After a virus binds to a specific host cell receptor, it enters the cell via either receptor-mediated endocytosis by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cell.
The statement above is the process of virus penetration at the virus replication stage. Penetration is the stage of injecting viral nucleic acid into the host cell. The virus perforates the host cell's plasma membrane (and cell wall, if present) using enzymes such as lysozyme in bacteriophages.
At the penetration stage, the virus particles will be carried directly into the cell. This process is known as penetration. Some DNA viruses can also enter host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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how could an activator influence gene expression at a promoter far away from the place that it binds dna?
The RNA polymerase is immediately bound by the activator, causing it to start transcription while mostly ignoring the DNA.
A multi-unit enzyme called RNA polymerase uses transcription to create RNA molecules from a DNA template. The initial phase of gene expression, transcription, occurs before translation, which is the process of decoding RNA into proteins. The RNA polymerase-generated RNA molecules play a number of functions in the cell.
Function and structure of RNA polymerase (in transcription)
The RNA polymerase enzyme is a substantial complex with several subunits1. Four subunits of the bacterial RNA polymerase are able to transcribe all known kinds of RNA. These enzymes, which in eukaryotes have eight or more subunits, make it easier for DNA to connect to and be processed during transcription.
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transcription and translation are seperate processes in gene expression; however they have simialarities. the following terms all relate to translation. which of these has a role that is most similar to that of the transcription start site during transcription
The function of the start codon during transcription is most comparable to that of the transcription start site.
By converting the DNA code into a complementary RNA code, transcription is the process of creating RNA from a DNA template. The process of translating an mRNA template into a protein involves changing the mRNA's coding into the amino acid sequence of the protein.
The goal of transcription is to create RNA copies of specific genes that the cell can utilize for biochemistry, whereas the goal of translation is to create proteins, which are employed for an enormous variety of cellular functions.
When the RNA polymerase protein attaches to the DNA promoter and forms a transcription initiation complex, transcription begins. The promoter specifies the precise site where transcription begins. On the other hand, translation starts when t-RNA, initiation factors, and ribosome subunits attach to the mRNA close to the AUG start codon.
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a staphylococcus aureus strain shows sensitivity to penicillin as demonstrated by the kirby-bauer method, one can correctly assume based on this result, that all staphylococcus aureus strains would be sensitive to penicillin.
The statement 'a staphylococcus aureus strain shows sensitivity to penicillin as demonstrated by the Kirby-Bauer method, one can correctly assume based on this result, that all staphylococcus aureus strains would be sensitive to penicillin' is true.
In the field of microbiology, the Kirby-Bauer method can be described as a method of testing for microbial inhibition by an antibiotic by forming wafers of the antibiotic in a plate of the solid-growth medium. These tests help in determining bacterial sensitivity to a particular antibiotic.
If a staphylococcus aureus strain in a Kirby-Bauer method shows sensitivity to penicillin if they form clear disks, then the staphylococcus aureus would be sensitive to the antibiotic penicillin on the whole. It is also referred to as the disc diffusion test.
The correct question is:
A staphylococcus aureus strain shows sensitivity to penicillin as demonstrated by the Kirby-Bauer method, one can correctly assume based on this result, that all staphylococcus aureus strains would be sensitive to penicillin. True or False
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Geneticists studying the gene for lactase did not find any differences in the coding region DNA between people who could digest lactose and people who could not digest lactose. After they investigated further, they discovered that the difference between lactose-tolerant and -intolerant individuals was due to a mutation located in Select one O a. the gene for glucose production O b. the genetic switch for the lactase gene C.a different gene that produces lactose If an individual is lactase persistent it means: Select one: a. she or he cannot properly digest milk b. she or he cannot properly digest milk as a baby c. she or he can digest milk as a baby d. she or he can digest milk as an adult o
The correct option is B : The genetic switch for lactase gene In most people, the gene for lactase, the enzyme that digests lactose, is activated at birth and deactivated after weaning.
However, the lactase gene is still active in the majority of Europeans. According to these findings, the lactase gene is often silenced by DNA methylation after early infancy.
However, SNPs that change the DNA sequence in the regulatory region prevent this methylation from occurring. Because the gene is maintained, this results in the production of lactase.
