An angular frequency wave ω0 has an average power P0. If your angular frequency increases by 20%, find the percentage by which its power increases.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

44%

Explanation:

The average power of a wave is directly proportional to the square of the frequency.

P ∝ ω²

Writing a proportion:

P₁ / P₀ = ω₁² / ω₀²

P₁ / P₀ = (1.2 ω₀)² / ω₀²

P₁ / P₀ = 1.44

P₁ = 1.44 P₀

The power increases by 44%.


Related Questions

Two small, identical conducting spheres repel each other with a force of 0.035 N when they are 0.35 m apart. After a conducting wire is connected between the spheres and then removed, they repel each other with a force of 0.055 N. What is the original charge on each sphere? (Enter the magnitudes in C.)

Answers

Explanation:

Given:

distance between two sphere =0.35 m

Electrical repel force =0.035 N

Electrical repel force after connecting wire =0.055 N.

The electrical force between the two spheres:

[tex]F=k \frac{q_{1} q_{2}}{r^{2}}[/tex]

The electrical force between the two spheres after the wire is attached and removed:

[tex]F=k \frac{q^{2}}{r^{2}}[/tex]

[tex]q^{2}=\frac{F r^{2}}{k}[/tex]

[tex]q=r \sqrt{\frac{F}{k}}=0.35 \times \sqrt{\frac{0.055}{8.99 \times 10^{9}}}=6.46 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{C}[/tex]

So the total charge of the two spheres [tex]=2 q=2 \times 6.46 \times 10^{-7}=1.29 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{C}[/tex]

Then before connecting the wire, one sphere charge was [tex]q[tex] and the charge of the other sphere was [tex]\left(1.29 \times 10^{-6}-q\right)[/tex]

The electrical force between the two spheres before connecting the wire:

[tex]F=k \frac{q\left(1.29 \times 10^{-6}-q\right)}{r^{2}}[/tex]

[tex]q\left(1.29 \times 10^{-6}-q\right)=\frac{F r^{2}}{k}=\frac{0.035 \times(0.35)^{2}}{8.99 \times 10^{9}}=0.348 \times 10^{-12}[/tex]

[tex]-q^{2}+\left(1.29 \times 10^{-6}\right) q-\left(0.348 \times 10^{-12}\right)=0[/tex]

[tex]-q^{2}+\left(1.29 \times 10^{-6}\right) q-\left(0.348 \times 10^{-12}\right)=0[/tex]

Suppose a point charge is located at the center of a spherical surface. The electric field at the surface of the sphere and the total flux through the sphere are determined. Now the radius of the sphere is halved. What happens to the flux through the sphere and the magnitude of the electric field

Answers

Answer:

The flux through the sphere will remain the same, and the magnitude of the electric field will increase by four times.

Explanation:

The electric flux is the number of electric field, passing through a given area. It is proportional to the electric field strength and the area through which this field passes.

If the radius of the sphere is halved, the area of the sphere will reduce by square of the reduction, which will be four times. The electric field lines will become closer together, or technically increase by a fourth of its initial value. The resultant effect is that the electric flux will remain the same.

If originally,

Φ = EA cos∅

where Φ is the electric flux through the sphere

E is the electric field on the sphere

A is the area of the sphere.

If the area of the sphere is reduced to half, then,

the area reduces to A/4,

and the electric field increases to be 4E on the sphere.

The flux now becomes

Φ = 4E x A/4 cos∅

which reduces to

Φ = EA cos∅

which is the initial electric flux on the sphere.

if rain drops of equal size fall with terminal velocity of 0.50m/s. what will be the terminal velocity if the drops collaspe to form a big drop?

Answers

Answer:

0.25m/s

Explanation:

m1v1 =m2 v2. law of conservation the of momentum. since they smash together to form a big drop M2 =2m1

m1*0.50m/s=2m1*v2

V2= m1*0.50m/s÷2m1

V2= 0.25m/s

The Si unit of potential difference is a) volt b) JA⁻¹s⁻¹ c)JC⁻¹ d) All the above

Answers

Answer:

a) Volt

Explanation:

The standard metric unit on electric potential difference is the volt.

answer

all of the above

explanation

as we know that the si unit of potential difference is volt

which is equal to j/c and j/c is equal to j/a.s so the correct answer is all of the above

a solid weighs 20gf in air and 18 gf in water.Find the specific gravity of the solid. Please show your work.​

Answers

Answer: It is given that A body weighs 20gf in air and 18. 0gf in water. Hence, the answer X-3 = 7.

