b) why is the methyl group in toluene an ortho/para director? explain, using the reaction mechanism and drawings to support your answer. add an electrophile (you can use e ) to the ortho, meta, or para position,and compare the stabilities of the competing carbocation intermediates (the three possible sigma complexes).
Answers
The methyl group is toluene is not on meta position. The methyl group is electron releasing group.
In case of toluene, the methyl group connected to the ring, will increase the electron density at ortho and para positions via way of means of resonance with out converting some thing on the meta position. Thus the attacking reagent at once assaults on the electron wealthy site , accordingly the methyl institution is ortho directing. you may effortlessly apprehend the motion of electrons via way of means of following the route of arrows in structures. There isn't any shape wherein the electrons may be visible on meta position.
The resonating structures of toluene is attached below.
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Related Questions
Joseph has found that when he passes a high voltage current through an evacuated tube, he can make a phosphor coating on one end of the tube glow. One day he makes the that if a metal shape is put in the middle of the tube, it casts a shadow on the phosphor coating.
Answers
The phosphor coating is shadowed when a metal form is placed in the center of the tube.
Who or what uses phosphor?The majority of the light emitted by fluorescent lamps is created by phosphor layers, which are also used to balance the light from metal halide lamps. To create multiple light hues, neon signs employ phosphor layers.
Phosphorus may be found where?The richest sources of phosphorus include dairy, red meat, poultry, shellfish, legumes, and nuts, while phosphorus is naturally present in a wide range of foods. It is referred to as organic phosphorus when it is present in certain meals. Foods from animals and plants both facilitate its absorption more effectively.
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4. a plate has 259 colonies, with a sample volume of 10-6 ml. what was the original concentration in the sample?
Answers
The original concentration is 259,000,000=2.6 x 10-8.
OCD=CFU/original cell volume
259/10-6=259,000,000=2.6 x 10-8
Concentration is a totally commonplace idea utilized in chemistry and associated fields. It's far the degree of the way an awful lot of a given substance there may be combined with some other substance.
The concentration of an answer is the degree of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a fantastically large amount of dissolved solute.
In chemistry, concentration refers to the quantity of a substance in a defined space. Any other definition is that attention is the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or overall answer.
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malate is converted to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase using the cofactor nad .nad . note that histidine is the base needed to start the reaction, and it is abbreviated as :b.:b. only the relevant portion of nad nad is shown.
Answers
NAD+ + malate → NADH + oxaloacetate
The reaction is catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, and is initiated by the binding of histidine (abbreviated as :b.:b.) to the enzyme. The reaction proceeds as follows:
:b.:b. + malate → :b.:b. malate
NAD+ + :b.:b. malate → NADH + oxaloacetate
What is Malate?
Malate is a type of organic acid found naturally in many plants, including apples and oranges. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle, a biochemical process by which energy is released from food molecules. Malate is also used as a food additive to enhance flavor and color and is often added to sports drinks and other beverages.
Define Histidine?
Histidine is an essential amino acid that is found in proteins. It is important for growth and repair of tissues, and it helps regulate the acid-base balance in the body. Histidine is also important for the production of both red and white blood cells, and it has roles in the nervous system, immune system, and digestive system.
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cna someone find the charge of the metal in Ni(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) --> Ni(NO3)2(aq) + Pb(s)? Pls give step by step explanation of how you found it.
Answers
Explanation:
The nitrate ion is a radical with an overall charge of -1. To get the oxidation number of lead add up all the oxidation numbers and equate to zero. Where x= O.N of lead. Therefore the oxidation state of lead is +2.
lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry always occupy which position? A. equatorial B. axial C. central D. none of the above
Answers
The Lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry always occupies equatorial position.
In the trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry, the electrons which do not forms Bond with any other atom are called lone pair of electron.
These lone pair of electrons generally goes to the equatorial position of the geometry.
They do so because the equatorial geometry provides them the maximum stability as we know that The Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is more than the bond-pair Bond pair repulsion.
