An input gear has 55 teeth and the output gear has 25 teeth. What is the gear ratio of these gears? Which gear turns faster and how much faster is it compared to the other gear?

The ideal Otto cycle has a higher thermal efficiency than an actual internal combustion engine due to the limitations of real-world components and the environment. The power output of the two cycles remains the same, however the actual internal combustion engine requires more energy to run at the same power output. This is because actual internal combustion engines have higher pressure drops, incomplete combustion, friction, and heat losses that are not present in the ideal cycle.

The actual internal combustion engine cycle Otto thermal efficiency differs from the ideal one at the same power output. Below are the differences: Actual internal combustion engine cycle Otto thermal efficiency and ideal one at the same power output The actual internal combustion engine cycle Otto thermal efficiency differs from the ideal one at the same power output. The reasons are given below: In the internal combustion engine cycle, the fuel combustion process is not always perfect, and in some instances, incomplete combustion may occur. As a result, the fuel does not combust completely, and a portion of the energy is wasted as waste heat. Because of this waste, the actual thermal efficiency of the engine is decreased. On the other hand, in an ideal Otto cycle, the combustion process is 100% efficient, resulting in no waste heat. As a result, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle is greater than that of an actual cycle.

Otto Cycle

The Otto Cycle, which was developed in 1876 by German engineer Nicolaus Otto, is the most widely used internal combustion cycle for gasoline engines. It is a theoretical cycle that is not perfectly efficient, but it is often used as a standard to compare other engines with. In a four-stroke engine, the Otto cycle is employed to power the vehicle. It consists of four strokes: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The cycle is theoretical because it assumes ideal conditions.

The efficiency of an internal combustion engine can be improved by increasing the engine compression ratio, which results in more fuel burning and less energy waste.

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The number of teeth is given as 105

The speed is given as 240.91 of the shaft B

The number of teeth

= 50 + 20 + 35

= 105

The number of teeth are proportional

x + y = 530 rpm

y = 530 rpm - x

gear C is on shaft A hence the speed would be the same thing

11x / 6 = 530 rpm

x = 530 * 6 / 11

= 289.09

530 rpm - 289.09

= 240.91

The speed of the shaft B would be 240.91 given that nB = y

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Answer: Your welcome!

Explanation:

There are three unknowns in a FBD of the beam: the reaction force at point A, the reaction force at point B, and the shear force at point C. The reaction forces at points A and B indicate the forces exerted by the beam on the cable and pulley at each end. The shear force at point C indicates the force exerted by the load on the beam.

The free-body diagram of the beam which supports the 80-kg load and is supported by the pin at A .

The first image shows the diagram of the beam and the second image shows the free-body diagram of the beam.

The resolution of forces in the system is well understood by the principle of equilibrium where a stationary body will remain balanced when subject to parallel forces provided that the total sum of the overall external forces is zero.

The free-body diagram is a graphical representation used to visualize the forces applied to an object.

Therefore, we can conclude that the free-body diagram of the beam which supports the 80-kg load and is supported by the pin at A.

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The base-10 number system, also known as the decimal system, is a numbering system that uses 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Each digit in a base-10 number represents a specific value based on its position, with the rightmost digit representing the ones place, the next digit to the left representing the tens place, and so on.

The base-10 number system, also known as the decimal system, is a numerical system that uses ten digits (0-9) to represent all numbers. It is the system we use in our everyday lives, and it is based on the concept of place value, where each digit represents a power of 10.

On the other hand, the binary system is a numerical system that uses only two digits (0 and 1) to represent all numbers. It is commonly used in computing and electronics because it is easy to represent data as a series of binary digits, or bits.

Therefore, One key difference between the two systems is that the base-10 system is much more intuitive for humans because it is based on the number of fingers we have. We naturally count in groups of 10, which makes the base-10 system very easy for us to understand and use. In contrast, the binary system can be difficult for humans to work with because it is not based on anything in the physical world.

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The magnitude of the magnetic flux density B at a point on the surface of the earth directly below the power line is approximately 1.27 x 10⁻⁴ T.

The magnitude of the magnetic flux density B can be calculated using the Ampere's Law, which relates the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire to the current flowing through it. The formula for Ampere's Law is:

B = μ₀I / 2πr

Where B is the magnetic flux density in tesla (T), μ₀ is the permeability of free space (4π x 10⁻⁷ Tm/A), I is the current in amperes (A), and r is the distance from the wire in meters (m).