Can someone please help me?

An alien spaceship is 650 m above the ground and moving at a constant velocity of 175 m/s upwards.
How high above the ground is the ship after 5 seconds?​

Answers

Answer:

1525 meters above ground

Explanation:

So to do this you will need to write this in slope intercept form or [tex]y=mx+b[/tex]. So 650 would be the b, 175 would be the m, and the x would be 5 so the equation would be [tex]y=175(5)+650[/tex] so if you solve or simplify the equation you will get 1525 meters above the ground and that would be our final answer.

2x+4y
GCF for the polynomial

Answers

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{2}[/tex]

Explanation:

The GCF is the greatest common factor of the polynomial.

[tex]2x = 1, \ 2, \ x[/tex]

[tex]4y=1, \ 2, \ 4,\ y[/tex]

The greatest common factor is 2.

70kg man runs up a flight of staurs in 4 sec . The vertical height of the stairs is 4.5 m . Calculate his power

Answers

Answer:

771.75 watt

Explanation:

Given,

Mass ( m ) = 70 kg

Distance ( d ) = 4.5 m

Time taken ( t ) = 4 seconds

Power = ?

Now, applying the formula to find power:

[tex]power = \frac{work \: done}{time \: taken} [/tex]

[tex] = \: \frac{f \: \times \: d}{t} [/tex]

[tex] = \frac{m \: \times \: g \: \times \: d}{t} [/tex]

Plugging the values:

[tex] = \frac{70 \times 9.8 \times 4.5}{4} [/tex]

Calculate the products

[tex] = \frac{3087}{4} [/tex]

Divide:

[tex] = 771.75 \: watt[/tex]

Hope this helps...

Best regards!!

A ball is launched from the ground with a horizontal speed of 30 m/s and a vertical speed of 30 m/s. When will the ball hit the ground again? A. 4 s B. 6 s C. 3 s D. 5 s

Answers

Answer:

B. 6 s

Explanation:

Given in the y direction:

Δy = 0 m

v₀ = 30 m/s

a = -10 m/s²

Find: t

Δy = v₀ t + ½ at²

0 m = (30 m/s) t + ½ (-10 m/s²) t²

0 = 30t − 5t²

0 = 5t (6 − t)

t = 6

A ball is launched from the ground with a horizontal speed of 30 m/s and a vertical speed of 30 m/s, the ball will hit the ground again at approximately t = 6 seconds. The correct option is B.

We can examine the ball's vertical motion to predict when it will strike the ground once more.

h = v0t + (1/2)g[tex]t^2[/tex]

0 = 30t + (1/2)(9.8) [tex]t^2[/tex]

Simplifying the equation:

4.9 [tex]t^2[/tex] + 30t = 0

Factorizing the equation:

t(4.9t + 30) = 0

Solving for t in 4.9t + 30 = 0:

4.9t = -30

t = -30 / 4.9

t ≈ -6.1

Since time cannot be negative in this context, we discard the negative solution.

Therefore, the ball will hit the ground again at approximately t = 6 seconds.

Thus, the correct answer is B. 6 s.

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Fig.4.1
The switch S is closed for a period of 5.0 minutes. Calculate
(a)
the current through each resistor.
чре
(b)
the current through the battery.
rad
rad
(c)
the total charge which passes through the battery.
ma
(d)
the energy supplied by the battery.
ars

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

9) Of all the types of light the Sun gives off, it emits the greatest amount of light at visible wavelengths of light. If the Sun were to cool off dramatically and as a result start giving off mainly light at wavelengths longer than visible light, how would the frequency, energy, and speed of this light given off by the Sun also be different? Explain your reasoning.

Answers

Answer:

*  most of the emission would be in the infrared part, the visible radiation would be very small.

