Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is calculated to be approximately 1,200 units. The company needs to place orders 200 times in a year, and they should order the material once every 1.825 days. These calculations help the company optimize inventory management, minimize costs, and ensure a smooth.
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is a calculation used in inventory management to determine the ideal order quantity that minimizes the total cost associated with ordering and holding inventory. It is based on the assumption that demand for a product is constant and known, and that the cost per unit supply chain/ and ordering cost remain consistent.
To calculate EOQ, the formula is as follows:
EOQ = sqrt((2 * Demand * Ordering Cost) / Holding Cost per Unit)
In the given scenario, the demand for the material is 240,000 units, the cost per unit is Rp. 2,000, and the ordering cost is Rp. 150,000. The holding cost is estimated at 25% of the average inventory cost.
a. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ):
EOQ = sqrt((2 * 240,000 * 150,000) / (2,000 * 0.25))
= sqrt(720,000,000 / 500)
= sqrt(1,440,000)
≈ 1,200 units
b. Number of times to order in a year:
The annual demand is 240,000 units, and the EOQ is 1,200 units. Therefore, the number of orders required in a year would be:
Number of orders = Annual demand / EOQ
= 240,000 / 1,200
= 200 times
c. Number of days between orders:
The company orders the material once a year, so the number of days between orders would be:
Number of days = 365 days / Number of orders
= 365 / 200
≈ 1.825 days
In summary, the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is calculated to be approximately 1,200 units. The company needs to place orders 200 times in a year, and they should order the material once every 1.825 days. These calculations help the company optimize inventory management, minimize costs, and ensure a smooth supply chain operation.
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A company issued 1,000 shares of its P5 par value ordinary shares as payment for 1,000 hours of legal services performed. The fair value of the legal services was P160,000. On the date of issuance, the company’s shares were trading on a public exchange at P140 per share. Determine the increase in the company’s equity as a result of this transaction.
The increase in the company's equity as a result of this transaction is P20,000, calculated as the difference between the fair value of the legal services received (P160,000) and the fair value of the shares issued (P140,000).
How did the company's equity increase as a result of the transaction?To determine the increase in the company's equity as a result of this transaction, we need to calculate the difference between the fair value of the legal services received and the par value of the shares issued.
The fair value of the legal services received is given as P160,000. This represents the value of the 1,000 hours of legal services performed.
The par value of the ordinary shares issued is P5 per share, and the company issued 1,000 shares. So the total par value of the shares issued is P5 * 1,000 = P5,000.
However, the shares were trading on a public exchange at P140 per share on the date of issuance. Therefore, the fair value of the shares issued is P140 * 1,000 = P140,000.
To determine the increase in the company's equity, we calculate the difference between the fair value of the legal services received (P160,000) and the fair value of the shares issued (P140,000).
Increase in equity = Fair value of legal services received - Fair value of shares issued
= P160,000 - P140,000
= P20,000
Therefore, the increase in the company's equity as a result of this transaction is P20,000.
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a random sample of 25 apple the (company) customers who call apple care support line had an average wait time of 187 seconds with a ample standard deviation of 50 seconds
It implies that the wait time for customers calling the support line can vary from 137 seconds to 237 seconds based on the standard deviation.
The given question is about a random sample of 25 customers who called Apple's care support line to get assistance. The sample had an average wait time of 187 seconds and the sample standard deviation of 50 seconds. Below is an elaboration of what these statistical terms mean and their importance in analyzing data. Standard deviation is a statistical measure used to find out how the data in a given dataset is spread out from the mean (average). It tells you how much variation there is from the mean value. It is important in data analysis because it helps in understanding the data set. When the deviation is high, it means that the data is spread out over a large range of values. On the other hand, if the deviation is small, it implies that the data is clustered around the mean value.Wait time is a crucial aspect in customer service as it directly influences customer satisfaction. In the given question, we have the sample mean wait time of 187 seconds and the standard deviation of 50 seconds. The sample mean is the average wait time for the 25 customers who called Apple's care support line. The sample standard deviation of 50 seconds shows that the wait time deviates from the mean wait time of 187 seconds by 50 seconds. This information can be useful for Apple in planning their support operations and in assessing customer satisfaction levels.
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On January 1, 2010, Bart Company purchased equipment at a cost of $135,000. The equipment was estimated to have a useful life of 5 years and a salvage value of $15,000. Bart uses the sum of the years' digits method of depreciation. What should the accumulated depreciation be on December 31, 2012? Select one: O a. $108,000 b. $84,000 O c. $72,000 0.d. $54,000 O e. $96,000 Wheeler Corporation constructed a building at a cost of $20,000,000. The weighted average accumulated expenditures were $8,000,000, actual interest was $1,200,000, and avoidable interest was $800,000. If the salvage value is $1,200,000, and the useful life is 40 years, depreciation expense for the first full year using the straight line method is Select one: a. $475,000 O b. $490,000 c. $500,000 d. $520,000 e. $670,000
According to the sum-of-the-years-digits method of depreciation, the denominator of the fraction used to allocate deprecation is the sum of the digits of the years of the useful life.
