Answer:
Cost of equity = 19.1 %
Explanation:
Cost of equity = required rate of return + flotation cost
The Capital assets pricing model would be used to determined the required rate of return
The capital asset pricing model (CAPM): relates the price of a share to the market risk or systematic risk. The systematic risk is that which affects all the all the economic agents, e.g inflation, interest rate e.t.c
Using the CAPM , the required rate of return is given as follows:
E(r)= Rf +β(Rm-Rf)
E(r) - required return
β- Beta
Rm- Return on market
Rf- Risk-free rate
DATA
E(r) =? , Rf- 3%, Rm-14% , β- 1.1, flotation cost - 4%
E(r) = 3% + 1.1× (14% - 3%) = 15.1 %
Cost of equity = required rate of return + flotation cost
= 15.1 % + 4% = 19.1 %
Cost of equity = 19.1 %
An investor does not need to constantly modify their portfolio make-up, but wishes to have a certain level of freedom to make adjustments to the portfolio over a 20-year timeframe. The investor would like to keep transaction costs and tax consequences as low as possible and likes to keep risk levels low as well. Which of the following would be good choices for an investor who has these characteristics?
It would be suitable for this investor to day trade using a high degree of leverage.
It would be suitable for this investor to use a rebalancing strategy.
It would be suitable for this investor to use a buy and hold strategy.
It would be suitable for this investor to use a strategic asset allocation approach.
[A] I and II only
[B] II and III only
[C] II and IV only
[D] III and IV only
Answer:
C. II and IV
Explanation:
Since the investor is aimed at maintaining his freedom to adjust the portfolio but also want to keep transactions cost, tax, risk, etc low, the investor will have to use a strategic asset allocation strategy or a rebalancing strategy.
This strategies helps to balance investments and allow investor flexibility. Unlike the other strategies in I and III, I has high risks involved as well as requires a high capital which is not conforming with the mindset of the investor. III on the other hand, keeps transaction cost and tax low but gives no freedom to the investor. This also negates the aim of the investor.
Cheers.
Paper Exchange has 80 million shares of common stock outstanding, 60 million shares of preferred stock outstanding, and 50 thousand bonds. If the common shares are selling for $20 per share, the preferred shares are selling for $10 per share, and the bonds are selling for 105 percent of par, what would be the weight used for preferred stock in the computation of Paper's WACC?
Answer:
26.64%
Explanation:
Common stocks outstanding (C) = 80 million
Preffered stock outstanding (P) = 60 million
Number of bonds (B) = 50,000
Cost of common stock (Cc) = $20 per share
Cost of Preffered stock (Cp) = $10 per share
Cost of bond (Cb) = 105% of par
Weight of preferred stock :
(P * Cp) / [(P*Cp) + (C*Cc) + (B * Cb * par value)]
(60mill * $10) / [(60mill * $10) + (80mill * $20) + (50000 * 1.05 * 1000)]
600mill / (600 mill + 1600mill + 52.5mill)
600,000,000 / 2252500000
= 0.2663706
= 26.64%
A nonaffiliated owns 3% of an issuer's common stock. This person will be considered a control person if a spouse owns A) 8% of the issuer's common stock. B) any shares of the issuer's common stock. C) 5% of the issuer's common stock. D) 2% of the issuer's common stock.
Answer:
Option A. 8% of the issuer's common stock
Explanation:
If the accumulated ordinary share holding by the immediate family members is 10% or more than 10% then all the immediate family members who own ordinary shares of this company are considered control persons. This is because they can influence the decision making of the company and thus these personels are often termed as control person as they have some control of the company.
Frank and Jesse are operating as a general partnership. A question has arisen that is not covered under their partnership agreement and also not addressed by the Revised Uniform Partnership Act. What will the courts do to resolve the situation
Answer:
The answer is:
The court will look to common law.
Explanation:
Common law is defined as a body of legal rules that are made by judges as they issue rulings on cases, as against rules and laws made by the legislature or in official statutes. it's also the a part of English law that's derived from custom and judicial precedent instead of statutes.
