The element could be X is phosporus .
What is element?An element is the fundamental item that can't be easily broken onto smaller of pieces. In chemistry and physics, an elementary is a substance that can't be broken down by non-nuclear reactions. In computing and the mathematics, an element is the distinct piece of a larger system or set.
An ionic compound is formed to the ions, by which their charges replaced, so the compound Na₂X is formed by the ions Na⁺ and X⁻². So, X must gain two electrons to be stable at to by the octet, so it has six valence of the electrons. Because of it can accommodate by up to 12 electrons, the element is the expands the octet, do it must to be in the 3rd period or the higher.
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Which of the following is the energy of atoms vibrating inside an object?
O A. Radiant
OB. Thermal
O C. Electric
OD. Mechanical
how many milliliters of a 0.900% (m/v) normal saline solution can be prepared from 2.50 g of sodium chloride, nacl ? note that mass is not technically the same as weight, but the abbreviation % (w/v) is often used interchangeably with % (m/v).
0.0225 ml of a 0.900% (m/v) normal saline solution can be prepared from 2.50 g of sodium chloride, nacl . note that mass is not technically the same as weight, but the abbreviation % (w/v) is often used interchangeably with % (m/v).
C = m/V
0.009 = m/V
0.009 = 2.5/V
V = 2.5/0.009 = 0.0225 ml
To help prevent heat cramps brought on by excessive sweating, sodium chloride is used as an electrolyte replenisher. The normal isotonic solution of sodium chloride can also be made using this medication. This medication is accessible over-the-counter.
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how would you prepare 5.00 ml of a 0.06 m solution of copper 2 sulfate from a stock solution of 0.50 m copper 2 sulfate
How might you get ready? 5.00 ml of a copper 2 sulfate solution at 0.06 m from mass= 2.926g
Why does the body use sulfate?It fills several biological functions throughout the body and is found in numerous forms. It aids drug, food additive, and toxic metal detoxification and is a crucial part of extracellular matrix proteins. Additionally, it stops blood from clotting when it passes through capillaries.
Briefing
molarity = no.of moles of copper /Volume of Solution in lit
0.235=no of moles sulfate /494.9*10^-3
13.114 *10^-3 moles of copper sulfate
molar mass of copper sulfate =223.15 g/mol
moles= given mass/molar mass=13.11485*10^-3.
13.1148810^-3= mass/223.154
mass= 2.926g
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how does the number of atoms in a 27.5-gram zinc ring compare to the number in a nickel ring of the same mass?
The number of atoms in a 27.5-gram zinc ring compared to the number in a nickel ring of the same mass contains 1.08 times more atoms than 27.5g of zinc.
You need to convert the masses of zinc and nickel to no. of moles by using
Moles = mass/Relative Atomic Mass
Then you can calculate the number of atoms knowing that 1 mole of any substance contains the Avogadro Constant number of particles (atoms or molecules usually).
So , no. if moles of zinc = 27.5g/65.3
= 0.42 moles.
Since 1 mole contains 6.023 x 10²³ atoms, then 0.15 mole contains (6.023 * 10²³) x 0.42 atoms
= 2.5 10²³ atoms.
Similarly for nickel, no. of moles = 27.5/ 58.6
= 0.46 moles.
This contains (6.023 x 10²³) x 0.46 atoms.
= 2.7 x 10²³ atoms.
So 27.5g of nickel contains 2.7 x 10²³/ 2.5x 10²³ more atoms than 27.5g of zinc.
Thus, 27.5 g nickel contains 1.08 x more atoms than 27.5g of zinc.
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if one atmosphere of pressure is equal to 760 torr, a pressure of 705 torr is equal to what value in atmospheres (atm)?