Therefore, the sum of the digits of the 5-year useful life is 15 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5). Using the sum-of-the-years'-digits method of depreciation, the first year's depreciation will be: [(5-1 + 1) / 15] × ($135,000-$15,000) = $24,000.The second year's depreciation is computed as: [(5-2 + 1) / 15] × ($135,000-$15,000) = $21,600. The third year's depreciation can be calculated as: [(5-3 + 1) / 15] × ($135,000-$15,000) = $19,200. Therefore, the accumulated depreciation on December 31, 2012 is:$24,000 (first-year depreciation) + $21,600 (second-year depreciation) + $19,200 (third-year depreciation) = $64,800.
For the second problem, the depreciable cost of the building is $20,000,000 (cost) - $1,200,000 (salvage value) = $18,800,000. The straight-line depreciation rate is computed by dividing the depreciable cost by the useful life. The straight-line depreciation rate is therefore:$18,800,000 ÷ 40 = $470,000. In the first year, the depreciation expense is the same as the straight-line depreciation rate because no fraction of a year is involved. Therefore, the depreciation expense for the first full year using the straight-line method is: $470,000.
Therefore, the accumulated depreciation on December 31, 2012 is $64,800, and the depreciation expense for the first full year using the straight-line method is $470,000.
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You work at a fund-of-fund and your supervisor has assigned you to study the performance of a particular fund that your company is consider investing. You decided to use this fund’s past monthly performance (Rt) and estimate the Fama-French-Carhart model. The following regression is your estimation result: Rt = 0.03 + 1.5*(RM - Rf) – 0.7*SMB+0.09*HML+0.6*PR1YR+et,
where RM is the monthly aggregate stock market return, Rf is the risk-free rate, et is the regression error term.
(a) From the factor loadings (factor coefficients), what are the attributes of stocks this fund like to invest?
(b) Does the manager of this fund appear to have investing skills?
IV- What is the momentum anomaly in the stock market? How would you design a trading strategy to exploit this anomaly? Specifically, what stocks will you long and short?
Summary:
(a) Based on the factor loadings in the Fama-French-Carhart model estimation, this fund appears to prefer investing in stocks with higher market exposure (RM - Rf), higher book-to-market ratio (HML), higher one-year momentum (PR1YR), and a smaller size (SMB).
(b) To determine if the manager of this fund has investing skills, further analysis is needed. The factor coefficients alone do not provide sufficient information to assess the manager's skills.
(a) The factor loadings in the Fama-French-Carhart model represent the sensitivity of the fund's returns to different factors. In this case, the fund's preferences for stock attributes can be inferred from the coefficients:
The positive coefficient on (RM - Rf) suggests that the fund favors stocks with higher market exposure, indicating a preference for stocks with higher market returns.
The negative coefficient on SMB (small minus big) suggests that the fund prefers smaller-sized stocks compared to larger ones.
The positive coefficient on HML (high minus low) indicates a preference for stocks with higher book-to-market ratios, implying a focus on value stocks.
The positive coefficient on PR1YR (one-year momentum) suggests a preference for stocks with positive price momentum over the past year.
(b) Assessing the manager's investing skills requires further analysis beyond the factor loadings. Additional factors such as risk-adjusted performance, consistency of returns, and comparison with appropriate benchmarks should be considered. The factor coefficients alone do not provide a conclusive assessment of the manager's skills.
Regarding the momentum anomaly, it refers to the phenomenon where stocks that have performed well in the past continue to outperform in the future. To design a trading strategy to exploit this anomaly, one can construct a long-short portfolio:
Long: Select stocks with positive one-year momentum (PR1YR) as they are expected to continue performing well.
Short: Select stocks with negative one-year momentum as they are expected to underperform.
By constructing a portfolio with long positions in high momentum stocks and short positions in low momentum stocks, one aims to capture the momentum effect and profit from the continued outperformance of high momentum stocks.
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ansas Enterprises purchased equipment for $76,500 on January 1, 2021. The equipment is expected to have a five-year service life, with a residual value of $6,300 at the end of five years. Using the straight-line method, depreciation expense for 2021 would be: Multiple Choice O $16,560. $14,040. O $30,600. $15,300.
The depreciation expense for 2021 using the straight-line method would be $14,040.
Using the straight-line method, the formula to calculate annual depreciation expense is:
Depreciation Expense = (Cost - Residual Value) / Useful Life
In this case, the cost of the equipment is $76,500, the residual value is $6,300, and the useful life is five years
Therefore, the calculation for the depreciation expense for 2021 is as follows:
Depreciation Expense = ($76,500 - $6,300) / 5 = $14,040
Thus, the depreciation expense for 2021 using the straight-line method would be $14,040.