The correct option is C : She or he can digest milk as an adult Lactose intolerant people are unable to adequately digest the sugar (lactose) in milk.
As a result, individuals have diarrhea, gas, and bloating after consuming dairy products. The condition, also known as lactose malabsorption, is usually harmless, but its symptoms can be unpleasant.
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Breast milk:
Group of answer choices
a. is deficient in iron and vitamin C.
b. is more likely than formula to poduce alleries.
c. provides more iron and vitaminC and A than cow's milk.
d. upsets the baby's digestive system more often than formulas.
Breast milk (c) provides more iron and vitamin C and A than cow's milk.
Breast milk is milk is produced by the mammary glands. This is located in the breast of a human female. Breast milk is the one of the important source of nutrition for the newborns. This is formed of fat, protein and vitamins
Breast milk provides more iron and vitamin C and A than cow's milk. The iron in breastmilk which is absorbed as compared to other sources. The vitamin C and lactose is present in the breastmilk aid in the iron absorption.
What produces good breast milk?
If you are exclusively nursing, you need roughly 300 to 500 extra calories per day than you did to maintain your pre-pregnancy weight in order to maintain your milk supply and your personal health. A typical, nutritious, balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is the healthiest diet for a nursing mother.
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based on your prior knowledge of animal digestive systems, why would you answer to the previous question be important
Based on your prior knowledge of animal digestive systems, I would answer the previous question be important as it can improve a producer's feeding efficiency and help them better understand the health of their animals and potential issues.
The digestive tract is made up of the esophagus, the small intestine, the liver, the exocrine pancreas, the large intestine, the rectum, and the anus, as well as the oral cavity and its accompanying organs (lips, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands). Ruminants also have forestomachs (reticulum, rumen, and omasum), which are true stomachs.
The evolved animal can digest food more effectively because of its one-way digestive system. The digestive tract's one-way section is divided into specific areas for processing food. Livestock producers may be better able to plan suitable nutritional programs if they have a solid understanding of ruminant digestive anatomy and function.
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help me out please thanks
the process of removing dirt, dust, blood, or other visible contaminants from a surface or equipment is called
Answer:
Decontamination
Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on earth.
Biologists classify the biosphere into the main types of ecosystems present on earth.
How are different biomes grouped?There are five main types of biomes: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra. Some of these biomes can be further subdivided into more precise categories, such as freshwater, marine, savanna, tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, and taiga. Marine and freshwater biomes are both included in aquatic biomes.
Which biome contains plants whose seeds only grow after a fire?Shrubs predominate in the chaparral vegetation, which is suited to recurrent fires with some species generating seeds that only sprout following a hot fire.
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2) the ancestors of land plants were aquatic algae. which of the following is not an evolutionary adaptation to life on land? a) c3 photosynthesis b) a waxy cuticle c) root hairs d) xylem and phloem e) guard cells
The ancestors of land plants were aquatic algae. a) c3 photosynthesis is not an evolutionary adaptation to life on land.
Worldwide, algae are a class of creatures known as living things. Because they produce a significant amount of the oxygen that people and other creatures need to breathe, algae are significant. Some algae, like seaweed, have a plant-like appearance. Algae, though, aren't technically either plants or animals.
Through photosynthesis, solar or radiant energy is converted to chemical energy. The rate of photosynthesis directly affects how productive a crop is. All living things receive oxygen from it in the atmosphere. It keeps the ecosystem's amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide stable.
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what is the name of the peritoneal structure that creates folds around the uterus and helps support it in place?
Mesentery is the name of the peritoneal structure that creates folds around the uterus.
What is Mesentery?
The mesentery is continuous set of tissues, a fold of membrane that helps attach the intestine to the abdominal wall, helping it stay in place.
It is found in the abdomen surrounding the intestines. It comes from the back side of the abdomen where the aorta branches off to the superior mesenteric artery, another large artery.
This is at times called the root region of the mesentery. The mesentery goes out from this root region to its locations throughout the abdomen.
The main functions of mesentery are:
• hold the intestines in place
• housing lymph nodes that help fight off infections
• producing proteins that cause inflammation
Therefore, Mesentery is the name of the peritoneal structure that creates folds around the uterus.
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Which scenario will most likely result in a change to the nitrogen cycle that negatively affects plant growth?.