*total intensity of the semition decreases that the intensity depends on the fourth power of the temperature

Explanation:

The radiation emitted by the Sun is approximately the radiation of a black body, if the Sun were to cool, the maximum emission wavelength changes

          λ T = 2,898 10⁻³

          λ = 2,898 10⁻³ / T

if the temperature decreases the maximum wavelength the greater values ​​are moved, that is to say towards the infrared. Therefore the emission curve also moves, in this case most of the emission would be in the infrared part, the visible radiation would be very small.

Furthermore, the total intensity of the semition decreases that the intensity depends on the fourth power of the temperature according to Stefan's law

           P = σ A eT⁴

Are films just a means of entertainment? Do you think films are instructional in nature? What are the functions of films? what is the role of films in a society?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Films are widely popular and their audio visual nature provides them a pervasive power for social influence. Therefore, they have the potential to play an important role as a medium of entertainment, information and education and as a catalyst for social change. Films are popular because they entertain.

Movies are about sitting in a theatre, watching something- watching a story unfold with people you don't know- watching that happen and emoting an emotion knowing that for those two hours or so, when one walks into that theatre, he/she don't have to worry about what is going on outside.

The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum __________. The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum __________. is larger for longer wavelengths is the same for all waves regardless of wavelength is the same as the speed of sound is larger for higher energies

Answers

Answer:

is the same for all waves regardless of wavelength

Explanation:

Electromagnetic waves are often collectively called light. Light has become a generic name that is applied to all electromagnetic waves. The arrangement of electromagnetic waves according to their respective wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

When passing through a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves irrespective of their individual wavelengths must possess the same speed. This is called the speed of light in a vacuum. The speed of light in a given medium is a constant and applies to all electromagnetic waves irrespective of their frequency and wavelength.

A 1000 kg car travels on a highway with a speed of 30 m/s. The driver sees a roadblock and applies the brakes, which provide a
constant braking force of 4 kN. What is the acceleration of the car?
A. 4 m/s​

Answers

Answer:

-4m/s

Explanation:

use the formula

[tex]f = ma[/tex]

where f-force

m-mass

a-accleration

so

1kN=1000N

so apply

4000=1000×a

a=4m/s

(the negative is because the car was braking)

Answer:

Your answer is -4 m/s^2

Explanation:

Set Up: Let +x be the direction the car is traveling.  

List the known & unknown quantities:  

   m = mass of the car = 1000 kg

  υ = 30 m/s

  Fx = –4 kN = –4000 N (negative since it is a braking force)

  ax = acceleration =?  

Solve: Use Newton’s second law of motion.  

Fx=max    

ax=Fx/m = −4000 N /1000 kg = −4000 kg·m/s^2 / 1000 kg =−4m/s^2

CAN SOMEONE HELP ME PLEASE!? After chasing its prey, a cougar leaves skid marks that are 236 m in length. Assuming the cougar skidded to a complete stop with a constant acceleration of -2.87 m/s^2, identify the speed of the cougar before it began to skid.​

Answers

Answer:

u=36.8m/s

Explanation:

because of the acceleration is a constant acceleration we can use one of the "SUVAT" equations

u^2=v^2-2ā*s. where:

u^2 stands for intial velocity

v^2 stands for final velocity

since the cougar skidded to a complete stop the final velocity is zero.

u^2=v^2-2ā*s

u^2=(0)^2 -2(-2.87 m/s^2)*236 m

u^2=0+5.74m/s^2* 236m

u^2=1354.64m^2/s^2

u=√1354.64m^2/s^2

u=36.8m/s (approximate value)

when ever the acceleration is constant you can use one of the following equation to find the required value.

1. v = u + at. (no s)

2. s= 1/2(u+v)t. (no ā)

3. s=ut + 1/2at^2. ( no v)

4. v^2=u^2 + 2āS. (no t). 5. s= vt - 1/2at^2. (no u)

an attempt to estimate the height of a tree the Shadow of an upright metre rule was found to be 25 cm and the length of the Shadow of the tree was 7 m what is the height of the tree​

Answers

Answer:

The actual height of the tree is 28 m

Explanation:

The given information are;

The length of the shadow of an upright meter rule = 25 cm

The actual height of the meter rule = 100 cm

The length of the shadow of the tree = 7 m

The actual  height of the tree  = h

We have

[tex]\dfrac{The \ length \ of \ the \ shadow \ of \ an \ upright \ metre \ rule}{The \ actual \ height \ of \ the \ metre \ rule} = \dfrac{The \ length \ of \ the \ shadow \ of \ the \ tree}{The \ actual \ height \ of \ the \ tree}[/tex]Which gives;

[tex]\dfrac{25 \ cm}{100 \ cm} = \dfrac{7 \ m}{The \ actual \ height \ of \ the \ tree}[/tex]

Therefore;

[tex]The \ actual \ height \ of \ the \ tree = 7 \ m \times \dfrac{100 \ cm}{25\ cm} = 7 \ m \times 4 = 28 \ m[/tex]

That is the actual height of the tree = 28 m.