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A lottery claims its grand prize is $2 million, payable over 4 years at $500,000 per year. If the first payment is made four years from now, what is this grand prize really worth today? Use an interest rate of 6%. a b. What is the yield to maturity on a simple loan for $3 million that requires a repayment of $5 million in five years' time?
The grand prize is worth approximately $1,792,214.76 today. The yield to maturity on the loan is approximately 9.05%.
Present Value Of The Grand Prize And The Yield To Maturity On A Simple Loana) To determine the present value of the grand prize of $2 million payable over 4 years at $500,000 per year, we need to discount the future cash flows at the given interest rate of 6%.
Using the formula for calculating the present value of an annuity, we have:
Present Value = Cash Flow / (1 + interest rate)[tex]^n[/tex]
where:
Cash Flow = $500,000 (annual payment)
Interest Rate = 6% or 0.06
n = number of years
Calculating the present value for each cash flow and summing them up:
PV = $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^1[/tex] + $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^2[/tex] + $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^3[/tex] + $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^4[/tex]
PV ≈ $1,792,214.76
b) To calculate the yield to maturity on a simple loan for $3 million that requires a repayment of $5 million in five years' time, we need to solve for the interest rate.
Using the formula for yield to maturity, we can rearrange it to solve for the interest rate:
YTM = (Face Value / Present Value)^(1/n) - 1
where:
Face Value = $5 million
Present Value = $3 million
n = number of years = 5
Plugging in the given values:
YTM = ($5,000,000 / $3,000,000)[tex]^(1/5)[/tex] - 1
YTM ≈ 0.090546 or 9.05% (rounded to two decimal places)
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If answer is written by pen or pencil, please try to make the numbers clear and readable. Making use of previous accounts and results obtained plus the accounts below: 1. Interest paid to individuals 2,199.3 3. Transfer Payments to Individuals 11,735.9 4. contributions to social security systems 3,978.5 4. Personal Tax Payments By People 3,088.3 5. Undistributed earnings of corporations 1,081.3 6. corporate income tax 1,781.9 7. Earnings of Public Companies 237.4 8. Interest received by the government 610.8 9. Total PersonalConsumption 10.Population Estimate: A. Net Income Flowing to People B. Disposable Personal Income C. Personal Income D. Personal Savings Per-Capita Income * Population is in thousands of people, all other accounts are in millions of dollars 36,132.6 3,808*
The results are:a.net income flowing to people ≈ 29,065.
to determine the values of net income flowing to people, disposable personal income, personal income, and personal savings, we need to analyze the provided accounts and results.
1. net income flowing to people: this is the total income received by individuals, which can be calculated by subtracting the contributions to social security systems (4) and personal tax payments by people (5) from total personal consumption (9).
net income flowing to people = total personal consumption - contributions to social security systems - personal tax payments by peoplenet income flowing to people = 36,132.6 - 3,978.5 - 3,088.3
net income flowing to people ≈ 29,065.8 (in millions of dollars)
2. disposable personal income: this represents the income available to individuals after taxes. it can be calculated by subtracting personal tax payments by people (5) from net income flowing to people.
disposable personal income = net income flowing to people - personal tax payments by peopledisposable personal income ≈ 29,065.8 - 3,088.3
disposable personal income ≈ 25,977.5 (in millions of dollars)
3. personal income: this is the total income received by individuals, including transfer payments, undistributed earnings of corporations, and interest received by the government.
personal income = net income flowing to people + transfer payments to individuals + undistributed earnings of corporations + interest received by the governmentpersonal income ≈ 29,065.8 + 11,735.9 + 1,081.3 + 610.8
personal income ≈ 42,493.8 (in millions of dollars)
4. personal savings: this can be calculated by subtracting total personal consumption (9) from disposable personal income (2).
personal savings = disposable personal income - total personal consumptionpersonal savings ≈ 25,977.5 - 36,132.6
personal savings ≈ -10,155.1 (in millions of dollars)
it's important to note that a negative value for personal savings indicates that individuals are spending more than their disposable income.
5. per capita income: to calculate per capita income, we need to divide personal income (3) by the population estimate (10) and then multiply by 1,000 (to convert from millions to thousands).
per capita income = (personal income / population estimate) * 1,000per capita income ≈ (42,493.8 / 3,800) * 1,000
per capita income ≈ 11,183.63 (in dollars) 8 million dollars
b. disposable personal income ≈ 25,977.5 million dollarsc. personal income ≈ 42,493.8 million dollars
d. personal savings ≈ -10,155.1 million dollarsper capita income ≈ $11,183.63
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Analyze the following point about Petroleum Development Oman company (PDO) :
Please answer 3 of these questions SEPARATELY. No Plagiarism.
1. What is the organization structure of Petroleum development Oman? Based on your learnings from this module what in your opinion is the best structure for this organization and why?
2. Out of the four organization cultures you learned during this module, explain which culture is used in this company? In your opinion analyze which would be the most ideal culture and why?