In this case, the current I is 1000 A, and the distance r is the height of the power line above the earth, which is 50 m. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

B = (4π x 10⁻⁷ Tm/A)(1000 A) / (2π)(50 m)

B = (4 x 10⁻⁷ Tm)(1000) / (100π m)

B = 4 x 10⁻⁴ T / π

B ≈ 1.27 x 10⁻⁴ T

Therefore, the magnitude of the magnetic flux density B at a point on the surface of the earth directly below the power line is approximately 1.27 x 10⁻⁴ T.

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The area under the curve is approximated by trapezoids in the Trapezoidal rule, which estimates the definite integral of a function. The number of used trapezoids is indicated by the subscript in the notations T 2 and T 4.

The trapezoidal rule, also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule, is a method for approximating the definite integral in mathematics, more specifically in numerical analysis.

Trapezoidal rule T 2 gives us the following: T 2 = (b - a) [f(a) + f(b)] f(a + (b - a)/2) = /2 + (b - a) /2 with a = 0 and b = 1 and T 2 = 2.

Simplifying and substituting the values results in:

2 = (1 - 0)[f(0) + f(1)]

/2 + (1 - 0)[f(0.5)]

/2\s2 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + f(0.5)/2

Trapezoidal rule T 4 gives us the following: T 4 = (b - a) [f(a) + f(b)]

f(a + (b - a)/4) + f(a + 3(b - a)/4) = /2 + (b - a)/2 f(a + (b - a)/2) = + (b - a)/4

where T 4 = 1.75, a = 0, and b = 1.

By simplifying and substituting the variables, we get with 1.75 = (1 - 0)[f(0) + f(1)].

/2 + (1 - 0)/2 [f(0.25) + f(0.75)] + (1 - 0)/4 [f(0.5)]

1.75 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + f(0.25) + f(0.75) + f(0.5)/4

We may rewrite the equations above as: 2 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + a 1.75 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + 2a + f(0.5)/4 since f(0.25) = f(0.75) = a.

By dividing the first equation by two and taking that result away from the second equation, we arrive at:

1.75 - 4 = f(0.5)/4 - a\s-2.25 = (f(0.5) - 4a)/4

In order to solve for a, we obtain: f(0.5) = 4a - 9 f(0.5) = 4a - 9.

When we use this f(0.5) value as a substitute in the first equation, we obtain:

2 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + a 2 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + a 2 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + a

We obtain the following by substituting f(0.5) = 4a - 9: 2 = f(0) + f(1)/2 + a 2 = f(0

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Technician B is correct. An emissions vacuum schematic is given on a decal under the hood. When dealing with vehicle repairs, it is crucial to understand the vacuum system.

The vacuum system on a car is critical for many reasons, such as powering the brakes and some emissions control systems. With all of this in mind, the car's vacuum system must be maintained and repaired to ensure that everything runs correctly. When performing repairs on the vacuum system, it is important to have an emissions vacuum schematic on hand.

A vacuum diagram is a simplified schematic representation of the vacuum system. An emissions vacuum schematic is given on a decal under the hood of a car that shows the vehicle's emission and vacuum routing. It may also show the engine's firing order, spark plug gap, and other information. On the other hand, the factory service manual may contain more detailed information about the vehicle's vacuum system.

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Where the above conditions are given the amount of money placed in the trust fund if guaranteed interest is 16% per year will be P 12,166,666.67.

To solve this problem, we need to use the formula for the future value of an annuity:

FV = PMT x [(1 + r)ⁿ⁻¹] / r

where:

FV = future value

PMT = payment per period (in this case, the earnings of P 400,000 every 4 years)

r = interest rate per period (in this case, 16% per year, or 4% per 4-year period)

n = number of periods (in this case, 20 years / 4 years per period = 5 periods)

Plugging in the numbers, we get:

FV = 400,000 x [(1 + 0.04)⁵⁻¹] / 0.04

FV = 400,000 x 1.2167 / 0.04

FV = 12,166,666.67

Therefore, the amount of money placed in the trust fund is P 12,166,666.67.

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Answer: D. Cylindrical

Explanation:

The use of a center line plus diameter symbol indicates that the part is Cylindrical

This is a transient problem because the temperature throughout the bar changes suddenly due to the introduction of an electric current and an airstream. The heat conduction equation for this problem can be written as:

∂T/∂t = k(∂^2T/∂x^2 + ∂^2T/∂y^2)

Since the width W is much greater than the thickness L, we can simplify the equation by assuming that the temperature distribution is one-dimensional in the y-direction. Therefore, the equation becomes:

∂T/∂t = k(∂^2T/∂y^2)

The boundary and initial conditions for this problem are as follows:

- At the bottom surface, the temperature is maintained at T0: T(y=0) = T0
- At the top surface, the temperature is affected by the airstream: -k(∂T/∂y)|y=L = h(T(infinity) - T(y=L))
- Initially, the temperature throughout the bar is equal to that of the sink: T(y,t=0) = T0

These conditions are necessary to solve the equation for the temperature distribution in the copper bar.