Another name for common law is case law
Anne Teek works full time as the manager of her used furniture store in which she has invested $40,000. Last year, her total revenues were $90,000 and her costs were $60,000 for merchandise, gas, electricity, and other explicit-cost items. Ms. Teek pays herself a "competitive" salary of $30,000 per year. An economist would consider her profits for the year to be
Answer:
C. $0 minus the opportunity cost of the $40,000 of capital invested in the store.
Explanation:
Data provided in the question
Invested amount for furniture = $40,000
Total revenues = $90,000
Miscelleanous Cost = $60,000
Competitive salary = $30,000
Based on the above information, the profits for the year is $0 that should be less the opportunity cost i.e $40,000 that represents the capital invested in the store and the same is to be considered
Hence, the correct option is c.
when managers focus on distinguishing the organizations products from those of competitors on one or more important dimessions such as quality or after sales service and support, this is considered a ___ startegy
Answer:
Differentiation strategy, is the right answer.
Explanation:
In Bussiness studies, a differentiation strategy is a method of developing the business by providing the customers with something different or unique from the items offered by their competitors in the marketplace. The increase in the competitive advantage is the main objective behind implementing a differentiation strategy. By analyzing its strengths, weaknesses, the needs of customers and the prices they can provide, a business can accomplish this.
Corporation has 10 comma 000 shares of 5%, $ 15 par cumulative preferred stock and 45 comma 000 shares of common stock outstanding. Diazlo declared no dividends in 2017 and had no dividends in arrears prior to 2017. In 2018, Diazlo declares a total dividend of $ 54 comma 000. How much of the dividends go to the common stockholders?
Answer:
$39,000
Explanation:
For determining of dividend available first we need to compute the preferred dividend which is shown below:-
Preferred dividend = Number of shares × Shares percentage × par value
= 10,000 × 5% × $15
= $7,500
Dividends available = Dividend + Preferred dividend in 2017 - Preferred dividend in 2018
= $54,000 - $7,500 - $7,500
= $39,000
Huron Company produces a commercial cleaning compound known as Zoom. The direct materials and direct labor standards for one unit of Zoom are given below: Standard Quantity or Hours Standard Price or Rate Standard Cost Direct materials 7.80 pounds $ 2.30 per pounds $ 17.94 Direct labor 0.30 hours $ 8.00 per hour $ 2.40 During the most recent month, the following activity was recorded:
a. 25,900 pounds of material were purchased at a cost of $2.10 per pound.
b. All of the material purchased was used to produce 3,000 units of Zoom.
c. 700 hours of direct labor time were recorded at a total labor cost of $6,300.
Required: 1. Compute the materials price and quantity variances for the month.
2. Compute the labor rate and efficiency variances for the month.
Answer:
Instructions are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Standard Cost Direct materials 7.80 pounds $ 2.30 per pounds $7.94
Direct labor 0.30 hours $ 8.00 per hour $ 2.40
Actual:
a. 25,900 pounds of material was purchased at a cost of $2.10 per pound.
b. All of the material purchased was used to produce 3,000 units of Zoom.
c. 700 hours of direct labor time were recorded at a total labor cost of $6,300.
To calculate the direct material price and quantity variance, we need to use the following formulas:
Direct material price variance= (standard price - actual price)*actual quantity
Direct material price variance= (2.3 - 2.1)*25,900
Direct material price variance= $5,180 favorable
Direct material quantity variance= (standard quantity - actual quantity)*standard price
Direct material quantity variance= (7.8*3,000 - 25,900)*2.3
Direct material quantity variance= $5,750 unfavorable
To calculate the direct labor rate and efficiency variance, we need to use the following formulas:
Direct labor time (efficiency) variance= (Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)*standard rate
Direct labor time (efficiency) variance= (0.3*3,000 - 700)*8
Direct labor time (efficiency) variance= $1,600 favorable
Direct labor rate variance= (Standard Rate - Actual Rate)*Actual Quantity
Direct labor rate variance= (8 - 6,300/700)*700
Direct labor rate variance= $700 unfavorable
Which of the following is true? Group of answer choices Resist the temptation to make assumptions about customers’ skill levels based on their use of jargon, acronyms, and terminology. If a customer is angry or highly agitated, an analyst should try to ask probing questions prior to letting the customer vent. Technical service desk analysts need to understand the technology they work with, not the business language that customers use. All of the above.
Answer:
Resist the temptation to make assumptions about customers’ skill levels based on their use of jargon, acronyms, and terminology.
Explanation:
As a customer service agent it is important to properly understand your customer so as to provide service that will solve their problems.