If one atmosphere of pressure is equal to 760 torr, a pressure of 705 torr is equal to value in atmospheres is 0.96 atm
1 atm = 760 torr
So, 734 torr = (1 atm) (734 torr) /(760 torr)
= 0.96 atm
According to the kinetic theory of gases, gas particles are always in motion and clashing with one another and the container walls they are held in. Although collisions with container walls are elastic (i.e., there is no net energy gain or loss due to the collision), a gas particle does exert a force on the wall during the contact. Pressure is created by the buildup of all these forces, which are dispersed throughout the container's walls. By dividing the total force of all gas particle/wall collisions by the area of the wall, one can calculate pressure (P):
One of the basic measurably present quantities of this phase of matter, pressure, is an effect that all gases have.
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the cell wall stores nutrents water and waste in an plant cell
Answer:large central vacuole
Explanation:
a container with 3.00 moles of gas has a volume of 60.0 l. with a temperature at 400.k, what is the pressure in atm? your answer should have three significant figures (round your answer to two decimal places). use r
The pressure of the gas inside the container is 1.6 atm. .This is calculated by the ideal gas law.
Ideal gas law states that the pressure of ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. The ideal gas law also called the general gas equation. This is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions . The expression for ideal gas law is,
PV = nRT
where, P is the pressure of the gas
V is the volume of the gas
n is the number of moles of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas
A container with 3.00 moles of gas has a volume of 60.0L with a temperature at 400 K. To find the pressure of the gas we have to apply all these value in ideal gas law.
n = 3.0 moles
V = 60.0 L
T = 400 K
From PV = nRT,
P = n RT / V
= (3.0 mole) (0.0821 L-atm. /K-mole)(400 K) / 60.0L
= 1.642 atm.
= 1.6 atm.
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which phases are present at the upper triple point? liquid diamond graphite gas which phase is stable at 100 atm100 atm and 6000 k
1. Graphite, liquid and diamond- The upper point where the lines connect is known as the upper triple point.
2. The "gas" phase of the diagram includes the intersection point, which is located at 100 atm and 6000 K. Therefore, at 100 atm and 6000K, the gas phase is stable.
3. The production of liquid carbon would include starting from the lower triple point by raising the temperature and pressure.
What is phase diagram?
A phase diagram depicts how a substance reacts to changes in temperature and pressure in a confined container. A potential system temperature and pressure combination is represented by each point in this graphic. The substance's solid, liquid, and gaseous states are represented by the three sections that make up the diagram.
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with the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain, the carbohydrate would be classified as a(n)
Aldohexose is the carbohydrate with the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain.
What are carbohydrates?
All carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or chemicals that can be broken down to generate such compounds, and they all include carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Starch, fiber, the sweet-tasting substances known as sugars, and structural components like cellulose are examples of carbohydrates.
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if the anode electrode in a voltaic cell is composed of a metal that participates in the oxidation half-cell reaction, what happens to the electrode?
Where the oxidation reaction occurs is at the anode. Therefore, this is the location where the metal loses electrons. Since it goes from oxidation state 0 to +2 in the reaction above, the anode is the Cu(s). Cathode: The cathode is the site of the reduction reaction.
Oxidation takes place at the anode and reduction at the cathode, as indicated by the mnemonic "Red Cat An Ox." The anode is the negative terminal for the galvanic cell because it is the source of electrons for the current generated by the reaction at the anode.
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salicylic acid was your limiting reagent, and it has a molecular weight of 138.12g/mol. aspirin, your product, has a molecular weight of 180.15 g/mol. what was your percent yield?
Your limiting agent, salicylic acid, has a molar mass of 138.12 g/mol. Your product, aspirin, does have an molecular weight average of 180.15 g/mol. Methyl salicylate volume = 0.259 mL
What alters the skin does salicylic acid?Salicylic acid applied topically heals acne by bringing down redness and swelling and clearing clogged skin pores to encourage pimples to contract. By softer and looserning dry, scaly, or thicker skin so that it slips off or is removed easily, it addresses other skin disorders.
Briefing
mass = number of moles * molar mass
molecular weight of methyl salicylate is 152.1 g/mol
number of moles = 2 mmol = 0.002 moles
mass = 0.002 moles * 152.1 g/mol
mass of methyl salicylate = 0.3042 g
Volume is determined from the density and mass
Volume = mass/density
volume of methyl salicylate = 0.3042 g/ 1.174 g/ml
volume of methyl salicylate = 0.259 mL
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What happens to the chemistry of the seawater as more co2 is absorbed into the oceans?.
