AMP-PNP is the abbreviation for a structural analogue of ATP in which the second and third phosphate groups are linked by an NH group (instead of an oxygen atom). AMP- PNP can bind to the ATP-binding site of most ATPases. It differs from ATP in that the
terminal phosphate cannot be removed by hydrolysis (so you cannot create ADP, therefore, you cannot get energy from AMP-PNP). Based on this information, explain the following

a. When isolated myofibrils are placed in a flask containing Ca2+ and AMP-PNP, contraction is quickly arrested. Where in the contraction cycle will contraction stop? Be specific.
b. What affects would you predict for cilia on a paramecium to which AMP-PNP is added? Be specific as to the proteins / molecules whose function would be inhibited and what would be the overall affect?
c. When researchers incubated purified vesicles, axoplasm (containing motor proteins), and MT from the giant squid axon and added AMP-PNP, the vesicles did not move along the MT. Explain this observation using specific proteins / processes affected.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

a.

Actin and myosin, two contractile proteins, make up myofibrils. ATPase activity is present in the myosin head. Troponin tropomyosin complex is displaced by calcium ions, exposing myosin's entire surrounding binding site on actin. Myosin heads execute the power stroke, and detachment of the head is needed for the second cycle. Myosin head detachment is aided by ATP binding & hydrolysis. Since the solution contains AMP-PNP instead of ATP, myosin heads are unable to hydrolyze and detach from myosin-binding sites on actin, thereby preventing contraction.

b.

The active ATPase correlated with both the dynein arms is found in cilia and flagella. Dynein is a motion motor protein family that walks around microtubules. The core of cilia is made up of microtubule bundles linked to the motor protein dynein. In the presence of AMP-PNP, the net reaction will be to stop the ciliary movement by inhibiting dynein motor proteins.

c.

Kinesins and Dyneins, two groups of motion motor proteins with ATPase activity, are involved in axonal transportation. All the motion motor proteins use energy from ATP hydrolysis to transfer secretory vesicles through microtubules. Since the inclusion of AMP-PNP does not supply electricity, vesicular transport does not occur.


Related Questions

An unknown organism is found in the forest and the gene is sequenced as follows:

Unknown: C C A T G G A A T C G A

What kind of an animal do you think this is? Explain why:

Answers

Answer:

I beleive its somthing close to a  pig

Explanation:

The DNA sequence is closest to the pig . The amino acids Gly, Thr, Leu, and Ala are from the "unknown animal." On the worksheet, the pigs amino acids are Gly, Thr, Phe, and Ala. There is only one different amino acid between the two.

I might be wrong but there u go

water is a polar compound because it exhibits____charges

Answers

Answer:

I think it is negative charges

Explanation:

hope this helps :)

3 chemical substances released by a plant into the environment ​

Answers

oxygen, carbon dioxide and your mom

One of the biggest sources of greenhouse gases released into the
atmosphere is emissions from burning fossil fuels. How could carbon
sequestration help alleviate problems associated with burning fossil fuels?
A. It could make fossil fuels a clean-burning energy resource.
B. It could prevent carbon dioxide from being a greenhouse gas.
O C. It could prevent released carbon dioxide from entering the
atmosphere.
D. It could make fossil fuels a renewable energy resource.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - B. It could prevent carbon dioxide from being a greenhouse gas.

Explanation:

Carbon sequestration is the process that involves capturing and removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and prevent it from changing climate by increasing global warming as carbon dioxide gas traps the heat.

It is helping in the removal of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and prevents it from being a greenhouse gas and increase global warming. It could be geological or biological.

Answer: C- it could prevent released carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere

Explanation: ap3x

state another hormone that influences the concentration of glucose in the blood apart from insulin and glucose​

Answers

Answer:

Amylin

Epinephrine

cortisol

growth hormone

Miss treatment or blank is defined as any action that inflicts pain suffering or injury

Answers

Mistreatment or ill-treatment is defined as any action that inflicts pain, suffering, or injury.

