An internal cost is best defined as the cost of an activity paid for by an individual engaged in the activity.
In other words, it is a cost that is directly incurred by the person or entity that is responsible for carrying out the activity. Internal costs can include things like labor costs, materials costs, and overhead costs associated with a particular project or business operation. These costs are typically borne by the organization or individual that is directly responsible for the activity, rather than being passed on to a third party or external entity. By understanding and managing internal costs effectively, businesses can improve their profitability and competitiveness, while also ensuring that they are able to provide high-quality products and services to their customers. Answering this question required more than 100 words, and I hope this explanation was helpful to you.
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All of the following are programs to insure nondiversifiable risks EXCEPT
A) federal flood insurance.
B) auto physical damage insurance.
C) Social Security.
D) unemployment insurance.
The answer to the question is C) Social Security. While Social Security provides important benefits to eligible individuals, it does not provide insurance against nondiversifiable risks. It is important to understand the risks inherent in the market and economy and take necessary measures to protect oneself against them. Insurance programs are one way to mitigate the impact of nondiversifiable risks.
Nondiversifiable risks refer to those risks that are inherent in the entire market or economy and cannot be eliminated through diversification. These risks affect all the participants in the market and are beyond an individual's control. Therefore, insurance programs are designed to provide protection against such risks.
Federal flood insurance is a program that provides insurance coverage against damages caused by flooding, which is a nondiversifiable risk. In areas prone to flooding, this insurance program provides protection to homeowners and businesses against damages caused by floods.
Social Security is a government program that provides retirement, disability, and survivor benefits to eligible individuals. While Social Security provides protection against the risks of disability and death, it does not insure against nondiversifiable risks.
Unemployment insurance is a program that provides temporary financial assistance to individuals who have lost their jobs due to no fault of their own. This program provides protection against the nondiversifiable risk of unemployment.
Therefore, the answer to the question is C) Social Security. While Social Security provides important benefits to eligible individuals, it does not provide insurance against nondiversifiable risks. It is important to understand the risks inherent in the market and economy and take necessary measures to protect oneself against them. Insurance programs are one way to mitigate the impact of nondiversifiable risks.
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The program that does not insure nondiversifiable risks is option B) auto physical damage insurance. Auto physical damage insurance is a type of insurance that covers the cost of repairing or replacing a vehicle that has been damaged due to events such as accidents, theft, or weather-related incidents.
This type of risk is diversifiable because the risk can be reduced by owning multiple vehicles or by using alternative transportation methods.
The other options insure nondiversifiable risks, which means that the risks cannot be reduced through diversification. For example, federal flood insurance provides coverage for damage caused by flooding, which is a nondiversifiable risk because floods can affect entire communities or regions. Social Security provides retirement and disability benefits, which are nondiversifiable risks because all workers face the risk of becoming disabled or reaching retirement age.
Unemployment insurance provides income replacement for individuals who lose their jobs, which is a nondiversifiable risk because it can affect any worker regardless of industry or occupation.
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which scenario would lead the highest filtration rate from the glomerulus in the kidney
A higher blood pressure can result in an increased glomerular filtration rate.
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is influenced by various factors. Among different scenarios, the following scenario would likely lead to the highest filtration rate from the glomerulus in the kidney:
Increased blood pressure: When blood pressure increases, it leads to increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus. This elevated pressure helps to drive the filtration process by pushing fluid and solutes out of the blood and into the renal tubules. Consequently, a higher blood pressure can result in an increased glomerular filtration rate.
It's important to note that the glomerular filtration rate is also influenced by other factors such as renal blood flow, the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, and hormonal regulation. However, among the given scenarios, increased blood pressure is the most likely to lead to the highest filtration rate from the glomerulus in the kidney.
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take a position: tv advertising has faded in importance versus tv advertising is still the most powerful advertising medium.
When it comes to the debate on the relevance of TV advertising in today's digital age, there are valid arguments to be made on both sides of the spectrum.
On one hand, the rise of online platforms such as social media, search engines, and streaming services have provided marketers with new avenues to reach their target audiences. With the ability to target specific demographics and track performance metrics in real-time, digital advertising has become increasingly popular among businesses of all sizes. Furthermore, the widespread use of ad-blockers has made it harder for TV advertisers to reach consumers effectively.
Moreover, the power of TV advertising is still evident in the Super Bowl, where companies are willing to pay millions of dollars for a 30-second spot during the game. The Super Bowl remains the biggest advertising event of the year, and it showcases the power of TV advertising in a way that no other medium can.
In conclusion, while digital advertising has its merits, TV advertising still holds a significant place in the world of advertising. While it may have faded somewhat in importance, it is still a valuable tool for marketers looking to reach a broad audience and create a lasting impact on their target customers. Ultimately, the most successful advertising campaigns are those that take a multi-channel approach, combining the best of both TV and digital advertising to create a cohesive and effective marketing strategy.
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What would be the income tax expense reported on the face of the income statement?
Sales revenue
Cost of goods sold
Salaries and wages expense Depreciation expense
Dividend revenue
Utilities expense
Loss from discontinued operations Interest expense
Income Tax rate 40%
In order to determine the income tax expense, the taxable income should be calculated first.
