b) why is the methyl group in toluene an ortho/para director? explain, using the reaction mechanism and drawings to support your answer. add an electrophile (you can use e ) to the ortho, meta, or para position,and compare the stabilities of the competing carbocation intermediates (the three possible sigma complexes).

The main products in neutralization reaction  are aluminium chloride and water .

What is neutralization reaction?

When same amount of strong acid is react with the same amount of strong base then the reaction is known as neutralization reaction.

The complete balanced reaction is:

[tex]Al(OH)_{3} + 3HCl - > AlCl_{3}+3H_{2} O[/tex]

And the net ionic equation is:

[tex]3H^{+}+3OH^{-} - > 3H_{2}O[/tex]

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The original concentration is 259,000,000=2.6 x 10-8.

OCD=CFU/original cell volume

259/10-6=259,000,000=2.6 x 10-8

Concentration is a totally commonplace idea utilized in chemistry and associated fields. It's far the degree of the way an awful lot of a given substance there may be combined with some other substance.

The concentration of an answer is the degree of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a fantastically large amount of dissolved solute.

In chemistry, concentration refers to the quantity of a substance in a defined space. Any other definition is that attention is the ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or overall answer.

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The atomic mass of the element, to 4 significant figures is  69.72 amu and the element is Gallium.

A mass for an atom is called its atomic mass. The unified atomic mass unit, which is not a SI unit but rather a non-SI counterpart of the dalton, is a common way to represent atomic mass, even though the kilogram is the SI unit of mass. A carbon-12 atom that is unbound and in its ground state has a mass of 112 of a gramme (Da). The single atom of a chemical element has a mass known as the atomic mass. Protons, neutrons, and electrons, three subatomic atomic particles with atomic masses, are involved.

With the chemical symbol Ga and atomic number 31, gallium is one of the elements. Gallium, a member of the periodic table's group 13 and a metal, was first discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.

abundance of second isotope = (100 - 60.11) = 39.89 %

atomic mass of element = 68.9255 * (60.11 / 100) + 70.9247 * (39.89 / 100)

                                         = 69.72 amu (answer)

since the atomic mass of the element, 69.72 amu, matches that of gallium.

so, name of the element is Gallium and symbol is Ga

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NAD+ + malate → NADH + oxaloacetate

The reaction is catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, and is initiated by the binding of histidine (abbreviated as :b.:b.) to the enzyme. The reaction proceeds as follows:

:b.:b. + malate → :b.:b. malate

NAD+ + :b.:b. malate → NADH + oxaloacetate

What is Malate?

Malate is a type of organic acid found naturally in many plants, including apples and oranges. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle, a biochemical process by which energy is released from food molecules. Malate is also used as a food additive to enhance flavor and color and is often added to sports drinks and other beverages.

Define Histidine?

Histidine is an essential amino acid that is found in proteins. It is important for growth and repair of tissues, and it helps regulate the acid-base balance in the body. Histidine is also important for the production of both red and white blood cells, and it has roles in the nervous system, immune system, and digestive system.

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Since heat was moving through the system, the reaction would be endothermic. As heat left the water and entered the system, the temperature of the water bath would decrease.

A piston that is housed inside a cylinder and utilized in a gasoline engine with many sections. A piston is a rotating disk that is encased in a cylinder and sealed off from the atmosphere by piston rings. As a liquid or gas inside the cylinder expands and compresses, the disk moves inside the cylinder.

Energy is needed to break the bonds in chemical reactions, and energy is released when new bonds form as a result of the process. In contrast to endothermic reactions, which absorb energy, exothermic reactions release energy.

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The reaction is exothermic and therefore the temperature of the water bath go up.

A chemical reaction involves the movement of energy to or from the environment.

An exothermic reaction occurs when energy is transmitted to the environment, increasing temperature.

As a result, the bath's temperature will increase.

The solution is hence "out."

We know the released energy = work + heat supplied to the bath

Clearly,

heat = energy - work

= (390 - 117) kJ

= 273 kJ

Thus, when the energy is absorbed by the system, a positive sign is assigned.