21. What macromolecule is broken down by microflora, but not humans, and helps clean out
our digestive tracts as it moves along?
A. carbohydrates
B. cellulose
C. amino acids
D. lipids

Answers

Answer:

cellulose

Explanation:

humans do not produce the enzyme necessary to break down cellulose.

What is the final product of transcription?
A gene
An amino acid
An mRNA molecule
A stop code

here is the paragraph to read from:

Transcription is the process by which an RNA copy of a gene sequence is created. This copy, known as the mRNA, travels from the cell nucleus to
the cytoplasm. There, it directs the synthesis of the protein. The base code in the mRNA controls the order of the amino acids in the protein.
There are 20 amino acids used to make proteins and different codes for each acid. The tRNA reads the code. Then it brings a specific amino acid to
attach to the growing chain of amino acids. Each tRNA carries only one type of amino acid. It only recognizes one specific code. tRNA is released
from the amino acid until it comes to a stop code. Then the protein is set free from the ribosome.​

Answers

Answer:

An mRNA molecule

Explanation:

Transcription is a process by which the information stored in a specific fragment of DNA called 'gene' is used to produce a complementary RNA molecule, usually a messenger RNA (mRNA). Subsequently, this mRNA is used as template to produce a polypeptide chain (i.e., a sequentially ordered amino acid chain) through the process of translation. A stop codon, also known as termination codon, is a triplet of nucleotide bases within an mRNA that signals the end of the protein when it is synthesized in the ribosome. There are three stop codons (UAG, UAA, and UGA) that are capable of stopping protein synthesis.

- 1:
Translate the following sequence into a short protein. Add hyphens between,
please.
2
3
5'- AUG GCA AAA GAG GAA CAU UAA - 3'
5
6
Second Letter
U
с
A
G
Phe
Tyr
Ser
UUU
UUUC
UUA
UUG
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
UAU
UAC
UAA
UAG
3
9
Leu
Stop
Stop
UGU
Cys U
UGC
с
UGA Stop A
UGG Trp G
CGU
CGC
Arg
CGA
G
His
Pro
CUU
C | CÁC
CUA
CUG
CCU
Leu CCC
CCA
CCG
CAU
CAC
CAA
CAG
Gin
12
1st
3rd
CGG

letter
Asn
Ser
lle
AUU
A AUC
AUA
AUG
ACU
ACC
ACA
Thr
AAU
AAC
AAA
AAG
AGU
AGC
AGA
AGG
U letter
с
A
G
15
Lys
|
Arg
Met ACG
Asp
GUU
GGUC
GUA
GUG
Val
Ala
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
GAU
GAC
GAA
GAG
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG
Gly
|
Duco
18
Glu

http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/Chapter05.html
1

Answers

Answer:

lol

Explanation:

How would the changes that occur to water when it is boiled be
best described?
Choose one:
A: a chemical change
B: physical change
C: both of them
D: niether of them

Answers

Answer:

I think the answer would be C.

Explanation:

Answer:

The answer is C.Both of them

What factors caused the correlation between the reduction in skin pigmentation in humans and migration of human populations away from the equator?(1 point)

A) The exposure of human populations to predators only common to the polar regions caused them to adapt by camouflaging better with the environment.

B) The exposure of human populations to less UV light required a reduction in melanin to produce more vitamin D for healthier bones.

C) The exposure of human populations to new sources of food common to the polar regions caused changes in physiology that resulted in the production of less melanin.

D) The exposure of human populations to new diseases common to the polar regions interferred with melanin production causing lighter skin.

Answers

The exposure of human populations to new sources of food common to the polar regions caused changes in physiology that resulted in the production of less melanin.

What is relation of skin colur with geography?

Skin color is lighter at high latitudes as compared to equator region beacuse of lower sunlight at higher altitudes and at polar regions. So due to less sunlight, less melanin is produced in our skin.

So we can conclude that option C is the right answer.