When trying to diagnose a customer's problem, it is important to resist the temptation to make assumptions about customers’ skill levels based on their use of jargon, acronyms, and terminology.
The customer may use some of these language without actually understanding them.
It is better to assume the customer has less knowledge about the technical aspects of the problem. So explanation of solutions will be in simple understandable form that a person with low technical skill can easily grasp.
"You deposit $12,000 today into an account that pays you 12% annual interest, compounded daily. How much MORE will you have in 40 years, than if the compounding was only computed annually (as opposed to daily)
Answer:
$340,363.55
Explanation:
you need to calculate the future value of your deposit:
future value = present value x (1 + interest rate)ⁿ
present value = $12,000interest rate = 12% / 365 = 0.032877%n = 40 x 365 = 14,600future value = $12,000 x (1 + 0.032877%)¹⁴⁶⁰⁰ = $1,456,975.20
if the interest is compounded annually, the future value = $12,000 x 1.12⁴⁰ = $1,116,611.65
the difference = $1,456,975.20 - $1,116,611.65 = $340,363.55
Suppose that a consumer has a health insurance program with co-payments of $10 per doctor visit. If the consumer purchases 6 doctor visits and the bill charged by the doctor for 6 visits is $360, the portion of this cost covered by a third-party payer is:
Answer:
$300
Explanation:
Given that s a health insurance program with co-payments of $10 per doctor visit.
Thus,
amount paid by insurance in 1 visit = $10
Amount paid by insurance in 6 visit = $10*6 = $60
Total bill charged by the doctor in 6 visit = 360
Amount paid by the consumer = Total bill charged by the doctor in 6 visit - Amount paid by consumer in 6 visit = $360 - $60 = $300
Since , consumer is the third party payer he pays $300 out of total $360 bill charged by the doctor.
In fraction ,portion of bill paid by the third party payer = 300/360 = 5/6
Thus, 5/6 portion of bill is paid by third party payer.
The deregulation of an economy involves Multiple Choice increasing restrictions on direct investment by foreign enterprises and international trade. privatizing state-owned enterprises. exercising a high degree of state control over production and pricing. abolishing laws related to the protection of property rights. opposing democracy by adopting communism.
Answer:
abolishing laws related to the protection of property rights
Explanation:
The deregulation of the economy arises when the restrictions are removed by the government in order to improve the business operations for a specific industry so that their operations could be done in effective and efficient manner. Also, it would lead to a rise in competition
Therefore the economy deregulation consist of protection of the property rights with respect to the eradicate the laws
Commodity money is:_________.
a. a good used as money that has no intrinsic value.
b. used as money that has no secondary use.
c. used as money that also has value independent of its use as money.
d. that is designated as money by law.
Hi there! Hopefully this helps!
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The answer is C.
Commodity money is used as money that also has value independent of its use as money.
Answer:
c. used as money that also has value independent of its use as money
Explanation:
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between earnings and dividends when all other factors are held constant?
A. Growth in earnings requires growth in dividends.
B. Retaining a higher percentage of earnings will result in a higher growth rate.
C. Long-run earnings growth occurs primarily because firms pay dividends to reward their shareholders for investing in the company.
Answer:
Statement B. Retaining a higher percentage of earnings will result in a higher growth rate.
Explanation:
The earnings are the profits that is left after paying interests and taxes and now all we have to do is pay the dividend. The company pays a percentage of earnings after tax as a dividend and the remainder is reinvested in the business. This helps the company to increase its earnings by reinvestment so that the company is able to lead in the market.
The earnings of the company are not affected by the dividend payout if the working capital is not affected because dividends are dependent on earnings. Hence the statement 1 is incorrect.
This means that the retaining higher percentage of earnings will increase the growth rate as the reinvestment has increased and it will increase the earnings. Hence the statement 2 is correct.
Company doesn't pay dividend to shareholders for reinvestment in the company. They pay dividends because the shareholders demand return on the risk associated with the investment. Hence the statement 3 is incorrect.
Escanaba purchased five-year debt securities on 1/1/21, which it plans to hold until maturity. At 12/31/21, the market value is 2% lower than carrying value. How should Escanaba report the 2021 unrealized loss?
Answer:
Escanaba should report their investment as held to maturity securities, therefore, they must be reported as non-current assets (since they mature in more than 1 year). Generally HTM securities are reported at their amortized cost.
