Return on investment (ROI) is a measure of the profitability of an investment. It calculates the percentage of net earnings from an investment relative to the total cost of investment.
ROI= (Net Earnings / Total Cost of Investment) * 100The first step is to calculate the total depreciable capital, CTDC.CTDC = $90 Million
Working capital required before start-up = $40 million
The annual production cost, excluding depreciation, is projected to be $100 million/yr.
Total annual sales revenues projected = $150 million/yr
ROI can be calculated based on the following formula;ROI= (Net Earnings / Total Cost of Investment) * 100 = [($150 million - $100 million * (1 - 0.08)) * 90%] / $130 million * 100 = 38.17%
Payback period refers to the time that a project takes to generate enough returns to cover the initial investment.
The first step is to calculate the annual net earnings after tax for each year.
Annual net earnings = Sales - Production cost - Depreciation- Taxes
The total depreciable capital, CTDC = $90 million
Depreciation rate = 8% per annumAnnual depreciation = CTDC * depreciation rateAnnual depreciation = $90 million * 8% = $7.2 million
Annual net earnings after-tax are as follows;
Year 1Annual net earnings = ($75 million - $100 million - $7.2 million) * (1 - 30%) = -$35.4 million
Year 2Annual net earnings = ($113 million - $100 million - $7.2 million) * (1 - 30%) = $0.31 million
Year 3Annual net earnings = ($150 million - $100 million - $7.2 million) * (1 - 30%) = $25.34 million
The payback period (PBP) is calculated using the following formula;
PBP = Initial investment / Annual net earnings PBP1= ($90 million + $40 million) / -$35.4 million = 3.25 years
PBP2 = ($90 million + $40 million) / $0.31 million = 385.55 years
PBP3 = ($90 million + $40 million) / $25.34 million = 4.72 years
Therefore, the payback period for the investment is 4.72 years.
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Sea Salt Spas Susan and Jessie MacDonald decide to open a spa near Dominion Beach using the natural sea salt and fauna. To keep their personal liability at a minimum they decide to incorporate the business. The corporation was able to open quickly purchasing a building and setting up shop. They rent space to a massage therapist to earn additional income and provide additional services at their facility. –
Cash
Dividends
Accounts Receivable
Retained Earnings
Prepaid Office Expense
Contributed Capital
Prepaid Insurance
Rental Revenue
Supplies
Service Revenue
Building
Insurance Expense
Accumulated Depreciation: Building
Office Expense
Notes Payable
Utilities Expense
Accounts Payable
Wage Expense
Interest Payable
Depreciation Expense
Salaries Payable
Interest Expense
Dividends Payable
Unearned Rental Fees
(Liability) Unearned Service Revenue (Liability)
Income Taxes
Expense
Income Taxes Payable
The corporation performs adjusting entries monthly. Closing entries are performed annually on December 31. During December, the corporation entered into the following transactions.
Dec. 1
Issued to Susan and Jessie 50,000 shares of capital stock in exchange for a total of $250,000 cash
Dec. 1
Purchased a building near the beach for $360,000 – the purchase was with $150,000 in cash and a 2 year note payable at 5% interest per annum.
Dec. 1
Office and cleaning supplies were purchased for $8,000. Payment due in 30 days. The owners believe these supplies will last for the year.
Dec 1
Purchased a yearly on-line accounting system for $1,500 with cash.
Dec 4
Filled the oil tank for heat, the cost was $1,000 on account.
Dec 5
Received $6,000 from Massage Therapy Inc. in prepaid rent for six months of rent, covering the period from January to June.
Dec 6
Paid for one year of insurance at $9,000 with cash.
December 10
Hosted a wedding party for the weekend for a fee of $20,000 on account.
December 14
Recognized bi -weekly service fees earned of $5,600, all paid in cash.
December 14
Paid bi-weekly wages for cleaners, aestheticians, receptionist and spa manager of $7,500.
December 15
Paid accountant fees of $3,000 for work setting up the accounting system of Sea Salt Spa in December.
Dec 16
Paid one half of the oil bill. December 20 Received payment of 75% for the wedding party that attended the spa on Dec 10.
December 24
Had a sale on gift cards for Christmas gifts and sold $21,300 worth of gift cards, all gift cards were paid at the point of sale.
Dec 28
Paid bi-weekly wages for cleaners, aestheticians, receptionist and spa manager of $8,500.
Dec 28
Recognized bi-weekly cash sales of $17,400. The company received $12,000 in cash and the remaining was on account, payable in 30 days.
Dec 31
Declared a Dividend of $0.10 per share to be paid on January 31.
Data for Adjusting Entries
a. Office and cleaning supplies on hand at December 31 are estimated at $6,800.
b. The annual interest rate on the note payable for the building is 5% percent.
c. The building is being depreciated by the straight-line method over a period of 20 years.
d. One month was used for the accounting system and the insurance premium.
e. Upon examining the sales recorded on December 28, it was discovered that payments received included $3,000 in gift cards.
f. Salaries earned by employees since the last payroll date (December 28) amounted to $1,680 at month-end.
g. The power bill for January arrived on February 11th at a cost of $1,300.
h. It is estimated that the company is subject to a combined federal and provincial income tax rate of 40 percent of income before income taxes. These taxes will be payable in Year 2.
Instructions
a. Perform the following steps of the accounting cycle for the month of December using the Excel file .
1. Journalize the December transactions. Do not include explanations. Remember to indent credits. (Do not record adjusting entries at this point.)
2. Post the December transactions to the appropriate ledger accounts (T-Accounts).
3. Prepare the unadjusted trial balance for the year ended December 31.
4. Prepare the necessary adjusting entries for December.
5. Post the December adjusting entries to the appropriate ledger accounts. (Use the same ledger as you did for step 2)
6. Prepare adjusted trial balance for the year ended December 31. (This trial balance will include your account balances after posting your adjusting entries)
7. Prepare financial statements in good form as of December 31, including a statement of cash flows.
Sea Salt Spas Susan and Jessie MacDonald decide to open a spa near Dominion Beach using the natural sea salt and fauna.
Journalize the December transactions, including cash receipts, purchases, rentals, and expenses, in appropriate accounts.
Post the transactions to the corresponding ledger accounts (T-Accounts) to track the changes in each account.
Prepare the unadjusted trial balance by listing all the accounts and their balances as of December 31.
Make adjusting entries for items such as supplies on hand, accrued expenses, and depreciation.
Post the adjusting entries to the ledger accounts to reflect the updated balances.
Prepare the adjusted trial balance, including the adjusted balances of all accounts.
Use the adjusted trial balance to prepare financial statements, such as the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows, to evaluate the company's financial performance and position as of December 31.
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what is the marginal cost of expanding production from 1 units to 2 units?
To determine the marginal cost of expanding production from 1 unit to 2 units, we need additional information about the cost function or cost structure associated with producing these units. The marginal cost represents the increase in total cost when producing one additional unit.
Without the specific cost function or additional information, it is not possible to provide an accurate answer to the question. The marginal cost can vary depending on various factors such as variable costs, fixed costs, economies of scale, and production efficiency.
If you can provide more details about the cost structure or any specific information related to the production costs, I would be able to assist you in calculating the marginal cost.
