The U.S. Supreme Court has held that compulsory self-identification, such as providing one's name to a police officer during a stop, is not a violation of the Fourth Amendment because it does not constitute a search or seizure
How is compulsory self-identification not a violation of the Fourth Amendment?According to The U.S. Supreme Court, it has held that compulsory self-identification, such as providing one's name to a police officer during a stop, is not a violation of the Fourth Amendment because it does not constitute a search or seizure.
The Court has reasoned that requiring a person to identify themselves to a police officer is a minimal intrusion on their privacy and is outweighed by the government's interest in ensuring public safety and enforcing the law.
However, there are limitations on the government's ability to compel identification, and the Fourth Amendment still requires that any stop or detention be based on reasonable suspicion or probable cause.
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Why are minorities (predominately black & Latino )arrested /incarcerated at a higher rate than other race
Some of the reasons why minorities, particularly Black and Latino individuals, are arrested and incarcerated at higher rates include:
Law enforcement officers are more likely to view Black and Latino individuals as suspicious or criminal simply because of their race, leading to higher rates of stops, searches, and arrests.
Police presence and resources are often focused more heavily in low-income communities of color, leading to higher levels of surveillance and enforcement.
The criminal justice system as a whole has been shaped by centuries of institutional racism, leading to policies and practices that disproportionately impact minorities and perpetuate racial disparities.
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Specialized courts (such as drug courts) are popping up all over the country. What is your assessment of this trend
Specialized courts are primarily focused on a single jurisdiction and perform every essential regarding that particular topic.
Specialty courts are particular courts that concentrate primarily on a single jurisdiction. This court manages all matters pertaining to a specific jurisdiction. The judges in this court are specialists or experts in the legal discipline. They exclusively take on civil and criminal cases within a certain region.
Drug courts are specialized court docket programs that cater to people with alcohol and other drug dependency issues who are adults who have been charged with or convicted of a crime, young people who are involved in the juvenile justice system, and parents who have open cases involving child welfare.
Participants in drug court who successfully complete the course of treatment may have their original criminal charges dropped or expunged. The traditional justice system is used to handle a participant's case if they don't finish the program.
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Complete question is:
Specialized courts (such as drug courts) are popping up all over the country. What is your assessment of this trend? Why do you feel this way?
An employer properly brought a conversion action against an employee in federal district court sitting in diversity jurisdiction. The employee's answer contained an age discrimination counterclaim against his employer based on federal law. The answer was prepared, signed, and filed by the employee's attorney. The employee's attorney did not act in bad faith, but did not reasonably investigate the factual contentions made in the counterclaim. The employer's attorney filed with the court and served on the employee's attorney a motion to dismiss the counterclaim for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The next day, the employer's attorney served a motion for sanctions under Rule 11 on the employee's attorney based on the failure to reasonably investigate the factual contentions contained in the counterclaim, but did not file this motion with the court. Twenty days later and prior to the court ruling on the dismissal motion, the employee's attorney filed a notice of dismissal with respect to the counterclaim.May the employer's attorney continue to pursue its motion for sanctions by filing it with the court?
Yes, the employer's attorney may continue to pursue their motion for sanctions by filing it with the court.
This motion must be filed within 21 days after the opposing party's notice of dismissal. However, if the court has already ruled on the dismissal motion, then the motion for sanctions is no longer allowed. Under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, an attorney must conduct a reasonable investigation into the facts and law related to the claims made in a counterclaim or other legal action. If the attorney does not conduct this investigation, then the court may impose sanctions on the attorney.
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current issues with the 2nd amendment
Answer:
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right of citizens to bear arms. However, the interpretation and application of the Second Amendment have been a subject of debate and controversy in recent years. Here are some current issues related to the Second Amendment:
Gun Control: There have been numerous mass shootings in the United States, and gun control advocates argue that stricter gun laws are necessary to reduce gun violence. However, Second Amendment supporters argue that any infringement on the right to bear arms is a violation of the Constitution.
Access to Guns: There are concerns that some individuals who should not have access to guns, such as those with a history of violence or mental illness, are able to obtain them. This has led to calls for stricter background checks and other measures to prevent dangerous individuals from acquiring guns.
Open Carry and Concealed Carry: Some states allow individuals to openly carry guns in public, while others allow individuals to carry concealed weapons. This has led to debates about whether these practices make society safer or put people at risk.
