Base-catalyzed biodiesel production utilizes transesterification : transformation of an ester into another ester through interchange of the alkoxy group.
What is a transesterification ?
Transesterification is defined as the chemical process of converting triglycerides with alcohol into alkyl esters using a catalyst [64]. Because of their low cost and ease of availability, methanol and ethanol are commonly used alcohols in this process.Strong acids catalyse the reaction by donating a proton to the carbonyl group, resulting in a more potent electrophile, whereas bases catalyse the reaction by removing a proton from the alcohol, resulting in a more nucleophilic product. The carbonyl carbon of the starting ester reacts to form a tetrahedral intermediate, which either reverts to the starting material or proceeds to the transesterified product in the transesterification mechanism (RCOOR2). The various species are in equilibrium, and the distribution of the product is determined by the relative energies of the reactant and product. Depending on the reaction conditions, ester hydrolysis and/or esterification will also occur, resulting in the presence of some free carboxylic acid.To learn more about transesterification refer :
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What happens to the temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate?.
The temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate, until all of the ice has melted, the mixture's temperature does not alter in any way; after that, it gradually climbs.
What is mixture?
Combinations of two or more different types of chemicals are known as mixtures. Separating them physically is possible. Examples include a mixture of water and sugar, a salt and water solution, different gases, air, and so on.
Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures are the two types of mixtures. While homogeneous mixtures look consistent throughout, heterogeneous mixtures can be visually divided into several components. Solution, which can be a solid, liquid, or gas, is the most typical kind of homogeneous mixture.
Therefore, The temperature of a mixture of ice and liquid water as heat is applied at a constant rate, until all of the ice has melted, the mixture's temperature does not alter in any way; after that, it gradually climbs.
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100 ml of a 0.300 m solution of agno3 reacts with 100 ml of a 0.300 m solution of hcl in a coffee-cup calorimeter and the temperature rises from 21.80 °c to 23.20 °c. assuming the density and specific heat of the resulting solution is 1.00 g/ml and 4.18 j/g ∙ °c, respectfully, calculate how much heat (q) was released. group of answer choices 19.4 kj 598 j 586 j 1.17 kj
ΔH°rxn = 39013.33 J/mol
= 39.013 kJ/mol.
What is Calorimeter?
Calorimetry is a branch of science that measures a body's status with regard to temperature in order to look at changes in its physical and chemical composition. The changes could be chemical, like burning, acid-base neutralisation, or physical, such melting or evaporation.
We can calculate the amount of heat (Q) released from the solution using the relation:
Q = m.c.ΔT,
Where, Q is the amount of heat released from the solution (Q = ??? J).
m is the mass of the solution (m of the solution = density of the solution x volume of the solution = (1.0 g/mL)(200 mL)
= 200 g.
c is the specific heat capacity of the solution (c = 4.18 J/g∙°C).
ΔT is the difference in the T (ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature = 23.20 °C - 21.80 °C = 1.4 °C).
∴ Q = m.c.ΔT
= (200 g)(4.18 J/g∙°C)(1.4 °C) = 1170.4 J.
∵ ΔH°rxn = Qrxn/(no. of moles of AgNO₃).
Molarity (M) is defined as the no. of moles of solute dissolved in a 1.0 L of the solution.
M = (no. of moles of AgNO₃)/(Volume of the solution (L)).
∴ no. of moles of AgNO₃ = (M)(Volume of the solution (L))
= (0.3 M)(0.1 L) = 0.03 mol.
∴ ΔH°rxn = Qrxn/(no. of moles of AgNO₃) = (1170.4 J)/(0.03 mol)
= 39013.33 J/mol
= 39.013 kJ/mol.
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true or false: when using vsepr theory to determine molecular shape, a triple bond counts as a single electron domain even though it consists of three shared electron pairs.
True: when using vsepr theory to determine molecular shape, a triple bond counts as a single electron domain even though it consists of three shared electron pairs.
The fundamental idea behind VSEPR is that the valence electron pairs that surround an atom have a tendency to reject one another and would therefore arrange themselves in a way to minimise this repulsion. In turn, this lowers the energy of the molecule and raises its stability, which establishes the molecular geometry. The electron-electron repulsion resulting from the Pauli exclusion principle, rather than the electrostatic repulsion, has been stressed by Gillespie as being more significant in dictating molecule geometry.