3. If you are the leader of this organization analyze the following:
a. Which management style will you use? Give justification.
b. How are you going to motivate the employees of this organization? Explain and justify your points.
Organization Structure of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO):
The organizational structure of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is a functional structure. In this structure, the company is divided into functional departments such as exploration, production, engineering, finance, human resources, and others. Each department is responsible for specific tasks and functions, with clear reporting lines and hierarchies.
Based on the learnings from this module, a matrix structure could be a suitable alternative for PDO. A matrix structure combines functional departments with project teams, allowing for better coordination and integration of activities across departments. Since PDO operates in a complex and dynamic industry, where projects often require cross-functional collaboration, a matrix structure can facilitate effective communication, resource sharing, and decision-making.
The matrix structure promotes flexibility, adaptability, and innovation, as employees from different departments work together on projects. It encourages cross-functional learning and facilitates a holistic view of the organization's operations. Additionally, the matrix structure can help PDO respond efficiently to changing market conditions and customer demands, as project teams can be formed and dissolved as needed.
Organization Culture in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO):
The organization culture in PDO is likely to be a combination of hierarchical and results-oriented culture. Hierarchical culture emphasizes clear authority, formal procedures, and adherence to rules and regulations. This is prevalent in the oil and gas industry due to the strict safety and operational requirements. Results-oriented culture focuses on achieving goals and performance targets, which is essential for PDO's success in the highly competitive market.
In my opinion, a collaborative culture would be the most ideal for PDO. A collaborative culture encourages teamwork, open communication, and knowledge sharing across the organization. Given the complex nature of PDO's operations and the need for innovation and problem-solving, a collaborative culture can foster creativity, cross-functional collaboration, and continuous learning. It promotes employee engagement, trust, and a sense of ownership, leading to better decision-making and organizational performance.
Leadership Approach in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO):
a. Management Style:
As the leader of PDO, a transformational leadership style would be appropriate. Transformational leadership focuses on inspiring and motivating employees to achieve their full potential, fostering innovation, and promoting organizational change. This leadership style would be beneficial for PDO as it operates in a dynamic industry that requires continuous adaptation and improvement.
Transformational leaders in PDO would provide a clear vision, set high-performance expectations, and communicate effectively with employees at all levels. They would encourage employee development, provide coaching and support, and empower employees to take ownership of their work. By fostering a culture of continuous improvement and innovation, transformational leaders can drive organizational growth and success.
b. Employee Motivation:
To motivate employees in PDO, a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators can be used. Intrinsic motivators focus on tapping into employees' internal drives and passions. This can be achieved by providing opportunities for meaningful work, autonomy, and personal development. For example, PDO can offer training programs, career advancement opportunities, and recognition for employee achievements.
Extrinsic motivators can also be utilized, such as competitive compensation packages, performance-based bonuses, and rewards for exceptional performance. These external rewards can incentivize employees and recognize their contributions to the organization's success.
Furthermore, fostering a positive work environment, promoting work-life balance, and ensuring fair and transparent performance evaluation processes can contribute to employee motivation in PDO.
The organizational structure of PDO can benefit from adopting a matrix structure to facilitate better coordination and collaboration across departments. A collaborative culture would be ideal to promote teamwork, innovation, and cross-functional learning. As the leader of PDO, adopting a transformational leadership style can inspire and motivate employees, driving organizational growth and adaptation. Motivating employees can be achieved through a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, as well as fostering a positive work environment.
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#6. The Demand for the GT Notebook computer is 1,200 units per year. Each Notebook computer costs $1,000 and the company has a holding cost of 20% of unit cost per year. Order cost is $1200 per order.
The holding cost of GT Notebook computers would be $24,000 per year if 1,200 units were kept in stock. The total inventory cost would be $38,400.
The Demand for the GT Notebook computer is 1,200 units per year. Each Notebook computer costs $1,000, and the company has a holding cost of 20% of unit cost per year. The order cost is $1,200 per order. The following formula is used to determine the economic order quantity (EOQ) of a product, which is the optimum order quantity that reduces inventory and order costs to a minimum. EOQ = √(2DS/H), where D = demand in units, S = setup or order cost per order, and H = holding cost per unit per year.Let's apply the formula to GT Notebook computers.EOQ = √(2 x 1,200 x 1,200/0.20 x 1,000)EOQ = √(2,880,000/200)EOQ = √(14,400)EOQ = 120This implies that the company should order 120 GT Notebook computers each time to minimize the overall inventory and order costs. In the case of GT Notebook computers, the order cost and holding cost contribute equally to the total cost. The ordering cost would account for $10 per unit, which is $1,200 divided by 120 units, while the holding cost would account for $200 per unit, which is 20% of $1,000. This implies that the total cost per unit is $1,210, which is the sum of the unit price, ordering cost, and holding cost of each notebook computer.The ordering cost of GT Notebook computers would be $14,400 per year if 120 units were ordered ten times per year. The holding cost of GT Notebook computers would be $24,000 per year if 1,200 units were kept in stock. The total inventory cost would be $38,400.
