Diffraction of X-rays Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins were conducting DNA research at King's College in London.
Wilkins and Franklin's primary method was X-ray diffraction, which produced a shadow image of the molecule's structure based on how the X-rays rebounded off its constituent components after passing through the molecule.
The crucial piece of information that DNA has a double helix shape was revealed by Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA molecules.
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray images of DNA directly led to the discovery of the double helix, was conspicuously absent from the platform.
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, in bacterial cells, the translation of blank can begin as soon as the blank of it peels away from the dna template. in eukaryotic cells, however, transcription and translation are separated in space and time as a result of the eukaryotic cell's
The transcription and translation processes in a bacterial cell are linked and occur concurrently in the cell's cytoplasm.
However, in eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus and the mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation after numerous post-transcriptional changes.
The answer is incorrect.
In general, translation is separated into three stages: start, elongation, and termination . The binding of a particular initiator methionyl tRNA and the mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit is the initial step of the initiation stage in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
After the assembly of initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi), mRNA, and separated 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits into an 80S ribosome with Met-tRNAi positioned at the ribosomal P site at the initiation codon, translation of mRNA into protein starts.
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Full Question
In bacterial cells, the translation of mRNA can begin as soon as the leading 5’ end of the mRNA molecule peels away from the DNA template. This coupling can be used for eukaryotic cells as well: True / False
Around the mid-1850s, Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered pea plants with true-breeding white-flowered pea plants. The results of his research provided us with the basic principles of heredity. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. Reset Help once Every gene is a sequence of at a specific position along a chromosome called a homologous pairs twice Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent that form alleles genes The homologs of a chromosome pair contain the same genetic loci. Therefore, each genetic locus is represented in a diploid cell. DNA nucleotides locus Variations in inherited characteristics is due to the presence of which are alternative versions of
Every gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides located at a certain location along a chromosome.
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent and forming homologous pairs.
A chromosomal pair's homologs share the same genetic locus. As a result, in a diploid cell, each genetic location is represented twice.
The pure breed purple flowered plant's genotype will be PP. The pure breed white flowered plant's genotype will be pp. As a result, the dominant to recessive phenotypic ratio will be 1:0.
Mendel observed a dominant to recessive ratio of 3:1 when he set up a Parental (P) hybrid between true breeding purple and white flowered plants to develop the F1 and then allowed the F1 to self-pollinate to generate the F2.
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In some plants, the pistils don't form until a few days after the stamens do. How might this keep a plant from self-pollinating?.
Some plants have the capacity to delay the maturation of the pistils and stamens in order to prevent self-pollination. This is because environmental elements like animals and wind, among others, may spread pollen into a plant's stigma before it is ready. In such a case, there wouldn't be any pollen remaining in the flower to fall onto the stigma and begin fertilizing the plant.
What does place after pollination?New plants are formed during the post-pollination fertilization process. Some plants have a propensity to develop and mature stamens before pistils, which inhibits the process of self-pollination.
What transpires to pollen as the stamens develop?
If the stamens develop first, animals, the wind, or whatever other means of dispersal the pollen uses will distribute it. Then, when the pistil is prepared for pollination, no pollen is left in the flower to touch the stigma.
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in which part of the respiratory system does the exchange of gasses between the bloodstream and air occur?
At alveoli the exchange of gasses between the bloodstream and air occur.
Oxygen is transferred from the lungs to the bloodstream during gas exchange. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is transported from the blood to the lungs. This occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries located in the alveolar walls.
The respiratory system's function is to move two gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs' millions of alveoli and the capillaries that surround them.
The moisture layer in the alveoli allows gases to dissolve and diffuse quickly. The dense network of capillaries that surrounds the alveoli provides a very large total surface area and a very good blood supply.
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Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the A)
central canal. B)
posterior gray horns. C)
gray commissures. D)
anterior white columns. E)
both B and C
Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the anterior white columns.
What is Nerve tract?
A group of axons that connect the central nervous system's nuclei together is referred to as a nerve tract. This is referred to as a nerve in the peripheral nervous system and has accompanying connective tissue.
The central nervous system is where you'll find tracts, whilst the peripheral nervous system is where you'll find nerves. The central nervous system's white matter is made up of tracts rather than nerves.
Therefore, Option D is correct.
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evaluate this statement: evolution is said to occur when new traits accumulate over time, increasing complexity.