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malonyl-coa is an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis. it also regulates fatty acid metabolism. which of the molecules regulate the enzyme that catalyzes malonyl‑coa synthesis?
Malonyl CoA is synthesized by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). The activity of ACC is regulated by several molecules, including cAMP, citrate, and long-chain fatty acids.
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger that can be activated by hormones such as glucagon. When cAMP is active, it binds to the regulatory subunit of ACC, inhibiting the activity of the enzyme.
Citrate is a metabolite that can bind to the active site of ACC, preventing the enzyme from synthesizing Malonyl CoA.
Long-chain fatty acids can also affect the activity of ACC. When fatty acids are present, they bind to the regulatory subunit of ACC, activating the enzyme and allowing it to synthesize Malonyl CoA.
Overall, the molecules that regulate the enzymes that synthesize Malonyl CoA are cAMP, citrate, and long-chain fatty acids
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how would the type of products generated during this experiment differ if a primary alcohol were used instead of a secondary alcohol?
The type of products generated during the experiment differ if a primary alcohol were used instead of a secondary alcohol as:
According to how they react with the Lucas reagent, primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols are categorized.
Primary Alcohols: Unless heated, the solution doesn't change colour. When heated, the solution generates an oily coating.
Secondary Alcohols: In three to five minutes, the solution becomes murky and produces an oily coating (varies based on the solubility).
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What is the relationship between dipole moment and the distance between the charges?
directly proportional
inversely proportional
they are equivalent
they are unrelated
directly proportional
The dipole moment is directly proportional to the distance between the charges.
What is the dipole moment of a charge?
A dipole moment is the product of the magnitude of the charge and the distance between the centers of the positive and negative charges
What is the relationship between the dipole moment and the distance between the charges?
The larger the difference in electronegativity, the larger the dipole moment. The distance between the charge separation is also a deciding factor in the size of the dipole moment. The dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of the molecule.
How does distance affect dipole?
The dipole potential does not have spherical symmetry and decreases as 1/distance2, much faster than the Coulomb potential, which decreases as 1/distance. The dipole field decreases as 1/distance3, and dipole effects become quickly negligible as the distance increases.
Thus, the dipole moment is directly proportional to the distance between charges.
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How many atoms are in 1×10−10 g Au?
3.06x1011 atoms are found in 1 10 10 g of gold.
Why is gold called Au?Because of the Latin term aurum, gold's symbol on the periodic table is Au. It is a pricey metal with a high boiling point that is utilized for coins and/or jewelry.
The substance gold. The element number 79 for gold is Au. Gold's Latin name, Aurum, or shining morning, and its earlier Greek origins predate the Anglo-Saxon term for it.
1 mole Au/197 g x 6.02x1023 atoms/mole x 1.00x10-10 g Au = 3.06x1011 atoms
The chemical element gold has the atomic number 79 and the symbol Au (derived from the Latin word aurum). This places it among the naturally occurring elements with higher atomic numbers.
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What mode of transportation is limited to specialized products such as liquids and gases?.
Pipeline is a form of transportation that is restricted to specialist goods like liquids and gases.
How pipeline is the best mode of transportation for liquids and gases?Manufacturing companies might use a variety of transportation methods that are used in logistics. However, these differ according on shipment volume, price, and destination. The manufacturing businesses that create liquid, semi-liquid, and gas products are most suited for this form of transportation. Pipeline construction might be expensive, but the expenditures per mile are lower.
They are very specialised and restricted to slurry forms of liquids, gases, and solids. There is no need for packing, and the cost per mile is inexpensive.
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a sample of xenon gas at a pressure of 0.537 atm and a temperature of 238oc, occupies a volume of 419 ml. if the gas is heated at constant pressure until its volume is 555 ml, calculate the temperature of the gas sample
The final liquid volume, which is 500 ml, is equal to the final bitey initial, which is 300 Kelvin. By 200 million L, they were behind. So, after the problem is solved, the temperature will be 750 Kelvin, which can be converted to degrees Celsius. so that we can get 7°C twice
By substituting, we get one atmosphere's initial volume of time, which is 225 ml, divided by the atmosphere's final volume, which is 100 M. L. They number four. 0.25 atmospheres of final pressure are present.
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based on your knowledge of the spectrochemical series, how would expect so as a ligand to compare to nh?
Spectrochemical series is defined as a list of ligands according to their strength.