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Disney University
Disney University (DU) is the global entity under which Disney Cast Members receive a range of opportunities including Disney heritage and traditions, personal and professional development, and on the job training. Although Disney University is not an accredited institution, courses are primarily designed, developed and delivered by experienced learning professionals. However, in order to enroll, you need to be enrolled in an accredited college that will allow you to take classes and work at Disney. Most colleges allowing it has internships available and give college credit to do the internship while taking Disney classes. Disney University has traditionally provided learning instructor-led classroom sessions, but has expanded delivery methods to accommodate Disney’s diverse and growing audience (including) Walt Disney World, Disneyland Resort, Disney Cruise Line, Walt Disney Imagineering, Disneyland Paris, Hong Kong Disneyland, Disney Vacation Club, including Disney’s Vero Beach Resort, Disney’s Hilton Head Island Resort, and new AulaniResort & Spa) in recent years through the latest technologies and learning methods (e.g., eLearning, virtual classrooms etc.).
The Disney University is also the name of the training location where Disney Cast Members attend classroom sessions. The building is located at Walt Disney World, near Orlando, Florida, Disneyland’s Team Disney Anaheim near Disneyland Parisand Burbank’s Team Disney Headquarters. The Walt Disney World building is located behind the Magic Kingdom, across from the Cast Member parking lot. It is also where newly hired Cast Members, Walt Disney College Program students interns Walt Disney College Program participants attend employee orientation known as "Disney Traditions".
All new Cast Members attend ‘Traditions’ on their first day of work; this class imparts the importance of Disney culture, heritage, values, and policies through media, group activities and guided Theme Park tours.
Two two-story building at Walt Disney World houses several learning and conference spaces, computer classrooms, professional offices, building operation support (Production Services), the Disney University Library (formerly Disney Learning Center), Partners Federal Credit Union branch and ATM, an Aramark cafeteria and a Company D employee store. This is also the location of Disney’s Access Control office, where all Cast Members are issued company ID cards.
With the information searched from the internet, discuss the strategic training and development process of Disneyland.
Disneyland's strategic training and development process is designed to ensure that Cast Members receive a high-quality education and training, and are aligned with the company's values and mission. This helps to create a positive work culture, improve employee engagement, and enhance the overall guest experience at Disneyland.
The strategic training and development process of Disneyland revolves around the Disney University, which provides a range of opportunities for Cast Members to receive personal and professional development, on the job training, and Disney heritage and traditions. The courses are designed, developed, and delivered by experienced learning professionals, and are available through various delivery methods such as eLearning and virtual classrooms.
To enroll in the Disney University, Cast Members must be enrolled in an accredited college that offers internships and allows them to take Disney classes for college credit. This ensures that they receive a well-rounded education while gaining practical experience in the workplace.
The Disney University is also the location where Cast Members attend employee orientation known as "Disney Traditions". This class imparts the importance of Disney culture, heritage, values, and policies through media, group activities, and guided Theme Park tours. This ensures that all Cast Members have a deep understanding of the company's values and are aligned with its mission and vision.
The training and development process also includes access to learning and conference spaces, computer classrooms, professional offices, building operation support, the Disney University Library, and an employee store. This allows Cast Members to continuously learn and develop their skills while working at Disneyland.
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A firm with a 13% WACC is evaluating two projects for this year's capital budget. After-tax cash flows, including depreciation, are as follows: 0 1 2 3 4 5 Project M -$21,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,0
To evaluate the two projects, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) for each project using the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 13%.
For Project M, the cash flows are:
Year 0: -$21,000
Year 1: $7,000
Year 2: $7,000
Year 3: $7,000
Year 4: $7,000
Year 5: $7,000
To calculate the NPV using a discount rate of 13%, we first need to calculate the present value factor for each year. The present value factor is calculated as:
PV factor = 1 / (1 + WACC)^n
where n is the number of years in the future.
Using this formula, the present value factors for each year are:
Year 0: PV factor = 1 / (1 + 0.13)^0 = 1
Year 1: PV factor = 1 / (1 + 0.13)^1 = 0.885
Year 2: PV factor = 1 / (1 + 0.13)^2 = 0.783
Year 3: PV factor = 1 / (1 + 0.13)^3 = 0.693
Year 4: PV factor = 1 / (1 + 0.13)^4 = 0.613
Year 5: PV factor = 1 / (1 + 0.13)^5 = 0.543
Next, we multiply each year's cash flow by its corresponding present value factor and sum up the results to get the NPV:
NPV = (-$21,000 x 1) + ($7,000 x 0.885) + ($7,000 x 0.783) + ($7,000 x 0.693) + ($7,000 x 0.613) + ($7,000 x 0.543)
NPV = -$1,091.49
For Project N, the cash flows are:
Year 0: -$39,000
Year 1: $12,000
Year 2: $12,000
Year 3: $12,000
Year 4: $12,000
Year 5: $12,000
Using the same formula and present value factors as before, we calculate the NPV for Project N:
NPV = (-$39,000 x 1) + ($12,000 x 0.885) + ($12,000 x 0.783) + ($12,000 x 0.693) + ($12,000 x 0.613) + ($12,000 x 0.543)
NPV = $2,455.53
Based on these calculations, Project N has a positive NPV of $2,455.53, while Project M has a negative NPV of -$1,091.49. Therefore, if the firm can only choose one project to invest in, it should choose Project N as it is expected to generate a higher return than its cost of capital.
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Question 3 PART A The owner of Plants 'R' Us is preparing her accounts for the year ended 31 December 20X4. She has prepared a list of inventory in her shop on accounting year end date, but is unsure how to value the following items: Description Quantity Purchase price Note Expected sales price per item per item E £ Potted roses 5 3.99 2.99 Plastic plant pots 45 0.40 0.50 Bay trees 24.75 28.75 2 Notes: 1. The potted roses have been in the shop for some time and have already finished flowering. They can only be sold at a discounted price. 2. In order to sell the bay trees, the owner will need to repot them as they have outgrown the containers they are currently in and do not look very attractive. She estimates the new pots will cost a further £5 for each tree Required: What is the total accounting value of the inventory at the year ended 31 December 20X4? Justify your answer. (9 Marks)
The accounting value of the inventory at the year ended 31 December 20X4 is £[math]111.20[/math].Inventory is a current asset in accounting, and it refers to a company's unsold goods ready for sale.
To value the inventory, companies should use either the cost of the inventory or the net realizable value, whichever is lower. In the case of Plants 'R' Us, the total accounting value of the inventory is calculated as follows: Quantity Purchase price per item. Expected sales price per item. Total cost Total expected revenue. Total accounting value Potted roses52.99 (purchase price)2.99 (expected sales price)£19.95 (£3.99 x 5)£14.95 (£2.99 x 5)£5.00 Plastic plant pots450.50 (purchase price)0.50 (expected sales price)£22.50 (£0.50 x 45)£22.50 (£0.50 x 45)£0.00 Bay trees24.75 (purchase price)28.75 (purchase price + £5 new pot cost)2 (expected sales price)£609.38 (£24.75 x 24.75)£49.50 (£2 x 24.75)£559.88 (£609.38 - £49.50)Total accounting value£111.20.
The accounting value of the inventory at the year ended 31 December 20X4 is £[math]111.20[/math]. This means that the total cost of the inventory for Plants 'R' Us is £96.25, and the net realizable value is £111.20. As the net realizable value is higher than the total cost, the total accounting value of the inventory is £111.20.