While it is true that evolution happens when new features start to accumulate, this is not the only time it happens.
Why did the development of wings play such a significant role in the evolution of insects?Long before birds, bats, or pterosaurs, between 300 and 360 million years ago, insects first ascended to the air. Insecta swiftly established themselves as one of the most diverse and successful animal classes, a position they still hold today, thanks to the development of wings that allowed them to colonize new environments and ecological niches.
What kind of evolution is convergent?Convergent evolution can be seen in the similarities between the bodies of sharks and dolphins, vertebrates and cephalopods, and bats and insects. Similar structures are produced by convergent evolution.
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irreversible alteration of extracellular vesicle and cell-free messenger rna profiles in human plasma associated with blood processing and storage.
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell-free RNA (cfRNA) are promising biomarkers for early cancer detection.
EVs are a heterogeneous combination of vesicles released from cells2,3,4,5 that are different in size and composition. EVs have cell-specific antigens on their surface that can be antibody tagged for imaging and/or isolation in -omics analyses6 because they are either generated from the plasma membrane or entail multivesicular endosome fusion with the cell surface.
EVs may carry a variety of proteins and nucleic acids, including being a possible carrier of cfRNA, according to mounting evidence9,10. Plasma contains protein-coding mRNA molecules known as cell-free messenger RNAs (cf-mRNA), which may be used as biomarkers11,12. The combination of these analytes for blood processing and storage is of great interest because EVs may transport a variety of extracellular RNAs, including cf-mRNA.
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once a agent is removed, growth of microbes might resume. a. germicide b. bactericide c. bacteriostatic d. biocide
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Which cellular molecule will have an antagonistic action to the effects of adenylyl cyclase?glycogen phosphorylaseGαlpha-GTPphosphodiesterasecAMPNone of the aboveA defective hepatocyte was isolated from a liver cancer patient. This hepatocyte contains approximately 75+ active protein kinase A (PKA) molecules, even in the absence of epinephrine. What is a plausible explanation?The cell’s adenylate cyclase gene has a mutation that makes the cyclase inactive all of the time.The cell’s phosphorylase kinase gene has a mutation that makes the kinase active all of the time.The cell’s adenylate cyclase gene has a mutation that makes the cyclase active all of the time.The cell’s glycogen phosphorylase gene has a mutation that makes the phosphorylase active all of the time.None of the above.The carbon that enters the carbon assimilation reactions of photosynthesis is __________ to form triose phosphatesoxidized by ATPreduced by ATPreduced by NADPHoxidized by NADPHreduced and phosphorylated by NADPHMicrotubules are involved in all of the following EXCEPTthe formation of the spindle apparatus during cell divisionthe extension of the lamellopodium of a white blood cell during cell locomotionthe formation of flagella used by sperm cells to swimtransport of vesicles between organelles of the endomembrane systemMicrotubules are involved in all of the above.Which of the following is NOT true concerning the chloroplasts and mitochondria and therefore is not evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory?Both are surrounded by a double membrane.Both divide by binary fission.Both contain their own circular genome.Both can survive independently from a eukaryotic cell.All of the above are TRUE, and support the endosymbiotic theory.
1. Phosphodiesterase is the first enzyme. Adenylyl cyclase is the only enzyme capable of generating cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP.
Their method of action is likewise pretty simple. Phosphodiesterase's are inhibitors that convert cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to 5′-AMP. As a result, phosphodiesterase inhibits the functions of adenylyl cyclase.
2. The adenylate cyclase gene in the cell contains a mutation that causes the cyclase to be active all of the time.
because AC mutated and constitutively produces cyclic AMP, which binds to the PKA regulatory domain PKA is kept inactive by a complex comprised of two catalytic (C) and two regulatory (R) subunits.
The regulatory subunit has two domains that bind to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an essential second messenger that controls this signaling via phosphorylate and activating PK, which stands for phosphorylase kinase.
3. ATP depleted
A reduction occurs when ATP is converted to ADP + Pi; ADP is the reduced form.
In the formation of a molecule of triose phosphate, ATP molecules are transformed to ADP and phosphate.
The Calvin cycle is used to repair O2. One molecule of triose phosphate (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is created for every three CO2 molecules fixed, while nine ATP and six NADPH are consumed.
4. (d) Microtubules are engaged in all of the following:
Polar microtubules constitute the majority of the structure of the spindle apparatus. The kinetochore microtubules arrange the chromosomes in the center of the cell during metaphase.