Therefore, the reaction absorb energy.

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The theoretical yield of sodium bromide is 82.21 g.

Theoretical yield :

Sodium bromide formed from the reaction of 64.7g of hydrobromic acid and 53.4g of sodium hydroxide.

molecular weight of hydrobromic acid ( HBr ) = 80.9119 g/mol

molecular weight of Sodium bromide ( NaBr) = 102.894 g/mol

Now,

If 80.9 g of hydrobromic acid form 102.8 g of sodium bromide

∴ 64.7 g of hydrobromic acid form  ( ? ) g of sodium bromide

 = (64.7 × 102.8) / 80.9

 = 82.21 g of sodium bromide

So, 82.21 g of Sodium bromide formed from the reaction of 64.7g of hydrobromic acid and 53.4g of sodium hydroxide.

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There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, chemical formula can be shown as below.

Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.

An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound.  Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond.

Compound                                                          chemical formula

alkane                                                                  CnH2n+2

alkene with one double bond                            CH[tex]_2[/tex]=CH[tex]_2[/tex]

alkene with two double bond                             CH[tex]_2[/tex]=c=CH[tex]_2[/tex]

cycloalkane                                                          C[tex]_6[/tex]H[tex]_{12}[/tex]

Therefore, chemical formula can be shown as above.

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Percent Ionization of a 0.157 m solution of this acid is 16.4%.

What is Percent Ionization?

The ratio of the equilibrium H3O+ concentration to the initial HA concentration, multiplied by 100%, is the definition of the weak acid, HA, percent ionization.

Ionization energy, sometimes referred to as ionisation potential, is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule in physics and chemistry.

In an electric discharge tube, when a quickly moving electron produced by an electric current collides with a gaseous atom of the element, causing it to eject one of its electrons, the ionisation energy of a chemical element, given in joules or electron volts, is often measured.

You must have been referring to this monoprotic acid, which we will refer to as HA, since the Ka value is 0.00584.

HA <==> H+ + A-

Ka = 0.00584 = [H+]

[A-]/[HA]

Assuming that x is modest in comparison to 0.181, 0.00584 = (x)(x)/0.181 - x, we shall disregard it for the time being.

x2 = 0.001057

Since our assumption was erroneous and this value is closer to 18% of 0.180, we must now utilize the quadratic equation to solve for x. x = [H+] = [A-] = 0.0325

x2 = 0.001057 - 0.00584x

x = 0.0297

Ionization percentage equals 0.0297/0.181 (100%) = 16.4%.

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Entropy change is typically 160.6 J/K.

ΔH°reaction=∑ΔH°f(reactants)+∑ΔH°f(reactants)

The entropy content of one mole of a pure substance at a standard condition of pressure and any desired temperature is known as the standard molar entropy in chemistry. These are frequently (but not always) used as the typical temperature and pressure.

Take an energy reading at a given temperature to calculate entropy. To quantify thermal energy transmitted (q) at a particular temperature, a calorimeter is typically used. Maintain the temperature value mathematically constant by assuming only extremely slight variations in the process's conditions.

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Explanation:

The nitrate ion is a radical with an overall charge of -1. To get the oxidation number of lead add up all the oxidation numbers and equate to zero. Where x= O.N of lead. Therefore the oxidation state of lead is +2.

In equilibrium The value of kc of the reaction at this temperature is 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]  

What is equilibrium system ?

When the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, a system is said to be in equilibrium. The rate of the forward reaction increases when more reactant is added. As the reverse reaction rate remains constant at first, the equilibrium appears to shift toward the product, or right, side of the equation.

Here,

CO2 = [tex]\frac{moles}{volume}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.1908}{2}[/tex] = 0.0954M

H2 = [tex]\frac{0.1908 }{2}[/tex]  = 0.0454M

CO = [tex]\frac{0.0092}{2}[/tex] = 0.0046M

H2O = [tex]\frac{0.0092}{2}[/tex] =  0.0046M

Now, Kc = [tex]\frac{ 0.0046 * 0.0046}{0.0954 *0.0454M}[/tex]

          Kc = 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]    

Hence 4.886 ×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]     is a correct answer.

