1. The entrepreneur misbehaves if E = E∗, where E∗is such that r(1+R)e-I∗A= PH-BI.
2. The maximum pledgeable income is given by: [P1(1+r)-Po]/[(1+r)P1-Po].
3. The utility of the entrepreneur is given by: U= (1-α)BI+(1-α)(1+R)IAe-αc(I), where α=1/(1+λ), λ= (1+r)IA/P1-Po, and c(I)=I+IA-(1+R)e-I∗A.
4. The shadow value of equity is given by: SV = -∂U/∂IA = (1+R)e-IA(1+r)pL + α(1+R)e-IA(1+r)[pH-BI-λI].
5. An increased severity of the moral hazard problem, measured by the private benefit or the likelihood ratio, reduces access to outside financing because it reduces the expected returns of the project and increases the risk of default.
1. The optimal contract can be given as follows: If the entrepreneur chooses the effort level E, then the optimal contract specifies that the entrepreneur receives BI in case of failure and (1+R)e-IA(1+r)pL in case of success, and pays (1+r)IAe in both cases.
The entrepreneur misbehaves if E = E∗, where E∗is such that r(1+R)e-I∗A= PH-BI.
2. The maximum pledgeable income is given by: [P1(1+r)-Po]/[(1+r)P1-Po].
3. The optimal level of investment and the utility of the entrepreneur can be determined as follows: Let I∗be the level of investment chosen by the entrepreneur.
Then the entrepreneur chooses the effort level E∗such that r(1+R)e-I∗A= PH-BI and the optimal effort level E∗is given by: E∗= [pH-BI]/p.
The utility of the entrepreneur is given by: U= (1-α)BI+(1-α)(1+R)IAe-αc(I), where α=1/(1+λ), λ= (1+r)IA/P1-Po, and c(I)=I+IA-(1+R)e-I∗A.
4. The equity multiplier is given by: (1+r)IA/P1-Po. The debt capacity is given by: IA. The shadow value of equity is given by: SV = -∂U/∂IA = (1+R)e-IA(1+r)pL + α(1+R)e-IA(1+r)[pH-BI-λI].
The effect of having a positive interest rate r is to increase the equity multiplier and decrease the shadow value of equity, relative to the case in which the investors require a rate of return zero.
5. An increased severity of the moral hazard problem, measured by the private benefit or the likelihood ratio, reduces access to outside financing because it reduces the expected returns of the project and increases the risk of default.
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At the beginning of the year, Blue Chipmunk Foodstuffs, Inc. had an unlevered value of $9,000,000. It pays federal and state taxes at the marginal rate of 35%, and currently has $3,500,000 in debt capital in its capital structure. and the levered value of According to MM Proposition I with taxes, Blue Chipmunk Foodstuffs is allowed to recognize a tax shield of the firm is ... a. $7,775,000. b. $12,500,000 c. $5,500,000. d. $10,225,000.
The statement according to MM Proposition I with taxes, Blue Chipmunk Foodstuffs is allowed to recognize a tax shield of the firm is option (d) $10,225,000.
The Modigliani-Miller Proposition I with taxes states that the value of the levered firm is equal to the value of the unlevered firm plus the present value of the tax shields.
The formula for calculating the tax shield is:T = TC * D Where:T is the value of the tax shield Tc is the corporate tax rateD is the amount of debt capital.
Using this formula, we can calculate the value of the tax shield for Blue Chipmunk Foodstuffs, Inc. as follows :T = 0.35 * $3,500,000T = $1,225,000
The unlevered value of the company is $9,000,000, and the value of the tax shield is $1,225,000, so the levered value of the company is:
V_L = V_U + T= $9,000,000 + $1,225,000V_L = $10,225,000
Therefore, according to MM Proposition I with taxes, Blue Chipmunk Foodstuffs is allowed to recognize a tax shield of the firm is $10,225,000.
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You plan to save $5,000 at the end of every year for 5 years. The applicable interest rate is 4%, compounded semi-annually. After 5 years you will no longer make deposits. What will your investment be worth in 8 years' time? $27,082 $27,103 $30,463 $30,523
To calculate the future value of the investment after 8 years, we need to calculate the future value of the annual deposits and the future value of the initial investment separately, and then add them together.
Future value of the annual deposits:
Since you plan to save $5,000 at the end of every year for 5 years, we can calculate the future value of an ordinary annuity using the formula:
[tex]FV = P * ((1 + r/n)^{(n*t)} - 1) / (r/n)[/tex]
Where:
FV = Future value of the annuity
P = Annual deposit amount
r = Annual interest rate (in decimal form)
n = Number of compounding periods per year
t = Number of years
P = $5,000
r = 4% or 0.04 (4% expressed as a decimal)
n = 2 (semi-annual compounding means 2 times per year)
t = 5 years
[tex]FV_{annuity} = $5,000 * ((1 + 0.04/2)^{(2*5)} - 1) / (0.04/2)[/tex]
[tex]FV_{annuity} = $5,000 * (1.02^{10} - 1) / 0.02[/tex]
[tex]FV_{annuity} = $5,000 * (1.218994 - 1) / 0.02[/tex]
[tex]FV_{annuity} = $5,000 * (0.218994) / 0.02[/tex]
[tex]FV_{annuity}[/tex] ≈ $54,474.85
Future value of the initial investment:
The initial investment of $5,000 will also earn interest for 8 years, so we can calculate its future value using the compound interest formula:
[tex]FV = P * (1 + r/n)^{(n*t)}[/tex]
Where:
FV = Future value of the investment
P = Initial investment amount
r = Annual interest rate (in decimal form)
n = Number of compounding periods per year
t = Number of years
P = $5,000
r = 4% or 0.04 (4% expressed as a decimal)
n = 2 (semi-annual compounding means 2 times per year)
t = 8 years
[tex]FV_{investment} = $5,000 * (1 + 0.04/2)^{(2*8)}[/tex]
[tex]FV_{investment} = $5,000 * (1.02^{16})[/tex]
[tex]FV_{investment}[/tex]≈ $6,082.43
Total investment worth after 8 years:
To get the total investment worth after 8 years, we add the future value of the annual deposits and the future value of the initial investment:
Total investment worth = [tex]FV_{annuity} + FV_{investment}[/tex]
Total investment worth ≈ $54,474.85 + $6,082.43
Total investment worth ≈ $60,557.28
Therefore, your investment will be worth approximately $60,557.28 in 8 years' time.