The kinetochore microtubules drag the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the spindle poles during anaphase. Sperm swim using a conspicuous flagellum, which is made up of a core of microtubules and whose sliding is propelled by flagellar dynein.
Microtubules play an important function in the movement of membrane vesicles and organelles across the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Because ribosomes are only found in the cell body and dendrites, proteins, membrane vesicles, and organelles (such as mitochondria) must be delivered from the cell body to the axon.
Microtubules have an important function in controlling... Cells begin moving by extending a WBC lamellipodium.
5. everything is correct
According to the endosymbiotic idea, several organelles in eukaryotic cells were previously prokaryotic microorganisms. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotic cell size and divide by binary fission.
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The statements below describe the process of phagocytosis. Drag and drop the statements to reflect the correct order in which they occur. Drag the text blocks below into their correct order. Alysosome fuses with the phagosome forming a phagolysosome Digestion proceeds as hydrolytic enzymes break down the cells Phagocytes are attracted by chemicals and move to the injured or infected area PRRs on host phagocytes bind to PAMPS on microbes The residual cell debris is expelled from the cell by exocytosis Endocytosis is initiated forming a phagosome Reset
phagocytosis is a critical mechanism for nourishment a function of specialized cells called phagocytes. The process of phagocytosis involves recognizing and ingesting particles called a phagosome.
The following stages are taken during phagocytosis:
Chemicals draw phagocytes to the damaged or infected location, where PAMPS (Pathogen-associated molecular patterns) on microorganisms bind to PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) on host phagocytes.
An first phagosome is formed during endocytosis.
A phagolysosome is created when a lysosome combines with a phagosome in phagocytosis .
As cells are broken down by hydrolytic enzymes, digestion continues.
Exocytosis is used to remove the remaining cells from the cell.
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once the modifications are made to the insulin dna, it is then prepared to be combined with the vector. but first, the dna must be cut in a way to allow for insertion. what enzyme cuts at specific sites in dna, leaving sticky ends ready for ligation? a) dna helicase b) dna polymerase iii c) dna exonuclease d) restriction endonuclease
The enzyme that cut DNA at a specific site to produce sticky ends is referred to as restriction endonuclease.
Restriction endonuclease is a type of enzyme that helps cleave the DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules called restriction sites. Since this enzyme cut the fragments within the molecule it is referred to as an endonuclease type of enzyme.
When the restriction enzyme first cuts on one end of the sequence, between two bases on the same strand, and then cuts on the other end of the complementary strand, a "sticky" end is created.
Two ends of DNA will result from this, and some nucleotides will have no complementary bases. This type of sticky ends thus helps to combine the target DNA with the vector during recombinant DNA technology.
Therefore, option d) restriction endonuclease is the correct option.
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What sequence of exercises should you follow when training all major muscle groups in a workout?.
The optimum order to exercise the muscles for a total-body strength workout is to start with the hip and leg muscles, then the upper back and chest muscles, then the arms, abdominal, low back, and neck muscles. As long as each muscle group is worked out to the right degree of intensity,
Does it matter what sequence you perform your exercises?Always start with the trickiest moves. Maintaining form throughout your workout is important, and performing these routines early on when your muscles are still at their strongest will help you in the long run.
What does a balanced exercise plan entail?Five aspects of good health are balanced by fitness training. Make sure to incorporate flexibility, balance training, core exercises, and aerobic fitness into your routine.
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Describe the trend in atomic radius as the atomic number increases across a period.
Atomic radius increases inside a group and then gradually diminishes. While electron shielding remains constant over time, effective nuclear charge increases.
What does the periodic table's increase in period mean?As the atomic number rises, a period's metallic character decreases. Metallic character decreases from left to right as you move through the periodic table. Atoms are more willing to accept electrons in order to fill a valence shell than to give them up in order to empty the shell, which causes this.
Which trend deteriorates with time?Moving across a period causes the nuclear charge and atomic size to change, which increases the nucleus's force of attraction on the outermost shell electron.
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during which phase of a burn injury does extravasation of proteins, water, and electrolytes occur, resulting in edema and potential hypovolemia?
The most severe and immediate result of a burn is hypovolemia. It is mostly due to an increase in capillary permeability, which causes a shift of protein and fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial area. Hypovolemia causes "burn shock."