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File is in the link copy it into excel from sheets
?usp=sharing&ouid=100789843268290570604&rtpof=true&sd=true
Double click on "Sheet 1" at the bottom of your workbook and rename It "Total Sales by Salesperson." • On the left-hand side under "Dimensions" (sometimes labeled as Tables), click on "Salesperson"
Tableau is a data visualization and business intelligence software. Instructions and guidance for using Tableau to create a vertical bar chart and label the bars correctly. Please follow the steps below:
1. Double-click on "Sheet 1" at the bottom of your workbook and rename it "Total Sales by Salesperson."
2. On the left-hand side, locate the "Dimensions" or "Tables" section, and click on "Salesperson." Drag and drop it to the "Columns" area above the blank sheet.
3. On the left-hand side, find the "Measures" section, and click on "Order Amount." Drag and drop it to the "Rows" area.
4. By default, Tableau will create a vertical bar chart with the "Sum" aggregation. This is the desired calculation for this exercise.
5. To order the bar chart from highest to lowest (descending), locate the "Sort" button (usually represented by an arrow pointing down) in the menu bar at the top of the screen. Click on it to apply descending sorting.
6. To label each bar with its respective amount, click on "Order Amount" in the "Marks" card. Drag and drop it onto the "Label" section of the "Marks" card.
7. Tableau will automatically choose the alignment of the labels. If the labels appear horizontally, click on the "Label" section in the "Marks" card. Under "Label Appearance," click on the drop-down for "Alignment" and choose the option that looks like "<" to display the labels vertically above the bars.
8. To show the mark labels, make sure the "Show mark labels" option is enabled. It might be a toggle button or a checkbox in the interface. Enable it to display the labels.
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The complete question is: Double click on "Sheet 1" at the bottom of your workbook and rename It "Total Sales by Salesperson."
• On the left-hand side under "Dimensions" (sometimes labeled as Tables), click on "Salesperson" and drag it to the "Columns" area above the blank sheet.
• On the left-hand side under "Measures", click on "Order Amount" and drag it to the "Rows" area.
• This will create a vertical bar chart.
• The calculation will default to Sum which is what we need for this exercise.
• Order the bar chart from highest to lowest (Descending) by clicking on the "Descending Sort" button (¹) In the menu bar at the top of the screen. P
• Label each bar with its respective amount by clicking on "Order Amount" and dragging and dropping it onto the "Label" Marks card ().
• Tableau automatically chooses if the labels will be horizontal or vertical above the bars. If the labels appear horizontal, click on the "Label" Marks card ([tex]^{T}[/tex]) and under "Label Appearance", click on the drop down for "Alignment" and choose the (< under direction (screenshot below). Show mark labels Label Appearance- Text:
Apple makes a surprise announcement today that they are switching their iPhone glass supplier from sapphire screens to Gorilla Glass, made by Corning, for the next five years. This will result in an additional $450 million in free cash flow for Corning, starting in one year, and growing at 5% per year thereafter through year 5. Corning has 951 million shares outstanding, 100 million net debt, and a WACC of 8.0%. How would the additional free cash flow move Corning stock price when Apple made this announcement?
To determine the effect of the additional free cash flow on Corning's stock price, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM), which calculates the present value of future expected dividends. Since Corning does not currently pay a dividend, we can use the free cash flow to equity (FCFE) as a proxy for future dividends.
The FCFE is calculated as follows:
FCFE = Net Income - (Capital Expenditures + Increase in Net Working Capital) + Net Borrowing
Since the additional free cash flow from Apple's announcement is $450 million per year starting in one year and growing at 5% per year thereafter through year 5, we can estimate Corning's FCFE for each of the next five years as follows:
Year 1: $450 million / (1 + 8%) = $416.67 million
Year 2: ($450 million x 1.05) / (1 + 8%)^2 = $406.80 million
Year 3: ($450 million x 1.05^2) / (1 + 8%)^3 = $397.23 million
Year 4: ($450 million x 1.05^3) / (1 + 8%)^4 = $387.94 million
Year 5: ($450 million x 1.05^4) / (1 + 8%)^5 = $378.92 million
Next, we need to calculate the total present value of these FCFEs using the WACC of 8%.
PV = FCFE1 / (1 + WACC)^1 + FCFE2 / (1 + WACC)^2 + FCFE3 / (1 + WACC)^3 + FCFE4 / (1 + WACC)^4 + FCFE5 / (1 + WACC)^5
PV = $416.67 million / (1 + 8%)^1 + $406.80 million / (1 + 8%)^2 + $397.23 million / (1 + 8%)^3 + $387.94 million / (1 + 8%)^4 + $378.92 million / (1 + 8%)^5
PV = $1,789.46 million
Finally, we can calculate the impact of the additional free cash flow on Corning's stock price by dividing the total present value of the FCFEs by the number of outstanding shares and adding the net debt:
Impact on Stock Price = (PV of FCFEs - Net Debt) / Number of Outstanding Shares
Impact on Stock Price = ($1,789.46 million - $100 million) / 951 million
Impact on Stock Price = $18.66 per share
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Mathew Philp, president of North Idaho Mining Ltd., has made budgets a major focus for managers. Making budgets was such an important goal that the only two managers who had missed their budgets in 20X7 (by 2% and 4%, respectively) had been summarily fired. This caused all managers to be wary when setting their 20X8 budgets.
The Red Mountain division of North Idaho Mining had the following results for 20X7:
Sales, 1.6 million pounds at $.95/ pound $1,520,000
Variable costs 880,000
Fixed costs, primarily depreciation 450,000
Pretax profit 190,000
Molly Stark, general manager of Red Mountain, received a memo from Philp that contained the following:
"We expect your profit for 20X8 to be at least $209,000. Prepare a budget showing how you plan to accomplish this."
Stark was concerned because the market had recently softened. Here market research staff forecast that sales would be at or below the 20X7 level, and prices would likely be between $0.92 and $0.94 per pound. Her manufacturing manager reported that most of the fixed costs were committed and there were few efficiencies to be gained in the variable costs. He indicated that perhaps a 2% savings in variable costs might be achievable, but certainly no more.
Prepare a budget for Stark to submit to headquarters. Identify some dilemmas she faces in preparing this budget.
Comment on problems you see in the budgeting process at North Idaho Mining.
Suppose Stark submitted a budget showing a $209,000 profit. It is now late in 20X8 and she has had a good year. Despite an industry-wide decline in sales, Red Mountain's sales matched last year's 1.6 million pounds, and the average price per pound was $0.945, nearly at last year's level and well above that forecast. Variable costs were cut by 2% through extensive efforts. Still, profit projections were more than $9,000 below budget. Stark was concerned for her job so she approached the controller and requested that depreciation schedules be changed. By extending the lives of some equipment for 2 years, depreciation in 20X8 would be reduced by $15,000. Estimating the economic lives of equipment is difficult, and it would be hard to prove that the old lives were better than the new proposed lives. What should the controller do? What ethical issues does this proposal raise?
The controller should prioritize ethical behavior and reject the proposal to manipulate depreciation schedules.
How to handle the request to change depreciation schedules?In preparing the budget for Red Mountain division, Molly Stark faces several dilemmas. Firstly, the market conditions have softened, and sales are expected to remain at or below the previous year's level with lower prices. Secondly, most of the fixed costs are committed, limiting the potential for cost savings. These challenges make it difficult to achieve the targeted profit of $209,000.
Additionally, the budgeting process at North Idaho Mining seems to have a punitive approach, as managers who miss their budgets are summarily fired, which may lead to unrealistic budget expectations and discourage open communication.