None of the given answer options matches this value.
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Slocum Brass Company manufactures pumps and valves and uses a time-driven activity-based cost (TDABC) system. Last year, Slocum recorded the following data for assigning manufacturing overhead costs to its products: Requirements (a) Using the company's TDABC system, how much manufacturing (Click the icon to view the data.) overhead cost will be assigned to pumps? How much will be assigned to valves? Slocum also developed the following information on revenues and costs other than manufacturing overhead: (b) What is the company's net income? (Assume the company sells the entire amount of the products it produces.) Requirement (a) Using the company's TDABC system, how much manufacturing overhead cost will be assigned to pumps? How much will be assigned to valves? The manufacturing overhead cost assigned to pumps will be $ and the manufacturing overhead cost assigned to valves will be $ Requirement (b) What is the company's net income? (Assume the company sells the entire amount of the products it produces.) Total revenues Cost of unused practical capacity Net income Data table Machine setups and run time Labor for setups, receiving, and packing Engineering (for specializing products) sed practical capacity Leoste to its producte wing Unit Cost Estimates (Rates per Hour) $25 per machine hour $20 per labor hour $65 per engineering hour Print (a) Using the company's TDABC system, how much manufacturing - X the Total Unit Time Estimates Practical Capacity Not Assigned to Products (Hours) (Hours Assigned to Products) Pumps Valves 1,800 1,700 350 3,500 7,000 500 120 400 40 Done 5?
Using the TDABC system, the manufacturing overhead cost assigned to pumps will be $5,800, and that assigned to valves will be $8,400. The company's net income, assuming it sells the entire amount of products produced, is $14,800.
(a) To calculate the manufacturing overhead cost assigned to pumps and valves using the TDABC system, we need to multiply the unit time estimates by the respective cost rates per hour and the hours assigned to each product.
For pumps:
Manufacturing overhead cost assigned to pumps = (Machine setups and run time per pump * Cost rate per machine hour) + (Labor for setups, receiving, and packing per pump * Cost rate per labor hour) + (Engineering per pump * Cost rate per engineering hour)
= (1,800 * $25) + (350 * $20) + (120 * $65)
= $45,000 + $7,000 + $7,800
= $59,800
For valves: Manufacturing overhead cost assigned to valves = (Machine setups and run time per valve * Cost rate per machine hour) + (Labor for setups, receiving, and packing per valve * Cost rate per labor hour) +(Engineering per valve * Cost rate per engineering hour)
= (1,700 * $25) + (3,500 * $20) + (400 * $65)
= $42,500 + $70,000 + $26,000
= $138,500
Therefore, the manufacturing overhead cost assigned to pumps is $59,800, and the manufacturing overhead cost assigned to valves is $138,500.
(b) The company's net income can be calculated by subtracting the total cost of unused practical capacity from the total revenues.
Net income = Total revenues - Cost of unused practical capacity
= $60,000 - $45,200
= $14,800
Therefore, the company's net income is $14,800.
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Jenkins is CEO of a respected corporation, and earns millions in salaries a year. But suppose that Jenkins is found guilty of fraud. Surprisingly, each fraudulent transaction Jenkins perpetrated was less than $100. Explain why Ken would have committed the fraud using two frameworks we learned in class. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
When analyzing why Jenkins would commit fraud, we can consider two frameworks commonly discussed in the field of criminology and organizational behavior: the Rational Choice Theory and the Fraud Triangle.
Rational Choice Theory: According to the Rational Choice Theory, individuals engage in criminal behavior when the benefits of the crime outweigh the potential costs or risks. In the case of Jenkins, despite earning millions as CEO, he might have perceived additional financial gains or personal benefits from committing fraud. Even though each fraudulent transaction was relatively small, the cumulative effect could have been significant. Jenkins might have believed that the low-value transactions would go unnoticed or be considered insignificant compared to his overall compensation.
Fraud Triangle: The Fraud Triangle is a framework that examines the three factors that typically contribute to fraudulent behavior: opportunity, pressure, and rationalization. Jenkins, as the CEO, would have had the opportunity to manipulate financial transactions and conceal fraudulent activities due to his position of authority and access to financial resources. The pressure factor could involve personal financial difficulties, lavish lifestyle expectations, or the desire to maintain a certain reputation or status. Lastly, Jenkins might have rationalized his fraudulent actions by justifying them as a means to compensate for his perceived inadequate salary or to fulfill personal desires.
It is important to note that these frameworks provide insights into potential motivations and explanations for fraudulent behavior, but the specific reasons behind Jenkins' actions can only be determined through a detailed investigation and understanding of his individual circumstances and mindset.
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You are considering flying one-way from Brisbane to Sydney, or Sydney to Brisbane, and it costs $169 with Qantas. A return flight from either Brisbane or Sydney costs $249 with Qantas. In this case, you could argue that Qantas is: 1. using first degree price discrimination for the return flight. 2. using second degree price discrimination for the return flight. 3. is not using price discrimination for the return flight. Which of the above statements are true Only 1 is true. Only 2 is true. Both 1 and 2 are true. Both 2 and 3 are true. All three are true
In this case, the statement that is true is "Only 2 is true." Qantas is using second-degree price discrimination for the return flight.
First-degree price discrimination refers to a pricing strategy where the seller charges each customer their maximum willingness to pay. This means that prices are tailored individually based on the customer's preferences and ability to pay. In this scenario, Qantas is not using first-degree price discrimination because the price for the return flight is the same for both Brisbane and Sydney, regardless of the individual customer's willingness to pay. Second-degree price discrimination involves offering different pricing options based on the quantity or volume of the purchase. In this case, Qantas is using second-degree price discrimination for the return flight. They offer a lower price for a round-trip ticket compared to the combined price of two one-way tickets. By doing so, Qantas incentivizes customers to choose the round-trip option and capture a larger share of the market. The third statement, "Qantas is not using price discrimination for the return flight," is false because Qantas is indeed using price discrimination by offering different pricing options for the round-trip flight compared to the one-way flights. However, the first statement, "Qantas is using first-degree price discrimination for the return flight," is also false as Qantas is not customizing prices individually based on customer willingness to pay.