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how does the concentration of hydrochloric acid (0.0625m, 0.125m, 0.25m, 0.5m, 1m) affect the rate of reaction when calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?
Answers
CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H20+CO2
As the concentration of HCl is increased, the rate of reaction will increase. Experimental results show that there is a strong correlation between the co. In summary, this correlation indicates that mass loss increases with increasing hydrochloric acid concentration in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. This therefore leads to higher reaction rates, as is known from collision theory. Increasing the concentration of the first-order reaction in this way results in a proportional increase in product formation. This is because the reactants become denser and the collisions become more successful. This was revealed in experiments involving the two reactants
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a gas sample contains 4.00 g of ch 4. what is the volume of the sample at stp? 32.0 l 16.8 l 22.4 l 5.59 l 132 l
Answers
A gas sample contains 4.00g of CH₄. The volume of a given sample at standard temperature and pressure(STP) condition is 5.59 L.
At STP condition, the pressure is 1atm and the value of temperature is 0°C, which is 273K. First calculate moles of CH₄. The molar mass of CH₄ is
Molar mass=(12+(4×1))g/mol
=(12+4)g/mol
=16g/mol
Therefore, the moles of CH₄ is
moles=4.00 g×(1 mol/16 g)
moles=0.25 mol
To find out volume, use ideal gas law formula which is
PV=nRT
R=0.08206 Latm/molK
Rearrange the formula for V
V=nRT/P
Plug all values in the formula
V=(0.25mol×0.08206Latm×273K/1atm×molK)
V=5.601 L
V=5.60 L
Therefore, the volume of a sample is 5.60 L, which is closer to the value 5.59L. Hence, the volume of a sample is 5.59 L.
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Write the molecular formulas of alkane,alkene with one double bond, alkene with two double bonds,Cycloalkane and Cycloalkenenwith no substituents comprising six carbons.
Answers
There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, chemical formula can be shown as below.
What is chemical Compound?Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.
An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound. Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond.
Compound chemical formula
alkane CnH2n+2
alkene with one double bond CH[tex]_2[/tex]=CH[tex]_2[/tex]
alkene with two double bond CH[tex]_2[/tex]=c=CH[tex]_2[/tex]
cycloalkane C[tex]_6[/tex]H[tex]_{12}[/tex]
Therefore, chemical formula can be shown as above.
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a rigid tank contains 1 kg propane at 500k, 1500 kpa. it is now cooled down to 300 k. find the ehat transfer and the change in entropy
Answers
the heat transfer and the change in entropy is −0.8868 kJ/K.
how to solve ?Ideal gas, constant volume so there is no work.
m (u₂ -u₁) = ₁Q₂ ₋ ₁w₂ = ₁Q₂
u₂ ₋ u₁ = Cv (T₂ ₋ T₁) = 1.736(300 - 500) = 347.2kJ/Kg
₁Q₂ = m (u₂ - u₁ ) = 1(-347.2) = -347.2kj
the change in s for an ideal gas v₂ = v₁ gives
m(s₂ - s₁ ) = m [Cv₀ In T₁/T₂ + R In T₂/T₁
= 1kg ˣ 1.736kj / kg - K In 300/500 = -0.8868kJ/K
What is a simple definition of entropy?the amount of thermal energy per unit of temperature in a system that cannot be used for productive work. Entropy is a measure of a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability since work is produced by organized molecular motion.
What does a negative change in entropy mean?Entropy is the amount of disorder in a system. Disorder is much more probable than order in a random system. So if entropy is the amount of disorder, negative entropy means something has less disorder, or more order.
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nitrogen oxide can be generated on a laboratory scale by the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid with aqueous sodium nitrite: 6 nano2(aq) 1 3 h2so4(aq) 88n 4 no(g) 1 2 hno3(aq) 1 2 h2o(,) 1 3 na2so4(aq) what volume of 0.646 m aqueous nano2 should be used in this reaction to generate 5.00 l of nitrogen oxide at a temperature of 20°c and a pressure of 0.970 atm?
