5p subshell of the indium atom ground state experience the lowest effective nuclear charge (Z or Zeff)
Atomic number of indium = 49
E.C of indium = [Kr]4d¹⁰5S²5p¹
The outer 3 electrons indicate that indium is a 3rd group element
In the ground state, the outer electrons of In are present in the 5s and 5p orbitals
So among 5s and 5p which will experience the lowest nuclear charge (Zeff)
The nuclear charge depends on the shape of the orbital
5s has spherical shape while 5p has DB shape
Among the spherical and DB shape, the second one experiences the lower nuclear charge.
So the answer is 5p subshell of the indium will experience the lowest effective nuclear charge (Z or Zeff)
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assume that heat in the amount of 100 kj is transferred from a cold reservoir at 600 k to a hot reservoir at 1150 k contrary to the clausius statement of the second law. what is the total entropy change? the total entropy change is kj/k.
The total entropy change is 1.036 JK/K
Entropy means the unavailable energy associated with the system. The entropy generation for the reversible cycle is zero and for irreversible cycle, it is positive. We can also understand entropy to be randomness of a system, Randomness is maximum in gaseous state and least in solid state.
The given data; the amount of heat transferred by the thermal reservoir is Q = 100KJ. Temperature of the high thermal reservoir is [tex]T_{h}[/tex] = 1150k.
The temperature of the low thermal reservoir is [tex]T_l[/tex] = 600K.
[tex]d_{s}[/tex] = -Q + Q
[tex]T_{h}[/tex] [tex]T_{l}[/tex]
Substituting the formula we get
[tex]d_{s}[/tex] = - 100KJ + 1OOKJ
1150K 600K
= 1.036 KJ/K
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if the balloon had a volume of 39000 l , how many kilograms of hydrogen were needed to fill the balloon at stp?
the amount of hydrogen required was about 0.582kg
why do we require STP?
STP: Standard temperature pressure
Consider a scenario in which a chemist in London is conducting an experiment in a lab. 12 °C and 1.015 bar are the average room temperatures and pressures in London. In Austin, where the average room temperature and pressure are 21 °C and 1.014 bar, respectively, the same experiment could yield very different results. This is due to the fact that temperature and pressure have an impact on a lot of scientific experiments, particularly chemistry experiments. We have therefore adopted some standard operating procedures to prevent these deviations and to ensure that laboratory experiments are conducted in a consistent manner worldwide. STP is one of those norms.
Vm=RT/P
=8.314x273.15/39000
=0.0582
so the balloon requires about 0.0582kg of hydrogen gas
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determine the empirical formula of a mineral having the percent composition: 28.59% o, 24.95% fe, 46.46% cr.
The empirical formula of a mineral is FeCr2O4.
What is known as empirical formula?
The definition of an empirical formula for a compound is one that displays the ratio of the components present in the complex but not the precise number of atoms in the molecule. Subscripts are used next to the element symbols to indicate the ratios.
Explanation:
[tex]O: 28.59 g x 1 mole O/16 g = 1.79 moles OFe: 24.95 g x 1 mole/55.8 g = 0.447 moles FeCr: 46.46 g x 1 mole/52 g = 0.893 moles CrDividing through by 0.447 one gets 4O, 1Fe and 2CrEmpirical formula = FeCr2O4[/tex]
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The ratio between the components is the empirical formula. Presented as; FeCrO₃.
Why is the empirical formula?Typically, the equation is used to only show the components of a molecule. When one wishes to rapidly identify the elements they are working with, this is helpful. When you want to learn how many atoms of each element are present in the molecule, the chemical formula is the most helpful.
Briefing:Divide the percentage composition by the atomic mass of the elements
Fe =24.95 / 55.845 = 0.4467
Cr = 46.46 / 51.9961 = 0.8935
O = 28.59 / 16 = 1.78
Step 2:
Divide all though by the smallest number (0.4467)
Fe = 0.4467 / 0.4467 = 1.002
Cr = 0.8935 / 0.4467 = 1
O = 1.78 / 0.4467 = 3.038
The ratio between the components is the empirical formula. Presented as; FeCrO₃
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what would be the molar concentration of a 2.35% solution of sodium hypochlorite? (assume the density of solution to be 1.0 g/ml.)