In the given scenario, when Stark falls short of the profit target despite achieving good sales and cost reductions, she considers manipulating depreciation schedules to artificially reduce expenses. However, this raises ethical concerns. The controller should prioritize ethical behavior and integrity, and not engage in misleading accounting practices. Instead, they should encourage open communication, review the budgeting process for fairness, and explore alternative strategies to address the profit shortfall.
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Factory rent $ 28,800 19, 800 Company advertising Wages paid to laborers 84,900 Depreciation for president's vehicle 8,090 Indirect production labor 1,960 Utilities for factory 31,900 Production supervisor's salary 31,000 President's salary 60, 100 Direct materials used 34,500 Sales commissions 7,670 Factory insurance. 12,500 Depreciation on factory equipment 26,000 Required: 1. Calculate the direct labor cost for Wonderway. 2. Calculate the manufacturing overhead cost for Wonderway. 3. Calculate the prime cost for Wonderway. 4. Calculate the conversion cost for Wonderway. 5. Calculate the total manufacturing cost for Wonderway. 6. Calculate the period expenses for Wonderway. 1. Direct Labor Cost 2 Manufacturing Overhead 3. Prime Cost 4 Conversion Cost 5. Total Manufacturing Cost 6. Period Expenses OK ant ences For each of the following independent cases (A through E), compute the missing values in the table: Case Prime Cost Conversion Cost Direct Materials Direct Manufacturing Overhead Total Manufacturing Cost Labor A $ 1,150 $ 3,700 B 6,930 с 3,060 9,480 D 1,930 3,010 5,960 E 6,840 11,660 11,630 7,990 20,700 2,170 $ 2,140 1,490 3,480
Direct materials costs: A: $1,150, B: $6,930, C: $3,060, D: $1,930, E: $6,840. Direct manufacturing overhead costs: A: $2,550, B: NIL, C: $6,420, D: $1,080, E: $4,820; Total costs: A: $3,700, B: $9,930, C: $12,540, D: $4,040, E: $18,480.
To calculate the direct labor cost for Wonderway, we add up the wages paid to laborers, which is $84,900.
The manufacturing overhead cost for Wonderway is the sum of all the indirect production costs. Adding up the factory rent ($28,800), company advertising ($19,800), depreciation on factory equipment ($26,000), utilities for the factory ($31,900), factory insurance ($12,500), and indirect production labor ($1,960), the manufacturing overhead cost is $120,960.
The prime cost for Wonderway is the sum of direct materials used and direct labor cost. The direct materials used is given as $34,500, and the direct labor cost is calculated in step 1 as $84,900. Therefore, the prime cost is $34,500 + $84,900 = $119,400.
The conversion cost for Wonderway is the sum of direct labor cost and manufacturing overhead cost. The direct labor cost is $84,900 (from step 1), and the manufacturing overhead cost is $120,960 (from step 2). Therefore, the conversion cost is $84,900 + $120,960 = $205,860.
The total manufacturing cost for Wonderway is the sum of prime cost and manufacturing overhead cost. The prime cost is $119,400 (from step 3), and the manufacturing overhead cost is $120,960 (from step 2). Therefore, the total manufacturing cost is $119,400 + $120,960 = $240,360.
The period expenses for Wonderway are the non-manufacturing costs. Adding up the depreciation for the president's vehicle ($8,090), sales commissions ($7,670), and the president's salary ($60,100), the period expenses amount to $75,860.
Case Prime Cost Conversion Cost Direct Materials Direct Manufacturing Overhead Total Manufacturing Cost Labor A $1,150 $3,700 $1,150 $2,550 $3,700 B $6,930 $3,060 $6,930 $0 $9,990 C $3,060 $9,480 $3,060 $6,420 $12,540 D $1,930 $3,010 $1,930 $1,080 $4,040 E $6,840 $11,660 $6,840 $4,820 $18,480
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"Newton Company currently produces and sells 6,000 units of a product that has a contribution margin of $5 per unit. The company vells me product for a sales price of $18 per unit. Fored costs are $16,000. The company is considering investing in new technology that would decrease the variable cost per unit to $10 per unit and double total fixed costs. The company expects the new technology to increase production and sales to 16,000 units of product. What sales price would have to be charged to earn a $80,000 target profit assuming the Investment in technology is made? 16:32 pped Multiple Choice o $17 o $ o $18"
Newton Company is currently producing and selling 6,000 units of a product that has a contribution margin of $5 per unit. The company sells one product for a sales price of $18 per unit.
This indicates that the total sales revenue equals $18 x 6,000 = $108,000. Fixed costs of Newton Company are $16,000. The company is considering investing in new technology that would decrease the variable cost per unit to $10 per unit and double total fixed costs.The company expects the new technology to increase production and sales to 16,000 units of product. This suggests that the new fixed cost equals 2 x $16,000 = $32,000.Total fixed cost = $32,000Variable cost per unit = $10 per unitContribution margin per unit = $18 - $10 = $8 per unitContribution margin ratio = $8 / $18 = 44.4%The contribution margin required for Newton Company to earn a target profit of $80,000 is $80,000 / 16,000 units = $5 per unit.Target profit = Fixed cost + Profit Contribution margin x units - Fixed cost = Target profit$5 x 16,000 - $32,000 = $80,000$80,000 + $32,000 = $80,000 + ($5 x 16,000)New sales revenue = $112,000Therefore, the sales price that Newton Company would have to charge to earn a $80,000 target profit assuming the investment in technology is made is $112,000 / 16,000 units = $7 per unit.
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2 2. Name three conditions for recycling to sustainably contribute to reducing the environmental footprint of a disposable single-use product or packaging. Answer here
For recycling to sustainably contribute to reducing the environmental footprint of disposable single-use products or packaging, three conditions must be met. These conditions include effective collection systems, proper sorting and processing facilities, and robust market demand for recycled materials.
Effective collection systems: The first condition is the establishment of efficient and widespread collection systems that encourage individuals and businesses to recycle.
This includes providing accessible recycling bins, implementing recycling programs, and raising awareness about the importance of recycling.
Proper sorting and processing facilities: Once collected, the recyclable materials need to be sorted and processed effectively.
This requires well-designed recycling facilities that can handle different types of materials, employ advanced sorting technologies, and ensure that the materials are processed efficiently and effectively.
Robust market demand for recycled materials: To sustainably contribute to reducing the environmental footprint, there must be a strong market demand for recycled materials.
This includes creating incentives for businesses to use recycled materials in their products, promoting sustainable procurement practices, and supporting the development of recycling industries that can turn recycled materials into new products.
By meeting these three conditions, recycling can play a significant role in reducing the environmental impact of disposable single-use products or packaging.
However, it is important to note that recycling alone is not enough to address the broader issue of waste and environmental sustainability.
It should be part of a comprehensive approach that includes waste reduction, reuse, and innovative packaging solutions to achieve a more sustainable and circular economy.
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Think about how (or whether) a change in the exchange rate affects our imports and exports. If the dollar gets weaker, this tends to O increase U.S. net exports. O reduce U.S. net exports. O not affect U.S. net exports.
Import and export relationships can be better understood by looking at exchange rates. The correct option is A. Increase U.S. net exports.
Exchange rate refers to the rate at which a country's currency exchanges for another country's currency. For instance, the rate at which US dollar exchanges for euro or Japanese yen. The value of a currency is affected by many factors, including interest rates, inflation rates, geopolitical conditions, and global economic conditions. The strength of the US dollar has a significant impact on the country's imports and exports. If the dollar gets weaker, it tends to increase US net exports.