Learn more about equator here: https://brainly.com/question/1264608

8. Some humans have attached earlobes, some have detached
earlobes. Is this beneficial, neutral, or harmful? Why?

Answers

Answer:

attached earlobes are neutral

Explanation:

there are myths that attached earlobes are a sign of inbreeding but this has been unproven for years. they serve no difference

why should the ureter be less robust than the vas deferens

Answers

Answer:

The vas deferens, also called ductus deferens, is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation. It is a partially coiled tube which exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.

Explanation:

How much oxygen does the
atmosphere contain?
O 12%
0 76%
O 35%
0 26%

Answers

Answer:

20.95%

Explanation:

By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere.

Why is evolution considered a theory

A. It is backed up by scientific evidence
B. It cannot be proven
C. It is a guess about what happened
D. It was proposed by a scientist

Answers

Answer:

It's because it can only be proven by scientific evidence

Two protein kinases, PK1 and PK2, work sequentially in an intracellular signaling pathway.You create cells that contain inactivating mutations in the genes that encode either PK1 or PK2 and find that these cells no longer respond to a particular extracellular signal.You also create cells containing a version of PK1 that is permanently active and find that the cells behave as though they are receiving the signal even when the signal is not present.When you introduce the permanently active version of PK1 into cells that have an inactivating mutation in PK2, you find that these cells also behave as though they are receiving the signal even when no signal is present.
A.From these results, does PK1 activate PK2, or does PK2 activate PK1? Explain your answer.
B.You now create a permanently active version of PK2 and find that cells containing this version behave as though they are receiving the signal even when the signal is not present.What do you predict will happen if you introduce the permanently active version of PK2 into cells that have an inactivating mutation in PK1?

Answers

Answer:

a. PK2 activates PK1

b. no response would be produced

Explanation:

Kinases are enzymes known to phosphorylate different substrates, thereby activating/inactivating them. In this case, a mutation that produces a constitutively (permanently) active PK1 kinase is itself able to continue the signaling pathway, independently of whether or not PK2 is present. This constitutive mutation shows that PK1 is recruited to continue signaling events within the cell and, therefore, PK1 activation is downstream in the signaling pathway. Conversely, cells containing active PK2 and inactive PK1 would be unable to continue the signaling pathway since PK2 activation is upstream of the induction of PK1, and thereby these cells cannot respond to the signal (PK2 activation).

Memories about one's own life are called:
self-recall
historical memories
myopic visions
autobiographical memories

Answers

autobiographical memories

When the blood glucose level decreases during a fast or between meals, the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon signals the liver to stop consuming glucose and to start producing glucose. Select the statements that describe how glucagon activates glucose production in the liver.

Answers

Answer:

Glucagon signals the liver to start producing glucose.

Explanation:

Glucagon signals the liver to start producing glucose from the breakdown of amino acids through gluconeogenesis process. When the glucose level decreases in the body due to fasting or starvation, the pancreas release glucagon which provides signals to the liver to produce glucose form non carbohydrates substances present in our body. This production of glucose increases the concentration of glucose in the blood and the body used this glucose for the generation of energy molecules in the form of ATP.

the number of molecules of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose through glycolysis/oxidative phosphorylation is respectively

Answers

Answer:

Glycolysis is the answer

Answer:

Explanation:

Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate which is pyruvic acid. molecules and a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH.