The solution has a 0.114 M molar concentration.
Using the formula, we can determine the molar concentration from the weight percentage of the solution;
CM = 10 C%w/w d/MM
Where;
Molar concentration is CM,percent concentration C%w/w,Density is d,M = molecular mass.
In place of values, we have;
CM = 10 × 0.85 × 1.0 /74.44
CM = 0.114 M
A solution is a specific kind of homogenous mixture made up of two or more components that is used in chemistry. A solute is a substance that has been dissolved in a solvent is solution , which is the other substance in the mixture.Concentration is calculated by dividing a constituent's abundance by the mixture's total volume. One can distinguish between four different sorts of mathematical descriptions: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration.
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What causes the Moon to be illuminated?
Answer:
The moon reflects the light from the sun
Explanation:
Answer:
it reflects light from the sun
Explanation:
Glacier striations (scrapings) were found in the deserts of Africa. What did Wegener suggest about these deserts long ago?
Wegener suggested that the deserts of Africa were once covered in ice and that the striations were formed by the movement of the ice across the desert floor.
Glacier striations are grooves or scratches in the bedrock that have been created by a glacier sliding over the surface. They are typically found in areas where the ice has melted away, revealing the bedrock beneath.
Wegener suggested that the deserts were once wetter and lusher. He proposed that the climate has gradually changed over time, making the deserts arider. This is supported by evidence of ancient riverbeds and lakes in the Sahara Desert.
Glacier striations can be used to help researchers learn about the history of a particular glacier and the climate in the area where it is located. For example, the direction of the striations can indicate the direction the glacier was moving and the depth of the striations can give clues about how deep the glacier was.
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standard light antarctic precipitation (slap) is a common reference material when making hydrogen isotope measurements. analysis of slap shows that it is 0.008917% 2h (mass 2.01410 amu) and the remainder is 1h (mass 1.00782 amu). what is the average mass of slap?
so we have to calculate the average mass of the SLAP
given,
percentage abundance of 2H= 0.008917%
mass of 2H= 2.01410 amu
mass of 1H= 1.00782 amu
now we calculate, the percentage abundance of 1H = 100% - 0.008917%
= 99.991%
the average mass of SLAP = percentage abundance of 1H x mass of 1H + percentage abundance of 2H x mass of 2H
= 99.991% x 1.00782 + 0.008917% x 2.01410
=(99.991x1.00782)/ 100 +( 0.008917)x2.01410/100
= 1.00773 + 0.000173
= 1.0079 amu
the average mass of SLAP is 1.0079 amu
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if you require 33.38 ml of 0.1936 m n a o h naoh solution to titrate 10.0 ml of h c 2 h 3 o 2 hcx2hx3ox2 solution, what is the molar concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar?
The molar concentration of acetic acid in vinegar is 64.62 M
Titration is known as the quantitative concentration of a given solution. It is also known as the quantitative analysis.
In the given condition we have 33.38ml of 0.1936 molar of NaoH solution to titrate 10ml of HC2H3O2.
Therefore,
HC2H3O2 + NaoH - H2O + NaC2H3O2
The concentration of the given base (NaoH) = 0.1936 molar.
The volume of the given bae = 33.38ml.
The volume of acetic acid = 10ml.
We can denote the concentration and volume of the given samples as,
Ca = concentration of acetic acid
Cb = concentration of the base( NaoH)
Va = volume of acetic acid
Vb = volume of base.
By putting the value in equation, we get
Ca x Va = Cb x Vb
since, we need to find Ca, we need to shift the Va to the right-hand side.
Therefore,
Ca = Cb x Vb/ Va
Substituting the values we get,
Ca= 0.1936 x 33.38/ 10
Ca = 64.62 M
Therefore, the molar concentration of acetic acid is 64.62M
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after performing a tlc experiment, a researcher determines the rf value of a component to be 2. he also notes that the solvent travelled a distance of 4cm on the plate. what can you conclude about this experiment?