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The preparer of a CMA only should include properties that are "comparable" to
the subject property and
a. Are viewable on the Internet.
b. Are "pocket listings," not listed with an MLS.
c. Have been sold recently (e.g., within the last three to six months).
d. Costing more than the subject property, justifying a high listing price
When preparing a Comparative Market Analysis (CMA), the properties included should be "comparable" to the subject property.
This means that they should share similar characteristics and features with the subject property to provide an accurate assessment of its value. Among the options provided, the correct answer is (c) - the properties included in the CMA should have been sold recently, typically within the last three to six months. This ensures that the data used in the analysis is relevant and reflects current market conditions.
Including properties that have been sold recently allows for a more accurate comparison and assessment of the subject property's value. By focusing on recent sales, the CMA takes into account the most up-to-date market trends and prices. This helps in determining a realistic listing price or value for the subject property.
Including properties that are viewable on the Internet or are "pocket listings" (not listed with an MLS) may not necessarily guarantee comparability or accuracy in assessing the subject property's value. Likewise, including properties that cost more than the subject property does not justify a high listing price unless they truly share similar characteristics and features.
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Gabi Gram started The Gram Co., a new business that began operations on May 1. The Gram Co. completed the following transactions during its first month of operations.
May 1 G. Gram invested $40,000 cash in the company in exchange for its common stock.
1 The company rented a furnished office and paid $2,200 cash for May’s rent.
3 The company purchased $1,890 of office equipment on credit. 5 The company paid $750 cash for this month’s cleaning services.
8 The company provided consulting services for a client and immediately collected $5,400 cash.
12 The company provided $2,500 of consulting services for a client on credit.
15 The company paid $750 cash for an assistant’s salary for the first half of this month.
20 The company received $2,500 cash payment for the services provided on May 12.
22 The company provided $3,200 of consulting services on credit.
25 The company received $3,200 cash payment for the services provided on May 22.
26 The company paid $1,890 cash for the office equipment purchased on May 3.
27 The company purchased $80 of advertising in this month’s (May) local paper on credit; cash payment is due June 1. 28 The company paid $750 cash for an assistant’s salary for the second half of this month.
28 The company paid $750 cash for an assistant’s salary for the second half of this month. 30 The company paid $300 cash for this month’s telephone bill.
30 The company paid $280 cash for this month’s utilities.
31 The company paid $1,400 cash in dividends to the owner (sole shareholder).
The cash flows and accruals from these transactions would need to be recorded and summarized to prepare the financial statements of The Gram Co. for the month of May.
To summarize the transactions of The Gram Co. for the month of May:
May 1: G. Gram invested $40,000 cash in the company in exchange for its common stock.
May 1: The company rented a furnished office and paid $2,200 cash for May's rent.
May 3: The company purchased $1,890 of office equipment on credit.
May 5: The company paid $750 cash for this month's cleaning services.
May 8: The company provided consulting services and collected $5,400 cash.
May 12: The company provided $2,500 of consulting services on credit.
May 15: The company paid $750 cash for an assistant's salary (first half of the month).
May 20: The company received $2,500 cash payment for the services provided on May 12.
May 22: The company provided $3,200 of consulting services on credit.
May 25: The company received $3,200 cash payment for the services provided on May 22.
May 26: The company paid $1,890 cash for the office equipment purchased on May 3.
May 27: The company purchased $80 of advertising on credit.
May 28: The company paid $750 cash for an assistant's salary (second half of the month).
May 30: The company paid $300 cash for this month's telephone bill.
May 30: The company paid $280 cash for this month's utilities.
May 31: The company paid $1,400 cash in dividends to the owner (sole shareholder).
These transactions represent various activities, including investments, expenses, revenues, and dividend payments. The cash flows and accruals from these transactions would need to be recorded and summarized to prepare the financial statements of The Gram Co. for the month of May.
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(1%) Which of the following statements are correct? i) The production possibility frontier is steeper at the right end than the left because some resources are better suited to make some products than others. ii) Perfectly inelastic demand is a horizontal line. iii) The production possibility frontier illustrates how much of each product is manufactured in the economy. iv) Inflation causes higher interest rates. v) The production of consumer goods and capital goods will always occur on the production possibility curve. A) i, ii, iii & v B) i, iii & v C) ii, iii & iv D) ii, iv & v E) i & iii
i, iii & v.
It is steeper at the right end because resources are typically specialized and better suited to produce certain goods more efficiently than others.
i) The production possibility frontier (PPF) represents the maximum combination of goods an economy can produce with its available resources and technology.
iii) The production possibility frontier illustrates the different combinations of products that can be manufactured in the economy given its resources and technology. It shows the trade-off between producing one good versus another.
v) The production of consumer goods and capital goods can occur on the production possibility curve, which represents the efficient allocation of resources. However, if the economy is not operating at full efficiency, the production may occur below the curve.