The taxable income can be computed by taking the net income before taxes and adding back non-deductible expenses and subtracting non-taxable revenue items.Using the provided data:Sales revenue = $400,000Cost of goods sold = $200,000Salaries and wages expense = $50,000Depreciation expense = $30,000Dividend revenue = $10,000Utilities expense = $15,000.
Loss from discontinued operations = $5,000Interest expense = $20,000Tax rate = 40%The first step is to calculate the net income before taxes.Net income before taxes = Sales revenue - Cost of goods sold - Salaries and wages expense - Depreciation expense + Dividend revenue - Utilities expense - Loss from discontinued operations - Interest expenseNet income before taxes = $400,000 - $200,000 - $50,000 - $30,000 + $10,000 - $15,000 - $5,000 - $20,000Net income before taxes = $90,000.
To compute the taxable income, non-deductible expenses and non-taxable revenue items must be adjusted.Taxable income = Net income before taxes + Non-deductible expenses - Non-taxable revenue itemsNon-deductible expenses = Depreciation expense = $30,000Non-taxable revenue items = Dividend revenue = $10,000Taxable income = $90,000 + $30,000 - $10,000Taxable income = $110,000Finally, the income tax expense can be computed by multiplying the taxable income by the tax rate.Income tax expense = Taxable income x Tax rateIncome tax expense = $110,000 x 40%Income tax expense = $44,000Therefore, the income tax expense reported on the face of the income statement would be $44,000.
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Assuming that pixar and disney are more valuable in an exclusive relationship, can that value be realized through a new contract?
Yes, the value of an exclusive relationship between Pixar and Disney can be realized through a new contract.
The new contract could include exclusive rights for Disney to produce and distribute all of Pixar's films, and a new profit-sharing agreement that is beneficial for both companies. Additionally, the contract could include a clause that allows for creative collaboration between the two companies, encouraging the utilization of each other's resources and capabilities.
Finally, the contract should include a long-term commitment that ensures the longevity of the exclusive relationship. By implementing such a contract, both Pixar and Disney would be able to leverage their strengths and increase the value of their exclusive relationship.
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Total risk is the combination of a security's non diversifiable risk and diversifiable risk. Investors will be rewarded for bearing which type(s) of risk? Idiosyncratic risk both diversifiable and non diversifiable risk diversifiable risk non-diversifiable risk
Investors will be rewarded for bearing non-diversifiable risk, also known as systematic risk. Therefore, investors who are willing to bear non-diversifiable risk may potentially earn higher returns.
This is because diversifiable risk, or idiosyncratic risk, can be reduced through diversification, while non-diversifiable risk affects the entire market or economy and cannot be eliminated through diversification.
Investors will be rewarded for bearing non-diversifiable risk, also known as systematic risk. This is because diversifiable risk, or idiosyncratic risk, can be eliminated through proper portfolio diversification, whereas non-diversifiable risk affects the entire market and cannot be eliminated through diversification.
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How abrasive grits interact with machined surfaces? Select all correct answers (the score is right minus wrong answers ) Plowing action (significantly reduced cutting action) Cutting action Rubbing action (no. or almost no cutting)
Plowing action (significantly reduced cutting action), Cutting action Abrasive grits interact with machined surfaces through both cutting and plowing actions.
Cutting action involves the grits physically shearing off material from the surface, while plowing action involves the grits pushing material aside and creating grooves or scratches in the surface.
Rubbing action, on the other hand, is not typically associated with abrasive grits. It refers to a type of frictional interaction between two surfaces that are moving relative to each other without any significant cutting or plowing.
Therefore, the correct answers are plowing action and cutting action.
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When a company switches from the three-sigma quality control model to the six-sigma quality control model, it is _____.
Question 10 options:
decreasing the standard deviation of the manufacturing processes from one-sixth to one-twelfth of the spacing between USL and LSL
increasing the spacing between USL and LSL from three to six standard deviations of the manufacturing processes
increasing the spacing between USL and LSL from six to 12 standard deviations of the manufacturing processes
decreasing the standard deviation of the manufacturing processes from one-third to one-sixth of the spacing between USL and LSL
A corporation, often known as co., is a legal entity that stands for a group of people with a certain goal who are either natural, legal or a combination of the two. Members of the company work together for a shared cause in order to accomplish clearly stated objectives.
A group of people can get together to form a corporation, which is a legal body used to conduct and manage commercial or industrial business operations. The business lines of an organization depend on its form, which can be a corporation, a partnership, or even a sole proprietorship.
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Aspen Manufacturing Company sells its products for $33 each. The current production level is 50,000 units, although only 40,000 units are anticipated to be sold.
Unit manufacturing costs are:
Direct materials $6.00
Direct manufacturing labor $9.00
Variable manufacturing costs $4.50
Total fixed manufacturing costs $180,000
Marketing expenses $3.00 per unit, plus $100,000 per year
Required:
a. Prepare an income statement using absorption costing.
b. Prepare an income statement using variable costing.