A country may decide to let its currency depreciate if it wants to sell more goods to other countries or if it wants to buy fewer goods from other countries. This is because a depreciating currency makes imports more expensive and exports cheaper.
Conversely, a country may choose to let its currency appreciate if it wants to buy more goods from other countries or if it wants to sell fewer goods to other countries.In a nutshell, when a country's currency becomes stronger, it will typically export fewer goods and import more goods.
On the other hand, when a country's currency becomes weaker, it will typically export more goods and import fewer goods.
Therefore, the correct option is A. increase U.S. net exports.Import and export relationships can be better understood by looking at exchange rates.
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During an inflation Republicans would be most in favor of: O spending cuts. O tax increases. tax cuts. . O spending increases.
Republicans would often support spending reductions as a way to battle price increases and stabilize the economy during inflation for tax.
Republicans frequently support spending reductions as a way to reduce rising prices and maintain economic control during periods of inflation. Their worldview supports fiscal conservatism, which emphasises lowering government spending to lessen the effect on the private sector and keep a balanced budget, as well as limited government intervention.
Republicans want to lower government spending and the demand for goods and services, which can mitigate inflationary pressures. To do this, they will enact budget cuts. They contend that excessive government expenditure can cause inflation via overstimulation of the money supply, which raises prices.
Republicans may also favour tax cuts as a way to boost economic expansion and offer relief to people and businesses, but they often favour expenditure cuts.
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Consider a standard Cournot model with 26 firms. The inverse demand is P = 400 - 2Q and every firm's cost of producing a quantity q is 40g. (a) [5 MARKS] What is the minimum number of firms that need to merge for the merger to be profitable? (b) [5 MARKS] Suppose that a number of firms equal to what you found in (a) merge. How much profit does the merger generate for the firms involved? Note: If you did not find an answer in (a), use 24.
(a) To determine the minimum number of firms that need to merge for the merger to be profitable, we need to compare the profits of the merged firms with the profits of individual firms under the Cournot competition.
In the Cournot model, each firm chooses its quantity independently to maximize its profit, taking into account the quantities produced by other firms.
profit function for each individual firm is given by:
π = (P - C) * q
Where:
P is the price,C is the cost per unit, and
q is the quantity produced by the firm.
Given the inverse demand function P = 400 - 2Q, we can substitute Q with the sum of quantities produced by all firms in the market:
Q = q1 + q2 + ... + qn
Let's calculate the profit for a single firm under Cournot competition:
πcournot= (P - C) * q = (400 - 2Q - 40g) * q
Now, let's calculate the profit for the merged firms:
πmerged= (Pmerged- C) * Qmerged = (400 - 2Qmerged- 40g) * QmergedTo determine the minimum number of firms needed for the merger to be profitable, we compare the profits of the merged firms (πmerged with the profits of individual firms under Cournot competition (πcournot.
We assume that the merged firms can coordinate and act as a single entity, setting the combined quantity (Qmerged to maximize their joint profit.
To find the minimum number of firms for profitability, we compare the profit difference between the merged firms and individual firms for various numbers of firms merged. We start with the assumption of all firms competing independently (n = 26) and gradually decrease the number of merged firms until we find the minimum number for which the merger becomes profitable.
(b) Once we determine the minimum number of firms for profitability, we can calculate the profit generated by the merger for the firms involved using the profit function for the merged firms (πmerged. We substitute the optimal quantity (Qmerged obtained from the merger calculation into the profit function and calculate the profit.
Please note that without knowing the specific value of 'g' (which represents the quantity produced by a firm), we cannot provide a precise numerical . However, we can provide the general approach to determine the minimum number of firms for profitability and calculate the profit generated by the merger once that number is identified.
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b. The mood on MariBank very bullish when they propose to acquire HengBank at RM 4.26 billion. The proposed acquisition will see MariBank emerge as the single largest shareholder in HengBank. Most analysts and stock broking firms believe that the stock price would continue to rise. To bet on this expectation, Rizal Hidayat buys 1500 units of MariBank September RM 8.00 call option for 50 sen. Currently the shares are traded at RM 9.50. Identify: i. Type of option. I (1 mark) ii. Underlying asset. (1 mark) iii. Exercise price. (1 mark) Calculate the profit if the holder expectation is accurate. (4 marks) WEWERS Salon 20 D MO E S D242 S AMESE R444
Profit when MariBank shares are sold at RM 9.50 = RM 9.50 - RM 8.00 - RM 0.50= RM 1. Hence, the net profit that Rizal will earn is RM 1500 - RM 750 = RM 750.
Therefore, profit from 1500 units of MariBank September RM 8.00 call option = 1500 x RM 1 = RM 1500Explanation:In the given scenario, Rizal Hidayat buys 1500 units of MariBank September RM 8.00 call option for 50 sen. This means that Rizal has bought the right to buy MariBank shares at the exercise price of RM 8.00 within the expiration date of September.Option type: The option type here is call option, as Rizal is betting on the rise of MariBank shares.Underlying asset: The underlying asset in this case is MariBank shares.Exercise price: The exercise price in this case is RM 8.00.Profit calculation: The current share price is RM 9.50. Since the market is bullish, Rizal is expecting that the shares will rise further. Thus, if Rizal is correct in his expectation, he will buy MariBank shares at RM 8.00 and sell them in the market at the current price of RM 9.50, earning a profit of RM 1. The cost of buying 1500 units of the call option is 50 sen each, which is a total of RM 750. Thus, the net profit that Rizal will earn is RM 1500 - RM 750 = RM 750.
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The _______ and the other key members of ______shall be
involved in planning the audit.
A.
Auditor and management
B.
Those charged with governance, audit committee
C.
Engagement partner, engagement
The auditor and the other key members of management shall be involved in planning the audit.
Planning the audit involves collaboration between the auditor and management to ensure effective and efficient execution of the audit engagement. The auditor needs to understand the company's operations, objectives, and internal controls to assess the risk of material misstatement. Management provides the auditor with relevant information, including financial statements, internal control documentation, and other necessary data. Together, they discuss audit objectives, scope, timing, and resources required for the audit. This collaborative effort ensures that the audit is tailored to address the specific risks and circumstances of the company.