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The displacement of end A with respect to end D is 0.0724 inches.

To find the displacement of end A with respect to end D, we need to use the formula for axial deformation:

δ = (PL)/(AE)

Where P is the applied load, L is the length of the segment, A is the cross-sectional area of the segment, and E is the modulus of elasticity.

For segment AB:

δAB = (12,000 lbs)(8 in)/(π/4)(0.75 in)²(18 x 10³ ksi)
δAB = 0.0224 in

For segment BC:

δBC = (20,000 lbs)(10 in)/(π/4)(1.1 in)²(18 x 10³ ksi)
δBC = 0.0127 in

For segment CD:

δCD = (8,000 lbs)(12 in)/(π/4)(0.60 in)²(18 x 10³ ksi)
δCD = 0.0373 in

The total displacement of end A with respect to end D is the sum of the displacements of each segment:

δ = δAB + δBC + δCD
δ = 0.0224 in + 0.0127 in + 0.0373 in
δ = 0.0724 in

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The quicksort algorithm starts by taking the first value, 6, as the pivot. We then split the array into two parts, one with values smaller than 6, and one with values larger than 6. After the first split, the array looks like this:

[3, 1, 5, 4, 2], [8, 7]

Traversing the smaller values first, we split the first sub-array again into two parts, one with values smaller than 3, and one with values larger than 3. After the second split, the array looks like this:

[1, 2], [3], [5, 4], [8, 7]

We split the sub-array containing 1 and 2 again into two parts, one with values smaller than 1, and one with values larger than 1. After the third split, the array looks like this:

[], [1], [2], [3], [5, 4], [8, 7]

We have now reached the point where all sub-arrays contain either one value or zero values, so the array is now sorted and looks like this:

[], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [7], [8]

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The search depth in a search tree corresponds to the number of levels in the tree. Each level in the tree represents a possible action by the maximizer. Therefore, a search depth of 2 means that the search tree considers sequences of up to 2 actions by the maximizer.

In other words, the search depth is the number of moves ahead that the maximizer is considering. A search depth of 2 means that the maximizer is considering its current move and one additional move ahead.

It is important to note that the search depth does not necessarily correspond to the number of moves made in the game. It simply represents the number of potential moves considered by the maximizer in the search tree.

In conclusion, the search depth in a search tree refers to the number of levels in the tree, with each level representing a possible action by the maximizer. A search depth of 2 means that the search tree considers sequences of up to 2 actions by the maximizer.

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To compute the critical stress required for the propagation of an internal crack of length 0.3 mm in aluminum oxide with a specific surface energy of 0.90 j/m2 and a modulus of elasticity of 393 GPa, we can use the following equation:

Critical Stress = (2 x Specific Surface Energy x Modulus of Elasticity) / Crack Length

Plugging in our values:

Critical Stress = (2 x 0.90 j/m2 x 393 GPa) / 0.3 mm

Critical Stress = 8,760 MPa

The specific surface energy for aluminum oxide is given as 0.90 J/m2 and its modulus of elasticity is 393 GPa. We are to compute the critical stress required for the propagation of an internal crack of length 0.3 mm.

Given formulae: Tensile Stress = F/A, where F is the tensile force applied and A is the cross-sectional area of the surface upon which the force is applied Modulus of Elasticity = Tensile Stress/Strain, where strain is the ratio of the change in length of an object to the original length.

Critical Stress = σ_0 √πa/2 * Y_b

The first step is to compute the tensile stress, which is given as:

Tensile Stress = F/A

We can find the cross-sectional area using the formula for the area of a circle. This formula is given as: Area = πr^2, where r is the radius of the circle. We can find the radius of the circle as r = 0.3/2 mm = 0.15 mm = 0.00015 m. We can now compute the area of the circle as follows: Area = π(0.00015)^2 = 7.07 × 10^-8 m^2.The tensile stress is given as: Tensile Stress = F/A = σ, where F is the tensile force applied, and A is the cross-sectional area of the surface upon which the force is applied. We can rearrange the equation above to get: F = Aσ = 7.07 × 10^-8 × σThe modulus of elasticity is given as:

Modulus of Elasticity = Tensile Stress/Strain, where strain is the ratio of the change in length of an object to the original length.