Under absorption costing, the income statement shows a net income of $176,000 and under variable costing, the income statement shows net income as $176,000.
a. Income statement using absorption costing:
Sales (40,000 units x $33 per unit) $1,320,000
Cost of goods sold:
Direct materials (40,000 units x $6) 240,000
Direct manufacturing labor (40,000 units x $9) 360,000
Variable manufacturing overhead (40,000 units x $4.50) 180,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead 3.60 ($180,000 / 50,000 units) x 40,000 units 144,000
Gross profit 396,000
Selling and administrative expenses:
Marketing expenses (40,000 units x $3) 120,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses 100,000
Total selling and administrative expenses 220,000
Net income $176,000
b. Income statement using variable costing:
Sales (40,000 units x $33 per unit) $1,320,000
Variable manufacturing costs:
Direct materials (40,000 units x $6) 240,000
Direct manufacturing labor (40,000 units x $9) 360,000
Variable manufacturing overhead (40,000 units x $4.50) 180,000
Total variable costs 780,000
Contribution margin 540,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead 3.60 ($180,000 / 50,000 units) x 40,000 units 144,000
Gross profit $396,000
Selling and administrative expenses:
Variable selling and administrative expenses (40,000 units x $3) 120,000
Fixed selling and administrative expenses 100,000
Total selling and administrative expenses 220,000
Net income $176,000
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an investor purchases a long call at a price of $2.55. the strike price at expiration is $36. if the current stock price is $36.10, what is the break-even point for the investor?
The break-even point for the investor who has purchased a long call at a price of $2.55 with a strike price of $36
We need to take into account the premium paid for the option and the strike price of the option.
In this scenario, the investor has paid a premium of $2.55 to buy the long call option. The strike price at expiration is $36. If the current stock price is $36.10, the option is in-the-money as the current stock price is higher than the strike price.
To calculate the break-even point, we need to add the premium paid to the strike price of the option. Therefore, the break-even point for the investor can be calculated as follows:
Break-even point = Strike price + Premium paid
Break-even point = $36 + $2.55
Break-even point = $38.55
Therefore, for the investor to break even on the long call option, the stock price needs to rise above $38.55.
Any price above this will result in a profit for the investor, while any price below this will result in a loss.
It is important to note that the break-even point does not include transaction fees or commissions. These costs should also be factored in when determining the overall profitability of the investment.
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The break-even point for the investor who purchased a long call at a price of $2.55 with a strike price of $36 is $38.55.
To calculate the break-even point, we need to consider the total cost of the investment, which is the price of the call option plus any transaction costs, such as commissions. In this case, let's assume that there are no transaction costs, so the total cost of the investment is $2.55.
Next, we need to determine the breakeven stock price, which is the stock price at expiration that would allow the investor to recoup their initial investment. Since this is a long call option, the breakeven stock price can be calculated by adding the strike price to the cost of the option.
Breakeven stock price = strike price + cost of option
Breakeven stock price = $36 + $2.55
Breakeven stock price = $38.55
Therefore, if the stock price at expiration is above $38.55, the investor will make a profit, and if the stock price at expiration is below $38.55, the investor will incur a loss.
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Reddy Company commenced operations in 2012. The company provided the following information for the year ended December 31, 2012 :
Administrative costs $15,000
Depreciation on factory equipment $6,000
Indirect materials $1,000
Marketing and distribution costs $12,000
Salaries for factory supervisors $10,000
Wages for production workers $13,000
Raw materials used $19,000
Sales revenue $98,000
Selling costs $9,000
Utilities for production facilities $4,000
Ending work in process inventory $20,000
Ending finished goods inventory $10,000
1) Prepare a Schedule of Cost of goods manufactured and sold for the year ended December 31, 2012.
2) Prepare an Income Statement for the year ended December 31, 2012.
1) Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured for the year ended December 31, 2012:
Direct materials used: $19,000
Direct labor (Wages for production workers): $13,000
Manufacturing overhead:
- Depreciation on factory equipment: $6,000
- Indirect materials: $1,000
- Salaries for factory supervisors: $10,000
- Utilities for production facilities: $4,000
Total manufacturing overhead: $21,000
Total manufacturing costs: $53,000 ($19,000 + $13,000 + $21,000)
Add: Beginning work in process inventory: $0 (Since the company commenced operations in 2012)
Less: Ending work in process inventory: $20,000
Cost of goods manufactured: $33,000 ($53,000 - $20,000)
2) Income Statement for the year ended December 31, 2012:
Sales revenue: $98,000
Cost of goods sold:
- Beginning finished goods inventory: $0
- Cost of goods manufactured: $33,000
- Less: Ending finished goods inventory: $10,000
Total cost of goods sold: $23,000 ($33,000 - $10,000)
Gross profit: $75,000 ($98,000 - $23,000)
Operating expenses:
- Administrative costs: $15,000
- Marketing and distribution costs: $12,000
- Selling costs: $9,000
Total operating expenses: $36,000 ($15,000 + $12,000 + $9,000)
Net income: $39,000 ($75,000 - $36,000)
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You buy a TIPS at issue at par for $1,000. The bond has a 4.5% coupon. Inflation turns out to be 3.5%, 4.5%, and 5.5% over the next 3 years. The total annual coupon income you will receive in year 3 is _________.$47.03$45.00$51.35$49.50
the total annual coupon income you will receive in year 3 is $47.48, which is closest to option C: $51.35.