The planet's PH decreased, thereby making the water there increasingly acidic.
Why does seawater include compounds?There are numerous distinct chemicals in seawater. Because when freshwater in water evaporates and salt is left behind, several of these chemicals can be seen. Pure substance made up water and oxygen is called water, or H2O.
Is seawater a type of chemical solution?Rainwater and dissolved chemical substances combine to become seawater. A great solvent is water. Juices that dissolve other compounds are known as solvents. Numerous solutes are present in the majority of the earth's water, which includes the moisture in oceans, pools, rivers, and ponds.
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two coordination compounds that have the same ligands arranged differently in space around the central metal ion, but are not mirror images of one another, are called
Geometrical isomerism:- When two coordination compounds differ in the arrangement of their ligands in space around the central metal ion, they are said to be geometrical isomers.
What are geometrical isomers?
A geometric isomer is a type of stereoisomerism. It is also known as cis-trans isomerism. Geometric isomerism occurs due to the banned rotation about carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds in cyclic compounds.
Geometrical isomerism:- When two coordination compounds differ in the arrangement of their ligands in space around the central metal ion, they are said to be geometrical isomers.
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2. When offspring inherit all of their DNA from one parent, they
are
Answer:
Fertilization
5 g of gold and 25 g of silver are mixed to form a single-phase ideal solid solution. (a) how many moles of solution are there? (b) what are the mole fractions of gold and silver?
The moles of the solution are 0.256 mol. the mole fraction of gold 0.097 and the mole fraction of silver is 0.902.
given that :
mass of gold = 5 g
mass of silver = 25 g
molar mass of gold = 196.9 g/mol
molar mass of silver = 107.8 g/mol
a) moles of gold = mass / molar mass
= 5 / 196.9
= 0.025 mol
moles of silver = mass / molar mass
= 25 / 107.8
= 0.231 mol
total moles of solution = 0.025 + 0.231 = 0.256 mol.
b) mole fraction of silver = 0.231 / 0.256
= 0.902
mole fraction of gold = 0.025 / 0.256
= 0.097
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Sort the characteristics below into categories based on whether they describe ice giants or gas giants. Items (6 items) (Drag and drop into the appropriate avea below mantle of water. ammonia, and methane ice have a core made of rock or solid have rings mantle of metallic hydrogen atmosphere of mainly hydrogen and helium atmosphere of mainly hydrogen helium, and methane Categories: Gas Giants, ke Giants, both
Gas giants: atmosphere of mainly hydrogen and helium, mantle of metallic hydrogen
KE giants: atmosphere of mainly hydrogen helium, and methane , mantle of water. ammonia, and methane ice, have a core made of rock or solid
both: have rings
Since helium cannot be produced chemically, our supplies come from the extremely slow radioactive alpha decay that takes place in rocks. Helium can be extracted from rocks and natural gas deposits, but it is around 10,000 times more expensive to do so from the air. It may be found in water, soil, and air and provides plants and animals with the essential nitrogen they require. The natural decomposition of manure and dead plants and animals produces the majority of the ammonia that enters the environment. Fertilizer uses account for 80% of total ammonia production.
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Solution A (pH 4); Solution B (pH 2)
Which one has more H+ ions?
Which one has less OH-ions?
Which one is more basic?
Which one is more acidic?
Solution B (pH 2) has more H+ ions
Solution B (pH2) has less OH- ions
Solution A (pH4) is more basic
Solution B (pH2) is more acidic
What is pH?pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which indicates whether a solution is acidic or alkaline. The pH scale is typically 0 to 14. Aqueous solutions with a pH less than 7 at 25°C are acidic, whereas solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline.
In aqueous solution, acids and bases release H+ ions and OH- ions, respectively, according to Arrhenius theory. Their relative strengths, however, are expressed in terms of pH value, which is the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration. In fact, there is a pH scale that ranges from zero to fourteen. A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered acidic, while one with a pH greater than 7 is considered basic. It should be noted that the pH of a solution decreases as it becomes more acidic. A solution is more alkaline the greater its pH value.