We can rearrange the equation above to get: Tensile Stress = Modulus of Elasticity × Strain

Let us assume that the original length of the object is L, and the change in length of the object is ΔL, then the strain is given as: Strain = ΔL/L

The critical stress is given as: Critical Stress = σ_0 √πa/2 * Y_b . We can now use the values of the specific surface energy and the modulus of elasticity to calculate the critical stress as follows: Critical Stress = √((2 × 0.90 × 10^-6 × 393 × 10^9)/((π × 0.3 × 10^-3)/2)) = 97.2 MPa

Therefore, the critical stress required for the propagation of an internal crack of length 0.3 mm is 97.2 MPa.

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To evaluate the given mathematical expressions and assign the result to the indicated variable name, we can use the following MATLAB commands:

For the first expression:
```
Answer1 = 15.5*log10(1234.56-8.53*1)*5.23+3.7*cos(4.2+(4.2+1));
```

For the second expression:
```
Answer1 = 10e-3/5-3/5*(cos(35)+3*sin(5));
```

For the third expression:
```
Answer1 = cos(35*pi/180)-sec(35*pi/180)^2/tan(70*pi/180);
```

Note that we have used the `pi/180` conversion factor to convert the angles from degrees to radians, since MATLAB works with radians by default. Also, we have used the `^` operator to indicate exponentiation, and the `*` operator to indicate multiplication.

After executing these commands, the variable `Answer1` will contain the result of the corresponding expression, and we can use it for further calculations or display it using the `disp` function:

```
disp(Answer1);
```

This will show the result of the expression on the MATLAB command window.

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The tension in the cable CD is 19.6N.

To find the tension in the cable CD, we can use the principle of moments. According to this principle, the sum of the clockwise moments about a point is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same point.

Let us consider the moments about point A. The weight of the plate (W) acts at the midpoint G, which is 0.5m from point A. The tension in the cable (T) acts at point D, which is 1m from point A. Therefore, the sum of the moments about point A is:

T × 1m = W × 0.5m

Substituting the given values, we get:

T × 1m = 4kg × 9.8m/s² × 0.5m

T = (4kg × 9.8m/s² × 0.5m) / 1m

T = 19.6N

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According to the given statement, technician A says that an intake manifold vacuum leak may cause a high idle speed. Technician B says that a dirty IAC bypass passage will not cause the idle speed to be below specifications.

We have to determine who is correct.According to the given statement, technician A is correct. An intake manifold vacuum leak will cause high idle speed. The vacuum leak disrupts the airflow signal that the Powertrain

Control Module (PCM) uses to regulate idle speed. Furthermore, vacuum leaks can cause excessive crankcase ventilation, which can cause fuel dilution and other issues. Technician B is incorrect. The IAC bypass passage regulates idle speed by diverting air around the throttle plate.

A dirty or clogged IAC bypass passage may disrupt the airflow that the PCM uses to regulate idle speed, causing it to be outside of specifications. Thus, we can conclude that only technician A is correct.

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Answer:

If a pedestrian walks when the sign says don't walk, you should stop and allow the pedestrian to cross the street.

Explanation:

Even if the pedestrian is advised to stop, the pedestrian has the right of way, and the driver will be penalized if the pedestrian is hit with any vehicle.

The shape, interior surface, and size of a port all determine its efficiency. The three types of valve seals are compression seals, O-ring seals, and PTFE seals.

Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and one may be more suitable for specific purposes than the others. O-ring seals - These seals are made of a rubber material and are commonly used in low-pressure applications. They provide a good seal and are relatively easy to install and replace. Lip seals - These seals are made of a rubber material and have a lip that contacts the valve stem or shaft. They are commonly used in applications that require high-pressure sealing, such as hydraulic systems. Mechanical seals - These seals use a combination of metal and rubber components to provide a tight seal. They are commonly used in applications that require high-pressure or high-temperature sealing, such as pumps and compressors.

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The equivalent resultant force is 3200 lb and its location is 12.56 ft from point O.

To find the equivalent resultant force and its location, we need to use the principle of equilibrium. The sum of the moments about point O should be equal to zero.

First, let's calculate the resultant force of the distributed load.

Resultant force = (100 lb/ft)(8 ft) + (300 lb/ft)(9 ft) + 50 lb = 3200 lb

Now, let's find the location of the resultant force by taking the moment about point O.