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In the normal course of business an entity's purchases result
in recognition of
a.
a receivable
b.
income.
c.
an expense
d.
a liability.
d. a liability.
In the normal course of business, when an entity makes purchases, it typically incurs expenses and recognizes a liability. A liability represents an obligation of the entity to pay for the goods or services received. The recognition of a liability reflects the entity's financial obligation to the supplier or vendor from whom the purchases were made.
For example, when a company purchases inventory or supplies from a supplier, it incurs an expense related to the cost of those items. At the same time, it recognizes a liability to the supplier, indicating that the company owes a payment for the goods received.
It is important for businesses to accurately record and recognize liabilities arising from their purchases to reflect their financial obligations and ensure proper accounting of their financial transactions.
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PRUEBA DE PRACTICA CAP 22 & 230 12 Seved A company provided the following direct materials cost information. Compute the direct materials quantity variance Standard costs assigned: Direct materials standard cost (476,000 units # $2.50/unit) Actual costa: $1,190,000 Direct materials costs incurred (474,720 units # $2.80/unit) $1,329.216 Multiple Choice $3.584 Unfavorable $3,584 Favorable $139.216 Favorable $3.200 Favorable $3,200 Unfavorable. Next > Help Save & Exit Sub
The direct materials quantity variance can be computed using the following formula: DMQV = (AQ - SQ) x SP Where, AQ = Actual quantity of materials used SQ = Standard quantity of materials allowed for actual production SP = Standard price of materials per unit.
Direct materials quantity variance: DMQV = ($1,329,216/474,720 units - $1,190,000/476,000 units) x $2.50/unit DMQV = $2,793.344 unfavorable. Given, Standard cost per unit of direct materials = $2.50Actual cost per unit of direct materials = $1,329,216/474,720 units = $2.80 Standard quantity of direct materials for actual production = 476,000 units Actual quantity of direct materials used = 474,720 units Therefore, DMQV = (AQ - SQ) x SPDMQV = (474,720 units - 476,000 units) x $2.50/unit DMQV = -$3,584 unfavorable Hence, the direct materials quantity variance is -$3,584 unfavorable. The correct option is option C. $3,584 unfavorable. This is so because the negative variance suggests that the actual quantity of materials used was higher than the standard quantity of materials allowed for actual production, which led to an unfavorable variance.
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3. (a) Discuss sales promotion activities with examples. What are the steps in developing the sales promotion strategy? (b) Write short notes on the following topics with examples: i. Transformational Innovation ii. Finer Market Segmentation
(a) Sales promotion activities refer to the short-term incentives designed to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Examples of sales promotion activities include contests, coupons, rebates, product samples, discounts, and free gifts. Developing a sales promotion strategy involves several steps, including:
1. Defining the objectives of the sales promotion: This involves identifying the specific goals that the promotion is intended to achieve, such as increasing sales, boosting brand awareness, or attracting new customers.
2. Identifying the target audience: This involves defining the specific group of consumers that the promotion is aimed at reaching, such as existing customers, new customers, or specific demographic groups.
3. Selecting the type of promotion: This involves choosing the specific sales promotion activity that will be used to achieve the desired objectives, such as offering a discount, running a contest, or providing free samples.
4. Determining the budget: This involves setting the amount of money that will be allocated to the sales promotion activity.
5. Developing a timeline: This involves creating a schedule for implementing and executing the sales promotion strategy.
(b) Short notes:
(i) Transformational Innovation: This refers to the process of creating new products, services, or business models that fundamentally change the way that people live, work, or interact. Transformational innovation involves introducing new technologies, business practices, or products that disrupt existing markets or create entirely new ones. Examples of transformational innovation include the smartphone, social media, and ride-sharing apps like Uber and Lyft.
(ii) Finer Market Segmentation: Market segmentation involves dividing a larger market into smaller, more specific groups of consumers with similar needs or characteristics. Finer market segmentation refers to the process of dividing a market into even smaller, more precise segments based on more specific criteria. For example, instead of segmenting a market based on age, a company might segment the market based on income, education level, or lifestyle. This allows companies to tailor their marketing messages and products to the specific needs and preferences of different groups of consumers.
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A B 6 4 Project Management: 6. The Stone River Textile Mill was inspected and found to be in violation of a number of safety regulations. The inspectors ordered the mill to alter some existing machinery to make it safer (e.g. add safety guards), purchase some new machinery to replace older, etc. The activities in the Project and their durations are listed below. Task Description Immediate Predecessor Duration (weeks) Order New Machinery 3 Plan new Physical Layout с Determine the safety changes in existing Machinery Receive equipment Hire new employees Make plant alterations Make changes in existing с 10 Machinery Train new employees DE 1 Install new machinery D, E, F Relocate old machinery D, E, F, G S K Conduct employee safety HIJ 3 orientation D A 9 E A 8 F B 13 G H 4 5 J (1) Construct a Network diagram for this project. (ii) Identify all paths in the Network and the Critical Path. What is the Project completion time? (iii) What is the Slack of each path? (20 points)
Network diagram: A-B-F-G-H-E-C-D-H; Critical Path: A-B-F-G-H; Project completion time: 37 weeks; Slack of each path: 0 weeks.
