After studying many different elements absorb x-rays, harry finds that the atomic number of the element is always proportional to the square root of the wavelength of x-rays absorbed by the element, an example of the kind of law that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries hinted at the structure of the atom.
What does "wavelength" mean in chemistry?The distance in between given position and the identical point in the following wave cycle is known as the wavelength () in waves.
In chemistry, what do wavelength and frequency mean?The distance between two wave crests, which also applies to troughs, is known as the wavelength. The frequency is determined in cycles each second (Hz), which is the quantity of vibrations that cross a specific area in a second (Hertz). In this article, the relationship between frequency and the wavelength is covered.
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I understand the question you are looking for is :
After studying how many different elements absorb X-rays, Harry finds that the atomic number of the element is always proportional to the square root of the wavelength of X-rays absorbed by the element, an example of the kind of _____________ that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries hinted at the structure of the atom.
when 0.20 m nh4cl(aq) and 0.20 m naoh(aq) are mixed, the reaction represented by the equation above occurs and a strong smell of ammonia, nh3, is observed. based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
NH4+(aq) and Cl−(aq) are a conjugate acid-base pair.
The above statement is true.
What is a conjugate acid-base pair?
A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two molecules or ions that differ by one proton. The molecule or ion that has lost a proton is the conjugate base, while the molecule or ion that has gained a proton is the conjugate acid. The conjugate acid-base pair shares the same base, but has different numbers of hydrogen atoms.
What is a Chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances with different properties. Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds, and release or absorb energy in the form of heat, light, or sound.
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how does the number of atoms in a 27.5-gram manganese ring compare to the number in a chromium ring of the same mass?
The number of atoms will be more for chromium ring than for mangnese ring.
A mole is 6.022*10^23 atoms/molecules. The SI unit for the amount of substance is a mole and it is represented by “mol”.
The mass of manganese ring is 27.5 grams.
Molar mass of manganese is 54.9 gram/mol.
n=m/M
n=27.5/54.9
n=0.500 mol
The number of atoms of manganese ring can be calculated as follows:
Number of atoms= 6.022*10^23 * 0.500=3.01*10^23 atoms.
The mass of chromium ring is 27.5 grams.
Molar mass of chromium is 51.9 gram/mol.
n=m/M
n=27.5/51.9
n=0.529 mol
The number of atoms of manganese ring can be calculated as follows:
Number of atoms= 6.022*10^23 * 0.529=3.19*10^23 atoms.
Therefore, the number of atoms will be more for chromium ring than for mangnese ring.
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how calculate ratio product reactants given inital concentration and percent forward backward reaction
The ratio of product to reactants is Equilibrium constant.
What is equilibrium constant?
The equilibrium constant is the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. It is denoted by K
Fora given reaction:
Reactants ⇌ Products
When the forward and reverse responses occur at the same pace, their effects cancel out. At this stage, a process is said to be in chemical equilibrium.
For above reaction,
Ratio of product to reactants or equilibrium constant, is given by:
K = [tex]\frac{products}{reactants}[/tex]
Why should the rate of forward and reverse reaction become equal in equilibrium?
If the rate of forward reaction exceeds the rate of backward reaction, reactants are being converted into products. The forward reaction is preferable. The quantity of reactants is decreasing while the quantity of products is increasing. As a result, it is not in equilibrium.
When the rate of backward reaction exceeds the rate of forward reaction, products become reactants. The reverse reaction is preferred. The quantity of reactants is increasing while the quantity of products is decreasing. As a result, it is not in equilibrium.
There should be no change in the quantities of reactants or products at equilibrium, creating the impression that nothing is happening. Forward and backward reflexes must have the same rate to meet this criteria.
The ratio of product to reactants is Equilibrium constant.
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how many milliliters of 0.112 m na2co3 will completely react with 27.2 ml of 0.135 m hno3 according to the reaction
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) reacts with water to create nitric acid. 3 NO2 + H 2O 2 HNO 3 + NO is the overall reaction. The nitric oxide that results from the reaction is typically reoxidized by the oxygen in the air to yield more nitrogen dioxide.
Nitrate salts are created when it reacts with hydroxides, metals, and oxides. Strong oxidizing agents like HNO3 are employed. It can be produced by catalytically oxidizing ammonia. It is a typical reagent used in labs and a crucial chemical used in the production of explosives and fertilizers in the industrial sector.