Ligands are classified into two types which are strong ligand and weak ligand. The classification of ligands is done on the basis of the properties which are listed below.
Properties of ligands:
Oxidation number of the ligandGroup of the ligandThe significance of this is that it helps to ascertain the relative frequency of the absorption band etc.
NH₃ is a strong field ligand and it is placed in the middle of the spectrochemical series.
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chemist carries out this reaction and obtains 11.4 g of tungsten. if the percent yield is 89.4%, what mass of wo3 was used?
Chemist carries out this reaction and obtains 11.4 g of tungsten. if the percent yield is 89.4%, The mass of WO₃ was used is 16.1 g.
given that :
percent yield = 89.4%
theoretical yield = 11.4 g
the percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield ) × 100 %
Theoretical yield = (actual yield / percent yield ) × 100 %
= (11.4 g / 89.4 ) × 100 %
= 12.8 g
The mass of the WO₃ = (12.8 g W / 183.84 g/mol W ) ×231.84 g/mol WO₃
= 16.1 g WO₃
The mass of was used is 16.1 g.
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write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction when zni₂ and pb(clo₄)₂ are mixed in aqueous solution. if no reaction occurs, simply write only nr. be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction.
The balanced net ionic equation for the reaction when ZnI₂ and Pb(ClO₄)₂ are mixed in aqueous solution is as given,
ZnI₂ + Pb(ClO₄)₂ → PbI₂ + Zn(ClO₄)₂
Here, Zinc iodide (ZnI₂) reacts with Lead(II)perchlorate (Pb(ClO₄)₂) and give Lead(II)iodide (PbI₂) and Zinc perchlorate (Zn(ClO₄)₂).
ZnI₂ → Zn²⁺ + I₂⁻
Pb(ClO₄)₂ → Pb²⁺ + (ClO₄)₂⁻
Pb²⁺ + I₂⁻ → PbI₂
Zn²⁺ + (ClO₄)₂⁻ → Zn(ClO₄)₂
Here, ZnI₂ breaks down and give Zn²⁺ and I₂⁻.
similarly, Pb(ClO₄)₂ breaks down and give Pb²⁺ and (ClO₄)₂⁻.
Hence, Pb²⁺ and I₂⁻ reacts with each other and make PbI₂.
And Zn²⁺ and (ClO₄)₂⁻ reacts with each other and make Zn(ClO₄)₂.
So, ZnI₂ reacts with Pb(ClO₄)₂ and produce PbI₂ and Zn(ClO₄)₂.
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a novice scientist would like to test the solubility of an unknown compound. she adds a known amount of the compound to a test tube that holds 10 ml of water. she swirls the solution, mixing the substances together and places the test tube in a rack. a cloudy film begins to form near the bottom of the test tube. one possible conclusion might be that .
When cloudy appearensce or turbidity appear in the solution, it shows that there is a precipitation and this compound is not dissolve in solvent. Here the compound settle down to thebottom of test tube so it is insoluble.
A substance is remember which has a particular composition and precise homes. every natural element is a substance. every natural compound is a substance. Examples of substances: Iron is an element and subsequently is likewise a substance. Methane is a compound and consequently is likewise a substance.
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Disclaimer:- Your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
A novice scientist would like to test the solubility of an unknown compound. she adds a known amount of the compound to a test tube that holds 10 ml of water. she swirls the solution, mixing the substances together and places the test tube in a rack. a cloudy film begins to form near the bottom of the test tube. one possible conclusion might be that .
A. The compound miscible in water.
B. The compound is insoluble in water.
C. The compound is polar
D. The compound is unsaturated.
heat is lost to the styrofoam calorimeter. assuming a 6.22 c temperature change for the reaction of hcl (aq) with naoh (aq), calculate the heat loss to the inner 2.35g styrofoam cup. the specific heat of styrofoam is 1.34 j/g*c
The amount of heat loss to the inner 2.35g styrofoam cup is 19.6 joules.
Given in question that;
The calorimeter made of Styrofoam loses heat. Styrofoam's specific heat is 1.34 j/g*c, assuming a temperature change of 6.22 c for the reaction between hcl (aq) and naoh (aq).