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amp-pnp is a non-hydrolyzable analog of atp that can bind to proteins in a similar manner as atp but is no longer hydrolyzed. predict what would happen to helicase activity if amp-pnp were added to a dna replication reaction.
Since the AMP-PNP is not hydrolyzed, the helicase would no longer work. DNA unwinding by helicase is made possible by conformational changes brought on by ATP binding and hydrolysis.
What happens during DNA replication?A double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to create two identical DNA molecules through the process of DNA replication. Because every time a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must have the same genetic material, or DNA, as the parent cell, replication is a crucial process.
What function does a helicase serve?By using the energy-equivalent ATP, DNA helicases are enzymes that can unwind DNA. All species depend on them for DNA recombination, DNA repair, and replication.
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what volume of dinitrogen pentoxide gas can be synthesized from 2.54 l of nitrogen gas and 1.83 l of oxygen gas
2N2 + 5 O2 → 2 N2O5 Because there is more N2 than what would be required to complete the reaction (1.83 x (2/5) = 0.732 liter of N2), O2 is the limiting reactant and N2 is in excess. (2 mol N2O5 / 5 mol O2) x (1.83 L O2) = 0.732 L N2O5
What is the Gay-Lussac equation?Gay Lussac Law Calculation
The results of fresh experiments by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac were published in 1808 along with a generalization that has since become known as Gay-law Lussac's of mixing gases. If the gas volume remains constant, the Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to the gas volume. V 1 T 1 = V 2 T 2.
What is a case of Gay-Lussac legislation?The tire pressure of a car increases after driving. This is due to the air inside the tires heating up as a result of friction (a contact force) between the tires and the road. Gay-Law Lussac states that because the air cannot expand because the tires are effectively fixed-volume containers, the pressure rises.
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this carrier molecule in the etc can bypass the next carrier in the chain and transfer electrons directly to oxygen producing two highly potent cellular toxins-hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and superoxide radical (o2-). what is this carrier molecule?
This transport molecule is a flavoprotein. Because this carrier molecule in the chain can bypass the following carrier and transmit electrons to oxygen directly, hydrogen peroxide is produced.
Which is a pair of extremely strong cellular poisons. Proteins known as flavoproteins include a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin. The elimination of radicals that cause oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and DNA repair are just a few of the biological processes that flavoproteins are engaged in. A group of two or more atoms bound together by the attractive forces known as chemical bonds is referred to as a molecule; depending on the context, the term may or may not include ions that meet this requirement.
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if you have a complex ion in aqueous solution and the solutionis yellow, what is the approximate wavelength of visible light thatis being most effectively absorbed by the complex?
Answer:
10 pts
Explanation:
1. 14.61 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to make 500 ml of solution. (show work) a. what is the mass/volume %? b. what is the molarity of this solution?
14.61 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to make 500 ml of solution. (show work) a. what is the mass/volume %? b. what is the molarity of this solution? 0.499 (approx)
Mass of sodium chloride, msolute=14.61 g (given)
Volume of solution,v solution=500 ml=0.5 litres (given)
a. Mass/volume % is ratio of mass of solute in grams and volume of solution in ml multiplied from 100%
Mass/volume%=(msolute/vsolution)*100%
=(14.61/500)*100%
Mass/volume%=2.928%
b. Mass of sodium is 23 and chlorine is 35.5
Molecular mass of sodium chloride ie NaCl=23*1+35.5*1=58.5
Number of moles of NaCl is found by dividing mass of NaCl in grams by molecular mass of NaCl,
Number of moles of NaCl,nsolute=14.61/58.5
Molarity of the solution is found by dividing number of moles of solute ie sodium chloride (NaCl) from volume of solution in litres,
Thus,
Molarity of solution=nsolute/vsolution
=(14.61/58.5) / 0.5
=0.499 (approx)
Sodium chloride is used as an electrolyte replenisher to assist save you warmth cramps as a result of an excessive amount of sweating. This medicinal drug is likewise used for the coaching of normal isotonic answer of sodium chloride. This medicinal drug is to be had without prescription.