Stand Your Ground Laws: Some states have Stand Your Ground laws, which allow individuals to use lethal force in self-defense without first attempting to retreat. These laws have been controversial, with critics arguing that they can lead to unnecessary violence and discrimination.
Overall, the Second Amendment continues to be a divisive issue in the United States, with strong opinions on both sides of the debate.
Explanation:
How did budgeting shortages affect incarceration in the United States?
• Wardens formed an
organization to finance necessities.
• Huge gaps arose in repairing the physical plants of prisons in the South compared to those in the North.
O Approval for prison privatization began to accelerate in many states.
• Reform groups sprang up throughout the United States calling for updated equipment.
Answer:
I have gotten questions like this on college assignments I did my best.
Explanation:
Huge gaps arose in repairing the physical plants of prisons in the South compared to those in the North.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTION: Study and provide and an overview analysis of the Constitutional Court judgment of Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development v Prince 2018 JDR 1588 (CC) in view of the relevant constitutional rights at play. NB: THE FOLLOWING MARKING RUBRIC WILL BE USED: Substance and originality Proper use of referencing style Proper use of language Proper assignment structure Adherence to assignment instructions ==>> i) (65 marks) (10 marks) (10 marks) (05 marks) (10 marks) TOTAL ASSIGNMENT MARKS [100]
Answer:
The case of Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development v Prince 2018 JDR 1588 (CC) was a landmark judgment by the South African Constitutional Court, which had far-reaching implications for the country's drug laws and the constitutional rights at play.
The case concerned the constitutionality of sections 4(b) and 5(b) of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act, which criminalized the possession, use, and cultivation of cannabis (also known as dagga) in all forms, including for personal use. The respondents in the case argued that these provisions violated their constitutional rights to privacy, dignity, and freedom of religion.
The Constitutional Court ultimately held that sections 4(b) and 5(b) of the Act were unconstitutional and invalid to the extent that they criminalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for personal use in a private place. The Court found that the prohibition on the private use of cannabis violated the right to privacy, which includes the right to possess and consume drugs in the privacy of one's home.
The Court also found that the prohibition on the use of cannabis for religious purposes violated the right to freedom of religion, as the use of cannabis was an integral part of certain religious practices. However, the Court limited the scope of this finding to the specific case before it and did not provide a blanket exemption for the use of cannabis for religious purposes.
Overall, the judgment in Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development v Prince represents a significant shift in South Africa's drug laws and underscores the importance of protecting individual rights and freedoms. The case highlights the need for a nuanced approach to drug policy that takes into account the complex interplay between public health, individual rights, and social justice.
Explanation:
Betty takes a listing on Sylvia's home. Without Sylvia's permission, Betty tells a prospective buyer at an open house that Sylvia is desperate to sell within the next 30 days. Betty Broker is
Betty takes a listing on Sylvia's home. Without Sylvia's permission, Betty tells a prospective buyer at an open house that Sylvia is desperate to sell within the next 30 days. Betty Broker is a/an implied agent of the buyer.
Why is Betty Broker is implied agent?In this scenario, Betty is a real estate agent who has taken a listing on Sylvia's home. By making such a statement, Betty has implied that Sylvia may be willing to accept a lower price for her property, which could potentially harm Sylvia's interests as the seller.
Moreover, in making this statement to the prospective buyer, Betty has created an agency relationship with the buyer. Specifically, Betty is acting as an implied agent of the buyer, which means that the buyer may believe that Betty is representing their interests in the transaction. This creates a conflict of interest for Betty, as she has a duty to act in the best interests of her client, Sylvia, but is also potentially representing the buyer's interests as an implied agent.
In summary, Betty's actions in this scenario are a breach of her duty of loyalty to Sylvia, and she has potentially created a conflict of interest by acting as an implied agent of the buyer without Sylvia's permission.
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What is a document filed with government that outlines wages, taxes paid and reconciliation?
U.S. taxpayers utilize form 1040 to submit an annual income tax return to the government that lists wages, taxes paid, and reconciliation.
What is meant by annual income tax?An income tax is a charge levied against people or organizations (taxpayers) in relation to their earnings (commonly called taxable income). In most cases, income tax is calculated as the sum of the tax rate and the amount of taxable income. All sources of taxable income earned during a tax year must be added up in order to determine your income tax liability. The following step is to determine your adjusted gross income (AGI). Once you've done that, take your AGI and any deductions you are qualified for.Income taxes make up about 80% of all federal revenue, which is the primary source of funding for social programs like Social Security and Medicare. Payroll taxes are another important source of funding for the federal government.To learn more about annual income tax, refer to:
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If a vehicle breaks down on the autobahn, the vehicle may be towed to which of the following?