Change in temperature; ∆T = 6.22°c
weight of substance; W = 2.35 g
Specific heat of styrofoam; Cp = 1.34 j/g°c
To find heat loss;
Q = w x Cp x ∆T
where, change in temperature; ∆T
Weight of substance; W
Specific heat of 2.35g of material; Cp
Thus, Q = 2.35 g × 6.22°c × 1.34 j/g°c
Q = 19.58 joules
So, 19.6 joules heat is lost
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what prediction can be made about the entropy change during the proposed synthesis of solid nitrogen?
Entropy decreases during the proposed synthesis of solid nitrogen
What is entropy?
One of the most crucial ideas in both information theory and physics is entropy. Entropy is a measure of the degree of chaos in a physical or biological system that is used informally. The less information we know about a system, the higher its entropy.
In the middle of the 19th century, debates about the effectiveness of heat engines gave rise to the idea of entropy. Students have struggled with Carnot's cycle and other sorts of expansion of real and ideal gases for generations without ever fully understanding why they were doing so.
A change in entropy, S, was defined in several previous textbooks using the equation:
S = Qreversible / T (i)
where Q denotes the amount of heat present and T denotes the thermodynamic temperature. However, it is more typical today to find entropy stated in terms of the level of disorder in the system and to define the entropy change, S, as:
ΔS = -ΔH/T (ii) (ii)
When we raise a substance's temperature in a chemical process, molecular mobility increases along with entropy. In contrast, molecular mobility and entropy should both decrease as a substance's temperature is dropped.Hence, entropy decreases during the proposed synthesis of solid
nitrogen
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how that a temperature rise of 4k would raise the conductivity (i.e. the number of electrons in the conduction band) by 30%.
With the rise in temperature,the conductivity also increases.
With rising temperatures, semiconductors' electrical conductivity rises. The conductivity rises as a result of free mobility between the two bands created when electrons from the valence band are able to jump to the conduction band when the temperature rises.
Electrical Conductivity (EC), which is often expressed in Siemens (S) per distance, gauges a material's capacity to transfer an electrical current over a specific distance (usually m-meter). A conductivity meter is used to determine the conductance and read the electrical charge.
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The ________ describes the location of electrons and the ________ describes the location of atoms.
The location of electrons is described by the electron-pair geometry, and the location of atoms is described by the molecular structure.
What makes molecular structure different from electron-pair geometry?Electron-pair geometry is the configuration of all electron density zones around a core atom (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons). It is the arrangement of electron pairs surrounding a main atom.
The molecular structure of a molecule is made up of the way its atoms are arranged. It refers to how the atoms of a molecule are arranged, usually in reference to one central atom.
The electron-pair geometries will match the molecular structures when there are no lone pairs of electrons surrounding the centre atom, but they will differ if there are lone pairs present.
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what is the molecular shape of each molecule? estimate the bond angle for each molecule, assum- ing that there is not a lone pair.
molecular shape of each molecule Linear and the bond angle for each molecule 180 degrees.
How do you determine molecular shape and bond angle?VSEPR Guidelines
Determine the main atom.
tally the valence electrons in it.
For every atom with a bond, add one electron.
For charge, add or subtract electrons (see Top Tip)
To determine the total, divide them by 2.
the quantity of electron pairs.
Make a shape prediction using this
What are the 4 molecular shapes?Learn about typical molecular geometries include linear, trigonal planar, bent, tetrahedral, and trigonal pyramid, as well as how Lewis structures can be used to predict the shape of a molecule.
What is molecular geometry based on?When predicting molecular geometry, the valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR, is frequently used. According to the hypothesis, the repulsion between electron pairs on a core atom, whether they form bonds or not, will determine how a molecule is shaped.
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assuming that the copper and lead are pure, determine the relative amounts of each kind of bb. the density of copper is 8.96 g/cm3g/cm3 . the density of lead is 11.4 g/cm3g/cm3 . express your answers in percent to two significant figures separated by a comma.
The values of x and y are 0.73 cm3 and 0.27 cm3. The masses are obtained by multiplying these values by the densities giving us with 6.54 g and 3.06 g.
First, from reliable sources we get the densities of both the copper and lead. This will give us 8.96 g/cm3 and that of lead is 11.34 g/cm3. We assume that 1 cm3 of this certain mixture is composed of x cm3 of copper and y cm3 of zinc. Such that,
x + y = 1
and 9.60 = x(8.96) + y(11.34)
The values of x and y are 0.73 cm3 and 0.27 cm3. The masses are obtained by multiplying these values by the densities giving us with 6.54 g and 3.06 g.