The conclusion would be that Rf value is wrong.
Rf value refers to the retention factor. It is used in Thin Layer Chromatography, which is the technique to identify molecules based on their polarity. The. rf value is the ratio of distance travelled by solute to the distance travelled by solvent.
Solute can not move faster than solvent, hence, the distance travelled is always less. This means that numerator will be less than denominator making it less than 1. In general, the rf value lies between 0 and 1. Therefore, there is something wrong in the experiment.
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How many atoms (avogadro’s number) are in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfide, K2S?
Taking into account the definition of Avogadro's Number, 1.98759×10²⁴ atoms are in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfide.
Avogadro's NumberAvogadro's number is currently defined as the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 and its known approximate value is 6.023×10²³. Indicates the amount of substance (usually atoms or molecules) that contains one mole of any substance.
Amount of atoms in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfideYou can apply the following rule of three: if by definition of Avogadro's Number 1 mole of potassium sulfide contains 6.023×10²³ atoms, 3.3 moles of the compound contains how many atoms?
amount of atoms of potassium sulfide= (3.3 moles × 6.023×10²³ atoms)÷ 1 mole
amount of atoms of potassium sulfide= 1.98759×10²⁴
Finally, in 3.3 moles of K₂S are present 1.98759×10²⁴ atoms.
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consider a different titrant for this exercise. suppose ca(oh)2 were used as the titrant, instead of naoh. this will make the titrant twice as concentrated in hydroxide ion. the analyte will still be hc2h3o2. (a) what is the stoichiometry of hc2h3o2 to ca(oh)2?
The titrant for this exercise. suppose Ca(OH)₂ were used as the titrant, instead of NaOH. This will make the titrant twice as concentrated in hydroxide ion. the analyte will still be HC₂H₃O₂. the stoichiometry ratio of HC₂H₃O₂ to Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 2.
The balanced reaction of the given condition as follow :
Ca(OH)₂ + 2HC₂H₃O₂ ------> Ca(C₂H₃O₂)₂ + 2H₂O
from the equation it is clear that stoichiometry of Ca(OH)₂ is 1 and the stoichiometry of HC₂H₃O₂ is 2. therefore the stoichiometry ratio of HC₂H₃O₂ to Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 2.
Thus, The titrant for this exercise. suppose Ca(OH)₂ were used as the titrant, instead of NaOH. This will make the titrant twice as concentrated in hydroxide ion. the analyte will still be HC₂H₃O₂. the stoichiometry ratio of HC₂H₃O₂ to Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 2.
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Which equation represents sublimation?
1 Hg(2)→ Hg(s)
2 H₂O(s)→ H₂O(g)
3 NH3(g) → NH3( )
4 CH4(2)→ CH4(g)
The equation which represents sublimation in the given option is,
H2O(s) → H2O(g).
What is sublimation?
Sublimation is the process of the conversion of substance in solid state directly to gaseous state without going to the liquid state. An example for sublimation is dry ice which is also called as solid carbon dioxide. At ordinary temperature, dry ice gets converted from solid to gaseous form without going through the liquid state.
In sublimation process, the water is in the solid state which is getting converted into the gaseous state which is water vapor. In water, the snow or ice change directly to vapour from solid form.
Hence, water getting converted from solid state to gaseous state is the sublimation process. Here H2O (s) is getting converted into H2O (g). Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.
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what is the volume inside a 0.250 l can of deodorant that starts at 25 c and 1.2 atm if the temperature is raised to 100 oc?
The volume inside a deodorant can is 0.199 L.
Charles’s law applies when a fixed amount of gas is in a container and the pressure is constant if the temperature increases the volume of gas also increases. The formula
[tex]\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}[/tex]
V1 = volume of gasses before the temperature risesT1 = temperature of gasses before the temperature rises (K)V2 = volume of gasses after the temperature risesT2 = temperature of gasses after the temperature rises (K)The temperature units have to be in Kelvin. Volume units can be anything as long as both volume has the same units.
