Biological features that have a common origin are called Homologous structures.
What are Homologous structures?
The word Homologous describes things that have some sort of similarity in some ways.
Homologous structures refer to the body parts with common features or traits. They are structures that evolved from a common ancestor.
A common example of homologous structures is the wings of bats and the arms of primates. These two structures do not look similar or have the same function, but genetically, they come from the same structure of the last common ancestor. Therefore, homologous traits of organisms are explained by descent from a common ancestor.
Therefore, biological features that have a common origin are called Homologous structures.
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digeorge's syndrome is a developmental defect that prevents the maturation of the thymus. what cell type would be reduced by this condition?
Due to decreased maturation numbers and dysfunctional peripheral T cells, infants born with improper thymus development (caused by DiGeorge syndrome or FoxN1 mutations) experience life-threatening infections that cause early mortality during the first year of life 5-7.
Prevention and Mitigation.
DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a primary maturation immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) characterised by impaired thymocyte development and function, which increases vulnerability to infections. T-cells are taught in the thymus how to combat infection and stave off autoimmune disease. Primary immunodeficiency known as DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is characterised by cellular (T-cell) deficit, distinctive facial features, congenital cardiac disease, and hypocalcemia.Due to a comparative decrease in naive CD4+ T-cells, patients with DiGeorge syndrome have high memory CD4+ T-cell counts. Low absolute T cell lymphopenia is frequent in our sample of DiGeorge syndrome individuals, and it gets less severe with age.
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which type of mutation changes the genotype but cannot change the phenotype of a microbial organism?
DNA changes known as silent mutations do not manifest themselves in the phenotypic of the organism. They represent a particular kind of neutral mutation.
Mutations may have an impact on an organism by altering its phenotype, or they may have an impact on the way DNA codes the genetic information (genotype). When mutations take place, they may be completely fatal or they may result in the termination (death) of an organism. The bulk of base pair modifications (particularly substitutions) after mutagen treatment have no impact on the phenotype. This frequently happens because the DNA sequence of a non-coding section of the DNA, such as a region between genes or an intron region, changes, they do not alter the amino acids in the proteins they encode, they are neutral. Numerous other mutations are fixed before protein synthesis takes place, therefore they have no impact on the organism. Cells contain a variety of DNA repair methods to correct mutations.
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Approximately one out of every 2,500 caucasians in the united states is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the hardy-weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers?.
P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is the Hardy-Weinberg equation used to calculate genotype frequencies .The homozygous dominant genotype (AA) frequency is represented by "p2," the heterozygous genotype (Aa), by "2pq," and the homozygous recessive genotype, by "q2."
What is an example of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?The population is in a condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because the frequency of the recessive allele () has stayed constant. Instance 2a Finches have a perfect dominance connection between their beak colors, with black beaks dominating yellow beaks.
What are the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium's four requirements?
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot survive in the absence of mutation, gene flow, a sizable population, random mating, and natural selection.
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A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered or threatened species is called a _________.
A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered or threatened species is called a Biodiversity hotspot.
A biogeographic area with high levels of biodiversity that is threatened by habitation is known as a biodiversity hotspot. In biology, the term "endemism" refers to the geographic distribution of a taxon that is only present naturally in a narrow geographic area.
A species that is threatened with extinction in the near future, either globally or within a specific political jurisdiction, is known as an endangered species. Invasive species, habitat loss, poaching, and other issues may put endangered species in danger.
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when organism in a ecosphere die they are broken down by bacteria. why is this necessary for the survival of the organism in the ecosphere?
Shrimp waste is decomposed by bacteria. The breakdown byproducts give algae and bacteria, which are the shrimp's primary food sources, nutrients.
Shrimp are known to live over 12 years and spend an average of two to three years in the EcoSphere, according to the manufacturer. Through the use of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, they can produce their own food. Additionally, they require phosphorus and nitrogen (NOx) for growth and survival.
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which extinction period results in the evolution of the first mammals and dinosaurs appearing and forests of conifers and cycades dominate the land?
It was a life changing event. Around 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, an asteroid struck Earth, triggering a mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs and around 75% of all species.
Dinosaurs roamed the Earth in the Mesozoic Era, which is divided into the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. They first arose during the Triassic period about 245 million years ago. Dinosaurs first appeared in the Middle Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrate in the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic, occupying this position for about 150 to 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. This era is popularly known as the "Age of Reptiles" and for good reason: reptiles, and particularly dinosaurs, were the dominant terrestrial vertebrate animals at the time. The PT extinction was the most severe in Earth's history, and was likely driven by intense volcanic eruptions and associated rapid climate change. This extinction decimated many early groups of reptiles and amphibians, and may have created environmental space for dinosaurs and other new groups to evolve.