The next autobahn exit.
The original destination on the autobahn, provided a tow bar is used.
All choices are correct.
The next gas station on the autobahn.
In Germany, if a vehicle breaks down on the autobahn, it may be towed to A. The next autobahn exit.
What happens when a vehicle breaks down on the autobahn?In Germany, if a vehicle breaks down on the autobahn, it may be towed to the next autobahn exit or to a designated emergency stopping lane. Towing to the next gas station on the autobahn or the original destination on the autobahn is not allowed.
However, if a tow bar is used, the vehicle may be towed to the original destination on the autobahn. It is important to note that the use of tow ropes is not permitted on the autobahn, and only tow bars specifically designed for use on the autobahn are allowed.
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explain how efforts of the LGBTQ movement may have contributed to the data in the Gallup polls
One way the LGBTQ movement has contributed to the data in Gallup polls is by raising awareness about LGBTQ issues and promoting greater acceptance of LGBTQ individuals in society. As a result of these efforts, public opinion has shifted towards greater support for LGBTQ rights, including marriage equality, anti-discrimination laws, and equal access to healthcare and education.
How efforts of the LGBTQ movement may have contributed to the data in the Gallup polls?For example, Gallup polls conducted over the past few decades show a clear trend towards greater support for same-sex marriage. In 1996, only 27% of Americans supported same-sex marriage, while 68% were opposed. However, by 2021, support for same-sex marriage had risen to 70%, while opposition had fallen to 28%.
The LGBTQ movement has also worked to change the media representation of LGBTQ individuals, which has helped to dispel negative stereotypes and increase visibility of the LGBTQ community. This increased visibility has contributed to greater understanding and acceptance of LGBTQ individuals, which is reflected in the data of Gallup polls related to LGBTQ issues.
Overall, the efforts of the LGBTQ movement have contributed to the data in Gallup polls by increasing public awareness and acceptance of LGBTQ individuals, promoting greater support for LGBTQ rights, and changing the media representation of the LGBTQ community.
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Considering all that you have seen in this course and especially using outside sources, what would need or want to build the perfect Global Center for Preparedness? Of more importance, what would you want to see in it?
Based on my analysis of available information, a perfect Global Center for Preparedness would need to have a comprehensive framework for identifying potential risks and responding to emergencies.
What else would it require?It would require state-of-the-art facilities and technologies, a highly trained and responsive workforce, and effective communication and coordination mechanisms.
The center would also need to be adaptable to evolving threats and have a strong focus on collaboration with international partners.
Additionally, it should prioritize research and development of new strategies and technologies to enhance preparedness and response capabilities
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addiction doesn't contribute to martial problems true or false
Adam is a forensic scientist who needs to determine whether the ink used on a questioned document matches that of a pen found at the crime scene. Which of these would be MOST helpful to Adam? Raj needs to determine the chemical composition of trace evidence like paint and fiber.
Adam is a forensic scientist who needs to determine whether the ink used on a questioned document matches that of a pen found at the crime scene. The most helpful tool for Adam would be a spectroscopic analysis.
This type of analysis uses light and its various wavelengths to determine the chemical composition of an unknown substance, such as the ink on the document. Spectroscopic analysis can be used to compare the composition of the pen ink found at the crime scene with that of the questioned document, and thus determine if they are a match.
Spectroscopy is a technique used to analyse the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation, allowing for the identification of the chemical composition of a substance.
By using spectroscopy, Raj can determine the chemical composition of the trace evidence and potentially match it to a known source.
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what steps should I do to You are responsible for ensuring the beneficiary has safe and appropriate housing for the duration of their parole in the United States. Describe how you will ensure that the beneficiary's housing needs are met, including where the beneficiary will reside during their temporary stay in the United States, if known.
Answer:
. You are responsible for ensuring the beneficiary has safe and appropriate housing for the duration of their parole in the United States. Describe how you will ensure that the beneficiary's housing needs are met, including where the beneficiary will reside during their temporary stay in the United States, if known.
true/false. the national origins quota system allowed only a small quota of new immigrants from northern european countries but a large quota of immigrants from eastern and southern european countries.