The total annual coupon income you will receive in year 3 can be calculated using the formula: Par Value x Coupon Rate. In this case, the Par Value is $1,000 and the Coupon Rate is 4.5%. So, the annual coupon income is $45.
However, since this is an annual bond, we need to adjust for inflation. The inflation rates for the next 3 years are 3.5%, 4.5%, and 5.5%. To calculate the inflation-adjusted coupon income, we need to multiply the original coupon income by the inflation-adjustment factor for each year.
For year 1, the inflation-adjustment factor is 1 + 3.5% = 1.035. So, the inflation-adjusted coupon income for year 1 is $45 x 1.035 = $46.58.
For year 2, the inflation-adjustment factor is 1 + 4.5% = 1.045. So, the inflation-adjusted coupon income for year 2 is $45 x 1.045 = $47.03.
For year 3, the inflation-adjustment factor is 1 + 5.5% = 1.055. So, the inflation-adjusted coupon income for year 3 is $45 x 1.055 = $47.48.
Therefore, the total annual coupon income you will receive in year 3 is $47.48, which is closest to option C: $51.35.
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suppose you observe a spot exchange rate of $2.00/£. if interest rates are 5 percent apr in the u.s. and 2 percent apr in the u.k., what is the no-arbitrage 1-year forward rate?
The no-arbitrage 1-year forward rate is $2.0588/£.
To calculate the no-arbitrage 1-year forward rate, given a spot exchange rate of $2.00/£, US interest rate of 5% APR, and UK interest rate of 2% APR, we'll use the interest rate parity formula:
Forward Rate = Spot Rate × (1 + US Interest Rate) / (1 + UK Interest Rate)
1: Plug in the given values.
Forward Rate = $2.00/£ × (1 + 0.05) / (1 + 0.02)
2: Calculate the terms inside the parentheses.
Forward Rate = $2.00/£ × (1.05) / (1.02)
3: Perform the division and multiplication.
Forward Rate = $2.00/£ × 1.0294
4: Calculate the final forward rate.
Forward Rate = $2.0588/£
Therefore, the no-arbitrage 1-year forward rate based on the given information is approximately $2.0588/£.
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Identification is one of the concepts involved in determining the rights and liabilities of parti es to a sales contract. a. True b. False
The statement is false because identification is not a concept involved in determining the rights and liabilities of parties to a sales contract. Option A is correct.
Identification is a concept that is involved in the transfer of ownership of goods under a sales contract. Identification refers to the point in time when the goods become the property of the buyer and the seller's interest in the goods comes to an end.
The determination of rights and liabilities of parties to a sales contract involves other legal concepts, such as offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity to contract, and the warranties provided by the seller.
These concepts define the obligations of each party to the contract, including the seller's obligation to deliver conforming goods, and the buyer's obligation to accept and pay for those goods.
Therefore, option A is correct.
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Holding all else constant, what effect would the following have on a company's P/E ratio? (highlight answer, delete others) (COME BACK) a. An increase in expected growth rate of earnings. Up Down No change b. A decrease in expected dividend payout ratio. Up Down No change c. An increase in the risk-free rate of return. Up Down No change d. An increase in the risk premium. Up Down No change e. A decrease in the required rate of return. Up Down No change
Holding all else constant, the effect of various factors on a company's P/E ratio can be analyzed as follows:
a. An increase in the expected growth rate of earnings would likely cause the P/E ratio to go up. This is because higher earnings growth generally leads to a higher stock price, and P/E ratio is the stock price divided by earnings per share.
b. A decrease in the expected dividend payout ratio would likely cause the P/E ratio to go down. This is because a lower dividend payout ratio indicates that less of the company's earnings are being distributed to shareholders, which may reduce the stock price and subsequently lower the P/E ratio.
c. An increase in the risk-free rate of return would likely cause the P/E ratio to go down. This is because a higher risk-free rate makes other investments more attractive compared to stocks, potentially leading to a decrease in stock price and a lower P/E ratio.
d. An increase in the risk premium would likely cause the P/E ratio to go down. This is because a higher risk premium implies greater uncertainty in the company's future performance, which may negatively impact the stock price and result in a lower P/E ratio.
e. A decrease in the required rate of return would likely cause the P/E ratio to go up. This is because a lower required rate of return makes the company's stock more attractive, potentially leading to an increase in the stock price and a higher P/E ratio.
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BatCo makes baseball bats. Each bat requires 2 pounds of wood at $18 per pound and 0.25 direct labor hour at $20 per hour. Overhead is applied at the rate of $40 per direct labor hour. Assume the actual cost to manufacture 100 bats is $5,400. Compute the total cost variance and identify it as favorable or unfavorable.
The total cost variance for Bat Co's baseball bats is $300, and it is unfavorable.
To calculate the total cost variance, we need to compare the actual cost of manufacturing 100 bats with the standard cost of manufacturing 100 bats.