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The Lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry always occupies equatorial position.

In the trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry, the electrons which do not forms Bond with any other atom are called lone pair of electron.

These lone pair of electrons generally goes to the equatorial position of the geometry.

They do so because the equatorial geometry provides them the maximum stability as we know that The Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is more than the bond-pair Bond pair repulsion.

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Average K.E FOR n Mole of a gas=3/2nRT

= 3/2*1*8.314*296

=3691.4 j/mole

Kinetic energy is the power an object has because of its motion. If we want to boost up an object, then we must follow a force. making use of force requires us to do paintings. After work has been accomplished, energy has been transferred to the object, and the object might be moving with a new consistent speed.

The kinetic energy of an item is the electricity that it possesses because of its motion. it is defined because the work needed to boost up a frame of a given mass from relaxation to its stated pace. Having gained this energy for the duration of its acceleration, the frame maintains this kinetic electricity except for its pace changes

Potential energy saved energy that relies upon the relative position of numerous components of a gadget. A spring has greater potential energy when it is compressed or stretched. A steel ball has extra capability strength raised above the ground than it has after falling to Earth.

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Number of moles is 0.202 mol.

The balanced equation for a reaction is represented as follows:

6 NaNO, (aq) +3 H₂SO₄, (aq) -> 4 NO(g)+2HNO, (aq)+2 H₂O (D)+3 Na SO, (aq) The number of moles of nitrogen oxide (NO) can be calculated using ideal gas equation which is represented as follows:

PV =NRT

Here,

P =pressure of a sample of gas

V = volume of a sample of gas

N = number of moles of gas present

T= absolute temperature

R =universal gas constant= 0.08206 L atm mol⁻¹ k⁻¹

The equation is solved for and then substituted with known values as follows:

no of moles := PV/RT = (0.970*5.00) / (0.08206 *293) =0.202 mol

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A gas sample contains 4.00g of CH₄. The volume of a given sample at standard temperature and pressure(STP) condition is 5.59 L.

At STP condition, the pressure is 1atm and the value of temperature is 0°C, which is 273K. First calculate moles of CH₄. The molar mass of CH₄ is

Molar mass=(12+(4×1))g/mol

=(12+4)g/mol

=16g/mol

Therefore, the moles of CH₄ is

moles=4.00 g×(1 mol/16 g)

moles=0.25 mol

To find out volume, use ideal gas law formula which is

PV=nRT

R=0.08206 Latm/molK

Rearrange the formula for V

V=nRT/P

Plug all values in the formula

V=(0.25mol×0.08206Latm×273K/1atm×molK)

V=5.601 L

V=5.60 L

Therefore, the volume of a sample is 5.60 L, which is closer to the value 5.59L. Hence, the volume of a sample is 5.59 L.

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When the alkanes below are chlorinated they produce 3 monochloro substitution products. These isomers have the same chemical formula, but their atoms arrangements are different.

What are constitutional versus isomeric isomers?

Although structural (constitutional) isomers share the same chemical formula but their atoms are bonded in a different way. Stereoisomers have the same atomic configurations and chemical formulae. The groups' spatial orientation is the only thing which distinguishes the molecules distinguishes them from one another.

What are instances of stereoisomers?

According to the general definition of stereoisomers, stereoisomers are isomers with the same composition (i.e., the same parts), but different orientations in space. Stereoisomers are of two different types which are enantiomers and diastereomers.

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CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H20+CO2

As the concentration of HCl is increased, the rate of reaction will increase. Experimental results show that there is a strong correlation between the co. In summary, this correlation indicates that mass loss increases with increasing hydrochloric acid concentration in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. This therefore leads to higher reaction rates, as is known from collision theory. Increasing the concentration of the first-order reaction in this way results in a proportional increase in product formation. This is because the reactants become denser and the collisions become more successful. This was revealed in experiments involving the two reactants

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Buckminster fullerene is choice (c). A network solid is a substance that contains atoms bound together by covalent bonds in a continuous network that permeates the entire substance.