The impact of changes in the nitrogen cycle on plants is that they will lack organic molecules to stimulate growth and give the green color to the leaves
The atmosphere is the layer of gases that repairs the Earth. The atmosphere also fixes the other planets in the solar system. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas found in the atmosphere and this gas has a function in plant growth.
The process of absorbing nitrogen from the atmosphere is carried out by nitrogen fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium which live on plant roots. Bacteria capture atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into ammonia (NH3) which can be taken up by plants and used to make organic molecules. Nitrogen will be used as the main nutrient in the soil which plays a very important role in stimulating growth and giving the leaves a green color
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one character in peas that mendel studied was yellow versus green seeds. a cross between a homozygous yellow line (yy) and a homozygous green line (yy) will result in f1 plants that are heterozygous (yy) for this trait and produce yellow seeds. a cross between a homozygous dominant plant and a homozygous recessive plant. when an f1 plant undergoes meiosis, what gamete types will it produce, and in what proportions?
Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics, utilised pea plants as a model to study inheritance for a variety homozygous of reasons, the most important of which is that they have a wide range of phenotypic features, such as diverse colours and shapes.
Mendel studied the inheritance patterns of parental genes in terms of how these genetic qualities homozygous manifested in the phenotype of the children, and he classified these traits as dominant (two capital letters; AA) or recessive (one capital letter; AA). He used yellow and green pea plants to test this in the trials. When he crossed yellow and green pea plants, he discovered that the first generation was yellow. This meant that the colour yellow (YY) was dominant, while the colour green (YY) was recessive.
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The outermost membrane of a euglenid chloroplast is thought to have been derived from what part of an original host cell that engulfed a green alga?.
In a process known as endosymbiosis, chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were integrated into plant cells.
Where did all chloroplasts come from?Chloroplasts were first established in eukaryotes through an endosymbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium; they later spread through the evolution of eukaryotic hosts and the subsequent engulfment of eukaryotic algae by formerly nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes.
How did eukaryotic cells develop mitochondria and chloroplasts?Chloroplasts and mitochondria most likely developed from absorbed bacteria that originally existed as autonomous entities. An aerobic bacterium was eventually swallowed by a eukaryotic cell, which later established an endosymbiotic bond with the host eukaryote and gradually transformed into a mitochondrion.
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The form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two genetically identical cells is.
A eukaryotic cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells by a perfectly timed nuclear division process known as mitosis.
What creates two cells that are genetically identical?Daughter cells made during mitosis share the same genetic makeup as their parent cells. The cell duplicates—or "replicates"—its chromosomes, then divides the copies equally among its daughter cells so that each has a full set.
What name do two identical cells resulting from cell division go by?In contrast to meiosis, which produces four sex cells, mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. Below, we've highlighted the main variations and parallels between the two cell division processes.
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sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down sucrose (a disaccharide) into two monosaccharides. what is the substrate of sucrase
Answer:
glucose and fructose
Explanation:
Sucrase, 400 times the size of its substrate sucrose, splits the sucrose into its constituent sugars, which are glucose and fructose. The sucrase bends the sucrose, and strains the bond between the glucose and fructose.
The substrate of sucrase are glucose and fructose.
What is digestive enzymes and Sucrase?
Digestive enzymes are produced naturally by the digestive system in the body. They are responsible for breaking down food components such as fats, carbohydrates and proteins. The goal is that nutrients from food can be absorbed into the bloodstream to support the function of the body's cells.
Sucrase is one of digestive enzymes produced by the small intestine. The function of this enzyme is to break down sucrose into simple sugars, such as fructose and glucose. The goal is that these simple sugars are more easily absorbed by the body. Then it is reserve as energy.
Lack of this enzyme will cause digestive disorders, including: bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea and malnutrition.
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consider the tree to below. viridiplantae include all the descendants of the last common ancestor of volvox and land plants. which taxon or taxa is not in viridiplantae?
The taxon or set of taxa are not present in viridiplantae is Nori taxa and is not present in viridiplantae.
Approximately 450,000–500,000 species of eukaryotic organisms belong to the group Viridiplantae, which is crucial to both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Chlorophyta and Streptophyta are the two divisions or phyla that usually make up the group of green plants, or Viridiplantae; the latter group includes the land plants known as embryophytes as well as a type of green algae known as streptophyte algae.
