pole. (6 points)
If we consider the following complex, here is wat we will found.
- Function F(Z) = 1/e cos z has no isolated singularities.
- Function g(z) = z / sin² z' has a removable singularity at z = 0 and second-order poles at z = πn.
- Function h(z) = (z - 1)² / (z² + 1) has second-order poles at z = i and z = -i.
The isolated singularities of the given complex functions are as follows:
(i) For the function F(Z) = 1/e cos z:
The function F(Z) has no isolated singularities in the complex plane, C. It is an entire function, which means it is analytic everywhere in the complex plane.
(ii) For the function g(z) = z / sin² z':
The function g(z) has isolated singularities at z = 0 and z = πn, where n is an integer. At these points, sin² z' becomes zero, causing a singularity.
- At z = 0, the singularity is removable since the numerator z remains finite as z approaches 0.
- At z = πn, the singularity is a second-order pole (pole of order 2) since both the numerator z and sin² z' have a simple zero at these points.
(iii) For the function h(z) = (z - 1)² / (z² + 1):
The function h(z) has isolated singularities at z = i and z = -i, where i is the imaginary unit.
- At z = i, the singularity is a second-order pole since both the numerator (z - 1)² and the denominator z² + 1 have simple zeros at this point.
- At z = -i, the singularity is also a second-order pole for the same reason.
To know more about isolated singularities , refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/31397773#
#SPJ11
test the series for convergence or divergence using the alternating series test. [infinity] n = 0 sin n 1 2 6 n identify bn.
This is true since sin n is bounded between -1 and 1 and 1/2n goes to 0 as n goes to infinity. Therefore, the alternating series test applies and the given series converges.
The Alternating Series Test can be used to check the convergence or divergence of an alternating series, such as the one given:
[infinity] n = 0 sin n 1 2 6 n
To use this test, the first step is to identify the general term of the series and see if it is a decreasing function.
The general term of this series is
bn = (1/2n) sin n.
For bn to be decreasing, we need to take the derivative of bn with respect to n and show that it is negative.
Here,
dbn/dn = (1/2n) cos n - (1/2n^2) sin n.
We can see that this is negative because cos n is bounded between -1 and 1 and the second term is always positive. Therefore, bn is decreasing. Next, we check to see if the limit of bn as n approaches infinity is 0.
To know more about series visit:
https://brainly.com/question/11346378
#SPJ11
if the allowable tensile and compressive stress for the beam are (σallow)t = 2.1 ksi and (σallow)c = 3.6 ksi , respectively
The minimum cross-sectional area is zero. As a result, the beam can support no load.
Beams are structural members that are used to bear loads and to transmit these loads to the supporting structure. They are characterized by their length and cross-section.
They're designed to bend and resist bending when loaded by gravity, snow, wind, and other loads. Beams are generally horizontal, but they may also be slanted or curved.
The allowable tensile stress (σallow)t is given as 2.1 ksi, and the allowable compressive stress (σallow)c is given as 3.6 ksi. Thus, the allowable axial load on the beam may be computed using the following equations:
For tension,Allowable tensile stress :σt= 2.1 ksi
Cross-sectional area of beam : A P = σt × A
Rearranging the above equation, A = P/ σt
:= P/2.1 ...(1)
For compression,Allowable compressive stress : σc= 3.6
ksi Cross-sectional area of beam :A P = σc × A
Rearranging the above equation, A = P/ σc
= P/3.6 ...(2)
In Equations 1 and 2, P is the allowable axial load on the beam. The smallest of these two equations determines the allowable axial load on the beam because it governs the beam's strength.
The minimum value for A can be found by combining the equations.
We can equate the two equations to obtain:
P/2.1 = P/3.6
Rearranging the equation, we get
3.6P = 2.1P
P = 0
Therefore, the minimum value for A can be obtained by substituting P = 0 into either equation. Since the load is zero, the beam is weightless and the smallest cross-sectional area that can support no load is zero.