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a solid has a mp of 133-137 oc. what can one conclude about the sample? the sample is one of four possible compounds the
A solid sample has a MP of 133 - 137°C. one can conclude about the sample is It is relatively impure.
the temperature at which a compound completely melts is called as melting point but generally we don't observe a melting point rather a range is observed if range more than 20 C is observed generally it's said that it's impure an impure solid melts over a wide range and at a temperature lower than that of the pure solid. so since the last value 139 0 C must be the reported value when you must have seen it completely melting so it's melting point should be this only .
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what simple rule works quite often for predicting the number of bonds a nonmetal wants to form in order to satisfy the octet rule?
For the bond formation rule to be met, the octet rule, which calls for 8 electrons in the outermost shell, must be present.
What is octet rule?
According to the "octet rule," an atom is the most stable when it has a complete valence (outer) shell (typically 8 electrons, but hydrogen and helium only have two). As a result, the atoms involved in covalent (nonmetal to nonmetal) bonding often have eight valence electrons following the bond.
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different steps of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by the pyruvate dehydrogenase pdh complex are given. place these five steps in the correct order. note that thiamine pyrophosphate, tpp , is sometimes called thiamine diphosphate, tdp . you are currently in a ranking module. turn off browse mode or quick nav, tab to move, space or enter to pick up, tab to move items between bins, arrow keys to change the order of items, space or enter to drop.
The five correct steps on oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate are:
Pyruvate reacts with TPP and is decarboxylated, forming hydroxyethyl-TPP.The lipoamide arm of E2 moves to the active site of E1, enabling the transfer of the acetyl group to the lipoamide.The acetyl lipoamide arm of E2 moves to the active site of E2, where the acetyl group is transferred to CoA, forming acetyl-CoA and the reduced form of lipoamide.The lipoamide arm move to the active site of E3, where the reduced lipoamide is oxidized by FAD, forming the active lipoamide and FADH2.FADH2 is reoxidized to FAD, reducing NAD+ to NADH.These steps are correct in the process of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, because they describe the complete process of pyruvate decarboxylation, from the initial conversion of pyruvate to hydroxyethyl-TPP, to the transfer of the acetyl group to CoA, to the reoxidation of FADH2. This sequence of steps ensures that the energy from the oxidation of pyruvate is captured and stored as energy-rich molecules, such as NADH and acetyl-CoA.
What does the oxidative decarboxylation process consist of?
Is a type of metabolic reaction in which a carboxylic acid is converted into an aldehyde, alcohol, or ketone by the addition of an oxidizing agent, such as oxygen or a metal compound.
This reaction involves the removal of a carboxyl group (COOH) and the addition of an oxygen atom (O). The resulting product contains either an aldehyde, alcohol, or ketone group, depending on the starting material.
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What are the units remaining after the conversions below?
[need help asap please]
combustion analysis aof a hydrocarbon produced 33.01 g of carbon dioxide and 27.10 g of water. determine the empiracal formula and write a balanced chemical equation foer the combustion of this hydrocarbon
The empirical formula is CH₄ and write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of this hydrocarbon is :
CH₄ + 2O₂ -----> CO₂ + 2H₂O
given that :
mass of carbon dioxide = 33.01 g
mass of water = 27.10 g
The combustion reaction is given as :
CnHn + O₂ -----> CO₂ + H₂O
No. of moles of CO₂ = mass / molar mass
= 33.01 / 44.01
= 0.750 mol
number of moles of C = 0.750 mol
no. of moles of H₂O = mass / molar mass
= 27.10 / 18
= 1.50 mol
number of moles of H = 2 × 1.50
= 3
dividing the moles by the lowest one
C = 0.750 / 0.750 = 1
H = 3 / 0.7500 = 4
Thus, the empirical formula for the given compound = CH₄.
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the empirical formula of certain hydrocarbon is ch2. when 0.125 moles of this hydrocarbon is completely burned with excess oxygen, it is observed that 8.4 literls of co2 gas are produced at stp. what is the molecular formula of the unknown hydrocarbon
C₃H₆ is the molecular formula of the compound.