A taxon is a collection of one or more populations of an organism or populations that taxonomists consider to be part of the same entity. A taxon typically has a name and a grade assigned to it, even though neither is necessary, especially if and when it is accepted or establish.
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reduction of expression of a gene in fruit flies during early development causes the reduction of the anterior structures of one thoracic segment. what type of gene is it most likely to be?
Decreased gene expression in Drosophila during early development causes a decrease in the anterior structure of the thoracic segment. Segmentation Gene Gene Type Most Likely.
Segmentation genes are genes involved in the early stages of pattern formation, defining repeating units (metamers) in segmented organisms (usually embryos). They are divided into 3 groups: Gap genes, pair rule genes, segment polarity genes. A segmental gene is a general term for genes that have the function of specifying the organizational pattern of each repeating unit of a segmented organism. Animals are made up of segments. However, Drosophila segments also contain compartmentalized compartments. A gene is a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that encodes a specific protein that functions in one or more cell types in the body.
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what is feedback inhibition? how enzymes catalyzing the irreversible reactions in glycolysis and krebs cycle are regulated by amp:atp ratio?
Feedback inhibition is the inhibition of an enzyme by a reaction product. As more glucose-6-phosphate is produced, the rate of reaction slows. Hexokinase governs the rate-limiting step of glycolysis in the brain and red blood cells.
Feedback inhibition regulates glycolysis. Cellular respiration is a multi-step process, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Like many biochemical pathways, it is controlled in part by feedback inhibition: ATP, the end product of OXPHOS, inhibits the initiation of glycolysis. ATP, for example, is a "stop" signal: high levels mean the cell has enough ATP and doesn't need to make more through cellular respiration. This is a case of feedback inhibition, where a product "feeds back" to itself to close its path. Feedback inhibition is when a reaction product is used to regulate its own further production. Cells have evolved to use feedback inhibition to regulate enzyme activity in metabolism, using the products of enzyme reactions to inhibit further enzyme activity.
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How did the potential energy of the two vehicles change? did the potential energy of one vehicle change more than the other? why do you think so?.
The potential energy usually chnages by the forces acting on that with pressure.
Lucia moved the automobiles farfar from the middle magnet, with the pressure, so the capacity power of each automobiles increased. Lucia moved the automobiles towards the middle magnet, with the pressure, so the capacity power of each automobiles increased.
When you park your automobile on the pinnacle of a hill, your automobile has capacity power due to the fact the gravity is pulling your automobile to transport downward; in case your automobile's parking brake fails, your car may also roll down the hill due to the pressure of gravity.
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Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the ____.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the conditioned response. The correct option is d.
What is conditioned response?The conditioned response is the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus in classical conditioning.
Assume that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell is an unconditioned response, and the conditioned stimulus is a whistle sound.
In his experiments, Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat. The sound gradually began to elicit salivation. The conditional response in this experiment was salivation to the meat.
Thus, the correct option is d.
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a sodium potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of the cell the movement of glucose into and out of a cell does not require energy
Answer:
it's energy correct
Explanation:
hope u new itmarry ChristmasIf the original mass of Carbon 14 was 24grams, how many grams would be left after 4 half lives?
Answer:
Explanation:
After for half lives have passed, how much of the original sample will be left? ... If one half-life (50 %) of the original carbon-14 is left in a material, ...
what name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mrna is used to construct a protein? what name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mrna is used to construct a protein? rna processing gene expression polypeptide formation transcription translation
Translation is the process of converting information contained in RNA into a polypeptide.
Each of a cell's double strands of DNA separates into two single strands as it divides. Each of these single strands serves as a template for a new complementary DNA strand. As a result, each new cell has its own fully functional genome. This is referred to as DNA replication.
Translation is the process of converting information transmitted from DNA as messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. It is simply a conversion of one code (nucleotide sequence) to another (amino acid sequence).
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6. explain how the process of transformation and restriction enzymes are used to turn out collectible quantities of certain proteins.