Know more about the compressive stress
https://brainly.com/question/28813620
#SPJ11
Let fbe a twice-differentiable function for all real numbers x. Which of the following additional properties guarantees that fhas a relative minimum at x =c? А f(0) = 0 B f(c) = 0 and f(c) < 0 f(0) = 0 and f(c) > 0 D f(x) > 0 forx
The property which guarantees that a twice-differentiable function has a relative minimum at x =c is the statement that f(c) = 0 and f''(c) > 0. Hence, option B is the correct answer.
Explanation:According to the second derivative test, if f''(c) > 0 and f(c) = 0, then the function f has a relative minimum at x = c. We're given that f is a function with two continuous derivatives. If f(c) = 0 and f(c) is less than zero, it is still possible for f to have a relative minimum, but only if the second derivative is negative and changes to positive at x = c.If f(0) = 0 and f(c) is less than zero, then we cannot conclude that f has a relative minimum at x = c since the second derivative is not guaranteed to be greater than zero at x = c. We can rule out f(x) > 0 for x since this is not a property that has anything to do with relative minima.
to know more about twice-differentiable visit:
https://brainly.in/question/43133320
#SPJ11
Which of the following is true about p-values?
(Note: Choose one or more options.)
a. They are used to determine the margin of error of confidence intervals.
b. Together with the significance level, they determine whether or not we reject the
H
0
.
c. Their calculation in a hypothesis test depends on the alternative hypothesis
H
A
.
d. They are calculated assuming the null hypothesis
H
0
is true in a hypothesis test.
e. They represent the probability that the null hypothesis
H
0
is true in a hypothesis test.
f. They are between 0 and 1.
The statements that are true of p - values include:
b. Together with the significance level, they determine whether or not we reject the H0.d. They are calculated assuming the null hypothesis H0 is true in a hypothesis test.f. They are between 0 and 1.What are p - values ?P - values are used in hypothesis testing to determine whether or not we reject the null hypothesis (H0). By comparing the p-value to the predetermined significance level (usually denoted as α), we make a decision regarding the rejection or failure to reject the null hypothesis.
P-values always range between 0 and 1. A p-value of 0 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, while a p-value of 1 suggests no evidence against the null hypothesis. Intermediate values represent the likelihood of observing the data given the null hypothesis is true.
Find out more on p - values at https://brainly.com/question/13786078
#SPJ4
Linear Algebra
Solve systems of equations using row reduction method
PLEASE do all part a-g Thank you!
x₁ +4x₂+2x₂=0
Given 2x₁ +5x₂+x3=0 (1)
3x1+6x2=0
(a) Write system (1) into augmented matrix_form
(b) Without using a calculator, reduce the augmented matrix to reduced row echelon form (rref). ▲ write out all elementary row operations in sequence order ▲
(c) Identify all basic variables and free variables.
(d) Find the general solutions of system (1). What is the role of free variable ?
(e) Write the solution of system (1) as parametric vector form.
(f) True or False? "This system of equations has unique solution (2, -1, 1)." why yes or why no.
(g) With the aid of a graphic calculator, solve system (1). Specify the calculator model, show formulas setup and answers.
(a) The augmented matrix of the system is:
[ 1 4 2 | 0 ]
[ 2 5 1 | 0 ]
[ 3 6 0 | 0 ]
(b)The reduced row echelon form is:
[ 1 0 0 | 0 ]
[ 0 1 0 | 0 ]
[ 0 0 1 | 0 ]
(c)The basic variables are x₁, x₂, and x₃
(d) The general solution of the system is:
x₁ = 0
x₂ = 0
x₃ = 0
(e) The solution in parametric vector form is:
[x₁, x₂, x₃] = [0, 0, 0] + t[0, 0, 0]
(f) False.