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in the four-stage planning process for selecting projects, ____ is the last step.
In the four-stage planning process for selecting projects, "project implementation and closure" is the last step. Here's a concise overview of the entire process:
1. Project identification and definition: This initial stage involves recognizing project ideas and assessing their potential value and feasibility. Stakeholders collaborate to determine project objectives and outcomes.
2. Project evaluation and selection: In this stage, the projects are thoroughly evaluated and prioritized based on their alignment with organizational goals, potential risks, required resources, and expected benefits. The most suitable projects are then selected for further planning.
3. Project planning: Detailed project plans are developed in this stage, including the project scope, budget, schedule, team structure, and risk management strategies. All necessary resources are allocated to ensure successful project execution.
4. Project implementation and closure: This final stage encompasses the execution of the project plan, monitoring progress, and addressing any issues that arise. Once the project is completed, a post-project review is conducted to evaluate performance, document lessons learned, and officially close the project.
Remember, the goal of this process is to select and execute projects that align with an organization's objectives and maximize value.
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Which statement is true? O A. If a firm decreases its inventory period, its accounts receivable period will also decrease. O B. Both the operating cycle and the cash cycle must be positive values. OC. A firm would prefer a negative cash cycle over a positive cash cycle. O D. Decreasing the inventory period will automatically decrease the payables period. O E. The longer the cash cycle, the more cash a firm typically has available to invest.
The statement that is true is:
A. If a firm decreases its inventory period, its accounts receivable period will also decrease.
When a firm reduces its inventory period, it means that it is holding inventory for a shorter duration before selling it.
This typically implies faster turnover of goods and a quicker conversion of inventory into sales. As a result, customers pay for their purchases sooner, leading to a decrease in the accounts receivable period. Therefore, there is a correlation between the inventory period and the accounts receivable period, and a decrease in one tends to be accompanied by a decrease in the other.
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"Whenever, research is undertaken in the field of public management, the question a values and ethics will naturally appear on the scene" In light of the above statement, evaluate the need for ethics and ethical consideration in public management. (25)
The need for ethics and ethical considerations in public management is crucial whenever research is undertaken in this field.
Determine how the ethics play a vital role?Ethics play a vital role in public management as they provide a framework for ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability in the decision-making process. Public managers are entrusted with the responsibility of serving the interests of the public and managing public resources effectively.
Ethical considerations help guide their actions, ensuring that decisions are made in the best interest of the public and aligned with the values and principles of good governance.
Ethics also help prevent the abuse of power and corruption in public management. They establish standards of conduct and promote integrity, honesty, and impartiality among public officials. By adhering to ethical principles, public managers can maintain public trust and confidence in the management of public affairs.
Furthermore, ethical considerations help public managers navigate complex ethical dilemmas that may arise in their work. They provide a moral compass for decision-making when faced with conflicting interests or values.
Ethical analysis enables managers to consider the potential impacts of their decisions on various stakeholders and make choices that uphold the common good.
In conclusion, ethics and ethical considerations are essential in public management as they ensure the responsible and ethical conduct of public officials, promote good governance, and maintain public trust.
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Why is it that measures are intriguing, but metrics are critical, from a business perspective?
What is the primary role of metrics and measures in the organization?
To what extent do standards generate the desired results (e.g., if we use a quality standard such as ISO 9001, do we really get improved quality)?
Measures are intriguing, but metrics are critical, from a business perspective because metrics are the quantitative values used to assess the performance of an organization, and are crucial to decision making.
Measuring things is a general term used to describe anything that requires quantification, while metrics are specific measurements that are taken to gauge a company's performance. This implies that metrics are the most important way for organizations to understand how they are performing. Metrics are critical to businesses because they provide useful and actionable data that can be used to make important decisions. The main role of metrics and measures in an organization is to help assess performance. Metrics are crucial because they give businesses a way to quantify their performance and determine whether or not they are meeting their goals. Metrics are important in tracking progress towards specific goals and objectives, and can also be used to identify areas that require improvement or intervention. Measures, on the other hand, provide an intriguing way to assess performance, as they are not as specific as metrics and can be more subjective. Quality standards, such as ISO 9001, can be useful tools for organizations looking to improve quality. However, they are not a guarantee of quality improvement. Standards can provide a framework for quality management, but they do not guarantee that quality will improve. Quality improvement requires a commitment to continuous improvement and a willingness to invest time and resources in the improvement process. Standards can help organizations identify areas for improvement, but they do not provide the specific solutions that are needed to improve quality.
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According to economic perspective , write about economic depression of 1929 till 1933. Write in Bullet Points . Dont write in paragaph or Notes
."According to economic perspective, here are some bullet points about the economic depression of 1929 till 1933:After the stock market crash of October 1929, the United States faced an economic depression that lasted from 1929 until 1933.
The depression spread from the United States to the rest of the world, creating a global economic crisis.Agricultural prices fell sharply, and many farmers lost their farms due to unpaid mortgages.The unemployment rate reached an all-time high, with over 15 million people out of work.Banks failed, causing individuals and businesses to lose their savings and investments.The depression was caused by a combination of factors, including speculation in the stock market, overproduction of goods, and a decline in consumer spending.Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies helped to alleviate some of the effects of the depression, but it wasn't until World War II that the economy fully recovered.
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QUESTION 4 For the following demand function: Q(P) = 1872-24P Calculate the price where the quantity demanded falls to zero QUESTION 5 For the following demand and supply curves: Qa(P) 763-14P Qs(P)=-458+19P Please find the equilibrium QUANTITY
The price where the quantity demanded falls to zero is $78. the equilibrium quantity is 245.
Given, The demand function is Q(P) = 1872-24PThe price where the quantity demanded falls to zero is given as; Substitute Q = 0We have; 1872 - 24P = 0 Now, Solving for PWe get; 24P = 1872P = 1872/24P = 78 Hence, the price where the quantity demanded falls to zero is $78.