The pathophysiology of a burn wound is characterized by an inflammatory response that leads to fast oedema production as a result of enhanced microvascular permeability, vasodilation, and extravascular osmotic activity.
The objective of fluid management in large burn injuries is to preserve tissue perfusion during the early stages of burn shock, before hypovolemia develops owing to constant fluid extravasation from the intravascular compartment.
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Which of the following best describes the structure of hemoglobin? Select all that apply.
a. Globin molecules contain iron.
b. Hemoglobin consists of four globin molecules.
c. Hemoglobin consists of two globin molecules.
d. Each globin molecule associates with numerous heme groups.
e. Each globin molecule surrounds a heme group.
f. Heme groups contain iron.
Option B,E,F. Each of the four globin molecules cells that make up hemoglobin encircles an iron-containing heme group. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin. It is made up of two distinct protein pairs called the and chains.
The and chains of hemoglobin contain 141 and 146 amino acids, respectively. Each component is covalently connected to a heme molecule, just like in myoglobin. Red blood cells include hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissue cells.
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Consider an enzymatic reaction in which the initial concentration of substrate is low. If the amount of enzyme is held constant, but the amount of substrate is increased, the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction willa. stay the sameb. decrease at first, then increase in a linear fashion.c. be inhibited by the higher concentrations of substrate.d. increase at first in a linear fashion, then remain at a constant high rate.e. increase in an exponential fashion.
The rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction will increase first linearly which means option d is correct.
When the enzyme amount is small. The rate of reaction nevertheless will increase with growing substrate's concentration however ranges off at a far decrease price. By growing the enzyme amount, the rate of reaction substantially will increase. It has been proven experimentally that if the quantity of the enzyme is saved consistent and the substrate amount is then steadily increased, the response speed will boom till it reaches a most The will increase in substrate amount will now no longer boom the speed.
Therefore, the correct option is d.
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Which area of biotechnology would most likely create ethical issues with human society?.
Area of biotechnology that would most likely create ethical issues with human society is : organ cloning for use in transplants
What do you understand about biotechnology?Biotechnology is the combination of natural and engineering disciplines to apply organisms, cells, their components and also molecular counterparts for the creation of goods and services. Genetically engineered foods are one of the example of a product created using living cells in biotechnology.
Organ cloning can defined as the process of cloning embryos, removing stem cells from the blastocyst and inducing stem cells to differentiate into the desired organ. Organ cloning might be conceivable to use a cloned body organ to replace a failing body organ like kidney or heart.
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Suppose that the mean systolic blood pressure for women over age seventy is 132 mmlig (millimeters of mercury), with a standard deviation of 7 mmHg. Suppose that the blood pressures are normally distributed Complete the following statements (a) Approximately? mmlig and 139 mmHg. . of women over seventy have blood pressures between 125 (b) Approximately 95% of women over seventy have blood pressures between and mm mmHg 1 x 5 ?
From the data given in the question:
Approximately 65% of women over seventy have a blood pressure between 125 mmHg and 139 mmHgApproximately 95% of women over seventy have a blood pressure between and 118 mmHg and 146 mmHg.The mean value for systolic blood pressure is 132 mmHg and with a standard deviation of 7 mmHg. So, the proportion of women who have a blood pressure between 125 mmHg and 139 mmHg is
P (125 < x < 139)
125 = 132-7
139 = 132 + 7
By empirical rule, about 68% of the data lies within 1 standard deviation of the average of about 68% of women.
132 - 2*7 = 118
132 + 2*7 = 146
About 95% of women over 70 years have a bp between 118 mmHg and 146 mmHg.
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Conditioned reinforcers are originally __________ stimuli but they acquire reinforcing power after they consistently precede primary reinforcers or other conditioned reinforcers.
Conditioned reinforcers are originally neutral stimuli.
When conditioned reinforcers consistently come before primary reinforcers or other conditioned reinforcers, they start off as neutral stimuli but end up having reinforcement power.
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macromolecules are made of functional groups that give them specific characteristics. what are the functional units of a carbohydrate? (4 points)
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are the four main macromolecules. They perform important functions, including providing structural support, being a source of stored fuel, storing and retrieving genetic information, and speeding up biochemical reactions.