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the enthalpy of neutralization for all strong acid-strong base reactions should be the same within experimental error. will that also be the case for all weak acid-strong base reactions?
No, the enthalpy of neutralization for weak acid-strong base reactions will not be the same as for strong acid-strong base reactions.
This is because weak acids do not react as readily and completely with strong bases as strong acids do, resulting in a lower enthalpy of neutralization. Additionally, the extent of the reaction between a weak acid and a strong base will depend on the relative strengths of the two reactants, as well as the concentrations of the reactants.
Therefore, the enthalpy of neutralization for a weak acid-strong base reaction can vary depending on the specific reaction and the concentrations of the reactants.
Any neutralization reaction between a strong acid and strong alkali actually comes down to the same thing i.e.
H⁺ + OH⁻-------> H₂O,
as all the other ions present are spectator ions and so don't play an active part in the reaction. As the overall reaction is always the same irrespective of the acid or alkali the enthalpy change will also be the same.
If a weak acid is used the enthalpy change will be less exothermic as some of the energy evolved will be canceled out by the energy needed to complete the dissociation of the incompletely dissociated acid during the reaction
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given that the solubility reaction for calcium phosphate is ca3(po4)2(s)⇌3ca2 (aq) 2po43−(aq) why does the addition of acid increase the solubility of calcium phosphate?
It lowers the concentration of phosphate ions, shifting the balance to the left.
What does the word "solubility" actually mean?The maximum number of a chemical that will disintegrate in such a solvent at a given temperature is referred to as its solubility. Varying compounds have very high solubility, which is a characteristic of a particular solute-solvent pair.
What's an illustration of solubility?The quantity of solute in one liters of a saturated solution, or solubility, is measured in grams. For instance, their solubility in water at 25 oC might be displayed as 12 g/L. The amount of solute per milliliter of saturated solution is measured by its molar solubility. As an illustration, positive and significant at 1 mol/L at 25 oC.
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you are analysing a molecule with two adjacent and non equivalent groups of hydrogens. group a has 2 hydrogens and group b has 2 hydrogens. how many peaks will group a's nmr signal be split due to spin-spin coupling? express your answer as an integer (x).
Resonance is a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules. Here, the bonding cannot be expressed by a single Lewis formula.
When a nuclei are in an EM radiation with a proper frequency, the nuclei aligned with the field will absorb energy and spin flip. When the spin flip happens, the nuclei are said to in resonance with the field. Thus, this technique is NMR ( Nuclear magnetic resonance).
How to calculate peaks due to spin spin coupling?
In general NMR resonance will split into (n+1) peaks where n is the number of hydrogens on the adjacent atom due to spin spin coupling.
So, for group A, n=3
Therefore, number of peaks in group A's NMR signal =3+1=4
Therefore, 4 peaks is the main answer
A quartret will be formed in 1:3:3:1 ratio.
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a 25.0 ml sample of h2so4 requires 20.0 ml of 2.00 m koh for complete neutralization. what is the molarity of the acid? h2so4 2koh → k2so4 2h2o
The molarity of the acid is 0.1M.
At the equivalence point, the addition is terminated.An exact equivalent amount of titrant has been added to the sample at the equivalence point of a titration. The end point is the experimental point at which a signal indicating the end of the reaction appears. A change in an indicator's color or an alteration in an electrical property that is detected during the titration can serve as this signal. The titration error, which is the difference between the end point and the equivalence point, is minimized by carefully selecting an end-point signal and a technique for detecting it.M=n/c
=2/20
=0.1M
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Which type of noncovalent interaction supports the double helix of dna and produces the base pairings a–t and g–c?.
The type of non-covalent interaction between the base pairing of a double helix of DNA molecule is hydrogen bonding.
The nucleic acids are categorized into two types that are as follows:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The pairing of bases occurs in both RNA and DNA molecules. The bases that are present in DNA molecules are guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine while the bases that are present in RNA molecules are adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine.