This means that any change in their market price (gains or losses) will not be reported in the balance sheet nor the income statement.
Jose owns a dog whose barking annoys Jose's neighbor Amy. Suppose that the net benefit of owning the dog is worth $400 to Jose and that Amy bears a cost of $200 from the barking. Assuming Amy has the legal right to keep Jose from having a dog, a possible private solution to this problem is that:
Answer: Jose has to pay $600.
Explanation:
Jose has to pay $600 to Jane for her inconvenience.
In Accordance with Coase theorem, when two conflicting parties exist, one has to ‘buy the right’ from the other party.
Which In this scenario or case, Jane has the ‘right to prevent Jose from having a dog’.
Thus, Jose has to pay compensation to Jane so that he can keep his dog and at the same time Jane is also compensated for the inconvenience which may arise later.
Answer:
that Jose pays Amy $350 for her inconvenience, and keeps the dog
Explanation:
In this specific scenario, since Amy has every legal right to keep Jose from having the dog, then a possible private solution would be that Jose pays Amy $350 for her inconvenience, and keeps the dog. This would cover Amy's costs from the barking as well as provide an incentive to let Jose keep the dog, while at the same time Jose is spending less than what the net benefit of owning the dog is actually worth. Thus turning this into a beneficial arrangement for all parties.
During strategy implementation, managers primarily focus on deciding the:________
a) type of corporate governance that is most effective and ways in which it can put the formulated strategy into practice.
b) relationship between competitive advantage and firm performance.
c) industries and markets the firm should compete in to be able to gain and sustain a competitive advantage.
d) role strategic leaders should play in gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage.
Answer:
A) Type of corporate governance that is most effective and ways in which it can put the formulated strategy into practice.
Explanation:
Strategy implementation is the translation of chosen strategy into organizational action so as to achieve strategic goals and objectives. Strategy implementation is seen to the forth class of management when it falls into strategy management. It can also be defined as the manner at which a said organization probably should develop, amalgamate and also utilize the organization by controlling its system structures and also its culture which is primarily led by strategies which is been used in its running. This makes manager primary focus on deciding always on the type of corporate governance that is most effective and ways in which it can put the formulated strategy into practice.
During strategy implementation, managers primarily focus on deciding the type of corporate governance that is most effective and ways in which it can put the formulated strategy into practice. Thus, option A is correct.
Implementing a chosen strategy into organizational action in order to accomplish strategic goals and objectives is known as strategy implementation. When it comes to strategy management, strategy implementation is viewed as belonging to the fourth class of management.
It may also be described as the process by which a particular organization should grow, unite, and utilize itself by managing the system structures and culture, which are essentially governed by the strategies that have been employed in operating the organization. Because of this, the manager's top priority becomes determining the best form of corporate governance and how to implement the defined plan.
Learn more about strategy management here:
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An investor purchases a stock for $52 and a put for $0.60 with a strike price of $50. The investor sells a call for $0.60 with a strike price of $58. What is the maximum profit and loss for this position
Answer:
Maximum profit = $6
Maximum loss = -$2
Explanation:
The computation of maximum profit and loss for this position is shown below:-
Maximum profit = Strike price - Purchase of stock
= $58 - $52
= $6
Maximum loss = Strike price - Purchase of stock
= $50 - $52
= - $2
Therefore for determining the maximum profit and loss for this position we simply applied the above formulas.
Millicents is selling old manufacturing equipment. The Plant Manager in charge of selling the equipment knows that the safety mechanism does not work. When a potential buyer asks Millicents' Plant Manager if there are any problems with the equipment, he assures the buyer that there are no problems. The buyer purchases the equipment based on the assurance that there is nothing wrong with it. The buyer may be able to sue Millicents for
Answer:
breach of express warranty
Explanation:
Since the plant manager expressly assured the buyer that the equipment had no problems and was working properly, if the equipment fails (as it did in the question), this is considered a breach of expressed warranty.
An express warranty is something specific that the seller (plant manager) tells the buyer about the product and how it should work.
Mike Samson is a college football coach making a base salary of $651,600 a year ($54,300 per month). Employers are required to withhold a 6.2% Social Security tax up to a maximum base amount and a 1.45% Medicare tax with no maximum. Assuming the FICA base amount is $128,400.Compute how much will be withheld during the year for Coach Samson’s Social Security and Medicare.