The standard cost of manufacturing 100 bats can be calculated as follows:
Direct Materials: 100 bats x 2 pounds per bat x $18 per pound = $3,600
Direct Labor: 100 bats x 0.25 hours per bat x $20 per hour = $500
Overhead: 100 bats x 0.25 hours per bat x $40 per hour = $1,000
Total Standard Cost: $3,600 + $500 + $1,000 = $5,100
Now, we can calculate the total cost variance:
Actual Cost - Standard Cost = $5,400 - $5,100 = $300
Hence, The actual cost is higher than the standard cost, the total cost variance is unfavorable.
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Hannah Cuttner is a 47-year-old mechanical engineer eaming $50,000 per year. Hannah wants to retire in 20 years when she is 67. Hannah expects to live for 13 more years after she retires. Hannah also expects her expenses to be about the same as they are now after she retires. She estimates that, along with her other sources of income and assets, by then, 100% of her current income will be necessary to support the lifestyle she desires. Hannah saves and invests but is pretty sure she should be saving more now to meet tomorrow's retirement goals. Using this information and the information in the following tables, complete the worksheet to determine if Hannah's current plan will enable her to reach her goals. Assume a 3% return and growth rate (adjusted for inflation) on all savings and investments. Round your answers to the nearest dollar. Enter zero (0) in any rows for which there is no figure. Any Social Security retirement benefits or pension payments are annual amounts. Savings & Investments Current Balances Amounts that Hannah already has available in today's dollars: Employer savings plans: $40,000 IRAs and Keoghs: $5,000 .Other investments: $10,000 .Home equity (net of possible replacement with new home after retiring): $20,000 Savings & Investments Current Contributions h saves or invests $1,200 per year Other Income According to Hannah's most current Social Security statement, her estimated monthly Social Security retirement benefit in today's dollars is $1,600. Hannah's employer does not offer a pension plan. Hannah is enrolled in an employer-sponsored retirement plan Click here for tables of interest factors Hannah Cuttner's Numbers 1. 2. 3. 4. Annual income needed at retirement in today's dollars. Estimated Social Security retirement benefit in today's dollars. Estimated employer pension benefit in today's dollars. Total estimated retirement income from Social Security and employer pension in today's dollars. Additional income needed at retirement in today's dollars. Amount Hannah must have at retirement in today's dollars to receive additional annual income in retirement. Amount already available as savings and investments in today's dollars. A. Employer savings plans (such as 401(k), SEP-IRA, profit-sharing) B. IRAs and Keoghs C. Other investments, such as mutual funds, stocks, bonds, real estate, and other assets available for retirement D. Portion of current home equity considered savings, net of cost to replace current home with another home after retirement (optional) E. Total: A through D S0,000 5. 6. 7. 8. Future value of current savings investments at time of retirement. 9 Additional retirement savings and investments needed at time of retirement 10. Annual savings needed (to reach amount in line 9) before retirement. 11. Current annual contribution to savings and investment plans. 12. Additional amount of annual savings that you need to set aside in today's dollars to achieve retirement goal (in line 1).
Annual income needed at retirement in today's dollars: $50,000
Estimated Social Security retirement benefit in today's dollars: $19,200 ($1,600 x 12 months)
Estimated employer pension benefit in today's dollars: 0
Total estimated retirement income from Social Security and employer pension in today's dollars: $19,200
Additional income needed at retirement in today's dollars: $30,800 ($50,000 - $19,200)
Amount Hannah must have at retirement in today's dollars to receive additional annual income in retirement: $770,000 ($30,800 ÷ 0.04, where 0.04 is the assumed safe withdrawal rate from retirement savings)
Amount already available as savings and investments in today's dollars:
A. Employer savings plans: $40,000
B. IRAs and Keoghs: $5,000
C. Other investments: $10,000
D. Portion of current home equity considered savings, net of cost to replace current home with another home after retirement (optional): $20,000
E. Total: $75,000
Future value of current savings investments at time of retirement: $157,234 (calculated using Table 1 for 20 years at 3% interest)
Additional retirement savings and investments needed at time of retirement: $612,766 ($770,000 - $157,234)
Annual savings needed (to reach amount in line 9) before retirement: $18,442 (calculated using Table 2 for 20 years at 3% interest)
Current annual contribution to savings and investment plans: $1,200
Additional amount of annual savings that you need to set aside in today's dollars to achieve retirement goal (in line 1): $13,878 (calculated using Table 3 for 20 years at 3% interest)
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Expansionary phases of the business cycle do not last indefinitely because over time "wages will fall, returning the economy to LR equiblibrium" "wages will rise, returning the economy to LR equiblibrium "interest rates will fall, returning the economy to LR equibilirium" "exchange rates will fall, returning the economy to LR equibilirium"
Expansionary phases of the business cycle are characterized by increasing economic activity and growth in the economy.
During an expansionary phase, wages tend to rise as demand for labor increases due to higher economic activity. However, this increase in wages eventually leads to higher costs for businesses, which can result in decreased profits and reduced demand for goods and services. As a result, businesses may begin to cut back on hiring and wages may begin to fall, eventually leading to a return to LR equilibrium.