1. Imagine you played the game, and the results are as follows. Examine the tables below and questions (a) and (b)
Sample Data for Stable Food Scenario for EAST SIDE (Wet).
Season Large (AA) Medium (Aa) Small (aa)
1 2 2 2
2 3 2 2
3 4 4 4
4 5 5 6
Sample Data for Stable Food Scenario for WEST SIDE (Dry).
Season Large (AA) Medium (Aa) Small (aa)
1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 2 2
4 4 2 2
A) Describe what happens to the bird population for both the East and West sides of the Islands in terms of its composition of different size beaks when the food source is stable over several seasons.
B) Are the initial populations maintained, explain?
2. Imagine you played the game again, but under different conditions. Examine the tables below, and answers (a), (b), and (c).
Sample Data for Natural Selection Scenario for EAST SIDE (Wet).
Season Large (AA) Medium (Aa) Small (aa)
1 2 2 2
2 3 3 3
3 4 3 2
4 8 5 0
Sample Data for Natural Selection Scenario for WEST SIDE (Dry).
Season Large (AA) Medium (Aa) Small (aa)
1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2
4 2 0 3
A) What happened to the composition of the original population over these four seasons for the East and the West?
B) What factor(s) might have caused these changes?
C) How was natural selection acting on this population?

Answers

Answer:

The population is increase in the east due to good and wet environment.

Explanation:

The bird population of the East and west sides of the Islands is increases of different size beaks when the food source is stable over several seasons because the presence of food to all size of beaks leads to increase in their populations. The initial populations is increased in the east side as compared to west side may due to good environmental conditions. The population of east side increases as compared to west side due to good and favourable environmental condition of the east side of the island.

how is specialization beneficial for an organism

Answers

you specialize because you have to be specific

What is the general relationship between distance from the sun and a planets density?

Answers

Answer:

There is no connection between a planet's distance from the Sun and its rate of rotation (spin on its own axis or Planetary Rotation Period). While it is true that, generally speaking, the gas giants have higher rotation rates than the earth like planets closer to the Sun, any correlation is only coincidental.

Explanation:

sum it up

Cell homeosyasis virtual lab

Answers

Answer:

ok where's the lab and how can i help?

Explanation:

In the glycolytic pathway, the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes the production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). GAP continues through glycolysis via the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In a muscle (myocyte) cell culture model, anaerobic conditions lead to cell death when triose phosphate isomerase is inhibited. In this same model, cells with inhibited triose phosphate isomerase survive under aerobic conditions. Briefly explain these findings including a discussion of energy production in anaerobic versus aerobic metabolism.

Answers

Answer:

In an anaerobic environment, organisms convert glucose into ethanol or lactate. In this condition, glycolysis generates 2 molecules of ATP and one molecule of NADH with the pyruvate. NADH molecule supports glycolysis by oxidized to NAD+ during the fermentation process.

Here one 6-C molecule breaks into two molecules G3P and DHAP, TPI or triose phosphate isomerase interconvert these two isomers and each triose is responsible for the production of two ATP molecules but if TPI is inhibited then there will be one ATP production which is not enough for supporting cellular process under the absence of oxygen and cell do not survive.

But in aerobic conditions pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA which produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP that will get enough ATP by the oxidative phosphorylation hence will survive even if TPI is inhibited.

what is depolarisation​

Answers

Answer:

Depolarisation refers to a sudden change in membrane

potential – usually from a (relatively) negative to positive

internal charge. In response to a signal initiated at a

dendrite, sodium channels open within the membrane of

the axon.

The dwarf phenotype is recessive to the tall phenotype in pea plants. When one tall plant and one dwarf plant are crossed together, 50% of their offspring are tall, and the other 50% displays dwarfism. What is the genotype of each parent in this cross?

Answers

Answer:

Tt (heterozygous tall) and homzygous short (tt)

Explanation:

This question involves one gene coding for height in pea plants. The allele for tallness (T) is dominant over the allele for shortness (tt). This means that dwarf phenotype is recessive to the tall phenotype in pea plants.

According to this question, a tall plant and a dwarf plant (tt) are crossed together. 50% of their offspring are tall, and the other 50% displays dwarfism. This is an equal ratio. Since the dwarf plant can only be "tt", the tall plant must be heterozygous "Tt" to be produced.

Hence, a cross between Tt vs tt will produce ½tall plants and ½short plant.

3 Stimuli Plants that adapt to

Answers

Water, gravity, and light.