What additional amount will the employer need to contribute towards FICA taxes?
Answer:
$7960.80; $9948.20 ; $17,409
Explanation:
Given the following :
Coach base salary = $651,600 ($54,300/month)
Social security tax = 6.2% upto maximum base amount
Medicare tax = 1.45% with no maximum
FICA base amount = $128,400
Coach Samson Social security and Medicare tax:
Social Security tax amount = 6.2% of $128,400
= 0.062 * $128,400 = $7,960.80
Medicare tax amount :
1.45% of $651,600
(1.45 / 100) * $651,600
0.0145 * $651,600
= $9948.20
Additional amount towards FICA taxes:
$7,960.80 + $9,948.20 = $17,409
Gondola Granola is an American health food grocery store chain with locations in 20 countries. When the company enters a new foreign market, it usually selects a combination of franchising and master subsidiaries. These master subsidiaries are joint ventures with local partners. Specifically, these joint ventures are politically more acceptable and they:________
a. help realize location and experience curve economies
b. avoid high transport costs.
c. ensure a steady stream of royalty payments.
d. tend to provide a higher control over technology
e. bring a degree of local knowledge to the subsidiary
Answer: e. bring a degree of local knowledge to the subsidiary
Explanation: According to the scenario described above, Gondola Granola having location in 20 countries makes it a foreign company in most of its countries where it is located. In other to thrive, Gondola Granola is partnering with local stores or companies (domestic companies in that country), this enables Gondola Granola to scale through most policy which might have hampered foreign establishment, These local partner also provides the required local knowledge or finesse which could aid Granola to thrive as they are more familiar with the culture of the country than the subsidiary.
As a part of strategy formulation, a firm's functional strategy primarily concerns questions relating to when to compete. where to compete. how to implement business strategy. how to enter target markets.
Answer:
C). how to implement business strategy.
Explanation:
Strategy formulation is defined as the process in which an organization selects the most appropriate and viable course of action to achieve its intended goals. It is one of the crucial steps as it helps in preparing the required framework for the attainment of desired outcomes. Thus, as an element of strategy formulation, the functional strategy of a firm would primarily focus on 'the ways to implement business strategies effectively' because then only maximum resources((skills and potential of each department and their employees), as well as productivity, can be ensured which is the path(short-term objective) to achieve the bigger goal eventually. Thus, option C is the correct answer.
Jenkins Inc., prepared its financial statement for 2008 based on the information given here. The company had cash worth $1,234, inventory worth $13,480, and accounts receivables of $7,789. The company's net fixed assets are $42,331, and other assets are $1,822. It had accounts payables of $9,558, notes payables of $2,756, common stock of $22,000, and retained earnings of $14,008. How much long-term debt does the firm have?
Answer:
$18,334
Explanation:
Given the following :
Cash worth = $1,234
Inventory worth = $13,480
Accounts receivable worth = $7,789
Net fixed asset = $42,331
Other assets = $1,822
Accounts payables = $9,558
Notes payables = $2,756
common stock = $22,000
Retained earnings = $14,008
Long term debt :
Total asset - current liability - stockholders equity
Total asset =current asset + net fixed asset + other asset
Current asset = cash worth + inventory worth + accounts receivables
Current asset = $(1234 + 13480 + 7789) = $22503
Total asset = $(22503 + 42331 + 1822) = $66656
Current liabilities = Accounts payables + notes payables
Current liabilities = $(9558 + 2756) = $12314
Stockholders equity = $(22,000 + 14,008) = $36,008
Long term debt :
Total asset - current liability - stockholders equity
$(66656 - 12314 - 36008) = $18,334
These graphs represent the price and output quantities of purses under perfect competition and monopoly. How much more or less will Jackie pay for a purse in a perfect competition than in a monopoly?
A) $20 more
B) $10 less
C) $20 less
D) $40 less
Answer:
C) $20 less
Explanation:
I have uploaded the graph below.
We can see in the graph that in perfect competition, Jackie will pay $30 dollars for five purses, while in monopoly, she will pay $50 dollars for the same quantity of purses, meaning that she will pay $20 less.
This situation shows one key difference between the two market structures: in perfect competition, prices are lower because they are equal to marginal cost, while in monopoly, prices are higher because they are more than the marginal cost.