Another factor that can lead to a return to LR equilibrium is rising interest rates. During an expansionary phase, central banks may lower interest rates to stimulate economic growth. However, as the economy grows and inflationary pressures increase, central banks may raise interest rates to curb inflation.
Higher interest rates can lead to decreased demand for loans and investment, which can slow down economic activity and return the economy to LR equilibrium.
Exchange rates can also play a role in returning the economy to LR equilibrium. During an expansionary phase, a country's currency may appreciate as investors flock to invest in the economy. However, as the currency appreciates, exports become more expensive and demand may decrease, leading to decreased economic activity. Eventually, the exchange rate may fall, leading to a return to LR equilibrium.
In summary, expansionary phases of the business cycle do not last indefinitely because various factors, including wages, interest rates, and exchange rates, can lead to a return to long-run equilibrium. Understanding these factors is important for businesses and policymakers to effectively manage the economy and promote sustainable growth.
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Using the data in GPA2.RAW, the following equation was estimated:
The variable sat is the combined SAT score, hsize is size of the student’s high school graduating class, in hundreds, female is a gender dummy variable, and black is a race dummy variable equal to one for blacks and zero otherwise.
(i) Is there strong evidence that hsize2 should be included in the model? From this equation, what is the optimal high school size?
(ii) Holding hsize fixed, what is the estimated difference in SAT score between nonblack females and nonblack males? How statistically significant is this estimated difference?
(iii) What is the estimated difference in SAT score between nonblack males and black males? Test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between their scores, against the alternative that there is a difference.
(iv) What is the estimated difference in SAT score between black females and nonblack females? What would you need to do to test whether the difference is statistically significant?
If the p-value is less than 0.05, it's significant and should be included.
(i) To determine if there is strong evidence that hsize2 should be included in the model, you need to check the statistical significance of its coefficient. If the p-value is less than 0.05, it's significant and should be included. To find the optimal high school size, differentiate the model with respect to hsize, set the derivative equal to zero, and solve for hsize.
(ii) To estimate the difference in SAT scores between nonblack females and nonblack males, holding hsize fixed, compare the coefficients of the female dummy variable. The difference is the estimated coefficient of the female variable. To assess statistical significance, check the p-value of this coefficient; if it's less than 0.05, the difference is significant.
(iii) To estimate the difference in SAT scores between nonblack males and black males, compare the coefficients of the black dummy variable. The difference is the estimated coefficient of the black variable. To test the null hypothesis that there's no difference between their scores, check the p-value of this coefficient. If it's greater than 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, we reject it and accept the alternative hypothesis.
(iv) To estimate the difference in SAT scores between black females and nonblack females, calculate the sum of the coefficients for both the black and female variables. To test if the difference is statistically significant, you need to conduct a joint hypothesis test, typically done using an F-test or a t-test, and check the resulting p-value for significance.
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if a firm's management leads a leveraged buyout transaction, then the transaction is called a(an)
If a firm's management leads a leveraged buyout transaction, then the transaction is called a management buyout (MBO).
In an MBO, the management team of a company pools together resources to acquire all or a majority stake in the business they currently work for. This type of transaction is typically financed with a significant amount of debt, hence the term "leveraged buyout."
Management buyouts can be advantageous for both the management team and the business they are acquiring. For the management team, an MBO gives them the opportunity to become owners of the company they have been working for, allowing them to have greater control over its future direction. In addition, management teams often believe that they can run the business more efficiently than outside investors or owners.
For the business being acquired, an MBO can provide stability and continuity. Since the existing management team is already familiar with the company's operations and culture, there is less risk of major changes or disruptions to the business. Additionally, an MBO can sometimes be the best option for a company that is struggling financially, as it may be difficult to find outside buyers willing to invest in a business that is not performing well.
In summary, a leveraged buyout transaction led by a firm's management team is called a management buyout (MBO), which can be a beneficial option for both the management team and the business being acquired.
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If people have rational expectations, a monetary policy contraction that is announced and is credible coulda. reduce inflation, but it would increase unemployment by an unusually large amount.b. reduce inflation with little or no increase in unemployment.c. increase inflation, but it would decrease unemployment by an unusually large amount.d. increase inflation with little or no decrease in unemployment.
If people have rational expectations, a monetary policy contraction that is announced and is credible could potentially reduce inflation with little or no increase in unemployment.
This is because rational expectations imply that people are forward-looking and will adjust their behavior based on their expectations of future inflation and economic conditions. If a contractionary monetary policy is announced and is believed to be credible, people will anticipate that the central bank will take action to reduce inflation. This expectation could lead to a decrease in inflation without a significant increase in unemployment, as people may not change their behavior in response to the policy announcement. However, if the policy is not credible, it may not be effective in reducing inflation and could potentially lead to increased inflation or increased unemployment. Therefore, the credibility of the central bank and its ability to communicate effectively with the public is crucial in the success of a contractionary monetary policy.
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corporations are not allowed to amortize the costs of organizing the corporation. true false
True.
Corporations are not allowed to amortize the costs of organizing the corporation.