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The ________ describes the location of electrons and the ________ describes the location of atoms.
The electron-pair geometry describes the location of electrons and the molecular structure describes the location of atoms.
What distinguishes molecular structure from electron-pair geometry?The arrangement of all regions of electron density around a core atom is known as electron-pair geometry (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons). It is the configuration of electron pairs around a central atom.
The arrangement of the atoms within a molecule constitutes the molecular structure. It is the configuration of atoms within a molecule, typically in relation to a single centre atom.
When there are no lone pair of electrons pairs surrounding the centre atom, the electron-pair geometries will be identical to the molecular structures; but, if the central atom has lone pairs, the geometries will change.
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in an experiement, 5 g of licl is dissolved into 40 ml of water orginally at 17 c in a calorimeter. the temperature rises to 40.3. determine the molar heat of solution of li cl
5g of LiCl is dissolved in 40 ml of water at 17°C. When the temperature of a solution rises to 40.3°C, the molar heat of a LiCl solution is 32.7 kJ/mol.
The molar heat of a solution(ΔH) is calculated by the formula
ΔH=q/n
Where, n-Number of moles
q- Energy of the system
q is calculated by the formula
q=m×c×ΔT
Where ΔT=(T_f-T_i)
T_f=40.3°C, T_i=17°C
ΔT=(40.3-17)°C=23.3°C
c=4.18 J/g°C
The mass of water is
m=40 ml×(1 g/1 ml)=40 g
Plug all values in the formula
q=40g×(4.18 J/g°C)×23.3°C
q=3895.76 J
The molar mass of LiCl is 42g/mol. Therefore, the moles of LiCl is
moles=5g×(1 mol/42 g)
moles=0.11905 mol
Hence, the molar heat of a solution is
ΔH=3895.76 J/0.11905 mol
ΔH=32723.7295 J/mol
Convert the value in kJ
ΔH=32723.7295 J/mol×(1 kJ/1000 J)
ΔH=32.7 kJ/mol
Therefore, the molar heat of a solution is 32.7 kJ/mol.
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What mass of NaCl formed
when 0.25 g Na react
completely with 0.39 g Cl2?
A. 0.59 g NaCl
B. 0.64 g NaCl
C. -0.14 g NaCl
D. 0.14 g NaCl
Answer:
The answer is B
Explanation:
0.25 + 0.39= 0.64
a 0.350 m solution of sodium hydroxide is reacted with 25.00 ml of an unknown molarity of sulfuric acid. it takes 17.3 ml of sodium hydroxide to react completely with the sulfuric acid. determine the molarity of the sulfuric acid.
The molarity of the sulfuric acid that reacted with sodium hydroxide is 0.12 M.
In stoichiometry problems, first, we have to make the chemical reaction. The reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
2 NaOH + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2 H₂O
For NaOH
The molarity = M = 0.350 MThe volume = V = 17.3 mLThe number of molesAccording to Avogadro's law, the coefficient of NaOH and the coefficient of H₂SO₄ is the ratio for the number of moles.
n NaOH : n H₂SO₄ = 2 : 1
n H₂SO₄ = n NaOH ÷ 2
n H₂SO₄ = 6.055 mmol ÷ 2
n H₂SO₄ = 3.0275 mmol
For H₂SO₄
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the first ionization energies of the elements as you go from left to right across a period of the periodic table, and as you go from the bottom to the top of a group in the table. question 5 options: a) increase, increase b) increase, decrease c) decrease, increase d) decrease, decrease e) are completely unpredictable
The first ionization energies of the elements increases as you go from left to right across a period of the periodic table, and as you go from the bottom to the top of a group in the table, atomic radius increases.
What is atomic radius ?A chemical element's atomic radius, which is typically the average or typical distance between the nucleus's core and the outermost isolated electron, serves as a gauge for the size of an atom.
There are numerous non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius, since the border is not a clearly defined physical entity.
As we move across a row of the periodic table from left to right, the initial ionization energy rises. In the periodic table, the initial ionization energy falls as we move down a column.
Thus, option A is correct.
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calculate the rf value for a spot in a chromatography experiment if the solvent moved 13.1 cm and the spot moved 9.5 cm from the origin.
The rf value for a spot in a chromatography experiment if the solvent moved 13.1 cm and the spot moved 9.5 cm from the origin is 0.73.
What is chromatography ?