When a container is heated, the gas in it will experience a temperature increase and the volume of the gas will expand. But the expansion will not exceed the contents of the container.
V2 = 0.250 LT1 = 25 °C + 273 = 298 Kp = 1.2 atm T2 =100 °C + 273 = 373 K[tex]\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{V_1}{298} = \frac{0.25}{373}[/tex]
V1 x 373 = 298 x 0.25
[tex]V_1 = \frac{74.5}{373}[/tex]
V1 = 0.199 L
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Determine the number of valence electrons and what the atoms charge will be when it forms an ion
a. O
Answer:
You determine the valence electrons by using the Periodic Table.
Let's assume you're using a table that has the groups numbered 1-18.
The electron configurations of ions are those of the neutral atoms plus or minus a number of electrons equal to the charge on the ion.
At a constant temperature, what is the new volume of a 5.0-L sample of oxygen gas
if the pressure
is changed from 0.50 atm to 0.25 atm?
Answer:
5.0 L
Explanation:
The percent ionic character of a bond ______ with δen. An arbitrary value of ______ divides ionic from covalent bonding.
As we know that, bond polarity and the ionic character of any compound increases with raise in the difference of the electronegativity.
The percentage of ionic character of the bond increases with δen. An arbitrary value of 50% ionic character separates ionic from covalent bonding.
What does covalent bonding explain?
When two or more atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, a covalent bond is formed. These electrons are attracted to two neutrons and protons simultaneously. A covalent bond is formed when the difference between the electrical configurations of two atoms is too small for an electrochemical reaction to occur and ions to be produced.
What properties do covalent bonds have?
Bonds between atoms in covalent compounds share electrons. They have distinct physical properties, such as lower melting points and electrical conductivity than ionic compounds, due to the sharing of electrons.
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A(n) ____________________ is one that contains two, and only two, elements.
Answer:
It is a Binary Compound
Explanation:
Answer:
[binary compound]
Explanation:
A(n) A binary compound is one that contains two, and only two, elements.
an organic chemistry student forgot to pre-weigh the erlenmeyer flask containing crude acetanilide from week one. what is the most accurate method for this student to obtain the mass of crude acetanilide?
The most accurate method of weighing for this student to obtain the mass of crude acetanilide without pre-weighing is by taking the difference between weights of the crude acetanilide with the flask and the empty flask.
What are some of the different ways of weighing compounds in laboratory?
Direct weighing: Set the weighing scale to zero and then place the vial on the scale and set to zero again. Then place the compound on in the vial to measure the mass.Weighing by difference: It is one of the most accurate methods to weigh. it involves repetitive weighing of the vial which contains the sample. The sample is transferred to another container to get the desired mass of the solid.The most accurate way of weighing the crude acetanilide without pre-weighing is to weigh the crude acetanilide with the Erlenmeyer flask and then empty it completely and weigh the empty flask again. Then calculate the difference to get the mass of crude acetanilide.
Therefore, the weighing by difference method can be used to measure the weight of the crude acetanilide.
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calculate the work associated with the expansion of a gas from 42.0 l to 79.0 l at a constant pressure of 13.0 atm.
The work associated with the expansion of a gas is 481 atm. L.
When a gas expands at constant pressure than for a small change in volume dv work done is dw = p dv.
The volume changes from u to v at constant pressure p, then the work done is:
dw = p (v - u)
When the work is done by the system against external pressure then dw = pdv
w = [tex]\int\limits^v_u {p} \, dv[/tex]
So by calculating we get:
dw = 13( 79 - 42)
= 13× 37
= 481 atm. L
Therefore we get the work done in 481 atm. L.
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a copper ore consisting of 12.5% copper(ii) sulfide (95.61 g/mol), when heated and reacted with oxygen gas (32.00 g/mol), produces copper(ii) oxide (79.55 g/mol) and sulfur dioxide (64.06 g/mol). if the reaction has a 90.0% yield, how many grams of copper(ii) oxide are produced when 1.00 kg of the copper ore is processed?