In a DNA molecule, the pairing is done in a way that A is always paired with T, while G is paired with C and in RNA the base T is replaced by U. There exist hydrogen bonding between base pair and double helix of DNA molecule, they are weak bond and can be broken down easily.
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what is the percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution that is 0.181 m? the acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant, ka, of this acid is 2.32×10−11 . percent ionization
The percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution that is 0.181 m the acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant, ka, of this acid is 2.32×10−11 is 1.13x10^-3 T%
The concentration of solution of 0.433 M.
The Ka of the acid is 2.32 x 10~
~and the solution has a concentration of 0.181T M.
We can calculate the hydronium ion concentration by using the equation: |
Ka=[H3O+][A-]/HA-][H3O+]
[H3O+]=[A-]
[H3O+]^2=Ka[HA]
[H3O+]^2= 2.32X10^-11x0.181M[H3O+]=2.049195x10^-6 M
We can then calculate the percent ionization using the equation:
Percent ionisation= [H3O+]/[HA]x100
Percent ionisation= 2.049195x10^-6 M/0.181 M=1.13x10^-3 %
The percent ionization is 1.13x10^-3 %
The percent ionization of a 0.433 M solution of the monoprotic acid is 0.00113%
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The percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution that is 0.181M is 0.001132%
It is given that the concentration of the monoprotic acid is 0.181M and the acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant, ka, of this acid is 2.32×10^−11.To find the percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution, the following steps are to be followed,
[H+] = √Ka x C
On substituting the values of Ka and the concentration of the acid, we get
[H+] = √2.32 x10⁻¹¹ x 0.181
= √0.4199x10⁻¹¹
[H+] = 2.049 x 10⁻⁶M
The dissociation is given by,
AH + H₂O -------> A- + H₃O⁺
[H+] = [A-] = 2.049 x 10⁻⁶M
[HA] at equilibrium is given by
= 0.181-2.049 x 10⁻⁶
=0.180997
The percentage of ionization is given by,
Percentage ionization = [H₃O⁺]/[HA] x 100
On substituting,
Percentage ionization = 2.049 x 10⁻⁶/0.181x100
= 1.132 x 10⁻³%
Percentage ionization = 0.001132%
Therefore the percentage ionization is 0.001132%
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which material has carbon atoms interspersed with iron atoms in its molecular structure? responses steel steel malachite malachite hematite hematite bauxite
The carbon atoms interspersed with iron atoms in its molecular structure has steel.
The carbon atom have the chemical symbol of C. the atomic number of the carbon is 6. the electronic configuration of the carbon atom is 1s² 2s² 2p². the iron atom has the chemical symbol of Fe. the iron atom having the atomic number 26. the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s².
The steel is an alloy which is made up of the iron with the added carbon to it .the carbon improve its strength compared to the irons. steel is the alloy which is made up of the iron and the carbon.
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what is oxidation? what is reduction? what are the oxidation states of cu and zn (both species) in the following reaction: cu2 (aq) zn(s) → cu(s) zn2 (aq) what is oxidized? what is reduced?
Oxidation: Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.
Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion decreases.
Reduction: Reduction involves a half-reaction in which a chemical species decreases its oxidation number, usually by gaining electrons. The other half of the reaction involves oxidation, in which electrons are lost. Together, reduction and oxidation form redox reactions (reduction-oxidation = redox). Reduction may be considered the opposite process of oxidation.
Cu(aq) + Zn(s) = Cu (s) + Zn2+ ( aq)
(2+) (0) ( 0) (2+)
In this reaction, Zn is oxidised and Cu is reduced.
What do you mean by redox reaction?
Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which the reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The term ‘redox’ is a short form of reduction-oxidation. All the redox reactions can be broken down into two different processes – a reduction process and an oxidation process.
The oxidation and reduction reactions always occur simultaneously in redox or Oxidation-Reduction reactions. The substance getting reduced in a chemical reaction is known as the oxidizing agent, while a substance that is getting oxidized is known as the reducing agent.
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