Name of the functional group Chemical symbol of the functional group Macromolecules containing this functional group
Hydroxyl -OH Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Carbonyl -C=O Lipids Proteins
Carboxyl (sometimes written as –COOH) Protein Lipid (fatty acid)
Amino -NH2 Proteins Nucleic Acids Biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four main classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids); each is an important cellular component and performs a wide range of functions
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when (r)-2-chloro-3-methylbutane is treated with potassium tert-butoxide, a monosubstituted alkene is obtained. when this alkene is treated with hbr, a mixture of products is obtained. identify all of the expected products. select all that apply.
The elimination of a positive impartial molecule from a substrate is called an removal reaction.
An example of elimination reaction is the formation of an alkene via way of means of reacting alkyl halide with a base thru removal of hydrogen halide molecule. The reaction between R-2-chloro-3-methylbutane and potassium tert-butoxide, it yields a monosubstituted alkene. When this alkene is treated with hydrogen bromide (HBr), a mixture of products is obtained. The possible products are shown in the image given below:
Therefore, all the expected products are drawn in the image attached.
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environmental movements led to genuine solutions to many of the environmental problems addressed in the late sixties.
yes. environmental movements concentrated on pollution reduction and force the congress to create some measures for clean earth with pure air and water
As a series of environmental disasters and revelatory books altered American environmental consciousness in the late 1960s, a "environmental crisis" emerged. A number of hugely popular books, such as Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring and Ralph Nader's 1965 book Unsafe at Any Speed, prompted the public to consider the relationship between the government, which is responsible for defending the public interest, and industries, which are motivated to act in their own economic interests, prior to the crisis taking its final form. The Cuyahoga River fires, the Santa Barbara oil disaster, and the pervasive smog in New York City and Los Angeles all grabbed headlines and alarmed Americans across the nation.
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Click and drag the following stages into the proper sequence to represent the development of the follicle in the ovary. Corpus luteum Secondary follicle Primary follicle Terliary follicle Ovulation
Correct Options for each 1. primary follicle. 2nd. secondary follicle 3rd. tartiary and Graffian follicle 4th. ovulation coming by rupturing GF 5th. corpus luteum- which is white substance left before ovum comes out.
A number one follicle is described with the aid of using the presence of 1 or extra cuboidal granulosa cells which can be organized in a unmarried layer surrounding the oocyte. The essential developmental activities that arise withinside the number one follicle consist of FSH receptor expression and oocyte boom and differentiation.
Your corpus luteum produces the hormone progesterone that makes your uterus a wholesome surroundings for a growing fetus. A new corpus luteum paperwork whenever you ovulate and breaks down after you not want it to make progesterone. It affords for the maturation and launch of a fertilizable oocyte. It additionally paperwork the corpus luteum, which promotes and continues implantation of the embryo. For those strategies to arise, the follicle has to grow, ovulate, and luteinize.
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Correct Question:
how did the allelic frequencies change over the 10 generations modeled in response to natural selection?
It will increase because an allelic organism that is more well-suited to its environment will be able to pass its genes to the next generation through natural selection.
Natural selection happens when an organism is more or less fit—able to live and reproduce in a given environment—as a result of one allele (or a mix of alleles from other genes). A gene's frequency tends to decrease from one generation to the next if it has a negative impact on fitness. We'll go into great detail on the various types of natural selection that take place in populations.
In actuality, multiple evolutionary factors may have operated simultaneously to determine the evolutionary trajectory of a particular gene. For instance, both gene flow and genetic drift may affect the allele frequencies of one gene. Natural selection may favor (or disfavor) a new allele of a different gene as a result of mutation.
The complete question is:
Experiment 2 Data Table 5:
Sampling Without Replacement Generation Starting Allelic Frequency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average p 0.50 9 0.50 Starting Allelic Number B 50 50 Data Table 5 Genotypic Number BB Bb Graph 1 Deaths (bb) Final Genotypic Frequency 0² 2pq q² 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Exercise 2 Final Allelic Number b B
Please answer the following question with the given data:
How did the allelic frequencies change over the 10 generations modeled in response to natural selection?
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examine the skeletal material below to help you answer questions 1-3. which mystery primate is a biped?
The Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
What is primate?
Haplorrhines and Strepsirrhines are the two subgroups of primates. The words for haplorrhine and strepsirrhine respectively mean dry and wet nose. The dry-nosed primates known as haplorrhines include tarsiers, apes, monkeys, and humans. Haplorrhines are divided into three groups:
1) the catarrhines, which include humans, apes, and monkeys from the old world;
2) the platyrrhines, which include South American monkeys; and
3) tarsiers. Tarsiers can only be found in South East Asia, while apes can be found in both South East Asia and Africa.