Answer:

-light

-gravity

-water


Della and Nick drove at constant
speed from town A to town B along
the same road. The distance between the
two towns was 210 km. Nick left
Town A half an hour later than Della
Both of them arrived in Town B at
the same time . Della drove at a
Speed of 60 km/h Find Nick's speed.
Plzz help mee​

Answers

Answer:

70 km/hr

Explanation:

Distance between town A and B = 210 km

Della's speed = 60 km/hr

Time taken by Della = distance / speed

Time taken by Della = 210 km / 60km/ hr

Time taken by Della = 3.5 hours

Since Nick left half an hour later Than Della ;

Then, Nick's travel time = 3.5 - 0.5 = 3 hours

Nick's average speed = Distance /time

Nick's average speed = 210 / 3 = 70km/hr

help pleasee
Many plants produce seeds which have small hooks on them. These hooks will attach to animals as they
move past the plants. What process do these hooks help the plant with?
A. pollination
B. fertilization
C. germination
D. seed dispersal

Answers

Answer:

A. Pollination

Explanation:

Because the "Hook" is helping the "Seed" get to other places to grow.

The animal will than drop the seed eventually . So ur answer is most likely D

What is the slowest moving weather front. Why
is it so slow?

Answers

Answer:

Cold fronts

Explanation:

Other Questions
I NEED HELP PLZZ HELP ME cul es el rgimen de gobierno de Mxico? urgente What are your opinions on the trial of Gabriel Fernandez? Shakespeare's actual birthday is uncertain because (8x10^(5))(7x10^(6)) find the value please I need help with the part that says match the graph!Dont bots or Ill report them :) According to the results for Patient 1 shown above, which antigens were present in Patient 1s blood? Check all (if any) that apply.A antigenB antigenRh antigenThe fisted answer is (B) Patient 1 has Type ___ blood. IM BEGGING ILL GIVE BRAINLEST PLEASEEEEEEE HELP ME Distance and amount of charge are factors that determine which of thefollowing quantities?A. Electrostatic forceB. Electric potentialC. Electric potential energyD. All of the above If people had not extracted fossil fuels from Earth to use as energy, would this carbon be "cycling" within the global carbon cycle we have defined today? What does recycling mean?Answer choices are in the picture below... For each transaction in the following table, indicate in which U.S. account it appears as a credit and in which account it appears as a debit. Account with Account with Transaction Credit Debit Miguel, a U.S. resident, buys an HDTV set for $2,500 and sends it to Mexico as a gift to his parents. Arielle, a French tourist, stays at a hotel in San Francisco and pays $400 for it with her debit card issued by a French bank. The United States forgives $100 million of debt owed by the government of Mexico. Which of the following currencies are not involved in affecting the revenue your company receives on shipment of action-cameras and UAV drones to buyers in the four geographic regions where it competes? HELP I GIVE BRAINLYIST What areas in the Americas still reflect a strong French influence? O A. Newfoundland and Quebec O B. Louisiana and Alberta O C. Quebec and Louisiana O D. Mississippi and Louisiana first person to answer gets brainliest just type anything The students in a typing class have a mean typing rate of 38.2 words per minute. Five randomly selected students have typing rates of 32, 28, 41, 38, and 45 words per minute.What is the value of and x ? = 38.2 wpm, x = 38.0 wpm = 36.8 wpm, x = 38.2 wpm = 38.2 wpm, x = 36.8 wpm = 38.0 wpm, x = 38.2 wpm i need the mean, median, mode, and range look at the picture and select the answer quicly QuestionWhat biome is characteristic of Central Sub Saharan Africa nearest the equator? A. TundraB. DesertC. SavannaD. Tropical Rainforest The boll weevil infestation of the cotton fields in the late 1910s had a dramatic impact on Georgia's cotton production. Theinfestationwas one of the reasons for which major event?A)The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906B)The Civil Rights MovementThe new cotton expositions in AtlantaD)The Great Depression Izzie rode her scooter to the post office. Shemailed her cousin an inflatable whale for his birthday.Cause and EffectExampleSequence