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if a mutation occurs in the somatic tissue, approximately how many of the gametes will carry the mutation?
None The only mutations that have a chance of being passed on to the progeny are those that affect the germ line and produce gametes.
How many alleles are found in somatic DNA?Every gene in somatic cells has two alleles, one from each of the organism's parents. It is frequently impossible to tell from an organism's outer appearance which two alleles of a gene are present within its chromosomes.
What happens when a somatic cell mutation takes place?Cancer is caused by somatic cell mutations, which happen in somatic cells and are passed on during mitosis. Meiosis, on the other hand, ensures that mutations in a gamete are passed on and produce mutant progeny. During DNA replication, a gene mutation occurs.
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which is the most likely outcome we would see if the virus that causes avian flu were to somehow combine with the human flu virus?
Viruses that cause the flu can change are influenza virus . Because of this, persons who contract these viruses may experience worsening health conditions of our immune systems.
If the H5N1 avian flu virus mixed with a human influenza virus, the resulting "combined" virus might produce a novel, quickly contagious human influenza virus. a widespread viral infection that, especially in high-risk populations, can be fatal. Throat, nose, and lungs are all affected by the flu. Individuals with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems, young children, elderly people, pregnant women, and older adults are at a higher risk. The list of symptoms also includes fatigue, headaches, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, and a runny nose. To help the body fight the infection on its own, rest and fluid consumption are the main treatments for flu. Taking paracetamol might help with the symptoms.
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upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone, one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. consequently, flower of stone should be expected to possess which other characteristics?
Flower of stone should be expected to posses other characteristics like - It is heterosporous, It is a lycophyte and It has separate male and female gametophytes.
Heterosporous are plants which produce different types of spores that are different in size, structure and function. They produce two kinds of spores, smaller microspores and larger megaspore. Lycophytes are seedless and vascular plants with sporophytes. Sporophytes have microphylls and branch dichotomously. Leaves are called microphylls, this is a type of plantleaf with one single, unbranched leaf vein. Some lycophytes are homosporous while some are heterosporous. Flower of stone has seperate male and female gametophyte.
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Complete question- Upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone, one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of flower of stone branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Based on these additional observations which of the following can be properly inferred about "flower of stones?
4. compare and contrast the lymphatic system and immune system. how are these systems different and how do they work together?
The lymphatic and immune systems work together by taking action against disease-causing agents. But the immune system is to fight diseases and the lymphatic system is to check abnormalities.
The formation and maturation of lymphocytes that differentiate into B and T lymphocytes take place in the primary lymphoid organs of the lymphatic system. Since the lymphatic system transports antibodies, lymphocytes, and pathogens along with lymph, it acts as the body's first line of defense against infections. In secondary lymphoid tissues, lymphocytes come into contact with the pathogens and multiply to become actively participating cells. The spleen filters blood while also exposing pathogens to lymphocytes and macrophages, which then destroy them.
The cells are produced by the immune system and can be kept in lymph nodes. Consider the immune cells as traveling on a freeway with rest spots along the lymphatic system.
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primates are distinguished by characteristics that were shaped by the demands of living in trees. what were these 4 characteristics?
Key ideas. All primates are descended from creatures who lived in trees, and they all possess adaptations that make it possible for them to climb trees, such as a rotating shoulder joint, separated large toes and thumbs for grabbing, and stereoscopic vision.
The opposable thumb and big toe, prehensile hands and feet, nails rather than claws on the digits, the ability to sit for long periods of time in an upright position without using the upper limbs for balance, dependence on vision, and diminished sense of smell are all characteristics that are derived from primates.
A short muzzle, a relatively poor sense of smell, prehensile five-digit hands and feet with flat nails instead of claws, acute vision with depth perception from forward-facing eyes are just a few of the characteristics that set primates apart from other mammals.
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the part of corn that is used for fuel or food for humans is the a) fruit. b) zygote. c) root. d) flower.
The fruit is the part of corn that is used for fuel or food. The correct answer is option(a).
In an agricultural sense, a fruit is an overweight or dry matured ovary of a blooming plant, surrounding the source or sources. Apricots, insane, and especially of wine, in addition to grain pods, grain grains, tomatoes, cucumbers, and (in their coverings) acorns and almonds, are all technically fruits.
Corn is rich in source of nourishment C, an antioxidant that helps insulate your containers from damage and defends against afflictions like tumors and congestive heart failure. Corn is a good beginning of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, which are adapted to eye well-being and help bar the glass damage that leads to cataracts. Ethanol is a domestically created alternative fuel most usually from Corn.