ΣMO = 0 = (100 lb/ft)(8 ft)(4 ft) + (300 lb/ft)(9 ft)(8 + 4.5 ft) + (50 lb)(17 ft) - (3200 lb)(x)

Solving for x, we get:

x = 12.56 ft

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Answer:

C. It likely was less accurate than computer results.

Explanation:

While Katherine Johnson's calculations were extremely precise, they were done by hand using paper and pencil, without the aid of modern computers. This means that they were more prone to human error than modern computer results, which are calculated using digital algorithms and software designed specifically for accuracy and reliability. Additionally, modern computing is much faster and can handle larger and more complex calculations than Johnson's manual methods.

The output of the first code snippet is "12345".

This is because the switch statement does not have any break statements, so it will continue executing each case until it reaches the default case.

The do...while loop will iterate 3 times. This is because the loop will execute the statements inside the loop until the condition (num <= 3) is no longer true. Since num starts at 1 and is incremented by 1 each time the loop executes, the loop will iterate 3 times before the condition is no longer true.

The value of x after the statement "x /= y;" executes is 1. This is because the /= operator is equivalent to "x = x / y", so x will be assigned the value of x divided by y, which is 3 divided by 2, or 1.

The correct way to rewrite the code as an if-else statement is:

if(temp <= 32){
 System.out.printf("freezing");
} else {
 System.out.printf("above freezing");
}

This is because the original code uses a ternary operator, which is a shorthand way of writing an if-else statement. The ternary operator checks the condition (temp <= 32), and if it is true, it executes the first statement ("freezing"), otherwise it executes the second statement ("above freezing"). The rewritten code does the same thing using an if-else statement.

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The statements that are testable by accepted methods of science are:

- "Mars once had liquid water on its surface"
- "Bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics through changes in their DNA"
- "Earth orbits the Sun every 365.25 days"
- "There will be a solar eclipse next Tuesday at 11 am"

The statements that are not testable by accepted methods of science are:

- "Hurricane Katrina was an act of God"
- "People born under the sign of Sagittarius are twice as likely to be teachers as anyone else"
- "Vince Young is the greatest quarterback of all time"

The testable statements can be investigated and proven or disproven through the use of accepted scientific methods, such as observation, experimentation, and data analysis. The non-testable statements, on the other hand, cannot be proven or disproven through these methods because they are based on subjective beliefs or opinions.

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The maximum acceleration of the triangular-shaped cart so that the box does not slide on the cart can be calculated using the formula for static friction. The formula for static friction is Fs = μsN, where Fs is the force of static friction, μs is the coefficient of static friction, and N is the normal force.

In this case, the normal force is equal to the weight of the box, which is mg, where m is the mass of the box and g is the acceleration due to gravity. The force of static friction is also equal to the mass of the box times the acceleration of the cart, or ma.

So we can set up the equation Fs = ma = μsN = μsmg. Rearranging the equation to solve for the acceleration of the cart, we get a = μsg.

Since the angle theta is given, we can use the trigonometric function sine to find the coefficient of static friction. The sine of an angle is equal to the opposite side divided by the hypotenuse, so sin(theta) = μs.

Substituting this back into the equation for the acceleration of the cart, we get a = (sin(theta))g.

Therefore, the maximum acceleration of the triangular-shaped cart so that the box does not slide on the cart is a = (sin(theta))g.

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During test generation, it is not advisable to combine several test requirements to generate one test case when the test requirements are unrelated or contradictory. This can lead to confusion and inaccuracies in the test results.

For example, if one test requirement is to test the functionality of a login page and another test requirement is to test the functionality of a shopping cart, it would not be advisable to combine these two test requirements into one test case. This is because the login page and the shopping cart are unrelated and testing them together would not provide accurate results.

Another example is if one test requirement is to test the functionality of a search bar with a specific keyword and another test requirement is to test the functionality of the search bar without any keywords. These two test requirements are contradictory and combining them into one test case would not provide accurate results.

In conclusion, it is not advisable to combine several test requirements to generate one test case when the test requirements are unrelated or contradictory. This can lead to confusion and inaccuracies in the test results.

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The magnitude of the small gravitational force of mutual attraction is 1.67 x 10⁻⁷ N.

Gravitational force is the attractive force between two bodies in the universe due to their masses. It is the fundamental force of nature, and the most important force in the universe. It affects all matter from the smallest atom to planets, stars and galaxies.