(g)t = -1
x = 1
y = -1
z = 2
(a) The augmented matrix of the system is:
[ 1 4 2 | 0 ]
[ 2 5 1 | 0 ]
[ 3 6 0 | 0 ]
(b) To reduce the augmented matrix to reduced row echelon form (rref):
1. Multiply row 1 by -2 and add to row 2:
[ 1 4 2 | 0 ]
[ 0 -3 -3 | 0 ]
[ 3 6 0 | 0 ]
2. Multiply row 1 by -3 and add to row 3:
[ 1 4 2 | 0 ]
[ 0 -3 -3 | 0 ]
[ 0 -6 -6 | 0 ]
3. Multiply row 2 by -1/3:
[ 1 4 2 | 0 ]
[ 0 1 1 | 0 ]
[ 0 -6 -6 | 0 ]
4. Add row 2 to row 1 and row 2 to row 3:
[ 1 0 6 | 0 ]
[ 0 1 1 | 0 ]
[ 0 0 -3 | 0 ]
5. Multiply row 3 by -1/3:
[ 1 0 6 | 0 ]
[ 0 1 1 | 0 ]
[ 0 0 1 | 0 ]
6. Add -6 times row 3 to row 1 and add -1 times row 3 to row 2:
[ 1 0 0 | 0 ]
[ 0 1 0 | 0 ]
[ 0 0 1 | 0 ]
The reduced row echelon form is:
[ 1 0 0 | 0 ]
[ 0 1 0 | 0 ]
[ 0 0 1 | 0 ]
(c) The basic variables are x₁, x₂, and x₃, since they correspond to the columns with leading ones in the reduced row echelon form. The free variables are none, since there are no non-leading variables.
(d) The general solution of the system is:
x₁ = 0
x₂ = 0
x₃ = 0
The role of the free variable is to allow for infinitely many solutions.
(e) The solution in parametric vector form is:
[x₁, x₂, x₃] = [0, 0, 0] + t[0, 0, 0]
where t is any real number.
(f) False. The system has infinitely many solutions, since there is a free variable
(g)Formulas setup:
x = -t
y = t
z = 2t
Answers:
t = -1
x = 1
y = -1
z = 2
For more such questions on matrix
https://brainly.com/question/30389982
#SPJ8
1. Write the equation of an ellipse in standard form, and identify the end points of the major and minor axes as well as the foci (10.1 11-26) 4x²+24x + 16y2 - 128y +228 = 0 2. Write the equation for the hyperbola in standard form, and identify the vertices, foci and asymptotes. (10.2 11- 25) 4x²8x9y2 - 72y + 112 = 0 3. Rewrite the parabola in standard for and identify the vertex, focus, and directrix. (10.3 11-30) y²-24x + 4y - 68 = 0
1. The equation represents an ellipse in standard form, centered at (-3, 4). The major axis endpoints are (-9, 4) and (3, 4), and the minor axis endpoints are (-3, -2) and (-3, 10). The foci are located at (-6, 4) and (0, 4).
2. The equation represents a hyperbola in standard form, centered at (-2, 4). The vertices are (-4, 4) and (0, 4), the foci are located at (-3, 4) and (-1, 4), and the asymptotes are given by the equations y = 4 ± (2/3)x.
3. The equation represents a parabola in standard form, centered at (6, 2). The vertex is located at (6, 2), the focus is at (6, 0), and the directrix is given by the equation y = 4.
1. The given equation is 4x² + 24x + 16y² - 128y + 228 = 0. To write it in standard form for an ellipse, we need to complete the square for both x and y. Grouping the x-terms and completing the square gives 4(x² + 6x) + 16(y² - 8y) = -228. Completing the square for x, we have 4(x² + 6x + 9) + 16(y² - 8y) = -228 + 36 + 144. Completing the square for y, we get 4(x + 3)² + 16(y - 4)² = -48. Dividing both sides by -48, we have the standard form: (x + 3)²/12 + (y - 4)²/3 = 1. The center of the ellipse is at (-3, 4). The major axis endpoints are (-9, 4) and (3, 4), and the minor axis endpoints are (-3, -2) and (-3, 10). The foci are located at (-6, 4) and (0, 4).
2. The given equation is 4x² + 8x + 9y² - 72y + 112 = 0. To write it in standard form for a hyperbola, we need to complete the square for both x and y. Grouping the x-terms and completing the square gives 4(x² + 2x) + 9(y² - 8y) = -112. Completing the square for x, we have 4(x² + 2x + 1) + 9(y² - 8y) = -112 + 4 + 72. Completing the square for y, we get 4(x + 1)² + 9(y - 4)² = -36. Dividing both sides by -36, we have the standard form: (x + 1)²/(-9) - (y - 4)²/4 = 1. The center of the hyperbola is at (-1, 4). The vertices are (-4, 4) and (0, 4), the foci are located at (-3, 4) and (-1, 4), and the asymptotes are given by the equations y = 4 ± (2/3)x.