Answers
Number of moles is 0.202 mol.
The balanced equation for a reaction is represented as follows:
6 NaNO, (aq) +3 H₂SO₄, (aq) -> 4 NO(g)+2HNO, (aq)+2 H₂O (D)+3 Na SO, (aq) The number of moles of nitrogen oxide (NO) can be calculated using ideal gas equation which is represented as follows:
PV =NRT
Here,
P =pressure of a sample of gas
V = volume of a sample of gas
N = number of moles of gas present
T= absolute temperature
R =universal gas constant= 0.08206 L atm mol⁻¹ k⁻¹
The equation is solved for and then substituted with known values as follows:
no of moles := PV/RT = (0.970*5.00) / (0.08206 *293) =0.202 mol
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how many monochloro substitution products are produced when the alkanes below are chlorinated? consider constitutional isomers only, ignore stereoisomers.
Answers
When the alkanes below are chlorinated they produce 3 monochloro substitution products. These isomers have the same chemical formula, but their atoms arrangements are different.
What are constitutional versus isomeric isomers?
Although structural (constitutional) isomers share the same chemical formula but their atoms are bonded in a different way. Stereoisomers have the same atomic configurations and chemical formulae. The groups' spatial orientation is the only thing which distinguishes the molecules distinguishes them from one another.
What are instances of stereoisomers?
According to the general definition of stereoisomers, stereoisomers are isomers with the same composition (i.e., the same parts), but different orientations in space. Stereoisomers are of two different types which are enantiomers and diastereomers.
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a mixture of gaseous reactants is put into a cylinder, where a chemical reaction turns them into gaseous products. the cylinder has a piston that moves in or out, as necessary, to keep a constant pressure on the mixture of . the cylinder is also submerged in a large insulated water bath. (see sketch at right.) the temperature of the water bath is monitored, and it is determined from this data that of heat flows into the system during the reaction. the position of the piston is also monitored, and it is determined from this data that the system does of work on the piston during the reaction. is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? exothermic endothermic does the temperature of the water bath go up or down? up down neither does the piston move in or out? in out neither does the reaction absorb or release energy? absorb release neither
Answers
The reaction is exothermic and therefore the temperature of the water bath go up.
What is exothermic reaction?A chemical reaction involves the movement of energy to or from the environment.
An exothermic reaction occurs when energy is transmitted to the environment, increasing temperature.
The reaction is exothermic because energy is released as a result of it.The released heat will be employed to operate on the piston and to raise the temperature due to the heat input from the eater bath, respectively.As a result, the bath's temperature will increase.
As was already indicated, the heat generated will exert force on the piston, causing it to move out.Energy produced during the reaction. Heat will therefore go from the gas combination to the bath.The solution is hence "out."
We know the released energy = work + heat supplied to the bath
energy = 390 kJwork = 117 kJClearly,
heat = energy - work
= (390 - 117) kJ
= 273 kJ
Thus, when the energy is absorbed by the system, a positive sign is assigned.
Therefore, the reaction absorb energy.
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If 3.21 moles of ammonia gas occupy 5.22 L at 50.0oC, calculate the pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation AND by using the van der Waals equation. Compare each value to the actual measured pressure of 15.4 atm under these conditions.
R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1, for ammonia under these conditions,
a = 4.17 atm L2 mol-2 and b =0.0371 L mol-1.
Answers
The pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation and by using the van der Waals equation is 2.52 atm and 0.164 atm.
What is ideal gas equation?Ideal gas equation is defined as the state equation for a fictitious perfect gas. Although it has significant drawbacks, it is a decent approximation of the behavior of many gases under various conditions.