What is skeletal material?
Bone, antler, ivory, teeth, and horn are all examples of skeletal materials, which are organics primarily made up of hydroxyapatite and collagen in varying amounts. One must first look for a porous surface or a distinctive shape to determine whether a substance is skeletal.
Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
Following are the adaptations seen in this primate's pelvis that indicate bipedal locomotion.
1) Primate has has bowl shaped pelvis which helps in holding up the internal organs and upper body weight for upright locomotion and brought the vertebral column closer to the hip joint, providing a stable base for support of the trunk while walking upright.
2) In primates the ilium evolved from long and narrow shape to a short and broad one and the walls of the pelvis evolved to face laterally. These evolution increased area for the gluteus muscles to attach and helps to stabilize the torso while standing on one leg.
3)The sacrum evolved to become more broad which led to increase in the diameter of the birth canal and making birthing easier.
Therefore, Primate A is having short broad pelvis or bowl shaped pelvis therefore is biped.
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blank can capture the beauty of
nature and the ugliness of problems
that affect the environment adversely
Pictures can capture the beauty of nature and the ugliness of problems that affect the environment adversely.
What is Environment?This is referred to as the sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life or that of other organisms which are present in the ecosystem.
Environmentalists employs the use of photographers & film production crews to capture the beauty of nature and the ugliness of problems that affect the environment adversely through the use of tools such as camera which produces different types and forms of pictures thereby making it the correct choice.
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which cells migrate to the gonads, where they differentiate into immature cells that will eventually become sperm or oocytes?
Primordial Germ Cells , cells migrate to the gonads.
What is Primordial Germ Cells?
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are highly specialized precursors of gametes, which after meiosis grow into haploid sperm and eggs that give rise to a new creature when fertilized. PGC clusters first appear in early embryos of several animal species. PGCs are distinct from other cells because they are larger than the surrounding cells and positive for the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, esterase, and glycogen. PGCs ensure a species' survival by passing along genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. Although almost all animals reserve their germ cells during early development, there is no universally shared mechanism for the determination of germ cells.
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are a type of embryonic cell that develop into gametes by migrating to gonadal precursors. PGCs are distinguished from somatic cells early in the embryogenesis process in many mammals. These cells serve as helpful models for investigations on cell motility since they travel to gonadal precursors before forming gonads. They are significant for research on development and reproduction. Comparable to somatic cells, primordial germ cells differ morphologically.
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What is genetic drift n how can it occur
Answer: Typically, genetic drift occurs in small populations, where infrequently-occurring alleles face a greater chance of being lost. Once it begins, genetic drift will continue until the involved allele is either lost by a population or is the only allele present at a particular gene.
what is the role of antibodies in the immune system? choose all that apply.a foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response is called a/an
The immune system creates defensive proteins called antibodies. The main role of them is to bind to antigens (foreign substances), which include poisons, viruses, bacteria, and fungus, and eliminate them from your body.
Antibodies cause the complement system to elicit the lysis of bacterial cells (punching holes in the cell wall). Antibodies help phagocytic cells engulf foreign objects more easily (opsonization). One particular antigen is recognized by each antibody. An antibody that can identify the mumps virus, for instance, cannot identify the measles virus. The mumps virus cannot be recognized by an antibody that detects the measles virus, on the other hand. "Antibody specificity" is the name of this characteristic. However, pathogens generate a huge number of hazardous elements. Any substance that triggers the production of antibodies by your immune system is referred to as an antigen. This indicates that your immune system is attempting to combat the chemical because it does not recognize it. A substance from the environment, such as chemicals, germs, viruses, or pollen, can behave as an antigen.
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Based on the phenotypes of the p generation and f1 generation, what are possible phenotypes in the f2 generation?.
Both of the qualities that the parents are heterozygous for are potential phenotypes in the f2 generation.
What potential genotypes could the F2 offspring have?There are three possible genotype combinations for the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross: homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive.
The F1 and F2 generations are what?F2 generation is the second filial generation of the offspring produced through inbreeding of F1 people. F1 generation denotes the first filial generation of the offspring from the parents. The P parent generation's offspring are referred to as the F1 (for filial, or "offspring") generation. The children of F1 are known as the F2, and the children of F2 are known as the F3, the F4, the F5, and so on.
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