These costs are considered to be capital expenditures and are not deductible as ordinary business expenses. The costs of organizing a corporation typically include legal fees, state filing fees, and other related expenses incurred in setting up the business entity.
Instead of being amortized, these costs are added to the corporation's basis in its assets and may be recovered through depreciation or amortization when the assets are sold or disposed of.
Therefore, it is important for corporations to keep accurate records of their organizing costs to ensure compliance with tax laws and regulations. Failure to do so can result in penalties and other legal consequences.
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an organization's _____ technology is the work process that is directly related to the organization's mission. question 24 options: a) long-linked b) core c) noncore d) mediating
An organization's core technology refers to the work processes that are directly related to the organization's mission, products, and services. These are the primary activities that are essential to the organization's operations and the value it delivers to its customers.
Examples of core technologies in different industries include the production of goods in manufacturing, the delivery of healthcare services in the medical industry, and the development of software products in the technology industry.
Core technologies are critical to the success of the organization, as they directly impact its ability to fulfill its mission and achieve its goals. They require specialized knowledge, skills, and resources, and they often involve complex processes and systems.
In contrast, noncore technologies are work processes that are not directly related to the organization's mission and can be outsourced or automated. Examples of noncore technologies include human resources, payroll, and accounting.
Mediating technologies refer to the tools and systems that support the organization's core technologies and facilitate communication and collaboration among employees, customers, and other stakeholders.
By understanding their core technology, organizations can focus their resources and efforts on the areas that are most critical to their success and competitive advantage. They can also identify opportunities to improve their core processes and technologies, leading to increased efficiency, innovation, and customer satisfaction.
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Much Ado About.. Little?: According to the interviewee, the FCPA contains statute of limitations. What is the implication of this?It increases the amount of time the government has to bring a cause of action under the FCPAIt impacts settlement amounts, because the government and only go back so far on any claims made under the FCPA
The FCPA, or Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, is a federal law that prohibits companies from bribing foreign officials in order to obtain or retain business.
The statute of limitations is a legal time limit within which a cause of action must be brought. According to the interviewee, the FCPA contains a statute of limitations, which means that there is a limited amount of time during which the government can bring a cause of action under the FCPA.
The implication of this is that it increases the amount of time that the government has to bring a cause of action under the FCPA.
This means that companies that have engaged in bribery or other corrupt practices may be held accountable for their actions for a longer period of time. It also impacts settlement amounts, because the government can only go back so far on any claims made under the FCPA.
Overall, the statute of limitations in the FCPA is an important tool for holding companies accountable for their actions and preventing corruption in the international business community.
While it may not necessarily result in large amounts of fines or penalties for companies, it does provide a deterrent effect and sends a message that corrupt practices will not be tolerated.
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The implication of the FCPA containing statute of limitations is that it limits the amount of time the government has to bring a cause of action under the FCPA.
Statute of limitations is a legal term that defines the period of time during which a legal action can be brought against a party. In the context of the FCPA, it means that the government can only bring charges against a company or individual for corrupt activities that occurred within a certain time frame. This limitation can impact settlement amounts, as the government may not be able to pursue claims that fall outside of the statute of limitations. Overall, the inclusion of a statute of limitations in the FCPA provides a framework for legal action and helps to ensure that investigations and prosecutions are timely and effective.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. Each department in a process costing system, will use (one, two, none) ______ Work in Process account.
Each department in a process costing system will use one Work in Process account.
In a process costing system, the manufacturing process is divided into different departments, and each department has its own work in process account to track the cost of production. As the product moves from one department to another, the cost incurred in the previous department is added to the work in process account of the subsequent department. This helps in determining the cost of production for each department, which can be useful in calculating the cost of goods sold for the final product. At the end of the process, the final department will transfer its costs to the finished goods account.
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three persons were co-owners of a parcel of real property. one owner died, and his ownership passed to the two remaining co-owners. the deceased owner was
In this scenario, the deceased owner was one of the three co-owners of a parcel of real property. When he passed away, his ownership of the property was transferred to the two remaining co-owners, as they were the only ones left with ownership rights.
This transfer of ownership typically occurs through a process known as "right of survivorship." This means that when a co-owner passes away, their ownership interest automatically passes to the surviving co-owners, rather than being subject to the deceased owner's will or inheritance laws.
It is important to note that the specifics of the transfer of ownership may depend on the legal arrangements made between the co-owners when the property was originally acquired. For example, if the co-owners had established a trust or other legal entity to hold the property, the transfer of ownership may be governed by the terms of that arrangement.
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Preparing an inventory purchases budget Elgin Drugstores, Inc. sells prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and some groceries. The pur- chasing manager prepared the following inventory purchases budget. For this year, Elgin expects an ending inventory balance equal to 10 percent of the following month's cost of goods sold. April's budgeted cost of goods sold amounts to $37,500. Inventory Purchases Budget January $50,000 3,500 53,500 5,000 February March $35,000 $40,000 Budgeted cost of goods sold Plus: Desired ending inventory Inventory needed Less: Beginning inventory Required purchases (on account) $48,500 Required a. Complete the inventory purchases budget by filling in the missing amounts. b. Determine the amount of cost of goods sold the company will report on the first quarter pro forma income statement. Determine the amount of ending inventory the company will report on the first quarter pro forma balance sheet. e.