A train whose proper length is 1200 m passes at a high speed through a station whose platform measures 900 m, and the station master observes that when the train passes it occupies exactly the entire length of the platform. What is the speed of the train?

Answers

Answer:

0.66c

Explanation:

Use length contraction equation:

L = L₀ √(1 − (v²/c²))

where L is the contracted length,

L₀ is the length at 0 velocity,

v is the velocity,

and c is the speed of light.

900 = 1200 √(1 − (v²/c²))

3/4 = √(1 − (v²/c²))

9/16 = 1 − (v²/c²)

v²/c² = 7/16

v = ¼√7 c

v ≈ 0.66 c

help me its emergency I need a correct answer please if you don't know then please dont guess​

Answers

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

Total internal reflection is bound to occur when light travels from dense medium to less dense.

From the table given in the question above, we obtained:

Refractive Index of Crown glass = 1.52

Refractive Index of Asphalt = 1.635

From the above, Crown glass has a lower refractive index when compared to Asphalt. This means that Crown glass is less dense than Asphalt.

Therefore, total internal reflection will not occur when light travels from Crown glass to Asphalt because Crown glass is less dense than Asphalt.

Two charged objects are separated by some distance. The charge on the first object is greater than the charge on the second object. How do the forces that the two objects exert on each other compare

Answers

Even though the charge on the first object is greater, the forces that the two objects exert on each other are equal

What happens when white light shines through a translucent, red, glass window? a) All colors of light except red are transmitted through the glass. b) Red light is transmitted through and reflected by the glass c) Red light is absorbed by the glass d) all colors except red are reflected by the glass

Answers

Answer:

b. Red light is transmitted through and reflected by the glass

Explanation:

Give me brainliest plz!

All of the wavelengths of the red light are absorbed when it passes through a translucent red glass window, but the red light is transmitted and reflected.

What happens when white light shines through red glass?Red light emerges from the other side of a white light source that has been passed through a red filter. This is so that only red light can pass through the red filter. The spectrum's other colors (wavelengths) are absorbed. Similar to this, a green filter only lets through green light.White light is colorless light that contains all the wavelengths of the visible spectrum. Only specific wavelengths of white light are filtered through transparent or translucent things.Through a colorful glass, white light shines through. Except for the color it is shining through, all light wavelengths are absorbed by the glass.Therefore, if the red light passes through a translucent, red, glass, window, all the wavelengths are absorbed but the red light is transmitted and reflected.

Therefore, the correct answer is option b) Red light is transmitted through and reflected by the glass.

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A disk-shaped merry-go-round of radius 3.03 mand mass 145 kg rotates freely with an angular speed of 0.681 rev/s . A 65.4 kg person running tangential to the rim of the merry-go-round at 3.41 m/s jumps onto its rim and holds on. Before jumping on the merry-go-round, the person was moving in the same direction as the merry-go-round's rim. What is the final angular speed of the merry-go-round?

Answers

Answer:

[tex]\omega_2=0.891\ rev/s[/tex]

Explanation:

Given that

Radius , r= 3.03 m

Mass of disk , M= 145 kg

Initial angular velocity

ω=0.681 rev/s

Mass of person , m= 65.4 kg

Velocity of person , V= 3.41 m/s

Initial mass moment of inertia

[tex]I_1= \dfrac{M\times R^2}{2}[/tex]

[tex]I_1= \dfrac{145\times 3.03^2}{2}=665.61\ kg.m^2[/tex]

Final mass moment of inertia

[tex]I_2= \dfrac{M\times R^2}{2}+m\times R^2[/tex]