It is given that the empirical formula for a certain compound is CH₂. In addition to that, the moles of the hydrocarbon is 0.125 moles and combustion gave 8.4 L of CO₂ in STP. To find the molecular formula for the unknown compound, first, we need to balance the reaction, of the combustion
3CH₂ + 3O₂ ------> 2CO₂+ 2H₂O
The number of moles of CO₂ is given as follows
= 8.4/22.4
= 0.375 moles of CO₂
The next step is to convert the moles of CO₂ to CH₂ using the ratio in the balanced equation. By doing so we get,
0.375 moles of CO₂/1 x (2moles of CH₂/2moles of CO₂)
= 0.375 moles of CH₂.
The molecular formula of any compound a multiple of the empirical formula. By dividing the empirical moles by the molecular moles we get, the molecular formula of the compound.
= 0.375/0.125
= 3
By multiplying this value with the empirical formula we get C₃H₆. This is the molecular formula of the given compound
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which cyber protection condition establishes?
Cyber protection condition establishes CPCON 2 (High: Critical and Essential Functions)
CPCON 1 (Very High: Critical Functions)
CPCON 3 (Medium: Critical, Essenti.al, and Supp0rt Functions)
CPCON 4 (Low: All Functions)
CPCON 5 (Very Low: All Functions)
Protecting your systems, apps, and networks from cyberattacks is known as cybersecurity. The following are only a few examples of cybersecurity types:
Using methods like remote access management and two-factor authentication, network security protects internal networks from illegal access (2FA)
Application security guards against theft and unauthorized use of data and code in mission-critical software, both in use and in development. Examples of this include penetration testing and encryption.
User education: educating staff members and clients on the best practices to follow when avoiding cyberattacks such malware and phishing scams
The difference between cybersecurity and cyber protection is how they handle data. Data protection is not the main emphasis of cybersecurity; rather, it is the protection of the systems that enable data access, storage, transmission, and authentication. Bypassed or rendered inoperable by unidentified threats,
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What is the major organic product obtained from the following sequence of reactions? OH TSCI NaOCH, pyridine 2 1. Identify the order of the alcohol (1, 2, 3) 2. Name the reactant. S-2-pentanol 3. Name the product(s). pent-2-ene 4. Draw the product(s) of the reaction on your file to upload.
When pentanol reacts with tscl and pyridine it yields 1-pentene and 2- pentene. The alcohol involved is secondary.
Pentanol (C₅H₁₁OH) reacts with thionyl chloride (TSCA) to form pent-2-chloride (C₅H₉Cl). This reaction is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction, in which the hydroxyl group of the alcohol is replaced by a chlorine atom.
The pent-2-chloride then reacts with pyridine and sodium methoxide (NaOCH₃). Pyridine is a strong base, so it acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbon-chlorine bond of the pent-2-chloride, forming a pent-2-yl cation. The sodium methoxide then acts as a nucleophile, displacing the chlorine atom from the cation to form pent-2-ene. This is an example of an SN2 reaction, in which the nucleophile attacks the carbon atom bearing the leaving group.
Overall, the reaction of pentanol with TSCI and pyridine along with sodium methoxide is a two-step process. The first step involves the substitution of the hydroxyl group with a chlorine atom, and the second step involves the displacement of the chlorine atom with a methoxide ion. Therefore,
1) The alcohol involved is secondary.
2) The reactant is pentanol
3) The product is pent-2-ene
4) In the below-attached image, all the reactions are shown clearly.
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draw the structure of the tetrahedral intermediate initially formed in the reaction shown. 2ch3ch2nh2
What is Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution?
A reaction known as nucleophilic acyl substitution occurs when a nucleophile forms a new bond with an acyl group's carbonyl carbon while simultaneously breaking the bond between the carbonyl carbon and a leaving group.
In two phases, (1) addition and (2) elimination, a nucleophilic acyl substitution takes place.
A nucleophile attaches to the carbonyl center during the addition step to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
A group that was joined to the carbonyl center of the molecule departs in the second step.
The nucleophilic addition of an amine molecule to one of the two carbonyl sites in the provided cyclic anhydride results in the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate.
The tetrahedral intermediate's structure is depicted below:
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a sample of nitrogen occupies 5.50 liters under a pressure of 900 torr at 25oc. at what temperature will it occupy 15.0 liters at the same pressure?
The temperature, at which it occupies 15.0 litres at the same pressure is, 269°C.