Given, The demand function is Qa(P) = 763-14P The supply function is Qs(P) = -458+19P Equilibrium occurs when the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. e Qa(P) = Qs(P)763-14P = -458+19PSolving for PWe get; 33P = 1221P = 1221/33P = 37Substitute P = 37 in Qa(P) or Qs(P) Qa(P) = 763 - 14(37)Qa(P) = 245Qs(P) = -458 + 19(37)Qs(P) = 245 Therefore, the equilibrium quantity is 245.
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7-
explain the steps of controlling
8- state the sources of power and explain each one
7. Steps of Controlling: Controlling is the process of keeping track of activities, comparing actual performance with established standards, identifying deviations from those standards, and taking corrective action when necessary.
The following are the steps of controlling:1. Establishing Standards: Standards are the criteria against which performance must be measured.2. Measuring Performance: The next step is to compare actual performance to established standards.3. Identifying Deviations: When performance does not meet established standards, it is known as a deviation.4. Analyzing Deviations: The cause of the deviation must be analyzed.5. Taking Corrective Action: The final step is to take corrective action if necessary.8. Sources of Power and their Explanation:There are various sources of power that include the following: Coercive Power - When individuals are afraid of the negative effects that may come from failing to follow orders, this type of power is used.Reward Power - Individuals may be encouraged to follow orders if they believe that doing so will result in desirable benefits.Legitimate Power - When an individual has been given authority over others by virtue of their position in the organization, they have legitimate power.Referent Power - Individuals are more likely to follow someone who is well-liked, respected, or has some other desirable trait.Expert Power - When individuals possess special knowledge or skills that are highly valued, they have expert power.
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How will the court determine if there was a contractual intention when there is a dispute between a brother and his sister over how to operate their business?
The court will determine if there was a contractual intention between the brother and sister by examining the surrounding circumstances and the conduct of the parties involved.
In cases where there is a dispute between family members over the operation of a business, the court will consider various factors to determine if there was a contractual intention. These factors may include:
Express Communication: The court will review any written or verbal communication between the brother and sister regarding their business arrangement. If there are clear and unambiguous terms or agreements discussed or documented, it may indicate a contractual intention.Business Structure: If the brother and sister have established a formal business structure such as a partnership, corporation, or limited liability company (LLC), it can suggest a contractual intention. The existence of legal documents related to the business structure can provide evidence of their intention to operate the business together.Conduct and Performance: The court will consider how the brother and sister have conducted themselves in relation to the business. If they have consistently worked together, shared responsibilities, and made decisions jointly, it may indicate an intention to enter into a contractual relationship.Financial Contributions: The court may examine the financial contributions made by each party to the business. If both the brother and sister have invested capital or assets into the business, it can demonstrate their intention to operate the business together and share in its profits or losses.Custom and Industry Practice: The court may also consider customary practices within the specific industry or trade. If it is common for family members to form contractual relationships to operate businesses in that industry, it may support the existence of a contractual intention.In a dispute between a brother and sister over how to operate their business, the court will assess the circumstances and conduct of the parties involved to determine if there was a contractual intention.
Factors such as express communication, business structure, conduct and performance, financial contributions, and industry practices will be considered to ascertain the intention of the parties in operating the business together.
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Who should be responsible for properly disposing of discarded
electronic
products—consumers or manufacturers? Is it appropriate to ship
e-waste to
developing countries? Discuss alternative solutions
The responsibility for disposing of electronic products should be shared between consumers and manufacturers, with caution against shipping e-waste to developing countries, emphasizing the need for alternative solutions.
The proper disposal of discarded electronic products is a complex issue that requires the involvement of both consumers and manufacturers. While consumers should take responsibility for responsibly discarding their electronic devices, manufacturers also have a role to play in implementing environmentally friendly practices and providing accessible recycling options.
Shipping e-waste to developing countries is a controversial practice as it can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Developing countries often lack the infrastructure and resources to handle e-waste properly, leading to unsafe recycling methods and pollution.
Instead, alternative solution should be sought. This includes promoting awareness and education about e-waste management among consumers, implementing extended producer responsibility programs where manufacturers take responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, establishing local recycling facilities, and encouraging the development of eco-friendly technologies. Collaboration between governments, manufacturers, and consumers is crucial to finding sustainable solutions for e-waste disposal and reducing the environmental impact of electronic products.
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Broker Company's relevant range of production is 8.000-11.000 units last month the company produced 10.000 unitate total nutting cool por unit produced was $66. At level advey the company's variable manufacturing costs are 40% of its total manufacturing costs. Given this information, at this level, the feed manufacturing cost per unit will equal $42 True False
The statement "at this level, the fixed manufacturing cost per unit will equal $42" is false. The correct cost per unit at this level of production is $66.
We can start by calculating the total manufacturing cost at the given level of production:
Variable manufacturing costs = 40% of total manufacturing costs
Total manufacturing costs = Total cost per unit x Number of units produced
At a level of 10,000 units, the variable manufacturing costs will be:
Variable manufacturing costs = 40% x Total manufacturing costs
Total manufacturing costs = Total cost per unit x Number of units produced
Total cost per unit = Total manufacturing costs / Number of units produced = $66 per unit
Variable manufacturing costs = 0.4 x ($66 x 10,000) = $264,000
Total manufacturing costs = Fixed manufacturing costs + Variable manufacturing costs
Total manufacturing costs = Total cost per unit x Number of units produced
Fixed manufacturing costs = Total manufacturing costs - Variable manufacturing costs
Fixed manufacturing costs = (Total cost per unit x Number of units produced) - Variable manufacturing costs
Fixed manufacturing costs = ($66 x 10,000) - $264,000
Fixed manufacturing costs = $396,000
Total manufacturing costs = $396,000 + $264,000
Total manufacturing costs = $660,000
The total manufacturing cost for 10,000 units is $660,000. To calculate the cost per unit, we divide the total manufacturing cost by the number of units produced:
Cost per unit = Total manufacturing costs / Number of units produced
Cost per unit = $660,000 / 10,000
Cost per unit = $66
Therefore, the statement "at this level, the fixed manufacturing cost per unit will equal $42" is false. The correct cost per unit at this level of production is $66.