[tex]I_2= \dfrac{145\times 3.03^2}{2}+65.4\times 3.03^2=1266.04\ kg.m^2[/tex]

[tex]Final\ angular\ velocity =\omega_2[/tex]

By using angular momentum equation

[tex]I_1\times \omega+m\times V\times R=I_2\times \omega_2[/tex]

[tex]665.61\times 0.681+65.4\times 3.41\times 3.03=1266.04\times \omega_2[/tex]

[tex]1129.01= 1266.04\times \omega_2[/tex]

[tex]\omega_2=\dfrac{1129.01}{1266.04}[/tex]

[tex]\omega_2=0.891\ rev/s[/tex]

Thus the angular velocity will be 0.891 rev/s

Which statement describes one feature of a closed circuit? Charges do not flow. Bulbs will not shine. The circuit is broken. The circuit is complete.

Answers

I inferred you've referring to a close electrical circuit.

Answer:

The circuit is complete.

Explanation:

A closed electrical circuit is indeed a complete circuit. Also, it allows charges to flow, the bulbs in the circuit will shine and it is not broken.

It is termed closed circuit because there is no brokage in the series of electrical wires or the switch; which may prevent the free flow of current or charges. Thus, a feature that marks closed circuits is that they are complete.

Answer:

The circuit is complete.

Explanation:

Laboratory measurements show hydrogen produces a spectral line at a wavelength of 486 nm. A particular galaxy's spectrum shows the same hydrogen line at a wavelength of 484 nm. What can we conclude?

Answers

Answer:

*if a hydrogen emission line is observed in the galaxy, this implies that the galaxy has a significant amount of a chemical element

*difference between the two wavelengths e can be explained by the relativistic Doppler effect

Explanation:

The emission of the materials depends on the distribution of the electrons around the atoms and their possible transitions. These emissions are maintained even when the element is mixed in some compound.

 

Consequently, if a hydrogen emission line is observed in the galaxy, this implies that the galaxy has a significant amount of a chemical element.

The small difference between the two wavelengths e can be explained by the relativistic Doppler effect, due to the movement of the galaxy

This is a form of energy representing the motion of the molecules which make up an object. A. Thermal Energy B. Kinetic Energy C. Gravitational Potential Energy D. Chemical Potential Energy

Answers

Answer:

Kinetic energy.

Explanation:

There are many kinds of energy. Some of them are kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy etc. The energy that shows the motion of the object is called its kinetic energy.Also, the sum of kinetic energy and the gravitational potential energy is called mechanical energy. Out of the given options, kinetic energy is the form of energy that represents the motion of the molecules which make up an object. Hence, the correct option is (B).

how much heat is required to raise the temperature of 5kg of iron from 50°c to250°c​

Answers

Answer:

462000J

Explanation:

Quantity of heat= mass x specific heat capacity of iron x change in temp

specific heat capacity of iron is 462J/Kg/K

change in temp = 250-50= 200°C

200°C is equivalent to 200K since 1°C is 1K

Q= mct

= 5x462x200

= 462000J

Which is the best example of muscular endurance

Answers

Answer:

personally I'd say C by do not know if that is the exact answer

(blank)a0 is undeniably accepted by scientists all over the world as the primary language of science.

Answers

Answer:

English.

Explanation:

English is undeniably accepted by scientists all over the world as the primary language of science. It is a language spoken all over the world and is also the language of science because it is an official language and can be understood by almost everyone.

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\mathrm{English}}[/tex]

Explanation:

English is undeniably accepted by scientists all over the world as the primary language of science. The scientific methods and experiments are done by communicating and writing in English. Scientists use English to communicate and share knowledge as English is understood by people from around the world.

Which egg floated higher? Why do you think that happened?

Answers

Answer:

Generally, fresh eggs will lie on the bottom of the bowl of water.  Eggs that tilt so that the large end is up are older, and eggs that float are rotten.

Explanation:

A leopard chasing a deer reaches a constant speed of 75m / s. In How long does 1200m travel?