Given n = 3.21 moles
V = 5.22 L
T = 50 °C
R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1
a = 4.17 atm L2 mol-2
b = 0.0371 L mol-1
Ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
P = nRT / V
P = 3.21 x 0.0821 x 50.0 / 5.22
P = 2.52 atm
Van der Waals equation
P = RT / V - b - a / V²
P = 0.0821 x 50.0 / 5.22 - 0.0371 - 4.17 / ( 5.22 )²
P = 0.317 - 0.153
P = 0.164 atm
Thus, the pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation and by using the van der Waals equation is 2.52 atm and 0.164 atm.
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A naturally occurring sample of an element contains only two isotopes. The first isotope has a mass of 68.9255 amu and a natural abundance of 60.11%. The second isotope has a mass of 70.9247 amu. Use this information to answer the following questions. Calculate the atomic mass of the element, to 4 significant figures. Include the unit, amu, in your answer below. Give the full name for the element that exists as these two isotopes. Explain how you determined the element name in the above question.
Answers
The atomic mass of the element, to 4 significant figures is 69.72 amu and the element is Gallium.
A mass for an atom is called its atomic mass. The unified atomic mass unit, which is not a SI unit but rather a non-SI counterpart of the dalton, is a common way to represent atomic mass, even though the kilogram is the SI unit of mass. A carbon-12 atom that is unbound and in its ground state has a mass of 112 of a gramme (Da). The single atom of a chemical element has a mass known as the atomic mass. Protons, neutrons, and electrons, three subatomic atomic particles with atomic masses, are involved.
With the chemical symbol Ga and atomic number 31, gallium is one of the elements. Gallium, a member of the periodic table's group 13 and a metal, was first discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.
abundance of second isotope = (100 - 60.11) = 39.89 %
atomic mass of element = 68.9255 * (60.11 / 100) + 70.9247 * (39.89 / 100)
= 69.72 amu (answer)
since the atomic mass of the element, 69.72 amu, matches that of gallium.
so, name of the element is Gallium and symbol is Ga
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the Ka of a monoprotic weak acid is 0.00247. what is the percent ionization of a 0.157 m solution of this acid?
Answers
Percent Ionization of a 0.157 m solution of this acid is 16.4%.
What is Percent Ionization?
The ratio of the equilibrium H3O+ concentration to the initial HA concentration, multiplied by 100%, is the definition of the weak acid, HA, percent ionization.
Ionization energy, sometimes referred to as ionisation potential, is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule in physics and chemistry.
In an electric discharge tube, when a quickly moving electron produced by an electric current collides with a gaseous atom of the element, causing it to eject one of its electrons, the ionisation energy of a chemical element, given in joules or electron volts, is often measured.
You must have been referring to this monoprotic acid, which we will refer to as HA, since the Ka value is 0.00584.
HA <==> H+ + A-
Ka = 0.00584 = [H+]
[A-]/[HA]
Assuming that x is modest in comparison to 0.181, 0.00584 = (x)(x)/0.181 - x, we shall disregard it for the time being.
x2 = 0.001057
Since our assumption was erroneous and this value is closer to 18% of 0.180, we must now utilize the quadratic equation to solve for x. x = [H+] = [A-] = 0.0325
x2 = 0.001057 - 0.00584x
x = 0.0297
Ionization percentage equals 0.0297/0.181 (100%) = 16.4%.
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calculate the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule. one mole of oxygen molecules has a mass of 32.0 g
Answers
Average K.E FOR n Mole of a gas=3/2nRT
= 3/2*1*8.314*296
=3691.4 j/mole
Kinetic energy is the power an object has because of its motion. If we want to boost up an object, then we must follow a force. making use of force requires us to do paintings. After work has been accomplished, energy has been transferred to the object, and the object might be moving with a new consistent speed.
The kinetic energy of an item is the electricity that it possesses because of its motion. it is defined because the work needed to boost up a frame of a given mass from relaxation to its stated pace. Having gained this energy for the duration of its acceleration, the frame maintains this kinetic electricity except for its pace changes
Potential energy saved energy that relies upon the relative position of numerous components of a gadget. A spring has greater potential energy when it is compressed or stretched. A steel ball has extra capability strength raised above the ground than it has after falling to Earth.