Although True Ion Inc. and One Electro Inc. operate in the same consumer electronic industry, True Ion Inc. has better sales and brand equity. This is attributed to True Ion Inc.'s commitment to innovation. The company has adequate financial and human capital to invest in research and development, an area in which One Electro Inc. lags behind. In this scenario, which of the following critical assumptions of the resource-based view of a firm has been illustrated?
a. resource imitation
b. resource heterogeneity
c. resource immobility
d. resource value
Answer: b. resource heterogeneity
Explanation: Resource heterogeneity could be explained as the variation or difference in resources possessed by firms operating in the same market. These differences or diversity of resources plays a huge role in giving one firm the competitive edge over the other. In the scenario described above, True Ion Inc's innovative capability provided by it's resource-base due to human and capital investment gives it the competitive edge over other market competitors such as Electron Inc. whose resource-base lags in the aspect of innovation.
Scenario 14-4 The information below applies to a competitive firm that sells its output for $40 per unit. • When the firm produces and sells 150 units of output, its average total cost is $24.50. • When the firm produces and sells 151 units of output, its average total cost is $24.55. Refer to Scenario 14-4. Suppose the firm is producing 150 units of output and its fixed cost is $975. Then its average variable cost amounts to
Answer:
average variable cost = $18 per unit
Explanation:
total production costs when producing 150 units = average total cost x total output = $24.50 x 150 = $3,675
total variable costs = total production costs - fixed costs = $3,675 - $975 = $2,700
average variable cost = total variable costs / total output = $2,700 / 150 units = $18 per unit
Janet and Chrissy want to move into an apartment near their school. They have agreed to divide all costs equally. They plan to use a broker to find their apartment. The broker charges 20% of the first month's rent as a finder's fee. Their first choice apartment rents for $850.00 per month. The landlord requires the first month's rent plus a security deposit of 1.5 month's rent. How much money will Janet need in order to move in to this apartment?
Answer: $1147.50
Explanation:
Monthly apartment fee = $850
Broker's charge = 20% of first month fee
Security deposit = 1.5 months rent
Therefore,
Broker's fee = 20% × $850
= 0.2 × $850 = $170
Security deposit = 1.5 × $850 =$1275
Total fee = $850 + $1275 + $170 = $2295
Since Chrissy and Janet are sharing the fee equally:
Janet's share :
50% of $2295 = $1147.50
Refined Grains, Inc., agrees to sell to Sunny Cereal Company a certain quantity of refined oats each week but no mention is made of where the goods are to be delivered. In general, the UCC requires that the delivery take place at
Answer:
Refined's place of business
Explanation:
Based on the information given about the business transaction that want to occur between Refined Grains inc and Sunny Cereal Company, UCC which is fully known as UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE requires that the delivery of the refined oat that Refined Grains inc agreed to sell to Sunny Cereal Company should take place at Refined place of business, which means a company that want to sell their product to another company must tend to carryout the delivery of the Refined product at the Refined place of the business
Bio-Lab Pharmaceuticals carried on a project to develop a new drug that dramatically shortened the recovery period for flu infection. The project cost the company $150,000 before Bio-Lab abandoned the project due to the slim possibility to gain FDA approval. Bio-Lab then spent $300,000 on another project developing a kind of shot that achieves the same goal for flu recovery, and the company is confident in gaining FDA approval for the new shot and in making profits out of the shot. What amount would be expensed
Answer:
$450,000
Explanation:
Calculation for the amount that would be expensed
Using this formula
Amount to be expensed = Project cost before the project was abandoned + Amount spent on another project
Let plug in the formula
Amount to be expensed =$150,000+$300,000
Amount to be expensed =$450,000
Therefore the amount that would be expensed will be $450,000
Microeconomics is best described as the study of the choices made by individual households, firms, and governments. inflation, unemployment, gross national product, and the nation's economy as a whole. how markets interact in the aggregate economy. marginal changes in the economy.
Answer:
the study of the choices made by individual households, firms, and governments.
Explanation:
Microeconomics refers to the study of the choices with respect to individuals, households, firms, governments in order to make the decision and the resources to be allocated in an efficient and effective manner
It also focused to maximise the production of the company so that the company could able to accomplish its sales by offering a lower price so that it also competes in the industry
Hence, the first option is correct