What is Temperature?
A temperature is a unit used to represent hotness or coolness on any of a number of scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius. According to temperature, heat energy will naturally move from a hotter (body with a higher temperature) to a colder (body with a lower temperature) (one at a lower temperature).
What is Pressure?
The definition of pressure is "force applied per unit area." It can be calculated mathematically using P=FA, where F is the force acting perpendicular to surface area A. The pascal (Pa), or one newton per square meter (N/m²), is the common unit of pressure.
Calculations:
At the same pressure,
volume is directly proportional to temperature.
i.e., V ∝ T
⇒V₁/V₂ = T₁/T₂
here, V₁ = 5.5 litres , T₁ = 25°C = 298K
V₂ = 10 litres, T₂ = ?
now, 5.5/10 = 298/T₂
⇒T₂ = 298 × 10/5.5 ≈ 542 K
Temperature in degree Celsius = 542 - 273 = 269°C
Hence, the temperature, at which it occupies 15.0 litres at the same pressure is, 269°C.
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What are two changes of state that are endothermic?
Answer:
fusion, vaporization, sublimation
HELP PLEASE!! BRAINLIEST TO BEST ANSWER!
2. Here is a chemical equation:
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
• Balance this chemical equation.
• State what type of chemical reaction this is.
• What will accompany the products as a result of this
reaction?
• Discuss how your balanced chemical equation agrees
with the law of conservation of mass.
Answer:
HERE:
Explanation:
The balance equation is what it is already: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
The type of chemical reaction is combustion reaction.
Light and energy will accompany the product as a result of this reaction.
The law of conservation of mass makes sure the masses of the
molecules are same on both sides of the equation. Therefore, the mass of each element on both sides must be equal.
Hope that helps, I tried bai and Goodluck in school! <3
Chemical reactions occur when molecules or atoms collide in a way that the bonds between atoms break and new bonds form. Breaking the bonds of the reactants requires energy, whereas bond formation releases energy.
True , Energy is released during bond formation, whereas energy is required to break the bonds between the reactants.
What do chemical bonding mean?Chemical bonds maintain the interconnectedness of molecules' atoms.. Positively charged subatomic particles and electrons with negative charge interact electrostatically to form bonds. A liquid forms gas bubbles when it reaches its boiling point, which rise to the surface and then burst into the air.
What are the various forms of bonds in chemistry?Chemical bonds are formed when the atoms in a compound's molecule are brought together and kept together by a powerful combining force. Ionic and covalent bonds are the two different types of chemical bonds.
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A chunk of dry ice, solid co2, disappears after sitting at room temperature for a while. There is no puddle of liquid. What happened?.
A piece of dry ice, which is solid CO2, vanishes after some time at normal temperature. There is no liquid puddle. The CO2 gas solidified.
How does dry ice function and what is it?Carbon dioxide freezes into a substance called dry ice. Carbon dioxide travels directly from a gas to a solid rather than first becoming a liquid and then a solid. As a result, whenever it melts, gas is created as well.
What is the real purpose of dry ice?Typically, dry ice is utilized in industry for tasks like blasting, preserving frozen goods, and transporting drugs. In addition, dry ice is employed in our daily lives for a variety of other things, such as producing special effects for movies and events.
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Calculate the standard reaction entropy for the decomposition of 1 mol calcite to carbon dioxide gas and solid calcium oxide at 25°c.
The standard reaction entropy is 160.6 J/mol*K for the breakdown of 1 mol of calcite to carbon dioxide and white precipitate oxide at 25 °C.
What does the word "reaction" mean in chemistry?
One or more substances—known as reactants—are transformed into one or more other substances—known as products—in a chemical reaction. Substances are made up of chemical components or chemical elements.
What sort of reaction?
The five basic types of chemical processes are synthesis, breakdown, one, double replacement, and combustion. By analyzing the reactants and products, you can assign a reaction to one of these categories. Some reactions will fall into more than one category.
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the arrhenius definition of a base is: group of answer choices a proton acceptor. produces h in solution. produces oh- in solution. a proton donor. all of the above.
The Arrhenius definition of a base is produced oh- in solution. It would act as a proton accepter.
What is the Arrhenius of an acid?