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Kettlewell's experiment is included in most biology texts as an example of evolution occurring.
The moths once resided in a clean environment. Dark moths became rare as a result.
All members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are grouped together as moths, a paraphyletic group of insects, with caterpillars constituting the great bulk of the order. According to one estimate, there are over 160,000 different species of moth, many of which are still unnamed. Although there are some daytime and crepuscular moth species, nocturnal species predominate. There are some moths that can be serious agricultural pests all over the world, especially their caterpillars. Examples include bollworms and crop borers. In the northeastern United States, where it is an invasive species, the larva of the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) seriously harms forests. in climatic conditions that are moderate.
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In relation to their position in a food chain, what do plants and photosynthetic algae have in common?.
krapina, croatia, is an unusual neandertal site with some interesting characteristics. identify the correct statements about krapina. The Krapina Neandertals have relatively large incisors and relatively small cheek teeth. Quite a few of the highly fragmented bones from Krapina have clear cutmarks, indicating butchery. Even though the site was excavated more than a century ago, it was excavated very carefully. Most of the Krapina Neandertal remains are whole bones in nearly complete skeletons.
Describes Site of Krapina:
Even though the site was excavated more than a century ago, it was excavated very carefully.Quite a few of the highly fragmented bones from Krapina have clear cutmarks, indicating butchery.The Krapina Neandertals have relatively large incisors and relatively small cheek teeth.Does Not Describe Site of Krapina:
Most of the Krapina Neandertal remains are whole bones in nearly complete skeletons.What is bones?
The skeleton of the human body is made up of bones, which are living tissues. The following 3 forms of bone tissue are among them: dense tissue the denser, outer bone tissue.
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Select all of the correct statements. (Choose all that apply) Complementary strands in a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds. Complementary strands in a DNA molecule are held together by covalent bonds. Nucleotides of a single DNA strand are held together by covalent bonds. Nucleotides of a single DNA strand are held together by hydrogen bonds.
The complementary strands in a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds is true statement.
The higher strand of DNA is the "mRNA-like" strand. The decrease strand is the strand this is complementary to the mRNA.You can decide the series of a complementary strand in case you are given the series of the template strand.
These strands are complementary, with every base in a single sticking to its companion at the other. The A-T pairs are related with the aid of using hydrogen bonds, at the same time as the G-C pairs are related with the aid of using 3 hydrogen bonds.
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removing the terminal bud of a plant that shows apical dominance will cause a) an increase in the growth of the root system. b) increased growth of the terminal bud. c) an immediate flowering of the plant. d) increased growth of the axillary buds.
Removing the terminal bud of a plant that shows apical dominance will cause an immediate flowering of the plant so the option c is correct
Apical dominance is the process by which shoot tips inhibit the growth of axillary buds further down the trunk in order to control the number of growing shoot tips and branches. Shoot apical dominance occurs when the shoot tip inhibits the growth of lateral buds, allowing the plant to grow vertically. It is important that the plant expends energy growing upwards in order for the plant to obtain more light for photosynthesis. Auxin produced at the top (or upper) growth tip of the plant stem causes the stem to grow upward and also stops the growth of lateral buds (lateral buds). This is called leading edge dominance.
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If you made a big deletion of DNA in the promoter sequence of a gene, which of the following is likely to happen? The gene would not be transcribed The mutation of the DNA would be copied to the RNA sequence None of these answers are correct DNA polymerase would no longer be able to bind and carry out transcription The promoter is not transcribed, therefore RNA would be made as usual The transcription factors will recognize and bind the DNA, initiating transcription
If you made a big deletion of DNA in the promoter sequence of a gene then, the gene would not be transcribed.
What is DNA?
Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA of an individual can be found in almost all of their cells.
The information molecule is DNA. It provides the knowledge required to produce proteins, another type of substantial molecule. Each of your cells contains 46 substantial structures called chromosomes that are distributed throughout these instructions. These chromosomes are made up of numerous smaller segments of DNA, called genes.
Therefore, Option A is correct.
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grasslands that contain some trees, occur in regions where a relatively cool, dry season is followed by a hot, rainy season are known as
Grasslands that contain some trees, occur in regions where a relatively cool, dry season is followed by a hot, rainy season are known as Savannas.
A savanna, also known as a savannah, is a mixed woodland-grassland ecosystem distinguished by trees that are sufficiently spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows enough light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer dominated by grasses.