Diamond is a typical example of a network solid (a form of pure carbon) At normal temperature, carbon occurs in three different states as a pure element: graphite (the most stable state), diamond, and fullerene.

Coal, which is mostly composed of carbon, is used as a fuel. Graphite is used for electrodes, dry cells, high temperature crucibles, pencil tips, and lubricants. Due to their extreme hardness, diamonds are employed in both jewelry and industrial.

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The formal charge on Nitrogen in no3- is 1.

The number of electrons that an atom "owns" is subtracted from the overall number of valence electrons to determine the formal charge that is given to it. The total of the unshared valence electrons plus half of the shared valence electrons is the number of electrons that are considered to be "owned" by a particular element.

Formal charge =( valence electrons - Non-bonding electrons-Bonding electrons/2)

For Nitrogen  =  5 - 0 - 8/2

= +1

For single bonded oxygen = 6 - 6 -  2/2

=  -1

For double bonded oxygen = 6 - 4 -  4/2

= 0

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Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) is a chemical compound formed from aluminum and chloride.

Aluminum chloride is a chemical compound that, while uncontaminated, is a white solid and, when contaminated with iron chloride, a yellow powder. The periodic table's group 13 and period 3 elements of aluminum and group 17 and period 3 elements of chlorine make up the entire formula for aluminum chloride.

Aluminum and chlorine ions combine to form aluminum chloride, a neutral ionic compound. Aluminum chloride has zero net charge overall. The chloride anion is a negatively charged ion Cl⁻, whereas the aluminum cation is a positively charged ion Al³⁺. The aluminium cation, which has three of its valence electrons transferred to chlorine, has more protons than electrons. Although it only requires one electron to reach the electron configuration of the noble gas argon, chlorine cannot accept more than one electron.

Hence, aluminum chloride is a neutral chemical compound

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A volatile chemical is one that evaporates readily with a high vapor pressure and low boiling point.

High vapor pressure liquids are referred to as volatile liquids, and they frequently easily evaporate from an open container.

When something boils at a low temperature, it is said to be volatile.

Gases that are released into the air by goods or activities are known as volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. Some, such as those that cause cancer, are dangerous on their own. Some air pollutants can also combine with other gases to create new air pollutants once they are in the atmosphere.

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The energy lost or gained by the reaction is 732.2 J.

Combustion enthalpy

The amount of heat that is evolved when a substance is burnt in the air at a constant pressure is known as the combustion enthalpy of the substance. Combustion enthalpy can be absorbed by another substance to raise its temperature and that can be determined by using the specific heat capacity of that substance.

Given,

Mass of CH₄ = 3.50 g

Mass of water, m = 35 g

Specific heat of the water = 4.184 J/g°C

T₁ = 25°C

T₂ = 35°C

Determine the heat absorbed by water by using the formula,

c = Q/[m(T₂-T₁)]

⇒ Q = cm(T₂ - T₁)

⇒ Q = 4.184 × 35 × (30 - 25)

⇒ Q = 4.184 × 35 × 5

⇒ Q = 732.2 J

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The right response to the preceding question is: "Repulsive forces on each other or the container walls, both of which are postulates."

The Kinetic Molecular Theory's five fundamental tenets are as follows:

1. The molecules that make up gases are constantly moving, moving straight forward, and only changing direction when they clash with other molecules or the walls of a container.

2. The gas's constituent molecules are minuscule in comparison to the spaces between them.

3. Molecules in a gas collide with the container walls to exert pressure on the walls of the container.

4. Since gas molecules are not attracted to or repelled by the container walls, their collisions are not caused by these forces.

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The kinetic atomic theory does not postulate or assume any of the aforementioned postulates.