An Arrhenius acid is a compound that ionizes to produce hydrogen ions (H +) in aquatic solution. Acids are aquatic compounds with ionizable hydrogen atoms. Only hydrogen particles that are part of a large polar covalent bond are ionizable.
The Arrhenius definition of a base is produces oh- in solution. It would act as a proton accepter.
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calculate the theoretical yield of acetylsalicylic acid from 2.01 g of salicylic acid assuming excess acetic anhydride.
The theoretical yield of acetylsalicylic acid from 2.01 g of salicylic acid assuming excess acetic anhydride is 0.002.
A mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to count molecules based on their mass. You can determine the initial amounts of oxygen and glucose by counting the moles of each substance.Examine the reaction's balanced equation. You can determine the ratio of molecules required for a reaction by looking at the coefficients in front of each molecule.One of the reactants will typically be consumed before the others in chemical reactions. The limiting reactant is the one that exhausts itself first. The theoretical yield and the duration of the chemical reaction are constrained by this limiting reactant.To study more about balanced equation -
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A lab assistant wants to prepare 0.2 mol dm-³ of potassium chloride solution. What is the volume of distilled water needed to dissolve 2.98 g of potassium chloride? [Molar mass of potassium chloride = 74.5 g mol-¹]
Answer:
Explanation:
Molarity given = 0.2 mol dm ^ -3
wieght of potassium chloride = 2.98g
molar mass of potassium cloride = 74.5
let us assume vol. of water needed= x
molarity = weight * 1000 / molar mass * volume
0.2 = 2.98 * 1000 / 74.5 * x
0.2 = 2980 / 74.5x
74.5x = 2980 / 0.2
74.5 x = 14900
x = 200
hence, volume required is 200 ml
if the equilibrium constant of a given reaction is 2.54, what is the equilibrium constant of its reverse reaction?
The reciprocal of the forward reaction's Keq,
Keq = 1/2.54
Keq = 0.394 for the reverse reaction, is the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction.
The forward reaction rate constant divided by the reverse reaction rate constant gives the equilibrium constant.
What does K equating to 1 at equilibrium mean?
The concentration of the reactants is high at equilibrium if Keq is a small number (Keq1). In this instance, the reaction is in favour of reactants forming. Keq 1 indicates that there are considerable amounts of both reactants and products at equilibrium.
R's value is dependent on the units used, however it is typically expressed in S.I. units.
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enough of a monoprotic acid is dissolved in water to produce a 1.55 m solution. the ph of the resulting solution is 2.70 . calculate the ka for the acid.
The ka for the monoprotic acid which produces a 1.55m solution is 5.37 × 10⁻⁴.
An acid that may donate simplest one proton is known as monoprotic acid, while polyprotic acid can donate multiple proton. In addition, a monoprotic base can be most effective to accept one proton, while a polyprotic base can take delivery of more than one proton.
The key difference among diprotic and monoprotic acid is that monoprotic acids are able to donate one hydrogen atom or proton to their aqueous solution, while diprotic acids are able to donate hydrogen atoms or protons to their aqueous solutions.
Calculation
The value of dissociation constant of acid is given as,
Ka = (0.00295)(0.00295)/0.0162)
Ka = 5.37 × 10⁻⁴
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for the reaction that occurs for when the precipitate forms. write a balanced, net-ionic equation for the reaction, and explain why the reaction is best represented by a net-ionic equation
A net ionic equation must be balanced on both sides. In most cases, net ionic equations are the only way to model precipitation reactions.
What is ionic equation?
Ionic equations are chemical formulas in which the electrolytes in aqueous solution are stated as dissociated ions, in contrast to molecular equations, which express compounds as molecules.
What is precipitate ?
A solid produced when a solution changes, frequently as a result of a chemical reaction or temperature shift that makes a solid less soluble.
The only reaction depicted in the net ionic equation is precipitation. Not only in terms of the atoms of the constituent elements, but also in terms of the electric charge, a net ionic equation must be balanced on both sides. In most cases, net ionic equations are the only way to model precipitation reactions.
Therefore, a net ionic equation must be balanced on both sides. In most cases, net ionic equations are the only way to model precipitation reactions.
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If the column of water in the water barometer rose to a height of 34 feet, what would the atmospheric pressure be in mm hg?.