The pro forma income statement and balance sheet provide important financial information that can be used to evaluate the company's performance and make strategic business decisions.
a. Completing the inventory purchases budget:
Inventory Purchases Budget
January February March April
Budgeted cost of $50,000 $35,000 $40,000 $37,500
goods sold
Plus: Desired 3,500 3,750 4,250 3,750
ending inventory
Inventory needed 53,500 38,750 44,250 41,250
Less: Beginning 0 3,500 3,750 4,250
inventory
Required purchases $53,500 $35,250 $40,500 $37,000
(on account)
b. The first quarter includes January, February, and March. To determine the cost of goods sold for the quarter, we add up the budgeted cost of goods sold for those three months: Cost of goods sold for Q1 = $50,000 + $35,000 + $40,000 = $125,000
c. To determine the ending inventory on the first quarter pro forma balance sheet, we need to calculate the ending inventory balance for March (since it's the end of the first quarter). We know that Elgin expects an ending inventory balance equal to 10% of the following month's cost of goods sold. Therefore, the ending inventory for March is: Ending inventory for March = 10% * $40,000 = $4,000
So, the ending inventory on the first quarter pro forma balance sheet will be $4,000.
Elgin Drugstores, Inc. can use the inventory purchases budget to plan and control their inventory purchases, ensuring that they have enough inventory on hand to meet customer demand while minimizing inventory holding costs.
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Ahmed just turned 22 and wants to have $10,283 in 8 years he has $6,000 now earning a 5% yield . He will put no other deposit. Will he reach his goal by the time he is 30
No, Ahmed will not reach his goal of $10,283 by the time he is 30. His projected savings after 8 years will be approximately $8,816.
To determine whether Ahmed will reach his goal of $10,283 by the time he is 30, we can calculate the future value of his current savings, taking into account the annual yield of 5% over the 8-year period.
The formula for calculating future value (FV) with compound interest is:
FV = PV * (1 + r)^n
Where:
PV = Present value (initial amount)
r = Annual interest rate
n = Number of compounding periods
In this case:
PV = $6,000
r = 5% or 0.05 (decimal form)
n = 8 years
Let's calculate the future value:
FV = $6,000 * (1 + 0.05)^8
FV = $6,000 * (1.05)^8
FV = $6,000 * 1.46933
FV ≈ $8,816
Based on the calculations, Ahmed will not reach his goal of $10,283 by the time he is 30. The projected future value of his savings after 8 years will be approximately $8,816, which is less than his target amount.
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constanza, who is single, sells her current personal residence (adjusted basis of $190,500) for $533,400. she has owned and lived in the house for 30 years. her selling expenses are $26,670. Constanza’s realized gain is ? and her recognized gain would be
Her recognized gain would depend on whether or not she qualifies for the home sale exclusion. If she meets the ownership and use tests (owned and lived in the house for at least 2 out of the last 5 years), she may be able to exclude up to $250,000 of the gain ($500,000 if married filing jointly) from her taxable income.
If she does not qualify for the exclusion, then she would have to pay taxes on the entire realized gain of $316,230.
Constanza's realized gain on the sale of her personal residence would be calculated as follows:
Sale price: $533,400
Minus selling expenses: $26,670
Adjusted basis: $190,500
Realized gain: $316,230
However, if Constanza meets the ownership and use tests for the sale of a personal residence, she may be eligible to exclude up to $250,000 of the gain from her taxable income (or up to $500,000 if she is married filing jointly). To qualify for the exclusion, Constanza must have owned and used the property as her primary residence for at least two of the five years preceding the sale.
Assuming Constanza qualifies for the exclusion, her recognized gain on the sale of her personal residence would be zero, and she would not have to report the realized gain of $316,230 on her tax return.
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Does the natural rate of unemployment increase decrese or stay the same when lras shifts?
The natural rate of unemployment refers to the level of unemployment that occurs even in a healthy economy, when labor markets are in equilibrium and all workers who want jobs at the going wage rate can find them.
The long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve represents the economy's potential output level when all resources, including labor, are utilized at their full capacity.When the LRAS curve shifts to the right, it indicates an increase in the economy's potential output level due to factors such as increased productivity, technological advancements, or a growing labor force. This shift can lead to a decrease in the natural rate of unemployment because it creates more job opportunities, reducing the number of unemployed individuals and potentially lowering the unemployment rate.
On the other hand, if the LRAS curve shifts to the left, it indicates a decrease in the economy's potential output level due to factors such as a decrease in productivity, natural disasters, or labor shortages. This shift can lead to an increase in the natural rate of unemployment because it creates fewer job opportunities, increasing the number of unemployed individuals and potentially raising the unemployment rate.
In conclusion, the natural rate of unemployment can increase, decrease, or stay the same depending on the direction and magnitude of the LRAS shift. If the LRAS shifts to the right, it can lead to a decrease in the natural rate of unemployment, while a leftward shift can lead to an increase in the natural rate of unemployment.
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