Answer: True
Explanation:
The National Origins Quota System, which was in effect from 1924 to 1965, favored immigration from Northern and Western Europe and restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, and other regions. The quota system assigned each country a quota based on its representation in past U.S. census figures, with preference given to immigrants from Britain, Ireland, and Germany.
The given statement "the national origins quota system allowed only a small quota of new immigrants from northern european countries but a large quota of immigrants from eastern and southern european countries" is True.
The National Origins Quota System allowed only a small quota of new immigrants from Eastern and Southern European countries but a large quota of immigrants from Northern European countries.
This system was put in place in the 1920s and aimed to restrict immigration from certain parts of the world, particularly from Eastern and Southern Europe, while favoring immigrants from Northern Europe.
The system was abolished in 1965 with the passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which eliminated national origin quotas and established a preference system based on family reunification and skilled labor.
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49. Any court in the United States that hears a case involving an issue on which the Supreme Court has ruled is required to follow the U.S. Supreme Court's judgment. This is known as:
Answer:
I don't know for sure but I think from the question its correct.
Explanation:
From my knowledge I think you are referring to the Writs of Certiorari.
I Really need help with this please!
A single investigator working alone can search a crime scene using all of the patterns listed except which one?
grid
linear
spiral
quadrant
Answer: Linear
Explanation:
Spiral they use,
Grid they use,
Strip or line they use,
Quadrant they do use,
That leaves linear which they do not use.
at the international court of justice, select one: a. states must take part in a process called fiat lux before the icj will accept the case. b. states may sue states. c. individuals may sue states. d. all decisions are binding on parties to a case.
At the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the correct statement is:
B. States may sue states.
The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and its primary function is to settle legal disputes between states. It is also known as the World Court, and it is located in The Hague, Netherlands. States can bring cases against other states at the ICJ, and the court has jurisdiction over disputes related to international law, including treaties and conventions.
Individuals or private entities cannot sue states directly at the ICJ. However, in some cases, states may bring cases on behalf of their citizens or legal entities, or individuals may be allowed to participate in a case as a third party with a legal interest.
All decisions made by the ICJ are binding on the parties to a case, meaning that the states involved in the dispute must comply with the court's judgment.
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a deliberate misrepresentation of a material fact with intent to induce another person to enter into a contract -- and on which the person reasonably relies and does enter into a contract that is injurious to that person -- is defined in the legal community as:
Answer: Fraud
Explanation:
Helpppp
Briefly describe the steps of the lawmaking process of the legislative branch.
The lawmaking process in the legislative branch involves introducing a bill, committee review, floor debate and vote, conference committee, presidential action, and becoming a law.
Explanation:Steps of the Lawmaking Process
Introduction of a Bill: A bill is proposed and introduced in either the House of Representatives or the Senate.Committee Review: The bill is assigned to a committee for review, where it is examined, debated, and revised.Floor Debate and Vote: The bill is brought to the floor of the respective chamber for debate and voting.Conference Committee: If the bill is passed in both chambers but with differences, a conference committee is formed to reconcile those differences.Presidential Action: The bill is then sent to the President to either sign it into law or veto it.Becoming a Law: If the President signs the bill, it becomes a law and is recorded in the United States Code.Overall, the lawmaking process involves various stages of proposal, review, debate, voting, reconciliation, and final approval by the President to become a law.
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which of the following are not recognized as methods to discharge a contract?i. perfect performance.ii. operation of law.iii. mutual consent.iv. interim performance.
Strictly speaking, waiver is now not a method of discharge by way of mutual agreement. Merger : Merger takes area when an inferior right accruing to a birthday party below contract merger into a finest proper accruing to the equal celebration under the equal or some other contract.
What are the four sorts of discharge of contract?. perfect performance.ii. operation of law.iii. mutual consent.iv. meantime performance.
What are the unique approaches to discharge a contract?Discharge of a contract with the aid of performance. ...
Discharge of a contract by using breach. ...
Discharge of contract by agreement. ...
Discharge of contract by using frustration.
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Explain how each of the following skills might resolve conflict and contribute to harmonious relationships
during your grade 12 academic year(Collaborating)?
Collaborating is a valuable skill that can help resolve conflicts and foster harmonious relationships during the academic year.