93.7 grams of copper(ii) oxide are produced when 1.00 kg of the copper ore is processed .
What is combustion ?
Combustion, a chemical reaction between substances, usually containing oxygen, that involves the production of heat and light, usually in the form of a flame. The speed or rate at which reactants combine is partly due to the nature of the chemical reaction itself, and partly due to the more energy produced than can escape to the surrounding medium, the temperature of the reactants is used to rise. further accelerate the reaction.
A well-known example of a combustion reaction is a lit match. When you light a match, the friction heats the head to a temperature at which the chemicals react, producing more heat than escaping into the air and burning in a flame.
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what makes sprite a substitute for egg in baking?
Carbonated water is used makes sprite a substitute for egg in baking
Carbonated water can add moisture to recipes, but it also works as a great leavening agent
What is carbonated water ?
Carbonated water (soda water, bottled water, sparkling water, club soda, gassed water, also known as bottled water in many places, especially in the United States as seltzer or seltzer water) contains dissolved carbon dioxide. It is also water containing gas. It is artificially injected under pressure or occurs by natural geological processes. Carbonation creates tiny bubbles, giving the water a carbonation quality. Common forms include sparkling natural mineral water, club soda, and commercial sparkling water.
Carbonated water can add moisture to recipes, but it also works as a great leavening agent. Carbonation traps air bubbles and makes the finished product light and fluffy. You can substitute 60 grams of sparkling water per egg. This alternative is great for cakes, cupcakes and quick breads
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Sodium can combine with element "X" so that
the chemical formula is Na2X. What element
could element "X" be?
Answer:
An element in Group 16 (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, etc.)
Explanation:
Sodium (Na) typically forms the cation Na⁺ during ionic bonding. If the overall charge of the compound is neutral (0), and there are two Na⁺ ions present (+1 + (+1) = +2), the element serving as the anion must have a -2 charge (+2 + (-2) = 0). Elements in group/column 16 have a -2 charge when ionized.
when you go from left to right more protons are added to the atom. why would that make it get smaller when more particles are added
The atom get smaller when more particles are added as forces of attraction between protons and electrons increase.
The attraction between the nucleus and shell grows as we add additional protons and electrons, which causes the shell to shrink. The atom shrinks as a result. Your final and first-to-last paragraphs are attempting to mimic the behavior of electrons; the first cannot increase and should remain the same, while the second is contracting.
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When you put food coloring into water, the water will turn the color of the food coloring. When you leave a cut apple out, it will change to a brown color. Which of the two indicates a chemical reaction and why?
Food coloring because it is chemically changing the water to a different color.
Apple because it is chemically reacting with oxygen to create the brown color.
Food coloring because it indicates that there is a temperature in the water.
Apple because by cutting it, you are rearranging the apple molecules which is indicated by the brown color.
When one puts food coloring into water, the water will turn the color of the food coloring. Also, when you leave a cut apple out, it will change to a brown color. The options that indicate a chemical reaction are:
Food coloring because it is chemically changing the water to a different color. (Option A)Apple because it is chemically reacting with oxygen to create the brown color. (Option B)What is the explanation for the above choices?In the case of A, chemically speaking, the nature of the water has been altered. It is now a mixture, not water. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that can be easily separated.
In the case of B, the process that has taken place is called Oxidation.
Redox reactions occur when the oxidation states of the substrate change. The loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of a chemical or atoms within it is referred to as oxidation. Reduction is the addition of electrons or a reduction in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms.
Decomposition Reaction is one of the several forms of redox reactions.
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Aa cup of coffee has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1. 0 × 10^−10 m. What is the ph of this coffee?.
Answer: 10
A cup of coffee has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1. 0 × 10−10 m. The pH of this coffee will be 10
pH = - log [H+]
= - log [1. 0 × ]
= - log 1 - ( -10 log 10 )
= 0 + 10 = 10
The pH of this coffee will be 10
Explanation:
Which statement below best describes why NASA crashed DART into an asteroid?