Restriction enzymes cleaves the plasmid DNA and ligase enzyme seals the selected part of DNA and plasmid vector for gene cloning to produce certain proteins
restriction nucleases' cleavage of DNA at certain locations, considerably facilitating the separation and modification of individual genes. When a single DNA molecule is cloned to create many billions of identical molecules, this process is known as DNA cloning. It can be done via cloning vectors or the polymerase chain reaction. The capacity of a particular DNA or RNA sequence to bind to a complementary nucleic acid sequence allows for nucleic acid hybridization
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Because ammonia is very toxic, it is kept atlow levels in the body by being: (Select allthat apply.)A)eliminated.B)converted to urea.C)stored away from body tissues.D)converted to uric acid.E)converted to amino acids.
describe the neural basis of stereoscopic vision including where binocular cells are first found in the visual system. explain how the receptive fields of disparity-tuned neurons might work
The answer is receptive field encompasses the sensory receptors that feed into sensory neurons and thus includes specific receptors on a neuron as well as collectives of receptors that are capable of activating a neuron via synaptic connections.
The two eyes' slightly different perspectives of the same things in space provide the stimuli for stereoscopic depth perception. The perception of depth depends on both dorsal and ventral pathways. Binocular neurons are originally discovered in layer 4 of the visual cortex and function as neurons that are triggered by inputs in either eye. All throughout the body, including on the surface, in tissues like muscles, joints, and the eyes, as well as in interior organs, are receptive fields. Because it describes the region at which a sensory input must be given in order to elicit a response from a sensory cell, the idea of the receptive field is essential to understanding sensory neuroscience.
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Describe how a forest fire can impact an ecosystem. Think of at least two ways in which different species may be affected.
It is true that large-scale, regular fires damage the aesthetics of a region and harm biodiversity while also polluting the air and degradation stream water quality.
Forest degradation has been attributed to frequent fires in the Himalayan region of Uttaranchal in the Indian Himalayas. Although frequent large-scale fires can degrade the quality of stream water, damage biodiversity, ruin the beauty of a place, they also play a crucial part in the dynamics of the forest ecosystem. Furthermore, the Indian Himalayan forest is not being destroyed by fire alone but also by other anthropogenic activity. The current study examines how fire influences the structure and composition of forests. Fires can be utilised with careful management.
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shakira, after successfully cross-pollinating gerber daisies decides the same process will work with four o'clock flowers. she crosses a purple flowered plant with a white flowered plant and ends up with the following results in the offspring. purple white and lavendar four oclock flowers why did the four o'clock flower plant give three phenotypes instead 2? question 5 options:
Purple white and lavendar four oclock flowers why did the four o'clock flower plant give three phenotypes instead 2 is a genotype that is 2:2 Rr and rr.
The 4'o clock plant, phenotypes , exhibits partial dominance in flower colour, which is why the F1 plant produced by crossing a pure Red flowered plant (RR) with a pure White flowered plant (rr) has pink flowers (Rr).When an F1 plant (Rr) crosses with a pure white flowering plant (rr), the resulting plant will have a genotype that is 2:2 Rr and rr.
The phenotypic, however, will be 2 pink and 2 white at a ratio of 2:2.
The offspring's phenotypic ratio will be 2:2.
Rr × rr
!
Rr rr rr
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membrane proteins, like membrane lipids, can move laterally by exchanging positions with other membrane components. which type of membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile, based on their function? group of answer choices channels receptors enzymes tight junction proteins
The light junction membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile, based on its function. The correct answer is option (D).
The least mobile of all the proteins in the body, lipid-tethered proteins (also known as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins, or GPI-linked proteins) are proteins that are anchored to lipids to restrict the movement of the cell. Enzymes, receptors, and channels are not in any way connected to other molecules.
Genetic data cannot be transmitted from membrane proteins to the cytoplasm. Only DNA and RNA contain genetic information, and for RNA to transmit genetic information, it must exit the nucleus and be translated into a protein in the cytoplasm. If a protein has the signal to do so when protein synthesis is complete, it may travel to the membrane; otherwise, it may serve another purpose. The membrane protein can convey information to the cytoplasm and receive information from other cells, but never in the form of genetic information.
The complete question is:
Membrane proteins, like membrane lipids, can move laterally by exchanging positions with other membrane components. which type of membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile, based on their function? group of answer choices
(A). channels
(B). receptors
(C). enzymes
(D). tight junction proteins
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