Savannas are a transitional biome, not quite a forest or a desert, but somewhere in between. This habitat is home to many different species of plants and animals all over the world, including Africa's largest land mammal, the African elephant.
Savanna is grassland with a few scattered trees. Savannas of one kind or another cover nearly half of Africa (about five million square miles, mostly in central Africa) as well as large areas of Australia, South America, and India.
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a certain culture of the bacterium streptococcus a initially has 9 bacteria and is observed to double every 1.4 hours. (a) estimate the number of bacteria after 28 hours. (round your answer to the nearest whole number.) bacteria (b) after how many hours will the bacteria count reach 10,000? (round your answer to one decimal place.) t
The number of bacteria after 28 hours is 9437184. It will take 14.1 hours to reach 10000 bacteria.
a) estimate the number of bacteria after 28 hours.
N(t) = [tex]9*2[/tex]^[tex]\frac{28}{1.4}[/tex]
using the calculations
N(t) =[tex]9 * 1048576[/tex]
N(t) = 9437184 bacteria in 28 hours.
b) after how many hours will the bacteria count reach 10,000?
[tex]9*2^{(t/1.4)}[/tex] = 10000
find t
[tex]2^{(t/1.4)}[/tex] = 10000/9
[tex]2^{(t/1.4)}[/tex] = 1111.1
Using nat logs,
[tex]\frac{t}{1.4}[/tex]ln(2) = ln(1111.1)
[tex]\frac{t}{1.4}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{ln(1111.1)}{In2}[/tex]
using calculations
[tex]\frac{t}{1.4}[/tex] = 10.1178
t = 10.1178 * 1.4
t = 14.1 hours to reach 10000 bacteria
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Do we need to be concerned with the wave nature of the blood cells when we describe the flow of blood in the body?.
Blood is evacuated when the heart beats, creating a pulse wave that moves through the circulatory system. This wave's measurement, which we refer to as the blood pulse wave (BPw), describes both the wave's form and rhythm.
Why does the blood flow differ?Circulation problems can result from plaque buildup, blood clots, or constricted blood vessels. Your body struggles to efficiently distribute blood to every part of your body when impediments or congested areas restrict blood flow.
What does a blood flow that is turbulent mean?Laminar flow is a characteristic of a healthy artery, such as the femoral artery. When the flow channel becomes disordered, layers fail to form, and eddy currents develop, the scenario is referred to as turbulent flow.
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which chamber of the heart contracts to send oxygenated blood through the aortic valve and out to the body's cells?
The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve into the aorta , the main artery that takes oxygen-rich blood out to the rest of the body
Heart:
Your cardiovascular system, which consists of a network of blood vessels that pumps blood throughout your body, is primarily composed of your heart. It also interacts with other bodily systems to regulate your blood, pressure and heart rate.Blood circulation throughout your body is the heart's primary duty. Moreover, your heart:
regulates the temperature rhythm of your heartbeat.keeps your blood pressure steady.The heart has four chambers in total:
Right atrial: Your right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from two big veins. Your upper body's blood is carried via the superior vena cava. Blood from the lower body is brought up by the inferior vena cava. The blood is then pumped to your right ventricle by the right atrium.
Right ventricle: Through the pulmonary artery, the lower right chamber transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The blood is oxygenated again by the lungs.
Left atrium: The pulmonary veins deliver blood to the left atrium after the lungs have infused it with oxygen. Your left ventricle receives blood through its higher chamber.
Left ventricle: Compared to the right, the left ventricle is a little bigger. It transfers blood enriched in oxygen to the rest of your body.
Hence, left ventricle send oxygenated blood through the aortic valve and out of the body cell.
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camels live in very dry habitats and do not need to consume water as frequently as animals in wetter habitats. what is a partial reason for this?
the external urethral sphincter is a circular muscle band that relaxes to allow urine to pass. this exemplifies what property of skeletal muscle tissue?
The external urethral sphincter is a circular muscle band that relaxes to allow urine to pass. This exemplifies what property of skeletal muscle regulation of elimination.
In women, the external urethral sphincter, which is made of striated muscle and is near the vaginal orifice, is located distally and inferiorly to the bladder neck.
The muscular structure known as the urethral sphincter controls the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra. Because it is made of skeletal muscle, the somatic nervous system can control the external sphincter on its own. Both the external urethral sphincter and the internal urethral sphincter control the flow of urine through the muscles.
Therefore, regulation of elimination is the solution.
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which statement about deuterostomes is false? group of answer choices three distinct layers of tissue are present during development. if a coelom is present, it formed within the embryonic mesoderm. its early embryonic cleavage pattern is radial. it is diploblastic. gastrulation occurs during development.