The statement that best describes why NASA crashed DART into an asteroid is option A; NASA wanted to know if crashing a satellite into an asteroid would be enough to change the course of the asteroid.
Why is NASA colliding a spaceship with an asteroid?Double Asteroid Redirection Test is the name of the first "planetary defense" test that the US space agency, in collaboration with researchers at Johns Hopkins University, carried out to determine whether it was possible to change the course of an asteroid in deep space if one ever got close enough to threaten Earth.
The 'planetary defense' experiment on the Dart mission seeks to determine whether Armageddon-style impacts can be avoided.
Therefore, The world's first planetary defense technology demonstration, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), successfully impacted its asteroid target on Monday after spending 10 months in space. This was the agency's first attempt to move an asteroid in orbit.
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what volume in gas would be produced by the complete reaction of solid at stp according to the following reaction?remember mol of an ideal gas has a volume of lat stp.
3.648 liters of volume in gas would be produced by the complete reaction of solid at STP according to the reaction as 1 mole of an ideal gas has a volume of 22.4 L at STP.
How is the volume in gas calculated?The given reaction is
[tex]2 Al(s) + 6 HCl (aq)[/tex] = [tex]2AlCl[/tex]₃([tex]aq[/tex])[tex]+H[/tex]₂([tex]g[/tex])
1mole of ideal gas is 22.4L
Here we have to convert the mass of Al to moles.
We know, Number of moles = Mass/Molar mass
Mass of Al = 2.93 g
Molar mass of Al = 26.98 g
Therefore, No. of moles = 2.93 g/26.98 g = 0.108 moles
The molar ratio of Al to H₂ is 2:3
As, 2 moles of Al can produce 3 moles of H₂
Then, 0.108 moles of Al can produce
(0.108 × 3)/ 2
= 0.163 moles of H₂
Now by applying the Ideal Gases Law to calculate the volume that is been produced throughout the reaction at STP ,
The standard temperature is 273 K (0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit) and the standard pressure is 1 atmosphere.
1 atm × V = 0.163 mol × 0.082L.atm(mol.K)⁻¹ × 273K
Hence,
V = (0.163 mol × 0.082 L.atm(mol.K)⁻¹ × 273K) / 1atm
V = 0.013366 × 273
Therefore, the Volume is 3.648 L
What is STP?In chemistry, STP stands for Standard Temperature and Pressure. STP is most commonly used when doing gas calculations. B. Gas Density. The standard temperature is 273 K (0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit) and the standard pressure is 1 atmosphere. This is the freezing point of pure water at atmospheric pressure at sea level.
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What is the frequency of a wave whose wavelength is 5.67 x 10^-7
heat is added to an ideal gas, and the gas expands in the process. is it possible for the temperature to remain constant in this situation?
If the work done by the expanding gas equals the heat added, despite the constant energy of the system of the gas, the temperature can stay constant.
What is considered a ideal gas?An ideal gas is one where there were no inter - molecular attraction forces and all collisions involving atoms and molecules are entirely elastic. It can be seen as a group of perfectly nearly spherical that collide but do not otherwise interact with one another.
Why does temperature affect an ideal gas?Temperature doesn't vary, but pressure and volume do. The energy content will not change throughout this procedure because there is no exchange of labor or heat with the environment. As a result, a perfect gas's internal energy depends solely on its temperature.
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sam wanted to do a demonstration for her class. the directions called for kcl. there was not kcl in the stockroom. what would be the best choice to substitute in the reaction?
NaCl would be the best choice to substitute in the reaction
The transfer of electrons from one reactant to another occurs during an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.
Numerous processes that you have already examined, such as single replacement, combustion, and combination, are redox processes. The loss of electrons is called oxidation. Gaining electrons is what reduction is. In the process, electrons are lost and gained simultaneously. For instance, when oxygen and elemental calcium react, calcium oxide is the result.
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