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aqueous hydrobromic acid reacts with solid sodium hydroxide to produce aqueous sodium bromide and liquid water . what is the theoretical yield of sodium bromide formed from the reaction of of hydrobromic acid and of sodium hydroxide?
Answers
The theoretical yield of sodium bromide is 82.21 g.
Theoretical yield :
Sodium bromide formed from the reaction of 64.7g of hydrobromic acid and 53.4g of sodium hydroxide.
molecular weight of hydrobromic acid ( HBr ) = 80.9119 g/mol
molecular weight of Sodium bromide ( NaBr) = 102.894 g/mol
Now,
If 80.9 g of hydrobromic acid form 102.8 g of sodium bromide
∴ 64.7 g of hydrobromic acid form ( ? ) g of sodium bromide
= (64.7 × 102.8) / 80.9
= 82.21 g of sodium bromide
So, 82.21 g of Sodium bromide formed from the reaction of 64.7g of hydrobromic acid and 53.4g of sodium hydroxide.
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complete and balance the following neutralization reaction, name the products, and write the net ionic equation.
Answers
The main products in neutralization reaction are aluminium chloride and water .
What is neutralization reaction?
When same amount of strong acid is react with the same amount of strong base then the reaction is known as neutralization reaction.
The complete balanced reaction is:
[tex]Al(OH)_{3} + 3HCl - > AlCl_{3}+3H_{2} O[/tex]
And the net ionic equation is:
[tex]3H^{+}+3OH^{-} - > 3H_{2}O[/tex]
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Calculate the standard reaction entropy for the decomposition of 1 mol calcite to carbon dioxide gas and solid calcium oxide at 25°c.
Answers
Entropy change is typically 160.6 J/K.
ΔH°reaction=∑ΔH°f(reactants)+∑ΔH°f(reactants)
What does a typical entropy mean?The entropy content of one mole of a pure substance at a standard condition of pressure and any desired temperature is known as the standard molar entropy in chemistry. These are frequently (but not always) used as the typical temperature and pressure.
How is the entropy of a reaction calculated?Take an energy reading at a given temperature to calculate entropy. To quantify thermal energy transmitted (q) at a particular temperature, a calorimeter is typically used. Maintain the temperature value mathematically constant by assuming only extremely slight variations in the process's conditions.
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the balance of aluminum is 3 in the balance of chlorine is 921 the formula for aluminum chloride is correctly written as
Answers
Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) is a chemical compound formed from aluminum and chloride.
Aluminum chloride is a chemical compound that, while uncontaminated, is a white solid and, when contaminated with iron chloride, a yellow powder. The periodic table's group 13 and period 3 elements of aluminum and group 17 and period 3 elements of chlorine make up the entire formula for aluminum chloride.
Aluminum and chlorine ions combine to form aluminum chloride, a neutral ionic compound. Aluminum chloride has zero net charge overall. The chloride anion is a negatively charged ion Cl⁻, whereas the aluminum cation is a positively charged ion Al³⁺. The aluminium cation, which has three of its valence electrons transferred to chlorine, has more protons than electrons. Although it only requires one electron to reach the electron configuration of the noble gas argon, chlorine cannot accept more than one electron.
Hence, aluminum chloride is a neutral chemical compound
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A mixture of gaseous reactants is put into a cylinder, where a chemical reaction turns them into gaseous products. The cylinder has a piston that moves in or out, as necessary, to keep a constant pressure on the mixture of 1atm . The cylinder is also submerged in a large insulated water bath. (See sketch at right.) The temperature of the water bath is monitored, and it is determined from this data that 370.kJ of heat flows out of the system during the reaction. The position of the piston is also monitored, and it is determined from this data that the system does 316.kJ of work on the piston during the reaction
Answers
Since heat was moving through the system, the reaction would be endothermic. As heat left the water and entered the system, the temperature of the water bath would decrease.