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Show Attempt History Current Attempt in Progress Coronado Corporation manufactures safes-large mobile safes, and large walk-in stationary bank safes. As part of its annual budgeting process, Coronado is analyzing the profitability of its two products. Part of this analysis involves estimating the amount of overhead to be allocated to each product line. The information shown below relates to overhead. Mobile Safes Walk-in Safes Units planned for production 200 50 Material moves per product line 300 200 Purchase orders per product line 450 350 Direct labor hours per product line 800 1,700 The total estimated manufacturing overhead was $272,000. Under traditional costing (which assigns overhead on the basis of direct labor hours), what amount of manufacturing overhead costs are assigned to: (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25.) (1) One mobile safe $ per unit (2) One walk-in safe $ per unit eTextbook and Media X Your answer is incorrect. The total estimated manufacturing overhead of $272,000 was comprised of $164,000 for materials handling costs and $108,000 for purchasing activity costs. Under activity-based costing (ABC): (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25.) What amount of materials handling costs are assigned to: X Your answer is incorrect. The total estimated manufacturing overhead of $272,000 was comprised of $164,000 for materials handling costs and $108,000 for purchasing activity costs. Under activity-based costing (ABC): (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25.) What amount of materials handling costs are assigned to: (a) One mobile safe $ 528 per unit (b) One walk-in safe $ 1408 per unit eTextbook and Media * Your answer is incorrect. The total estimated manufacturing overhead of $272,000 was comprised of $164,000 for materials handling costs and $108,000 for purchasing activity costs. Under activity-based costing (ABC): (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25.) What amount of purchasing activity costs are assigned to: (a) One mobile safe $ per unit (b) One walk-in safe $ per unit eTextbook and Media M 202 df 202 M 202 er f E 202 Your answer is incor Compare the amount of overhead allocated to one mobile safe and to one walk-in safe under the traditional costing approach versus under ABC. (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25.) Traditional Costing Activity-Based Costing Mobile safe Walk-in safe $ $ $ $
Under traditional costing, which assigns overhead based on direct labor hours, the amount of manufacturing overhead costs assigned to one mobile safe can be calculated :
By dividing the total estimated manufacturing overhead by the total direct labor hours for the mobile safes. From the information given, the total direct labor hours for the mobile safes is 800. Therefore, the amount of manufacturing overhead costs assigned to one mobile safe would be $272,000 / 800 = $340 per unit. Similarly, the amount of manufacturing overhead costs assigned to one walk-in safe under traditional costing can be calculated by dividing the total estimated manufacturing overhead by the total direct labor hours for the walk-in safes. From the information given, the total direct labor hours for the walk-in safes is 1,700. Therefore, the amount of manufacturing overhead costs assigned to one walk-in safe would be $272,000 / 1,700 = $160 per unit.
Under activity-based costing (ABC), the overhead costs are assigned based on different cost drivers related to specific activities. The information provided states that the total estimated manufacturing overhead of $272,000 is comprised of $164,000 for materials handling costs and $108,000 for purchasing activity costs. To determine the amount of materials handling costs assigned to one mobile safe under ABC, we need to consider the cost driver for materials handling, which is the number of material moves per product line. From the information given, the mobile safes have 300 material moves per product line. Therefore, the amount of materials handling costs assigned to one mobile safe would be $164,000 / 300 = $546.67 per unit. For the walk-in safes, the number of material moves per product line is 200. Therefore, the amount of materials handling costs assigned to one walk-in safe would be $164,000 / 200 = $820 per unit.
Comparing the amount of overhead allocated to one mobile safe and one walk-in safe under traditional costing versus ABC, we find that under traditional costing, the allocation is $340 for the mobile safe and $160 for the walk-in safe. However, under ABC, the allocation is $546.67 for the mobile safe and $820 for the walk-in safe. This indicates that ABC assigns higher overhead costs to both products compared to traditional costing. ABC provides a more accurate and detailed allocation of overhead by considering specific cost drivers and activities, reflecting the actual resource consumption and cost patterns within the organization.
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Romblon Company is choosing between traditional costing and activity-based costing. The following data are provided: Activity-Based Costing Activity center Cost driver Amount of activity Material handling Kilos handled Units painted Machine hours 100,000 kg. 50,000 units Painting Assembly 10,000 hours Traditional Costing Traditional Labor hours 100,000 hours Job 1 contains 3,000 units. It weighs 10,000 kilos and uses 300 machine hours. The direct labor hours on the job total 7,000 hours. This Problem is associated with two questions: 1. What is the applied overhead under traditional costing? 2. What is the applied overhead under Activity Based Costing? Question asked specifically for this item: What is the applied overhead under traditional costing? O a. 80,000 O b. 50,000 O c. 60,000 O d. 70,000 Center cost 200,000 300,000 500,000 1,000,000
According to the question we have the applied overhead under traditional costing is $60,000.
Applied overhead under traditional costing is $60,000. Traditional Costing allocates indirect costs to products depending on a single overhead rate (i.e., predetermined overhead rate) that is calculated based on a single cost driver, such as direct labor hours or direct labor dollars, in this method of overhead allocation.
The following is the calculation of the predetermined overhead rate for Romblon Company: Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated total overhead costs / Estimated total direct labor hours Predetermined overhead rate = $600,000 / 100,000 direct labor hours Predetermined overhead rate = $6.00 per direct labor hour .
Applied overhead = Predetermined overhead rate × Actual direct labor hours Applied overhead = $6.00 × 7,000 direct labor hours Applied overhead = $42,000Therefore, the applied overhead under traditional costing is $60,000.
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Is there one universal way for a multinational company to motivate employees around the world to exert maximum effort and be accountable for their results? Further, is there one universal way to motivate scientists, salespeople, and other professionals? Please explain.
There isn't a universal way for a multinational company to motivate employees worldwide to give their maximum effort and be responsible for their results.
Also, there is no universal way to encourage scientists, salespeople, and other professionals.The absence of a universal way of motivation is due to the following reasons:Language and Culture DifferencesEach country has its language and culture. While one approach may motivate employees in one country, it might be ineffective in another country. When communicating, multinational corporations must be mindful of cultural differences. What works in one nation can be offensive in another.
Managers must ensure that they understand the traditions and values of their workers in order to avoid misunderstandings.Given the various factors at play, it's unlikely that there will ever be a universal approach to motivate multinational corporations. However, certain strategies, such as providing employee benefits, providing competitive salaries and bonuses, and offering additional development opportunities, can be successful in many countries.
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apple+has+a+beta+of+0.74+according+to+yahoo+finance.+the+5-year+treasury+bond+yield+is+1.8%+and+investors+demand+a+11%+return+on+the+market.+what+is+a
Apple's CAPM cost of equity is 8.608%.
Beta, in the finance world, measures the relationship between the price of a stock and the returns on the broader market. If a stock has a beta of 1.0, it implies that its price moves in the same direction as the market. If a stock has a beta of more than 1.0, it is riskier than the market, while a beta of less than 1.0 implies that the stock is less risky than the market. In comparison, Apple's beta of 0.74 implies that it is less risky than the market. The 5-year treasury bond yield is 1.8%, while investors require an 11% return on the market. Apple's CAPM cost of equity can be calculated using the following formula:
CAPM cost of equity = risk-free rate + beta * (market return - risk-free rate)
Where the risk-free rate is 1.8 percent, and the market return is 11 percent. Substituting the values in the above formula, we get:
CAPM cost of equity = 1.8% + 0.74*(11% - 1.8%)
CAPM cost of equity = 1.8% + 0.74 * 9.2%
CAPM cost of equity = 1.8% + 6.808%
CAPM cost of equity = 8.608%
Therefore, Apple's CAPM cost of equity is 8.608%.
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A perpetuity has a PV of $22,000. If the interest rate is 6%, how much will the perpetuity pay every year? A $1,056 B. $1,320 C. $792 D. $660
Perpetuity is a type of financial product that involves regular payments of a fixed amount.The correct option is B. $1,320
These payments are made for an indefinite period, or until the death of the person receiving the payments or the ending of a specific event. A perpetuity has a PV of $22,000. If the interest rate is 6%, to calculate how much the perpetuity pay every year, we can use
The perpetuity formula is P = C / i,
where P is the present value of the perpetuity, C is the amount of the constant payment made each period, and i is the interest rate.So, to find the amount of the constant payment made each period, we can use the formula C = P * i.C = $22,000 * 6% = $1,320
Therefore, the perpetuity will pay $1,320 every year.
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Discuss the legal position of intention as one of the important elements in the formation of a contract. Support your answer with relevant cases.