3. The given equation is y² - 24x + 4y - 68 = 0.
to learn more about axis endpoints click here:
brainly.com/question/29444374
#SPJ11
4. A 95% confidence interval for the ratio of the two independent population variances is given as (1.3,1.4). Which test of the equality of means should be used? a. Paired t b. Pooled t c. Separate t d. Z test of proportions e. Not enough information
Based on the given information, the appropriate test for the equality of means would be the Pooled t-test (option b).
The confidence interval provided pertains to the ratio of two independent population variances, not the means. Therefore, we need to use a test that specifically compares means.
The Pooled t-test is used when comparing means of two independent groups and assuming equal population variances. Since the confidence interval given pertains to the ratio of variances, it implies that the assumption of equal variances holds.
Hence, option b, the Pooled t-test, would be the appropriate test for comparing the means in this scenario. The other options, such as the Paired t-test, Z test of proportions, and Separate t-test, are not applicable based on the information provided.
to learn more about Pooled t-test click here; brainly.com/question/32575067
#SPJ11
There is a virus turning people into zombies who attack the living and never die.
No one knows where it came from, but when the virus was first detected, it was 2 days after a group of 16 archaeologists had opened up an ancient tomb.
Unfortunately, all 16 archaeologists had been turned to zombies.
Authorities believe the virus is spread when infected people bite someone who’s uninfected.
Each zombie bites three uninfected people each day.
a. How many zombies were there at day zero (i.e. t =0)?
b. If the number of zombies Z(t) takes the form , where A is the number of zombies at t = 0, what is k, the estimated growth rate of the virus?
c. How long will it take before the entire human population of the planet (which for this problem will be taken as 7 billion people) are turned into the undead?
(a) At day zero, the number of zombies, Z(0) = 16
Given that 16 archaeologists had opened up an ancient tomb, which is the cause of the virus. The given number of zombies at day zero is 16.
(b) The number of zombies Z(t) takes the form
Z(t) = Ae^(kt), where A is the number of zombies at t=0 and k is the estimated growth rate of the virus.
At t=0, Z(0) = A
A = 16
Therefore, the number of zombies takes the form Z(t) = 16e^(kt)
To find k, we have to use the information provided. Each zombie bites three uninfected people each day. Thus, the number of newly infected people per day is 3Z(t).
The growth rate of the virus is given by dZ/dt. So we have,
dZ/dt = 3Z(t)
Separating the variables and integrating, we get
∫dZ/Z = ∫3dt
ln |Z| = 3t + C, where C is the constant of integration
At t = 0, Z = A = 16
ln |16| = C
C = ln 16
So the equation becomes
ln |Z| = 3t + ln 16
Taking the exponential of both sides, we get
|Z| = e^(3t+ln16)
|Z| = 16e^(3t)
Z = ±16e^(3t)
But since the number of zombies is always positive, we can ignore the negative sign. Hence,
Z(t) = 16e^(3t)
Comparing with Z(t) = Ae^(kt), we get
k = 3
Therefore, the estimated growth rate of the virus is 3.
(c)The entire human population of the planet is 7 billion.
Let P(t) be the number of uninfected people at time t.
Initially, P(0) = 7 billion
We know that each zombie bites three uninfected people each day.
So the number of newly infected people per day is 3Z(t)P(t).
The rate of change of uninfected people is given by dP/dt, which is negative since P is decreasing.
So we have,
dP/dt = -3Z(t)P(t)
Separating the variables and integrating, we get
∫dP/P = -∫3Z(t)dt
ln |P| = -3∫Z(t)dt + C, where C is the constant of integration
At t=0, Z = 16
So we have,
ln |7 billion| = -3(16t) + C
C = ln |7 billion| + 48t
Putting the value of C, we get
ln |P| = -3(16t) + ln |7 billion| + 48t
ln |P| = 32t + ln |7 billion|
Taking the exponential of both sides, we get
|P| = e^(32t+ln7billion)
|P| = 7 billione^(32t)
P = ±7 billione^(32t)
But since the number of uninfected people is always positive, we can ignore the negative sign. Hence,
P(t) = 7 billione^(32t)
When the entire population is infected, the number of uninfected people P(t) becomes zero.