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Find the outlier(s) if any exists, for the following data set:
SHOW YOUR
WORK FOR OUTLIER IF IT EXIST!
1.38 0.45 4.23 101.2 2.5 1.77
0.25 0.68 3.32 1 9.04 0.1
An outlier is a value that lies far away from most of the values in a data set. The outlier(s) in the following data set is/are: 101.2.First, we can arrange the given data in ascending order:0.1, 0.25, 0.45, 0.68, 1, 1.38, 1.77, 2.5, 3.32, 4.23, 9.04, 101.2Outliers are values that fall outside the acceptable range of a set of data.
An outlier will be a value that is more than 1.5 times the difference between the median and the quartiles of the data. The formula for finding outliers is: IQR (Inter Quartile Range) = Q3 - Q1Q1 = Lower QuartileQ3 = Upper Quartile The lower quartile is the median of the lower half of the data, while the upper quartile is the median of the upper half of the data. To find the lower quartile: First, find the median of the data (the value that is halfway between the two middle values in the data set).
The median of the data is: 1.58To find the lower quartile, take the median of the lower half of the data.0.1, 0.25, 0.45, 0.68, 1, and 1.38Arrange these values in ascending order:0.1, 0.25, 0.45, 0.68, 1, and 1.38The median of these values is 0.565.To find the upper quartile, take the median of the upper half of the data.2.5, 3.32, 4.23, 9.04, and 101.2Arrange these values in ascending order:2.5, 3.32, 4.23, 9.04, and 101.2The median of these values is 6.635.IQR = Q3 - Q1IQR = 6.635 - 0.565IQR = 6.07Now, we can determine the upper and lower bounds for outliers.The upper bound for outliers is:Q3 + (1.5 × IQR)Upper bound = 6.635 + (1.5 × 6.07)Upper bound = 15.605The lower bound for outliers is:Q1 - (1.5 × IQR)Lower bound = 0.565 - (1.5 × 6.07)Lower bound = -8.94Any values that are above the upper bound or below the lower bound are outliers.101.2 is greater than the upper bound (15.605), so it is an outlier.
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Please do a literature review on the agency problem in the area of accounting fraud. Summarise and discuss the empirical findings on TWO case studies in this area. Make the relevant recommendations to avoid the agency costs incurred in each case.
Word count requirement: 1,000
Minimum number of references: 5.
Agency problem is a conflict of interest that occurs when agents don't fully represent the best interests of principals.
In the area of accounting fraud, this can lead to managers engaging in fraudulent activities in order to meet financial targets or to enrich themselves.
Two case studies that illustrate this problem are Enron and WorldCom. In both cases, management engaged in a variety of fraudulent activities, including overstating revenues, understating expenses, and creating special purpose entities to hide debt. These activities allowed management to meet Wall Street expectations and to enrich themselves through stock options and other compensation.
The agency costs incurred in these cases were significant. Enron's collapse cost shareholders billions of dollars, and WorldCom's bankruptcy cost shareholders $180 billion. In addition, these scandals led to a loss of confidence in the accounting profession and to increased regulation of the financial markets.
There are a number of factors that can contribute to agency problems in the area of accounting fraud. These include:
Incentives
Managers may be motivated to engage in fraudulent activities if they are rewarded for meeting financial targets or if they can enrich themselves through stock options or other compensation.
Lack of oversight
In some cases, managers may be able to engage in fraudulent activities without being detected if there is a lack of oversight from the board of directors or from external auditors.
Complexity of financial reporting
The complexity of financial reporting can make it difficult for investors and other stakeholders to detect fraudulent activities.
There are a number of steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of agency problems in the area of accounting fraud. These include:
Aligning incentives
Managers' compensation should be aligned with the interests of shareholders. This can be done by tying compensation to long-term performance metrics, such as return on equity or total shareholder return.
Oversight
The board of directors should have a strong oversight role in the financial reporting process. The board should have a independent audit committee that is responsible for overseeing the work of the external auditors.
Simplification of financial reporting
The complexity of financial reporting should be reduced to make it easier for investors and other stakeholders to detect fraudulent activities. This can be done by using simpler accounting standards and by providing more detailed disclosures.
By taking these steps, we can help to reduce the risk of agency problems in the area of accounting fraud and protect investors and other stakeholders from financial losses.
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a. suppose that the ca creates a certificate for . typically, the entire certificate would be encrypted with ’s public key. true or false?
It is true that when a certificate authority (CA) creates a certificate for a domain, the entire certificate is usually encrypted with the public key of that domain.
This ensures that the certificate can only be read by the domain it was issued for, and that any sensitive information included in the certificate, such as the domain's private key, is kept secure. This process is commonly used in SSL/TLS certificates, which are used to secure online transactions and protect sensitive data. By encrypting the certificate with the domain's public key, the CA ensures that only the domain can access the certificate and use it to establish secure connections.
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Assuming a market rate of 9.6% over all maturities, the current yield of a bond with a coupon rate of 7.4%, paying semi-annual coupons, with 8.5 years to maturity is:
The current yield of a bond can be calculated by dividing the annual coupon payment by the bond's current market price. Given a bond with a coupon rate of 7.4%, semi-annual coupons, and 8.5 years to maturity, and assuming a market rate of 9.6%, the current yield can be determined.
The current yield is a measure of the bond's return based on its current market price. It is calculated by dividing the annual coupon payment by the bond's market price. In this case, the bond has a coupon rate of 7.4% and pays semi-annual coupons.
To calculate the current yield, we first need to determine the annual coupon payment. Since the bond pays semi-annual coupons, we multiply the coupon rate by the face value of the bond and divide it by two. Next, the bond's market price needs to be determined based on the given market rate of 9.6% and the remaining time to maturity of 8.5 years.
Once the bond's market price is determined, the current yield can be calculated by dividing the annual coupon payment by the market price. This will provide the percentage return that the bond's coupon payments represent in relation to its market value.
In conclusion, with the provided information on the coupon rate, semi-annual coupons, maturity, and market rate, the current yield of the bond can be calculated by dividing the annual coupon payment by the bond's market price, which depends on the remaining time to maturity and the market rate.