Collaboration involves working together to achieve a common goal, which requires effective communication, active listening, and empathy. By collaborating, individuals can develop a shared understanding of the issues at hand and work together to find a mutually acceptable solution. This process can reduce tensions and create a sense of cooperation and goodwill among all parties involved. Additionally, collaborating can help build trust and respect, as individuals feel heard and valued. Ultimately, by collaborating, individuals can resolve conflicts in a way that promotes understanding, cooperation, and a shared sense of purpose, leading to more harmonious relationships.
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due process is concerned with the process that an individual goes through when his or her rights are being taken away.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
I see no question so I will assume this is a true/false question in which case makes this statement provided to be true.
Genetic testing accessible to the public has become much more accurate and reasonably priced because of the use of independent online laboratories.
True
False
fill in the blank. according to huff's typology of gangs, gangs that are heavily involved in serious crimes, seriously abuse addictive drugs, and sell drugs, but not in an organized fashion are typed as___gangs.
According to Huff's typology of gangs, gangs that are heavily involved in serious crimes, seriously abuse addictive drugs, and sell drugs, but not in an organized fashion are typed as scavenger gangs.
Huff's typology of gangs includes three main types: corporate, territorial, and scavenger gangs. Corporate gangs are highly organized and involved in serious criminal activities, such as drug trafficking and racketeering.
Territorial gangs are less organized and are primarily focused on protecting their territory from other gangs.
Scavenger gangs, on the other hand, are loosely organized and are involved in a variety of criminal activities, but not in an organized fashion. They are also heavily involved in drug abuse and drug selling.
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the event described in this headline resulted in - question 12 options: decreased federal funding of student loans increased support for the antiwar movement the reinstatement of the draft an end to federal investigations of student organizations
The event described in this headline resulted in increased support for the antiwar movement.
This can be seen as more people began to protest against the war and question the government's involvement in it. As a result, the antiwar movement gained more momentum and support from the public. This event also led to decreased federal funding of student loans as the government began to focus on funding the war instead of education. The reinstatement of the draft was also a result of this event as more soldiers were needed for the war effort. Finally, an end to federal investigations of student organizations occurred as the government shifted its focus away from investigating these groups and towards the war.
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an antitrust complaint has been received by the u.s. department of justice. after review, it's decided that a formal investigation will be conducted. when must the complainant be notified of the investigation?
The Department of Justice has received an antitrust complaint. Following evaluation, it is agreed that a formal investigation will be conducted. Never forget that investigations must be kept quiet.
Justice is a concept that refers to fairness, equality, and the impartial treatment of all individuals in society. It involves upholding the law, protecting human rights, and ensuring that every individual is treated equally under the law. Justice can take various forms, including criminal justice, social justice, and economic justice. The principle of justice is central to the functioning of legal systems and is essential for maintaining social order and harmony. A just society is one where everyone has equal access to opportunities and resources, and where discrimination and prejudice are eliminated. Achieving justice requires the collective efforts of individuals, institutions, and governments to promote fairness, equality, and human rights for all members of society.
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if a person calls his former employer and falsely states that the employer's son was just arrested for a double homicide after a botched robbery attempt, the person has likely committed the tort of .
Answer:intentional infliction of emotional distress
Explanation:
Local rules we must follow are sometimes known as what?
Policies
Guidelines
Ordinances
Answer:
Ordinances
Explanation:
Which is a piece of legislation (or a law) enacted by a municipal (also know as a local government official) authority.
true/false. the paramilitary model of policing emphasizes a legalistic approach and authoritarian managerial process intended to control officers' behavior to improve crime control and lessen corrupt practices.
Answer: "The paramilitary model of policing emphasizes a legalistic approach and authoritarian managerial process intended to control officers' behavior to improve crime control and lessen corrupt practices. This has been characterized as politically conservative, closed, and secretive. Private world of policing."
Explanation: Cited from Quizlet! Hope this helps!
The paramilitary model of policing emphasizes a legalistic approach and authoritarian managerial process intended to control officers' behaviour to improve crime control and lessen corrupt practices. This statement is true because it is often used in police departments that prioritize crime control and enforcement over community relations and problem-solving.
This model is often characterized by strict rules, rigid hierarchies, and a strong emphasis on discipline and obedience to authority.
This model can be effective in reducing crime and corruption, but it can also lead to a lack of trust and collaboration between the police and the communities they serve.
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