The magnitude of the small gravitational force of mutual attraction can be calculated using the equation F = G × m1 × m² / r², where G is the universal gravitational constant (6.67 × 10^-11 N*m²/kg²), m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between them. Therefore, the equation becomes F = G × m1² / r².

For this problem, m1 = m2 = 0.001 kg, r = 40 mm = 0.04 m.

Therefore, F = G × m1² / r² = 6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ N × m2/kg² * (0.001 kg)² / (0.04 m)² = 1.67 x 10⁻⁷ N.

Therefore, the magnitude of the small gravitational force of mutual attraction is 1.67 x 10⁻⁷ N.

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(a) The augmented matrix whose row reduction would solve the system is:

$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc|c} 1 & 2 & -1 & 5 \\ 2 & -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 1 & -2 & 8 \end{array}\right]$$

(b) The vector combination equivalent to the system is:

$$x\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3\end{pmatrix}+y\begin{pmatrix}2\\-1\\1\end{pmatrix}+z\begin{pmatrix}-1\\1\\-2\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}5\\2\\8\end{pmatrix}$$ (c) The matrix equation equivalent to the system is:$$\begin{pmatrix}1 & 2 & -1 \\ 2 & -1 & 1 \\ 3 & 1 & -2 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}5\\2\\8\end{pmatrix}$$

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The total error is 13.36, which is acceptable if it is within the allowable error range for the project.

To calculate the elevation for stations along an irrigation canal, we need to use the following formula:

Elevation of Station = Elevation of BM1 + Backsight - Foresight

First, we need to find the backsight and foresight for each station. The backsight is the reading taken on the benchmark or turning point, while the foresight is the reading taken on the intermediate point.

Station | Backsight | Foresight | Elevation
---         | ---             | ---            | ---
BM1     | -                | -              | 646.52
1          | 1.35           | 0.98        | 646.89
2          | 1.22           | 1.10        | 647.01
3          | 1.15           | 0.95        | 647.21
4          | 1.18           | 1.02        | 647.37
5          | 1.25           | 1.08        | 647.54
BM2     | 1.32          | -              | 659.88

Now, we can calculate the elevation for each station using the formula:

Elevation of Station 1 = 646.52 + 1.35 - 0.98 = 646.89
Elevation of Station 2 = 646.89 + 1.22 - 1.10 = 647.01
Elevation of Station 3 = 647.01 + 1.15 - 0.95 = 647.21
Elevation of Station 4 = 647.21 + 1.18 - 1.02 = 647.37
Elevation of Station 5 = 647.37 + 1.25 - 1.08 = 647.54

Finally, we can calculate the total error by subtracting the elevation of BM1 from the elevation of BM2:

Total Error = Elevation of BM2 - Elevation of BM1 = 659.88 - 646.52 = 13.36

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Where the above conditions exists, the DC resistance at 50°C with skin effect is 77.2% higher than the DC resistance at 50°C without skin effect.

To calculate the DC resistance at 20°C, we can use the given dc resistance per 1000 ft:

DC resistance per ft = (0.01558 ohm / 1000 ft) * (1113 kcmil / 1000 cmil)

= 0.01735 ohm/ft

Next, we need to account for the 2% increase in resistance due to spiraling:

Resistance increase due to spiraling = 2% * 0.01735 ohm/ft

= 0.000347 ohm/ft

Therefore, the total DC resistance at 20°C is:

DC resistance at 20°C = 0.01735 ohm/ft + 0.000347 ohm/ft

= 0.017697 ohm/ft

To calculate the DC resistance at 50°C, we need to use the temperature coefficient of resistance for aluminum, which is 0.00403/°C. The resistance at 50°C can be found using the following formula:

R(50) = R(20) [1 + α(50 - 20)]

where R(20) is the DC resistance at 20°C and

α is the temperature coefficient of resistance for aluminum.

R(50) = 0.017697 ohm/ft [1 + 0.00403/°C * (50°C - 20°C)] = 0.019371 ohm/ft

The percentage increase due to skin effect can be calculated using the following formula:

% increase due to skin effect = 100 * (R(50) - R(dc)) / R(dc)

where R(dc) is the DC resistance at 50°C without skin effect.

R(dc) = 0.0956 ohm/mile * 5280 ft/mile / 61 strands

= 0.08503475442 ohm/ft

% increase due to skin effect = 100 * (0.019371 ohm/ft - 0.08503475442 ohm/ft) / 0.08503475442 ohm/ft

= 77.2%

Therefore, the DC resistance at 50°C with skin effect is 77.2% higher than the DC resistance at 50°C without skin effect.

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