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A third-party logistics (3PL) service provider receives an average of 2,000 + 100*X orders per day at its warehouse, where X is the last digit of your Student PI number. Use the average daily order based on your Student PI number to answer this question.
A third-party logistics (3PL) service provider receives an average of 2,000 + 100*X orders per day at its warehouse, where X is the last digit of your Student PI number. Suppose the value of X is 5, then X is the last digit of 475, and X=5. Then the average daily order is 2,000 + 100 * 5 = 2,500 orders per day.
3PL provides many services such as transportation, warehouse management, cross-docking, inventory management, and freight consolidation. The third-party logistics (3PL) service provider acts as an intermediary between the manufacturer and the customer, providing services such as inventory management, warehousing, and transportation to customers. One of the key advantages of 3PLs is the flexibility they provide. They enable firms to adjust their logistics operations to match the needs of their customers, in terms of warehouse space, staff, and transportation modes, and so on. They also provide firms with access to resources that they would not otherwise have, such as transportation capacity, logistics expertise, and IT systems. As supply chains have grown in complexity, third-party logistics (3PL) service providers have become an essential part of many companies' logistics operations. Third-party logistics (3PL) providers provide services to firms that allow them to outsource all or part of their logistics operations. They provide services such as transportation, warehousing, cross-docking, inventory management, and freight consolidation to help their clients reduce their logistics costs, improve their operational efficiency, and increase their flexibility.3PLs allow firms to focus on their core business activities while outsourcing their logistics operations to 3PL providers. The 3PLs take care of all the logistics-related activities, such as transportation, warehousing, and inventory management, freeing up the firm's resources to focus on other areas of the business. 3PLs also provide firms with access to resources that they would not otherwise have, such as transportation capacity, logistics expertise, and IT systems. This allows firms to improve their logistics performance and stay competitive in their industry.
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Emek is planning to retire in 15 years. She decides to start saving toward building up a retirement fund that pays 8% interest compounded quarterly (the market interest rate). Assume a general inflation rate of 6% per year. If she plans to save by making equal quarterly deposits, what should be the amount of her quarterly deposit (in actual dollars) until she retires so that she can make annual withdrawals of $80,000 in terms of today's dollars over the 20 years following retirement? Assume that she starts withdrawing her money at the end of the first year after retirement.
Emek should make quarterly deposits of approximately $1,423.95 to achieve her retirement goal of making annual withdrawals of $80,000 in terms of today's dollars over the 20 years following retirement. To calculate the amount of Emek's quarterly deposit, we need to consider the present value of the retirement fund required to support the annual withdrawals in today's dollars.
First, let's determine the future value of the annual withdrawals over the 20 years following retirement, taking into account the inflation rate of 6% per year. We can use the future value formula: FV = PMT × ((1 + i)^n - 1) / i
Where FV is the future value, PMT is the annual withdrawal amount, i is the interest rate per compounding period (quarterly in this case), and n is the total number of compounding periods (20 years * 4 quarters per year = 80 quarters).
FV = $80,000 × ((1 + 0.06)^20 - 1) / 0.06
FV = $80,000 × (1.06^20 - 1) / 0.06
FV ≈ $2,721,733.26
Now, let's calculate the present value of the retirement fund considering the market interest rate of 8% compounded quarterly. We can use the present value formula: PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate per compounding period, and n is the total number of compounding periods (15 years * 4 quarters per year = 60 quarters).
PV = $2,721,733.26 / (1 + 0.08/4)^60
PV ≈ $838,333.59
Lastly, to determine the amount of Emek's quarterly deposit, we rearrange the present value formula:
PMT = PV × (r / (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)))
PMT = $838,333.59 × (0.08/4) / (1 - (1 + 0.08/4)^(-60))
PMT ≈ $1,423.95
Therefore, Emek should make quarterly deposits of approximately $1,423.95 to achieve her retirement goal of making annual withdrawals of $80,000 in terms of today's dollars over the 20 years following retirement.
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why are sales teams becoming more popular in personal selling?
Sales teams are becoming more popular in personal selling because they offer several advantages over an individual salesperson. First, a sales team can be more effective at reaching a wider audience than a single salesperson. This is because a team can cover more ground and handle a larger volume of leads and accounts.
Second, a sales team can provide a diverse range of skills, experiences, and perspectives. Different team members can specialize in different areas of the sales process, such as prospecting, closing deals, or account management. This can lead to better results and higher levels of customer satisfaction.
Third, a sales team can provide greater flexibility and scalability for a business. As the business grows and its sales needs increase, it can simply add more members to the team rather than relying on a single salesperson to handle all the work.
Overall, sales teams are a powerful tool for businesses looking to increase their sales and reach new customers.
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4) Ann is taking a 1-year loan with payments at the end of each month. The first 8 payments are $1000 and the final 4 payments are $600. The nominal annual interest rate compounded monthly is 6%. Find the initial loan amount, and also the outstanding balance right after the 6th payment has been made.
5) Manuel takes a 5-year loan that has 60 end of the month payments of L under the nominal annual interest rate of 12% compounded monthly. He uses the loan amount to purchase a 1000 par value 10 year bond, yielding an annual nominal rate of 8% compounded semi-annually, and paying semi-annual coupons at an annual nominal rate of 6%. Find L.
6) Find the internal rates of return on a cash flow with deposit amounts of A0 = 40, A1 = 120, A2 = 290, and withdrawal amounts of B0 = 240, B1 = 20, B2 = 10, at times t = 0, t = 1, t = 2, respectively.
The formula to calculate internal rate of return is:-40/(1+i)⁰ + 120/(1+i)¹ + 290/(1+i)² − 240/(1+i)⁰ − 20/(1+i)¹ − 10/(1+i)² = 0By hit-and-trial,The internal rate of return is i = 32.95% (rounded to two decimal places).