Intention is one of the essential elements in the formation of a legally binding contract. It refers to the state of mind of the parties involved in the contract. For a contract to be enforceable, the parties must have an intention to create a legal relationship.
In the case of Balfour v Balfour (1919), the husband and wife had an agreement that the husband would pay his wife an allowance of £30 per month while he was working in Ceylon. However, the relationship between them broke down, and the husband stopped paying the allowance.
In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893), the company advertised that its smoke ball would prevent users from catching influenza, and it promised to pay £100 to anyone who caught influenza after using the smoke ball as directed. Mrs. Carlill bought and used the smoke ball but still contracted influenza, and she sued the company for the reward. The court held that the advertisement was an offer, and Mrs.
In conclusion, intention is an essential element in the formation of a contract, and it is necessary to determine whether the parties had an intention to create a legal relationship. The cases of Balfour v Balfour and Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. illustrate the importance of intention in the formation of a legally binding contract.
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Q When you ask entity staff for a process description and you are provided with a process flow diagram, what would be your next step? Select the three responses. Ignore it and create your own process flow diagram to comply with the existing audit documentation and requirements of AAM. Read it and try to understand the flow of the process, seeking clarification with entity staff as necessary before using it as the basis for audit documentation. File the process flow diagram as audit documentation of the business process. Create a narrative to describe what you learned from the process flow diagram. Identify control activities in the process flow diagram that may not be documented in the process description of the client Read it and try to understand the flow of the process, seeking clarification with e as necessary before using it as the basis for audit documentation. File the process flow diagram as audit documentation of the business process. Create a narrative to describe what you learned from the process flow diagram. Identify control activities in the process flow diagram that may not be documented process description of the client Add Audit specific Elements to the process description of the client
The three appropriate responses would be to read and understand the flow of the process diagram, seek clarification if needed, and then file it as audit documentation.
When provided with a process flow diagram instead of a process description, the next steps would include:
Read it and try to understand the flow of the process, seeking clarification with entity staff as necessary before using it as the basis for audit documentation. The first step is to carefully review the process flow diagram to grasp the sequence and steps involved in the process. This helps in understanding how activities are connected and the overall flow. If there are any ambiguities or uncertainties, seeking clarification from the entity staff is crucial to ensure accurate understanding.
Identify control activities in the process flow diagram that may not be documented in the process description of the client. While examining the process flow diagram, it is important to compare it with the existing process description to identify any discrepancies or additional control activities that may not be documented in the client's description. This step ensures that all relevant controls are considered during the audit process.
File the process flow diagram as audit documentation of the business process. Create a narrative to describe what you learned from the process flow diagram. As part of audit documentation, the process flow diagram should be retained for reference. Additionally, creating a narrative that summarizes the understanding gained from the diagram is beneficial. This narrative can include key process steps, control activities, potential risks, and other observations that help in documenting the audit findings accurately.
Therefore, the three appropriate responses would be to read and understand the flow of the process diagram, seek clarification if needed, and then file it as audit documentation. Additionally, creating a narrative to summarize the understanding and identifying control activities not documented in the client's process description are important steps for the audit process.
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Which of the following is true regarding parties who make mutual
mistakes of law?
The contract becomes null and nonbinding on the parties.
One of the parties can annul the contract stating that it is
Regarding parties who make mutual mistakes of law: The contract becomes null and nonbinding on the parties.
In general, mutual mistakes of law do not invalidate a contract. Unlike mutual mistakes of fact, which may provide grounds for contract rescission or modification, mistakes of law typically do not release parties from their contractual obligations. The principle of "ignorantia juris non excusat" (ignorance of the law excuses no one) applies, meaning that parties are presumed to be aware of the law and its implications when entering into a contract. Therefore, if both parties make a mistake regarding the interpretation or application of the law, it does not automatically render the contract null and void. One of the parties can annul the contract stating that it is voidable.
However, there are some exceptions and circumstances where a mutual mistake of law may allow for contract annulment. If the mistake of law is based on a fundamental legal principle or a specific law that is central to the contract's subject matter, and both parties are mistaken in the same way, it may be possible for one party to argue for contract annulment. This typically requires showing that the contract would be fundamentally unfair or impossible to perform due to the mistake of law. However, it is important to note that the burden of proof in establishing a mutual mistake of law and seeking contract annulment is generally higher compared to mutual mistakes of fact.
In summary, while mutual mistakes of fact can often lead to contract invalidation or modification, mutual mistakes of law typically do not have the same effect. Parties are generally expected to be aware of the law and its implications, and a mutual mistake of law alone is usually not sufficient grounds for contract nullification. However, there may be exceptional cases where a mutual mistake of law could result in contract annulment if certain criteria are met, such as the mistake being based on a fundamental legal principle and rendering the contract fundamentally unfair or impossible to perform.
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What does BoP tell us about the internal balance of a
country?
• Savings, Investment, National Income etc
Balance of Payment (BoP) refers to the systematic listing of all the economic dealings conducted between a country and the rest of the world. It also provides the necessary information on how a country’s economy interacts with the global economy.
BoP is a macroeconomic indicator that helps in analyzing and understanding the internal balance of a country.Balance of Payment indicates whether a country is producing sufficient products and services to meet the global demand or if the country is relying on imports. It is a measure of the economic transactions between a country and its foreign counterparts. The BoP statement comprises two main segments: Current Account and Capital Account. A country's current account is used to calculate the net income that has flown between the country and its foreign counterparts in terms of goods, services, and investment income. The capital account is used to calculate the net inflow or outflow of capital and financial assets. A country's BoP can be used to determine its internal balance. For example, a country that has a surplus in its current account means that the country is producing and exporting more goods and services than it imports, hence is in good internal balance. Additionally, the net flow of investment in and out of the country provides information on whether the country is a net lender or borrower of capital. Therefore, BoP can provide insight into the internal balance of a country, such as its savings, investment, national income, and other economic indicators.
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[1.216] PN = 2.408 [0.4381 0.1751 0.1483 = 0.1751 0.3544 0.2361 0.1144 0.2361 0.5673 1.241 which are monthly values in percentage points, estimated as the sample mean and sample variance/covariance of the data. a. Are the optimal portfolio weights dependent on the data frequency used to estimate the parameters? b. If the true parameters are assumed unchanged from this month to the next one, will the optimal portfolio weights change? c. Once we have bought the stocks today based on the optimal portfolio weights, do we have to do any trading next month? d. What is the risk and return of the equal-weighted portfolio? e. Find the optimal portfolio weights with a desired level of expected return 1.7251%. f. Find the optimal portfolio weights with a desired level of expected return 2.408%.
a. The optimal portfolio weights can be dependent on the data frequency used to estimate the parameters.