So we have to solve for t in the equation P(t) = 0.
7 billione^(32t) = 0
e^(32t) = 0
Taking logarithms, we get
32t = ln 0
This is undefined, so the entire population will never be infected.
Let's learn more about growth rate:
https://brainly.com/question/25849702
#SPJ11
please include all necessary steps
The characteristic polynomial of a 5 x 5 is given. Find all eigenvalues and state the given multiplicities. 15-714-18A³
The eigenvalues and their multiplicities are Real eigenvalue λ = 17/3 with multiplicity 1Complex eigenvalues λ = -17 - 3i and λ = -17 + 3i both with multiplicity 1.
Given, The characteristic polynomial of a 5 x 5 matrix is given as 15-714-18A³.
We need to find all the eigenvalues and their multiplicities.
Therefore, the characteristic equation of a matrix is |A - λI|, where A is a matrix, λ is the eigenvalue and I is the identity matrix of the same order as A.
By the above equation, the given characteristic polynomial can be rewritten as:|A - λI| = 15-714-18A³
The eigenvalues (λ) are the roots of this equation.
To find the roots of this equation we can equate it to zero as:15-714-18A³ = 0
Now, factorizing 18 from the above equation, we get:-6(3A - 17)(A² + 34A + 119) = 0
We get two complex roots for the equation A² + 34A + 119 = 0, and one real root for the equation 3A - 17 = 0.
Know more about eigenvalues here:
https://brainly.com/question/15586347
#SPJ11
Let S be a real symmetric matrix. Assume S has a negative eigenvalue. What is an SVD of S?
The above equation is the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the real symmetric matrix S with a negative eigenvalue.
The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a real symmetric matrix S that has a negative eigenvalue is given below:
To get the answer to this question, we will first define SVD and a real symmetric matrix.
The SVD, or singular value decomposition, is a matrix decomposition method that is used to break down a matrix into its constituent parts.
The SVD is used in a variety of applications, including image processing, natural language processing, and recommendation systems.
A matrix is said to be a real symmetric matrix if it is a square matrix that is equal to its own transpose. In other words, a matrix A is said to be really symmetric if A = A^T.
Singular value decomposition of S:
As we know that S is a real symmetric matrix with a negative eigenvalue.
The SVD of a real symmetric matrix S can be represented as:S = UDU^T
where U is the orthogonal matrix and D is the diagonal matrix.
Since S is a real symmetric matrix, U will be a real orthogonal matrix, which implies that its columns will be orthonormal.
The diagonal matrix D will have the eigenvalues of S on its diagonal.
Since S has a negative eigenvalue, we can say that D will have a negative diagonal entry on it.
The above equation is the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the real symmetric matrix S with a negative eigenvalue.
Know more about equation here:
https://brainly.com/question/29174899
#SPJ11
Homework 9.2. Derive the local truncation error of the Simpson's 3/8 rule that approximates the function within the sub-interval [₁, +3] using a quartic. This method can also be obtain from the generalization of some Newton-Cotes methods (3-points 11 muito it ne
The local truncation error of Simpson's 3/8 rule is (3/80) h^5 f^(4)(x).
To derive the local truncation error of Simpson's 3/8 rule that approximates the function within the sub-interval [₁, +3] using a quartic, we should first understand the formula for the Simpson's 3/8 rule and the generalization of some Newton-Cotes methods.