The atmospheric pressure of water in a water column which rises to a height of 34 feet in barometer is
What is atmospheric pressure and how to calculate it?The pressure in the Earth's atmosphere is referred to as atmospheric pressure, sometimes known as barometric pressure. It is defined as force applied by an atmospheric column per unit of area.
To calculate the atmospheric pressure for the given problem, we must convert the height of the water column to mmHg from the available information in order to establish the atmospheric pressure at which the water barometer increased.
Our understanding of the standard rate conversion's dimensions leads us to believe that-
1 feet = 12 inches
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 mmHg = 13.6 mm of water
Therefore, for 34 feet of height in barometer, we can calculate as-
[tex]34 feet[/tex] × [tex]\frac{12 inch of water}{1 feet water}[/tex] × [tex]\frac{25.4 mm of water}{1 inch of water}[/tex] × [tex]\frac{1 mmHg}{13.6 mm of water}[/tex]
= 762 mmHg
Thus, the atmospheric pressure of the water calculated is 762 mmHg.
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for a c-br bond that is oriented with the bromide to the right of the carbon, where does the nucleophile have to attack from?
The nucleophile has to attack from: A nucleophilic attack often occurs when an electron-rich species (the nucleophile) "attacks" an electron-deficient species (the electrophile, usually a carbocation), forming a new bond between the nucleophile and the carbocation.
Nucleophile (Nuc): A reactant that offers a couple of electrons to form a brand-new covalent bond (i.e. a Lewis base). A nucleophile that shares an electron pair with a proton is generally known as a Bronsted-Lowry base or just a base. Hydroxide ion as a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction.
In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that paperwork bonds by using donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. due to the fact nucleophiles donate electrons, they're Lewis bases.
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compound a has a molecular formula of c5h11br. when compound a is treated with bromine in the presence of uv light, the major product is 2,2-dibromopentane
The compound (A) is 2-bromo-pentane. See attached picture for the chemical diagram.
2-bromo-pentane (A) reacts with bromine (Br₂) under UV light to form 2,2-dibromopentane and HBr. Also When 2-bromo-pentane (A) reacts with NaSH to from pentane-2-thiol, which have an asymmetric carbon, and NaBr.
Sufficient images are given below ;
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at what temperature in k will 0.760 moles of oxygen gas occupy 8.00 l and exert 2.60 atm of pressure?
At 333K temperature 0.760 moles of oxygen gas occupy 8.00 L and exert 2.60 atm of pressure.
What is ideal gas law?
The relationship between a gas's pressure P, volume V, and temperature T in the range of low pressures and high temperatures, when the gas's molecules move virtually independently of one another, is known as the ideal gas law, also known as the perfect gas law.
Given:
Number of mole (n) = 0.760 mole
Volume of oxygen (V) = 8.00 L
Pressure (P) = 2.60 atm
Temperature (T) =.?
We know, Gas constant (R) = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol
Using the ideal gas equation we get:
PV = nRT
2.6 x 8 = 0.76 x 0.0821 x T
So,
T = (2.6 x 8) /(0.76 x 0.0821 )
T = 333 K.
Hence, the temperature is 333 K.
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Nuclear decay occurs according to first-order kinetics. What is the half-life of polonium-218 if a sample decays from 55. 4 g to 31. 7 g in 2. 50 minutes?.
If a sample degrades between 55. 4 g through 31. 7 g within 2. 50 minutes, its half-life is 3.09 minutes.
What makes anything nuclear?Locating its causative factors. The term "nuclear family" relates to the a family's fundamental members, often its children and their parents. Nuclear has meanings that mean "kernel" or perhaps more simply "something fundamental," therefore nuclear has a longstanding experience for figurative application before its primary relationship with "nuclear energy."
Briefing:Nuclear decay follows first order kinetics, therefore for first order kinetics
t = 2.303/λ log (N₀)/Nt
We also know,
t1/2= 0.693/λ
λ = 0.693/t1/2
Put in above expression,
t = 2.303/0.693/t1/2 log (N₀)/Nt
t = 2.303/0.693 * t1/2 log (N₀)/Nt
t1/2 = 0.693*t/2.303*log(N₀)/Nt
t1/2 = 0.693*2.50/2.303*log((55.4)/31.7))
t1/2 = 1.73/2.303*0.242
t1/2 = 1.73/0.557
t1/2 = 3.10 minutes
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