Different frequencies, such as daily, weekly, or monthly data, can lead to variations in the estimated mean and variance/covariance of the data. As a result, the optimal portfolio weights calculated based on different data frequencies may vary.
b. If the true parameters are assumed unchanged from this month to the next one, the optimal portfolio weights may not change. This assumes that the expected returns and covariance matrix of the assets remain the same. In such a scenario, the optimal weights calculated based on the current month's parameters would still be valid for the next month.
c. Once the stocks are bought today based on the optimal portfolio weights, there may not be a need for trading next month if the parameters remain unchanged. The optimal weights are designed to provide the desired risk-return trade-off, and as long as the asset parameters do not change significantly, the portfolio composition can remain unchanged.
d. The risk and return of the equal-weighted portfolio would depend on the individual stocks' characteristics and their historical performance. Generally, an equal-weighted portfolio aims to provide a balanced exposure to all assets. The risk and return of the portfolio would be influenced by the performance of each stock and their correlations with each other.
e. To find the optimal portfolio weights with a desired level of expected return of 1.7251%, you would need to conduct an optimization process using techniques such as the mean-variance framework or the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). These methods involve maximizing expected return for a given level of risk or minimizing risk for a desired level of return, subject to constraints and preferences.
f. Similarly, to find the optimal portfolio weights with a desired level of expected return of 2.408%, an optimization process needs to be performed. The specific approach would depend on the investor's risk preferences and the available asset universe. By adjusting the desired level of expected return, the optimization process can identify the corresponding optimal portfolio weights that aim to achieve that target return while considering the risk characteristics of the assets.
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In traditional Economic analysis,
Group of answer choices
only marginal costs are relevant to current economic decision making.
only average costs are relevant to current economic decision making.
both marginal and sunk costs are relevant to current economic decision making.
only costs that have already been incurred are relevant to current economic decision making.
Answer: In traditional economic analysis, both marginal costs and average costs are relevant to current economic decision making.
Explanation:
Marginal costs refer to the additional cost incurred by producing or consuming one more unit of a good or service. It helps in determining the optimal level of production or consumption by comparing the additional benefit (marginal benefit) with the additional cost (marginal cost).
Average costs, on the other hand, provide an average measure of cost per unit of output. It is calculated by dividing the total cost by the quantity produced. Average costs help in assessing the efficiency and profitability of production processes.
Sunk costs, which are costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered, are generally not relevant to current economic decision making in traditional analysis. Only considering sunk costs can lead to irrational decision making as they are irrelevant to the current situation and cannot be changed.
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SUBSTITUTION and INCOME EFFECTS: Suppose we are given the following
utility function for a consumer: U(X,Y) = X1/2y1/2 : Suppose also that her income (I)
is $1000, Px = $6 and Py = $4.
a) Find the consumer’s optimal choice given the prices and income above. What is the
utility she derives from this income?
b) Find the new optimum if Py falls to $3.
c) Show that the income required to just make the previous utility from (a) attainable
with Px = $6 and Py = $3 is $866.03. Show and explain the process you use to get this
result. (Eg. you have the answer so just show the steps to get there.)
d) Given the "new" income in (c) with Px = $6 and Py = $3, find the new optimum. Confirm
that it yields the same utility as in (a).
e) What are the Hicks Substitution and Income Effects of the fall in the price of y? eg find
∆X and ∆Y.
f) What is the Compensating Variation for the fall in Py? Explain your reasoning.
g) Show that the income required to just make the new utility in (b) attainable at the old
prices (Px = $6 and Py = $4) is $1154.70. Show and explain the process to get this result.
h) What is the Equivalent Variation for the fall in Py? Explain your reasoning.
Given the utility function U(X,Y) = X^(1/2)Y^(1/2), an income of $1000, Px = $6, and Py = $4, we can determine the consumer's optimal choice, utility, and the effects of changes in prices. By maximizing utility, the consumer's optimal choice can be found.
The utility derived from this income can be calculated based on the optimal choice. If Py falls to $3, we can find the new optimum and calculate the income required to maintain the previous utility. The Hicks Substitution and Income Effects can be calculated to analyze the impact of the price change.
The Compensating Variation and Equivalent Variation measure the changes in income needed to maintain the same utility at different price levels.
a) To find the consumer's optimal choice, we maximize utility subject to the budget constraint. With an income of $1000, Px = $6, and Py = $4, the optimal choice can be found by equating the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) to the price ratio: MRS = MUx/MUy = Px/Py.
Using the utility function, we can calculate the quantities of X and Y that maximize utility. The utility derived from this income can be computed by plugging the optimal quantities into the utility function.
b) If Py falls to $3, we repeat the same process as in (a) to find the new optimum. By equating the MRS to the new price ratio, we can determine the new optimal quantities of X and Y.
c) To find the income required to maintain the previous utility at Px = $6 and Py = $3, we set up the utility function with the new prices and solve for the income that yields the desired utility. This can be done iteratively using trial and error or by employing optimization techniques.
d) With the income calculated in (c) and prices Px = $6 and Py = $3, we can find the new optimum by maximizing utility subject to the budget constraint. The resulting quantities of X and Y should yield the same utility as in (a).
e) The Hicks Substitution and Income Effects can be calculated by comparing the changes in quantities demanded of X and Y due to the fall in the price of Y. The substitution effect (∆X) measures the change in the quantity of X demanded due to the relative price change, holding utility constant.
The income effect (∆Y) reflects the change in the quantity of Y demanded due to the change in real income resulting from the price change.
f) The Compensating Variation measures the change in income required to maintain the consumer's original utility at the new price level. It quantifies the amount of income that would need to be compensated to restore the consumer's utility level to the initial level after the price change.
g) To find the income required to maintain the new utility in (b) at the old prices Px = $6 and Py = $4, we set up the utility function with the original prices and solve for the income that yields the desired utility. Similar to (c), this can be done iteratively or by employing optimization techniques.
h) The Equivalent Variation measures the change in income that would make the consumer indifferent between the initial utility level and the utility level at the new price level. It quantifies the amount of income that would need to be given or taken away at the initial prices to make the consumer equally satisfied with the new price level.
By considering these concepts and performing the necessary calculations, we can assess the effects of price changes and determine the income adjustments needed to maintain utility levels.
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Between the EFE matrix and Competitive profile matrix,
which one do you think would be more effective within an
organization? What made you choose this answer?
The EFE matrix and the Competitive profile matrix are both strategic management tools used to evaluate an organization's external environment. However, the effectiveness of each tool depends on the organization's specific goals and objectives.
The EFE matrix focuses on identifying opportunities and threats in the external environment, while the Competitive profile matrix compares an organization's strengths and weaknesses against its competitors. In my opinion, the Competitive profile matrix is more effective for organizations that prioritize competitive analysis and gaining a competitive advantage. This is because it provides a clear picture of how an organization stacks up against its competitors and identifies areas where it needs to improve to remain competitive. On the other hand, the EFE matrix may be more effective for organizations that prioritize identifying opportunities and threats in the external environment, as it provides a comprehensive view of the external factors that may impact the organization's success. Ultimately, the choice between the EFE matrix and the Competitive profile matrix depends on an organization's priorities and goals. It's important to consider both tools and select the one that best aligns with an organization's strategic objectives.
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7 The following defined pension data of Metcalf Corp apply to the year 2020 8 9 Projected benefit obligation, 1/1/20 (before amendment) Plan assets, 1/1/20 10 11 Pension liability 12 On January 1, 202
Given pension data of Metcalf Corp apply to the year 2020 Projected benefit obligation, 1/1/20 (before amendment) Plan assets, 1/1/20On January 1, 2020, Metcalf Corp, Pension liability was $125,000
Projected benefit obligation, 1/1/20 (before amendment) Plan assets, 1/1/20 Pension liability, 1/1/20As per the question, Pension liability on January 1, 2020, is to be calculated. To find the Pension liability, we will use the formula:
Pension liability = Projected benefit obligation, 1/1/20 - Plan assets, 1/1/20
Put the given values in the above formula:
Pension liability = $400,000 - $275,000
Pension liability = $125,000
Therefore, Pension liability on January 1, 2020, is $125,000.
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