Draw the network diagram?
(i) Network Diagram is shown below
(ii) Paths in the Network and Critical Path:
- Path 1: A-B-F-G-H
- Path 2: A-E-C-D-H
- Path 3: A-E-D-H
- Critical Path: A-B-F-G-H
Project completion time: The project completion time is the duration of the critical path, which is 37 weeks.
(iii) Slack of each path:
- Path 1 (A-B-F-G-H): Slack = 0 weeks
- Path 2 (A-E-C-D-H): Slack = 0 weeks
- Path 3 (A-E-D-H): Slack = 0 weeks
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The long-term bonds of Topstone Industries pay semiannual coupons, have a face value of $1,000, a 9% coupon rate, and mature in 3 years. Find the cost of debt if the bonds are currently selling for $900." 13.30% 12.24% 13.25% 14.21% 13.14%
To find the cost of debt, we can use the yield to maturity (YTM) formula. The yield to maturity represents the total return an investor can expect to earn if they hold the bond until maturity.
The formula to calculate the yield to maturity is as follows:
YTM = (C + ((F - P) / n)) / ((F + P) / 2)
Where:
YTM = Yield to maturity
C = Coupon payment per period
F = Face value of the bond
P = Price of the bond
n = Number of periods until maturity
Given:
Coupon rate = 9% (coupon payment per period = 0.09 * F / 2)
Face value (F) = $1,000
Price (P) = $900
Maturity (n) = 3 years
Plugging in the values into the formula:
YTM = (0.09 * 1000 / 2 + ((1000 - 900) / 3)) / ((1000 + 900) / 2)
YTM = (45 + 33.33) / 950
YTM = 78.33 / 950
YTM ≈ 0.08245 or 8.245%
The cost of debt is equal to the yield to maturity, which is approximately 8.245%. Therefore, none of the given options match the calculated cost of debt.
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Give me a life example of any governments in any country intervene the market with price floor or increase taxes (based on the scope of microeconomics) (e.g : example of a country where the government increases the minimum wage of workers based on the concept of price floor or increase taxes on certain products during the pandemic)
One example of government intervention in the market with a price floor is the minimum wage policy implemented by the United States government. The minimum wage is set as a price floor, which establishes a legally mandated minimum hourly wage that employers must pay to their workers.
By increasing the minimum wage, the government aims to ensure that workers receive a fair and livable wage, addressing potential market failures such as low wages and income inequality. This policy intervention affects the labor market, particularly for low-wage workers.
When the government raises the minimum wage, it establishes a price floor above the equilibrium wage rate determined by market forces. As a result, employers are legally required to pay their workers at least the minimum wage, which can lead to higher incomes and improved living standards for workers. However, it may also have unintended consequences such as reduced employment opportunities, as employers might be less willing or able to hire additional workers at the higher wage.
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The time series component which reflects a regular, multi-year pattern of being above and below the trend line is
a. seasonal b. a trend c. cyclical d. irregular
Question 12
The time series component that reflects variability during a single year is called
a. cyclical b. trend c. irregular d. seasonal
Option a. Cyclical is Correct. A time series is a sequence of data points collected over time. When analyzing a time series, it's common to identify patterns that repeat over a certain period. These patterns can be classified into different types based on their characteristics.
One common type of time series pattern is cyclical. A cyclical pattern reflects variability during a single year. This can include seasonal fluctuations, such as changes in temperature or sales during different seasons, or economic fluctuations that occur on a regular basis, such as the business cycle. Cyclical patterns may be influenced by factors such as natural disasters, economic events, or other external factors.
Another common type of time series pattern is trend. A trend is a persistent change in a time series over a period of time. This can include an overall upward or downward trend in sales or prices, or a gradual increase or decrease in a specific variable. Trends can be influenced by factors such as changes in consumer behavior, technological advancements, or economic conditions.
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Standing to Sue
A group of environmentalists filed a lawsuit challenging commercial fishing in Glacier Bay National Park and sued the secretary of the interior and the National Park Service in order to prevent more commercial fishing.
(a)What must the environmentalists show in order to satisfy the requirement of standing to sue in this case?
(b)At what point should the issue of standing be decided by the court during the course of litigation?
The environmentalists must show that they have standing to sue in order to satisfy the requirement of standing to sue in this case. Standing to sue means that the plaintiff has a right to bring a lawsuit because they have been directly or indirectly injured or harmed by the defendant's conduct.