It is diploblastic. This is the false statement about deuterostomes.
Protostomes and the Deuterostomes both are triploblastic and not diploblastic. Deuterostomes coelom forms through a process known as enterocoely, the mesoderm develops as pouches that are pinched off from the endoderm tissue. This pouches fuse to form the mesoderm, which gives rise to the coelom. Its early embryonic cleavage pattern is radial and gastrulation occurs during development. During development the deuterostomes's mouth develops from an opening into the embryonic gut other than the blastopore, and develops into the anus.
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Which proteins lends structural support to the chromosome and helps activate or silence gene expression?.
The structural support to the chromosomes is provided with the histones. Histones proteins lends structural support to the chromosome and helps activate or silence gene expression.
What is a chromosome ?
It is the genetic unit which is passed on via inheritance.
Histones are changed by the addition or removing chemical groups, such as methyl groups or acetyl groups (consisting of two carbon, three hydrogen, and one oxygen atoms).
Each of the Chromosome is containing a long piece of DNA that fits into the cell nucleus. DNA wraps around the histones complexes of histone proteins.
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She forgot to write the name of the cell structure that her class was studying that day. What structure is described in her notes?.
The cell membrane assists the cell by performing certain tasks, just like the other organelles of cells do. Controlling what enters and leaves the cell is one of its duties in order to keep the cell safe
What jobs do the organelles perform?Small cytoplasmic structures known as organelles perform tasks required to keep the cell's homeostasis in check. They play a role in a variety of functions, including the synthesis of proteins and secretions, the removal of toxins, and the processing of outside signals.
What are the byproducts of cellular energy production?Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid while also producing some ATP and NADH. 2. Acetyl is oxidized to carbon dioxide during the citric acid cycle, producing some ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
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The cell membrane assists the cell by performing certain tasks, just like the other organelles of cells do. Controlling what enters and leaves the cell is one of its duties in order to keep the cell safe.
What jobs do the organelles perform?Small cytoplasmic structures known as organelles perform tasks required to keep the cell's homeostasis in check. They play a role in a variety of functions, including the synthesis of proteins and secretions, the removal of toxins, and the processing of outside signals.
What are the byproducts of cellular energy production?Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid while also producing some ATP and NADH. 2. Acetyl is oxidized to carbon dioxide during the citric acid cycle, producing some ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
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the algorithms are of your choice. for example, you may use any of the general purpose heuristic optimization algorithms from the course material, including, but not limited to, branch and bound, simulated annealing, greedy local search, tabu search, genetic algorithm etc. or, you can use any other algorithm that you may find by searching the literature, or you may create your own heuristic algorithms.
An algorithm is a set of rules or instructions which used to solve complex problems. In many STEM fields, algorithms are used by laptop programs to streamline processes.
Example :Typical addition algorithm: Align numbers vertically along corresponding position values. Add numbers along the shared place value columns. Write the sum of each position value under each position value column. If the sum of the place value columns exceeds nine, carry the tens digit to the next column to the left. Once all place-valued columns have been added, the addition is complete and the algorithm terminates.
Here is an example that demonstrates this algorithm:
123+456=579
Notice that the numbers are aligned vertically along the position values. Each column of place value is then added and the result is written below the horizontal line.
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Since membranes are relatively impermeable to ions, most of the protons re-enter the matrix by passing through special channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of the inward flow of protons these channels allow the synthesis of.
Since membranes are relatively impermeable to ions, most of the protons re-enter the matrix by passing through special channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of the inward flow of protons these channels allow the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
The electrons float thru the electron shipping chain, inflicting protons to be pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane area. Eventually, the electrons are surpassed to oxygen, which mixes with protons to shape water.
This is because it consists of proteins referred to as porins, which shape channels that permit the unfastened diffusion of molecules smaller than approximately 6000 daltons. The composition of the intermembrane area is consequently much like the cytosol with admire to ions and small molecules.
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Select the best choice to match the description. Answers may be used more than once or not at all.This Starling force is roughly double the pressure in regular systemic capillaries because the amount of blood flow to the kidneys is 2X greater.
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the Starling force that is roughly double the pressure in regular systemic capillaries because the amount of blood flow to the kidneys is 2X greater.
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) promotes filtration by forcing blood plasma water and solutes through the glomerular filter. The glomerular capillary blood pressure (GBHP) is approximately 55mm Hg. 2. The backpressure that opposes filtration is known as capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP). The afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance, as well as the renal artery pressure, influence the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (3). An increase in afferent arteriolar diameter (a decrease in resistance) results in an increase in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and GFR.
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