Piston motion: inward or outward?A piston that is housed inside a cylinder and utilized in a gasoline engine with many sections. A piston is a rotating disk that is encased in a cylinder and sealed off from the atmosphere by piston rings. As a liquid or gas inside the cylinder expands and compresses, the disk moves inside the cylinder.
Is energy released or absorbed during the reaction?
Energy is needed to break the bonds in chemical reactions, and energy is released when new bonds form as a result of the process. In contrast to endothermic reactions, which absorb energy, exothermic reactions release energy.
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the formal charge on nitrogen in no3- is . question 22 options: a) -2 b) -1 c) 1 d) 2 e) 0
Answers
The formal charge on Nitrogen in no3- is 1.
The number of electrons that an atom "owns" is subtracted from the overall number of valence electrons to determine the formal charge that is given to it. The total of the unshared valence electrons plus half of the shared valence electrons is the number of electrons that are considered to be "owned" by a particular element.
Formal charge =( valence electrons - Non-bonding electrons-Bonding electrons/2)
For Nitrogen = 5 - 0 - 8/2
= +1
For single bonded oxygen = 6 - 6 - 2/2
= -1
For double bonded oxygen = 6 - 4 - 4/2
= 0
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Other than a nuclear power plant find two other applicants of fission.
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which of the following is not a postulate or assumption of the kinetic molecular theory? select the correct answer below: pressure exerted by a gas in a container results from collisions between the gas molecules and the container walls molecules composing the gas are negligibly small compared to the distances between them gas molecules exert no attractive or repulsive forces on each other or the container walls all of the above are postulates
Answers
The right response to the preceding question is: "Repulsive forces on each other or the container walls, both of which are postulates."
The Kinetic Molecular Theory's five fundamental tenets are as follows:
1. The molecules that make up gases are constantly moving, moving straight forward, and only changing direction when they clash with other molecules or the walls of a container.
2. The gas's constituent molecules are minuscule in comparison to the spaces between them.
3. Molecules in a gas collide with the container walls to exert pressure on the walls of the container.
4. Since gas molecules are not attracted to or repelled by the container walls, their collisions are not caused by these forces.
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The kinetic atomic theory does not postulate or assume any of the aforementioned postulates.
What do collisions entail?In physics, collision, which is also known as impact, is the abrupt, violent coming together in close proximity or two substances, such as two pool cues, a club and a shot, a mallet and a nail, two train carriages when linked, or a falling item and a floor.
Why do objects collide?Road rage is the primary reason for car accidents. Speeding, disobeying traffic signs, making incorrect turns, and operating a vehicle while inebriated or on the influence of drugs are significant risk factors for car accidents.
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which of the following is not a network solid? a. elemental silicon, si(s) b. diamond, c(s) c. buckminster fullerene, c60(s) d. silicon dioxide, sio2(s) e. graphite
Answers
Buckminster fullerene is choice (c). A network solid is a substance that contains atoms bound together by covalent bonds in a continuous network that permeates the entire substance.
What are examples of network solids?Diamond is a typical example of a network solid (a form of pure carbon) At normal temperature, carbon occurs in three different states as a pure element: graphite (the most stable state), diamond, and fullerene.
What is the purpose of pure carbon?Coal, which is mostly composed of carbon, is used as a fuel. Graphite is used for electrodes, dry cells, high temperature crucibles, pencil tips, and lubricants. Due to their extreme hardness, diamonds are employed in both jewelry and industrial.
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consider the equilibrium system described by the chemical reaction below. if 0.1908 moles of co₂, 0.0908 moles of h₂, 0.0092 moles of co, and 0.0092 moles of h₂o are present in a 2.00 l reaction vessel at equilibrium at 300 k, what is the value of kc of the reaction at this temperature? co₂(g) h₂(g) ⇌ co(g) h₂o(g)
Answers
In equilibrium The value of kc of the reaction at this temperature is 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
What is equilibrium system ?
When the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, a system is said to be in equilibrium. The rate of the forward reaction increases when more reactant is added. As the reverse reaction rate remains constant at first, the equilibrium appears to shift toward the product, or right, side of the equation.