Separating ingredients in a mixture using chromatography is a procedure. The mixture is dissolved in the mobile phase, which starts the process off, and then transports it through the stationary phase, which is the final phase.
What is experiment ?
A scientific experiment is a test carried out to ascertain what occurs to a subject under a given set of circumstances.
Therefore, rf value for a spot in a chromatography experiment if the solvent moved 13.1 cm and the spot moved 9.5 cm from the origin is 0.73.
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What Is the rate of diffusion? Select the correct answer below; a. the process of molecules dispersing in space in response dilferences concentration b. the escape gas molecules through a tiny hole into vacuum c. the amount Of gas passing through some area per unit of tire d. none of the above
The rate of diffusion is the process of molecules dispersing in space in response differences concentration.
What Is the rate of diffusion?The change in the no. of diffusing molecules in a cell is known as diffusion. While the change in the no. of diffusing molecules over time in a cell is known as Rate of diffusion.
Molecule:The group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds such as covalent or ionic bond is known as molecule.
Molecules are of three types mainly:
Monoatomic (have one atom only)Diatomic (Have two atoms)Polyatomic (have 3 or more atoms).To know more about rate of diffusion visit
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Which substance is important to the structure of the cell membrane because it helps the cell membrane keep its shape?
Phospholipid is the substance which is important because it helps the cell membrane keep its shape.
The primary element of cell membranes is phospholipid. All cell membranes have a double layer of them, which are arranged in a line. By preventing some substances from passing through, the double layer of phospholipids that develop helps to safeguard the cell.
A lipid called cholesterol prevents cell membranes from becoming overly rigid.The cell membrane is made up of a particular class of lipids called phospholipids. Phospholipids are amphipathic, which means they include both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components that can mix with water.
Hence, Phospholipid is the substance which is important because it helps the cell membrane keep its shape.
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What happens to the chemistry of the seawater as more co2 is absorbed into the oceans?.
The planet's PH decreased, thereby making the water there increasingly acidic.
Why does seawater include compounds?There are numerous distinct chemicals in seawater. Because when freshwater in water evaporates and salt is left behind, several of these chemicals can be seen. Pure substance made up water and oxygen is called water, or H2O.
Is seawater a type of chemical solution?Rainwater and dissolved chemical substances combine to become seawater. A great solvent is water. Juices that dissolve other compounds are known as solvents. Numerous solutes are present in the majority of the earth's water, which includes the moisture in oceans, pools, rivers, and ponds.
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how much heat (in kcal) is released when burning one molecule of octane (gasoline, c 8h {18}c 8 h 18 ) completely to carbon dioxide ( co 2 co 2 ) and water (h 2 oh 2 o)?
Octane full combustion has an exothermic reaction that consumes 183.55 kcal/mol.
There is a difference between burning one molecule and one mole, therefore find out how much heat (in kcal) is produced while burning one octane molecule! (I'm asking you to find it for one molecule, there are 6.0210236.021023 molecules in one mole.) The helpful data below is presented per mole. I performed the identical task for burning methanol in the video lectures, but I did it for burning a full mole. C8H18C8H18's heat of formation is -59.2 kcal/mole. O2O2: 0.0 H2OH2O: -57.8 CO2CO2: -94.1 (by definition of the scale used) A document including all of your work, including the balanced chemical equation, should be uploaded.
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what is the calcium ion concentration, [ca2 ], in 1.5m calcium chloride, cacl2? what is the chloride ion concentration, [cl1-]?
The calcium ion concentration, [Ca2+], in 1.5M calcium chloride (CaCl2) is 1.5M. According to the law of conservation of mass, the chloride ion concentration, [Cl1-], must also be 1.5M.
What is concentration?
Concentration in chemistry refers to the quantity of a substance in a given area. The ratio of the solute in a solution to the solvent as well as total solution is another way to define concentration. In order to express concentration, mass per unit volume is typically used. The solute concentration can, however, also be expressed throughout moles as well as volumetric units. Concentration may be expressed as per unit mass rather than volume. Although concentration is typically used to describe chemical solutions, it can be calculated for just about any mixture. Mathematically, concentration is calculated by dividing the mass, moles, or volume of the solute by the mass, moles, or volume of the solution (or, less commonly, the solvent).
This is because for every mole of calcium chloride that is dissolved, one mole of calcium ions and one mole of chloride ions are released into solution. Therefore, the concentrations of both ions are equivalent.
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