Answers

Answer:

16 seconds

Explanation:

To do this you would set up the equation 75x=1200. Then you would divide 75 from both sides so you get x=16 or it takes 12 seconds for it to travel 1200 meters

Answer:

Time = 16 s

Explanation:

Distance =Speed x Time

1200 = 75 x time

Time = 1200/75 = 16 sec

Pink
Green
Red
Black
Blue
Yellow
Orange
"Milk colour"


what planet colour is that ??

thankyou for helping​

Answers

Answer:

Pink - Pluto

Green - Mercury

Red - Mars

Black - Saturn

Blue - Neptune

Yellow - Jupiter

Orange - Jupiter

Milk Color - Venus

Explanation:

The galaxy is full of colors. There are various planets in the galaxy which are different colored. Their color is usually determined by the gases present there. The pink gases present near the Pluto makes Pluto appears to be of magenta or pink colored. The mercury is green colored because it reflects green rays. Mars is called the Red planet because of presence of Martin Rocks there.

Other Questions
How many grams are in 5.87 x 10^21 molecules of sulfur? The table shows the number of minutes Garrett practiced his trombone each week in one month. Week Number of Minutes Practiced 1 190 2 163 3 327 4 205 What is the mean number of minutes Garrett practiced his trombone each week? A. 197.5 B. 177 C. 245 D. 221.25 Which choice is equivalent to 4 square root 8 Beth says that the graph of g(x)=x-5+1 is a Translation of 5 units to the left and 1 unit up of F(x)=x She continues to explain that the point (0,0) on the square root function would be translated to the point (-5,1) on the graph of g(x) is Beths description of the transformation correct? Explain Why do we use moles when calculating empirical chemical formulas, but not the mass? Two stars of masses M and 6M are separated by a distance D. Determine the distance (measured from M) to a point at which the net gravitational force on a third mass would be zero. Which type of society is most likely to have a great number of factories?A. PostindustrialB. IndustrialC. PastoralD. Hunter-gatherer 2. "In the land of the blind, the one eyed man is king." - Desiderius ErasmusWhat does this proverb mean?a. Someone who can see will be able to take advantage of others who cannot see.b. Even someone with minor ability is considered special by those with no ability at all.c. It's more advantageous to be able to see, even a little bit, than to be blind.d. It would be easy for someone who can see to become king in a land of people who cannotsee. Retired utility workers are suing their former employer for knowingly exposing them to asbestos without warning them of the health risks. The retired workers did not learn of the prolonged exposure until long after their retirement because the company engaged in a systematic cover up of the exposure. The retired workers' cause of action is for which of the following?a. Assaultb. Batteryc. Injurious falsehoodd. Tortious interference Write a program that takes in a positive integer as input, and outputs a string of 1's and 0's representing the integer in binary. For an integer x, the algorithm is: As long as x is greater than 0 Output x modulo 2 (remainder is either 0 or 1) Assign x with x divided by 2 the population of weston is 4320. the towns records shot that 45% of the population are males, and 2/3 of these males are married. how many males in weston are married? 130 students choose to attend one of three after school activities: football, tennis or running. There are 58 boys. 49 students choose football, of which 27 are girls. 27 students choose tennis. 24 girls choose running. A student is selected at random. What is the probability this student chose running? Give your answer in its simplest form. b. If we were to dig up this plant, what type of root system should we expect to find? Describe what the roots of this plant should look like according to your identification in part a above addressing the presence or absence of the following parts: Tap root Lateral root Fibrous root system Trichomes The depreciation method that produces larger depreciation expense during the early years of an asset's life and smaller expense in the later years is a(an): What are molecular clocks used for A- to cure hereditary disease B- to classifyC- to locate fossils under waterD- to compare homologous structures Find the zeros ofg(x) =x3+x2 9x 9 In practice, the cost minimization strategy can be more expensive than the opportunity maximization strategy. Which of the following is a way in which the cost minimization strategy is less expensive than the opportunity minimization strategy? a. The loss of unexpected opportunities b. The cost of extensive monitoring mechanisms c. The costs of writing detailed contracts d. The prevention of opportunistic behavior by the partner(s) Surrealists felt that it was important to emphasize thea. sensual qualities of themselvesb. voice in their headsc. subjectivity of artd. concept of life as fleeting A firm sells 300,000 units per week. It charges $ 35 per unit, the average variable costs are $40, and the average costs are $55. In the long run, the firm should The Department of Health and Human Services (2003) defines _____________ as the condition or fact of being inequal, as in age, rank or degree