Here,
CO2 = [tex]\frac{moles}{volume}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.1908}{2}[/tex] = 0.0954M
H2 = [tex]\frac{0.1908 }{2}[/tex] = 0.0454M
CO = [tex]\frac{0.0092}{2}[/tex] = 0.0046M
H2O = [tex]\frac{0.0092}{2}[/tex] = 0.0046M
Now, Kc = [tex]\frac{ 0.0046 * 0.0046}{0.0954 *0.0454M}[/tex]
Kc = 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
Hence 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex] is a correct answer.
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Barium-131 is used in the detection of bone tumors. The half-life of barium-131 is approximately 12 days. How long will it take for the radiation level of barium-131 to drop to 1/4 of its original level?.
Answers
The amount of barium-131 radiation will be reduced to 1/4 of its initial level after 24 days.
How long is a half-life in terms of time?The period of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction. t 1/2 = 0.693/k is a constant that relates to the reaction's rate constant and represents the half-life of a first-order reaction.
How does a first order reaction's half-life equation work?t1/2 = 0.693/k is a constant that relates to the reaction's rate constant and represents the half-life of a first-order reaction.
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a 3.50 gram sample of ch4 is burned in a calorimeter. the calorimeter is filled with 35.0 grams of water. the temperature of a calorimeter increases from 25.0°c to 30.0°c. calculate the energy lost or gained by the reaction.
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The energy lost or gained by the reaction is 732.2 J.
Combustion enthalpy
The amount of heat that is evolved when a substance is burnt in the air at a constant pressure is known as the combustion enthalpy of the substance. Combustion enthalpy can be absorbed by another substance to raise its temperature and that can be determined by using the specific heat capacity of that substance.
Given,
Mass of CH₄ = 3.50 g
Mass of water, m = 35 g
Specific heat of the water = 4.184 J/g°C
T₁ = 25°C
T₂ = 35°C
Determine the heat absorbed by water by using the formula,
c = Q/[m(T₂-T₁)]
⇒ Q = cm(T₂ - T₁)
⇒ Q = 4.184 × 35 × (30 - 25)
⇒ Q = 4.184 × 35 × 5
⇒ Q = 732.2 J
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in a laboratory environment some of the most commonly used chemicals are organic solvents, many of which are volatile chemicals. a volatile chemical is one that
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A volatile chemical is one that evaporates readily with a high vapor pressure and low boiling point.
High vapor pressure liquids are referred to as volatile liquids, and they frequently easily evaporate from an open container.
When something boils at a low temperature, it is said to be volatile.
Gases that are released into the air by goods or activities are known as volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. Some, such as those that cause cancer, are dangerous on their own. Some air pollutants can also combine with other gases to create new air pollutants once they are in the atmosphere.
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the heat capacity of a bomb calorimeter is found to be 5.68 kj/°c . when a 1.652 g sample of glucose, c6h12o6 , is burned in the calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter increases from 24.56 °c to 29.10 °c. calculate the ∆h for the following reaction: c6h12o6(s) 6o2(g) → 6co2(g) 6h2o(g)
Answers
The ∆ H of combustion reaction of C₆H₁₂O₆(s) + 6O₂(g) => 6CO₂(g) +6H₂O(g) is -42.6 kJ
Given
Heat capacity of glucose= 5.68 kj/°c
The mass of glucose = 1.652 g
Temperature changes = 24.56°C to 29.10°C
q = C mass ∆T
q = ∆ H
q = (5.68)(1.652)(29.1-24.56)
q = -42.6 kj
The heat energy released when one mole of a substance burns entirely in oxygen is known as the enthalpy of combustion of a substance. The temperature rise is measured as fuel burns. Calculating the enthalpy change of the reaction can be done using the mass of fuel that corresponds to the rise in temperature. Because combustion processes are exothermic, the enthalpy change (∆ H) value is always negative.
Hence, combustion reaction is exothermic reaction.
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