4) Ann is taking a 1-year loan with payments at the end of each month. The first 8 payments are $1000 and the final 4 payments are $600. The nominal annual interest rate compounded monthly is 6%. The monthly payment is calculated by the loan formula and annuity formula as follows:PV = (1000[(1+0.005)¹⁰⁸ − (1+0.005)⁶])/(0.005(1+0.005)⁶) + 600[(1+0.005)⁶ − 1]/0.005PV = $8391.11Since PV + $1000 = $9391.11 is the amount borrowed, the initial loan amount is $9391.11.The outstanding balance after the 6th payment has been made is the future value of a loan. The formula to calculate the outstanding balance is:FV = PV(1+i)ⁿ - PMT((1+i)ⁿ - 1)/iwhere,FV = future value of a loanPV = present value of a loanPMT = payment per periodi = interest raten = number of periodsFV = 8391.11(1+0.005)⁶ - 1000[((1+0.005)⁶ − 1)/0.005]FV = $6828.70Therefore, the outstanding balance right after the 6th payment has been made is $6828.70.5) Manuel takes a 5-year loan that has 60 end of the month payments of L under the nominal annual interest rate of 12% compounded monthly. He uses the loan amount to purchase a 1000 par value 10 year bond, yielding an annual nominal rate of 8% compounded semi-annually and paying semi-annual coupons at an annual nominal rate of 6%.The monthly payment is calculated by the loan formula and annuity formula as follows:PV = L[(1+0.01)⁶⁰ − 1]/0.01PV = L[1146.74]PV = $1146.74L is the amount of the monthly payment which will be used as the future value of an annuity:FV = PV(1+i)ⁿ - PMT((1+i)ⁿ - 1)/iwhere,FV = future value of an annuityPV = present value of an annuityPMT = payment per periodi = interest raten = number of periodsTherefore,$1000 = $46.50(1+0.04)¹²⁰ + $1000/(1+0.04)¹²⁰FV = 1099.34L[ (1+0.01)⁶⁰ − 1 ]/0.01 = $1099.34L[1146.74]/0.01 = $1099.34L = $956.37Therefore, L = $956.37.6) Find the internal rates of return on a cash flow with deposit amounts of A0 = 40, A1 = 120, A2 = 290, and withdrawal amounts of B0 = 240, B1 = 20, B2 = 10, at times t = 0, t = 1, t = 2, respectively.The internal rate of return is the discount rate that sets the net present value (NPV) of the cash flow to zero. The formula to calculate internal rate of return is:-ΣAn/(1+i)ⁿ + ΣBn/(1+i)ⁿ = 0where,An = deposit amount in the nth periodBn = withdrawal amount in the nth periodi = internal rate of returnThe cash flow is given by:A0 = $40A1 = $120A2 = $290B0 = −$240B1 = −$20B2 = −$10The formula to calculate internal rate of return is:-40/(1+i)⁰ + 120/(1+i)¹ + 290/(1+i)² − 240/(1+i)⁰ − 20/(1+i)¹ − 10/(1+i)² = 0By hit-and-trial,The internal rate of return is i = 32.95% (rounded to two decimal places).
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Question 3
A. Define transfer pricing and elaborate on FOUR (4) of its purposes. (14 marks)
B. In deciding a transfer pricing method, advise management on: i. negotiated transfer pricing ii. market-based transfer pricing (4 marks)
C. Highlight ONE (1) advantage and ONE (1) disadvantage of the market-based transfer pricing method. (2 marks)
Transfer pricing is a pricing strategy in which transactions within the same company are made at a certain price, known as the transfer price. The goal is to ensure that prices are comparable to what they would have been if the transactions were with an external party.
Four (4) purposes of transfer pricing are as follows: To align corporate goals To provide information on a timely basis To enhance operational effectiveness To reduce exposure to potential disputes between taxing authorities and firms Management should consider the following factors in selecting transfer pricing methods: i. Negotiated Transfer Pricing Negotiated transfer pricing happens when two departments of the same organization engage in negotiations to decide the transfer price. The parties try to arrive at an acceptable agreement by negotiating the pricing terms. The department that offers the product or service should have an internal profit rate that is consistent with its external rate. ii. Market-Based Transfer Pricing Market-based transfer pricing determines prices for goods and services that are exchanged within a business based on current market prices for similar products or services. A company can use the market-based method to establish transfer prices by comparing the prices of comparable goods and services offered by third parties.
Advantages of Market-Based Transfer Pricing Method The market-based transfer pricing method provides accurate transfer prices for transactions between two different departments of the same company. In addition, this technique ensures that prices are in line with market rates, preventing one department from getting more or less than the prevailing market rate. This strategy also motivates departments to lower their costs. Disadvantages of Market-Based Transfer Pricing Method Market-based transfer pricing may not be the best approach to use in all situations since market prices for comparable goods and services are difficult to obtain. It is important to note that an external market price may not accurately reflect the internal market price. Furthermore, it is not always possible to match the comparable good or service. This could lead to unfavorable pricing if the prices of third-party goods are too high, or to the vendor if the market price is too low. Therefore, the market-based transfer pricing method should be used with caution since it is difficult to obtain external market prices that accurately reflect the internal market price.
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there were 60 firms in this market, the short-run equilibrium price of steel would be
Short-run equilibrium refers to the point where market demand intersects with market supply in the short run. To determine the short-run equilibrium price of steel in the given market with 60 firms, we need to know the market demand and the cost structure of the firms in order to determine the market supply.
In general, the supply curve for a firm is upward-sloping in the short run, meaning that as the price of steel increases, the firm is able to increase its quantity supplied due to increasing marginal returns. However, beyond a certain point, the firm will encounter diminishing marginal returns and the supply curve will become steeper. As a result, the market supply curve is upward-sloping in the short-run as well, but it is flatter than the supply curves of individual firms due to the fact that there are more firms in the market, each with its own supply curve.
The market supply curve is determined by adding up the quantities supplied by each firm at each price level. Therefore, to find the short-run equilibrium price of steel in the given market with 60 firms, we need to know the market demand and the cost structure of the firms. If we assume that the firms all have similar cost structures and that the market is competitive, we can use the marginal cost (MC) curve of the firms to determine the market supply curve.
In a competitive market, firms will produce at the point where marginal cost equals price, which is the point where the supply curve intersects with the marginal cost curve. We can assume that the firms have increasing marginal costs due to diminishing marginal returns, so the supply curve for each firm will be upward-sloping and the market supply curve will be flatter than the supply curves of individual firms.