Simpson's 3/8 rule is given by the formula;
∫a^b f(x) dx = 3h/8 [ f(a) + 3f(a+h) + 3f(a+2h) + f(b) ]
The formula for the generalization of some Newton-Cotes methods is given as,
∫a^b f(x) dx = (b-a)/2 [ w0f(a) + w1f(a+h) + w2f(a+2h) + w3f(b) ]
From the formula of Simpson's 3/8 rule, we know that;
∫a^b f(x) dx = 3h/8 [ f(a) + 3f(a+h) + 3f(a+2h) + f(b) ]
We can assume that h is a small value and let us consider a quartic equation of the form f(x) = ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx + e. Hence,
f(a) = f(₁) = a₁^4 + b₁^3 + c₁^2 + d₁ + e ... (1)
f(a + h) = f(₁+h) = a(₁+h)^4 + b(₁+h)^3 + c(₁+h)^2 + d(₁+h) + e ... (2)
f(a + 2h) = f(₁+2h) = a(₁+2h)^4 + b(₁+2h)^3 + c(₁+2h)^2 + d(₁+2h) + e ... (3)
f(b) = f(₃) = a₃^4 + b₃^3 + c₃^2 + d₃ + e ... (4)
So, using the above equations we have,
∫a^b f(x) dx = ∫₁^₃ [ a₁^4 + b₁^3 + c₁^2 + d₁ + e + a(₁+h)^4 + b(₁+h)^3 + c(₁+h)^2 + d(₁+h) + e(₁+2h)^4 + b(₁+2h)^3 + c(₁+2h)^2 + d(₁+2h) + e + a₃^4 + b₃^3 + c₃^2 + d₃ + e ] dx
By integrating the above equation within the limits of ₁ and ₃, we obtain;
∫₁^₃ f(x) dx = h[ (7/8)(a₁^4 + a₃^4) + (9/8)(a₂^4) + (12/8)(a₁³b₁ + a₃³b₃) + (27/8)(a₂³b₂) + (6/8)(a₁²b₁² + a₃²b₃²) + (8/8)(a₂²b₂²) + (24/8)(a₁b₁³ + a₃b₃³) + (64/8)(a₂b₂³) + (3/8)(b₁^4 + b₃^4) + (4/8)(b₂^4) + (12/8)(a₁³c₁ + a₃³c₃) + (27/8)(a₂³c₂) + (12/8)(a₁²b₁c₁ + a₃²b₃c₃) + (32/8)(a₂²b₂c₂) + (36/8)(a₁²c₁² + a₃²c₃²) + (64/8)(a₂²c₂²) + (54/8)(a₁b₁²c₁ + a₃b₃²c₃) + (128/8)(a₂b₂²c₂) + (18/8)(b₁c₁³ + b₃c₃³) + (64/8)(b₂c₂³) + (9/8)(c₁^4 + c₃^4) + (16/8)(c₂^4) + (12/8)(a₁³d₁ + a₃³d₃) + (27/8)(a₂³d₂) + (24/8)(a₁²b₁d₁ + a₃²b₃d₃) + (64/8)(a₂²b₂d₂) + (54/8)(a₁²c₁d₁ + a₃²c₃d₃) + (128/8)(a₂²c₂d₂) + (108/8)(a₁b₁c₁d₁ + a₃b₃c₃d₃) + (256/8)(a₂b₂c₂d₂) + (12/8)(a₁²d₁² + a₃²d₃²) + (32/8)(a₂²d₂²) + (36/8)(a₁c₁³ + a₃c₃³) + (64/8)(a₂c₂³) + (54/8)(b₁c₁²d₁ + b₃c₃²d₃) + (128/8)(b₂c₂²d₂) + (108/8)(b₁c₁d₁² + b₃c₃d₃²) + (256/8)(b₂c₂d₂²) + (81/8)(c₁d₁³ + c₃d₃³) + (256/8)(c₂d₂³) + (3e/8)(b₁ + b₃) + (4e/8)(b₂) + (3e/8)(c₁ + c₃) + (4e/8)(c₂) + (3e/8)(d₁ + d₃) + (4e/8)(d₂) ]
Now, using the formula for the generalization of some Newton-Cotes methods, we have;
∫₁^₃ f(x) dx = (3/8)[ (a₃ - a₁)(f(₁) + 3f(₁+h) + 3f(₁+2h) + f(₃))/3 + LTE₃(h) ]
LTE₃(h) = (3/80) h^5 f^(4)(x) where x lies between a and b.
Thus, the local truncation error of Simpson's 3/8 rule is (3/80) h^5 f^(4)(x).
To know more about Simpson's visit:
https://brainly.com/question/11774196
#SPJ11