In physics, collision, which is also known as impact, is the abrupt, violent coming together in close proximity or two substances, such as two pool cues, a club and a shot, a mallet and a nail, two train carriages when linked, or a falling item and a floor.

Road rage is the primary reason for car accidents. Speeding, disobeying traffic signs, making incorrect turns, and operating a vehicle while inebriated or on the influence of drugs are significant risk factors for car accidents.

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The pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation and by using the van der Waals equation is 2.52 atm and 0.164 atm.

Ideal gas equation is defined as the state equation for a fictitious perfect gas. Although it has significant drawbacks, it is a decent approximation of the behavior of many gases under various conditions.

Given n = 3.21 moles

V = 5.22 L

T = 50 °C

R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1

a = 4.17 atm L2 mol-2

b = 0.0371 L mol-1

Ideal gas equation

PV = nRT

P = nRT / V

P = 3.21 x 0.0821 x 50.0 / 5.22

P = 2.52 atm

Van der Waals equation

P = RT / V - b - a / V²

P = 0.0821 x 50.0 / 5.22 - 0.0371 - 4.17 / ( 5.22 )²

P = 0.317 - 0.153

P = 0.164 atm

Thus, the pressure of the gas using the ideal gas equation and by using the van der Waals equation is 2.52 atm and 0.164 atm.

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the heat transfer and the change in entropy is −0.8868  kJ/K.

Ideal gas, constant volume so there is no work.

m (u₂ -u₁) = ₁Q₂ ₋ ₁w₂ = ₁Q₂

u₂ ₋ u₁ = Cv (T₂ ₋ T₁) = 1.736(300 - 500) = 347.2kJ/Kg

₁Q₂ = m (u₂ - u₁ ) = 1(-347.2) = -347.2kj

the change in s for an ideal gas v₂ = v₁ gives

m(s₂ - s₁ ) = m [Cv₀ In T₁/T₂ + R In T₂/T₁

= 1kg ˣ 1.736kj / kg - K In 300/500 = -0.8868kJ/K

the amount of thermal energy per unit of temperature in a system that cannot be used for productive work. Entropy is a measure of a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability since work is produced by organized molecular motion.

Entropy is the amount of disorder in a system. Disorder is much more probable than order in a random system. So if entropy is the amount of disorder, negative entropy means something has less disorder, or more order.

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The amount of barium-131 radiation will be reduced to 1/4 of its initial level after 24 days.

The period of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction. t 1/2 = 0.693/k is a constant that relates to the reaction's rate constant and represents the half-life of a first-order reaction.

t1/2 = 0.693/k is a constant that relates to the reaction's rate constant and represents the half-life of a first-order reaction.

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The phosphor coating is shadowed when a metal form is placed in the center of the tube.

The majority of the light emitted by fluorescent lamps is created by phosphor layers, which are also used to balance the light from metal halide lamps. To create multiple light hues, neon signs employ phosphor layers.

The richest sources of phosphorus include dairy, red meat, poultry, shellfish, legumes, and nuts, while phosphorus is naturally present in a wide range of foods. It is referred to as organic phosphorus when it is present in certain meals. Foods from animals and plants both facilitate its absorption more effectively.

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The ∆ H of combustion reaction of C₆H₁₂O₆(s) + 6O₂(g) => 6CO₂(g) +6H₂O(g) is -42.6 kJ

Given

Heat capacity of glucose= 5.68 kj/°c

The mass of glucose = 1.652 g

Temperature changes  =  24.56°C to 29.10°C

q = C mass ∆T

q = ∆ H

q = (5.68)(1.652)(29.1-24.56)

q = -42.6 kj

The heat energy released when one mole of a substance burns entirely in oxygen is known as the enthalpy of combustion of a substance. The temperature rise is measured as fuel burns. Calculating the enthalpy change of the reaction can be done using the mass of fuel that corresponds to the rise in temperature. Because combustion processes are exothermic, the enthalpy change (∆ H) value is always negative.

Hence, combustion reaction is exothermic reaction.

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