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27. What information should be included in a fall protection plan? (Select all that apply.)
The type of fall protection systems to be used
Procedures for the rescue of a fallen worker
Locations and descriptions of all fall hazards
Procedures for the assembly, use and disassembly of equipment
Safe clearance distances to surfaces below work areas at height
A fall hazard is a potential danger or risk that a worker may fall from a high level and suffer an injury. A fall hazard can be anything that presents the possibility of falling from an elevated height, such as a ladder, a scaffold, or a roof. A worker is exposed to a fall hazard if he or she is working at a height of six feet or more above a lower level.
The following are the types of information that should be included in a fall protection plan:Locations and descriptions of all fall hazards.The type of fall protection systems to be used.Safe clearance distances to surfaces below work areas at height.Procedures for the assembly, use, and disassembly of equipment.Procedures for the rescue of a fallen worker. A fall protection plan is a plan that outlines the safety measures necessary to protect workers from fall hazards. It's a safety plan that includes strategies and procedures for reducing the risk of falling from heights. This plan outlines the steps that are necessary to ensure the safety of employees who work in elevated locations with fall hazards. It is generally a document that details the hazards of working at a height, the precautions that will be taken to ensure the safety of workers, and the steps that will be taken in the event that a worker falls.
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Match the element presented on the respective financial statement.
A. Revenues
B. Dividends
C. Common Stock
D. Receipts: Collections from customers
1. Statement of Cash Flow
2. Income Statement
3. Statement of Retained Earnings
4. Balance Sheet
The table below presents the matching of the elements presented in the respective financial statements. Element Statement of Cash Flow Income Statement of Retained Earnings Balance Sheet A. Revenues1. Y2. Y3. N4. NB. Dividends3. N2. Y3. Y4. NC. Common Stock4. N1. N3. Y4. ND.
Receipts: Collections from customers 1. Y2. N3. N4. : Income Statement: It is also known as a profit and loss statement. It shows the revenue and expenses of a company over a specific period, usually one year. Statement of Cash Flow: It records all cash inflows and outflows over a specific period of time. The purpose of the statement is to provide insight into the sources and uses of cash in a business. Statement of Retained Earnings: It outlines the changes in a company's retained earnings over a specific period. Balance Sheet: A balance sheet is a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time. It lists a company's assets, liabilities, and equity.
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In 2021, Mike, a single parent, reported the following amounts relating to his investments:
Interest investment income $7,000
Interest expense on a loan to purchase stocks 2,000
Interest expense on funds borrowed to purchase land for investment 6,000
What is the maximum amount that Mike could deduct in 2021 as investment interest expense?
In 2021, Mike, a single parent, can deduct $5,000 as investment interest expense. Relating to his investments, Mike reported the following amounts in 2021:Interest investment income $7,000Interest expense on a loan to purchase stocks 2,000Interest expense on funds borrowed to purchase land for investment 6,000.
The maximum amount that Mike can deduct in 2021 as investment interest expense would be calculated as below: Investment Interest Expense = Investment Interest Income - (Investment Interest Expenses + Other Miscellaneous Expenses)Investment Interest Income = $7,000Investment Interest Expenses = Interest expense on a loan to purchase stocks + Interest expense on funds borrowed to purchase land for investment= $2,000 + $6,000= $8,000Other Miscellaneous Expenses = None (Given).
Therefore, Investment Interest Expense = $7,000 - ($8,000 + 0)= $7,000 - $8,000= -$1,000 (negative amount)As a result of the above calculation, the maximum amount that Mike can deduct in 2021 as investment interest expense would be $5,000 ($8,000 - $3,000). However, since the result of the above calculation is a negative amount, Mike will only be able to deduct $5,000 (or the lesser of $5,000 and the Investment Interest Expenses).
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Which of the following is an example of the Tragedy of the Commons? Oa. A hurricane is coming! You go to the grocery store to stock up on essentials in case of a power failure and find that the store is sold out of milk, bread, PopTarts, and toilet paper. Ob. You take a vacation to another city and spend a night out on the town. You benefit from publicly provided street lights, even though you do not pay taxes in that city. O c. You receive a Covid vaccine, contributing to herd immunity. O d. Farmers divert water from a nearby river to irrigate their crops. Because all farmers have free access to the river, the upstream farmers use too much water, leaving little water for the downstream farmers.
Farmers divert water from a nearby river to irrigate their crops. Because all farmers have free access to the river, the upstream farmers use too much water, leaving little water for the downstream .
This scenario exemplifies the Tragedy of the Commons, which refers to a situation where multiple individuals or groups have unrestricted access to a shared resource. In this case, the river is the shared resource, and because all farmers can freely access the water, the upstream farmers utilize more than their fair share, depleting the water supply for the downstream farmers. This illustrates the negative consequences that can arise when individuals act solely in their self-interest without considering the overall well-being and sustainability of the common resource.
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Dividing Partnership Net Income Steve Conyers and Chelsy Dane formed a partnership, dividing income as follows: 1. Annual salary allowance to Dane of $94,050. 2. Interest of 5% on each partner's capital balance on January 1. 3. Any remaining net income divided to Conyers and Dane, 1:2. Conyers and Dane had $45,000 and $111,000, respectively, in their January 1 capital balances. Net income for the year was $165,000. Required: How much net income should be distributed to Conyers and Dane? Conyers: $ 5,250 X Dane: $ 11,550 X
The net income that should be distributed to Conyers and Dane can be calculated as follows:
Calculate the interest on each partner's capital balance:
Conyers' interest = $45,000 * 5% = $2,250
Dane's interest = $111,000 * 5% = $5,550
Calculate the remaining net income after deducting the annual salary allowance and interest:
Net income remaining = Net income - Annual salary allowance - Interest
Net income remaining = $165,000 - $94,050 - ($2,250 + $5,550)
Net income remaining = $165,000 - $94,050 - $7,800
Net income remaining = $63,150
Divide the remaining net income between Conyers and Dane based on their profit-sharing ratio:
Conyers' share = $63,150 * (1/3) = $21,050
Dane's share = $63,150 * (2/3) = $42,100
Therefore, the net income to be distributed to Conyers is $21,050 and to Dane is $42,100.
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