The environmentalists must show that they have suffered an injury in fact that is concrete and particularized, that the injury is fairly traceable to the defendant's conduct, and that it is likely that a favorable decision by the court will redress the injury. They must also show that they have a personal stake in the outcome of the case. The issue of standing should be decided by the court at the beginning of the litigation, or at the earliest opportunity. This is because standing is a jurisdictional requirement, which means that the court cannot hear the case unless the plaintiff has standing to sue. If the court finds that the plaintiff does not have standing, it must dismiss the case. Deciding the issue of standing early on in the litigation helps to avoid unnecessary expense and delay, and ensures that the court's limited resources are used efficiently.
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Lindsey maintains accounts at two different Australian banks, NAB and Suncorp. Lindsey has provided you with the following information in relation to interest he has earned during the 2021 income year:
$
NAB online savings account (total gross interest received) 66.78
Suncorp access account (net of 47% TFN withholding tax - see below) 17.54
Suncorp term deposit (year-end interest accrued for one month - see below) 100.00
Lindsey opened his Suncorp access account on 9 August 2020. When opening this bank account, Lindsey did not have his tax file number (TFN) with him. He subsequently forgot to provide the bank with his tax file number.
Accordingly, Suncorp deducted 47% (or $15.55) in TFN withholding tax in respect of interest paid on this account during the 2021 income year. The net remaining amount of $17.54 (representing 53% of the gross interest of $33.09) was credited to Lindsey's Suncorp access account.
Furthermore, on 1 April 2021, Lindsey invested $40,000 into a six-month term deposit earning 1.50% interest with Suncorp with interest to be paid on maturity. Interest of $300 is expected to be deposited to his account upon maturity on 30 September 2021.
Lindsey has calculated that interest of $150 has accrued as owing to him as at 30 June 2021 (comprising three months of the $300 total interest x 3/6 months).
Calculate the amount that Lindsey needs to include in his assessable income for the year ended 30 June 2021.
To calculate the amount that Lindsey needs to include in his assessable income for the year ended 30 June 2021, we need to consider the gross interest received from NAB, the net interest received from the Suncorp access account, and the accrued interest from the Suncorp term deposit.
1. Gross interest received from NAB online savings account:
- Amount: $66.78
2. Net interest received from Suncorp access account:
- Amount after TFN withholding tax deduction: $17.54
3. Accrued interest from Suncorp term deposit:
- Accrued interest as of 30 June 2021: $150.00
To calculate the assessable income, we need to add the gross interest received from NAB and the net interest received from the Suncorp access account:
Assessable Income = Gross interest from NAB + Net interest from Suncorp access account + Accrued interest from Suncorp term deposit
Assessable Income = $66.78 + $17.54 + $150.00
Assessable Income = $234.32
Therefore, Lindsey needs to include $234.32 in his assessable income for the year ended 30 June 2021. This amount represents the total interest earned from his bank accounts during the income year.
It's important to note that the assessable income may be subject to taxation based on Lindsey's individual tax circumstances and applicable tax rates.
In conclusion, the assessable income for Lindsey for the year ended 30 June 2021 is $234.32, which includes the gross interest from NAB, net interest from the Suncorp access account, and accrued interest from the Suncorp term deposit.
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Exercise 2-3 Computing Total Job Costs and Unit Product Costs Using a Plantwide Predetermined Overhead Rate [L02-3] Mickley Company's plantwide predetermined overhead rate is $19.00 per direct labor-hour and its direct labor wage rate is $14.00 per hour. The following information pertains to Job A-500: Direct materials 280 Direct labor $ 280 Required: 1. What is the total manufacturing cost assigned to Job A-500? 2. If Job A-500 consists of 40 units, what is the unit product cost for this job? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) 1. Total manufacturing cost 2. Unit product cost 940 per unit
Total manufacturing cost of Job A-500 = $1,260Number of units produced = 40Unit product cost = Total manufacturing cost / Number of units produced= $1,260 / 40= $31.50 Therefore, the unit product cost of Job A-500 is $31.50 per unit.
1. Total manufacturing cost of Job A-500 is $1,260.Total manufacturing cost refers to the overall cost incurred in the production process of a particular product. Direct materials, direct labor, and overhead costs are the three basic components of total manufacturing costs. Direct materials and direct labor costs are assigned directly to a product.
In contrast, overhead costs are not directly traceable to a specific product, and thus, must be allocated based on predetermined overhead rates. Job A-500:Total manufacturing cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Overhead costs= $280 + $280 + (DLH × predetermined overhead rate)= $280 + $280 + (20 DLH × $19) = $1,260 (where DLH = direct labor hours)2. The unit product cost for Job A-500 is $31.50 per unit.
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Homework (HW): NONE Independent Practice (writing your own ONINE résumé): In this exercise, you are requested to write your own ONLINE résumé that you may use to apply for a job position that relates to your major. The online résumé should have all the required parts. It may follow the chronological or functional resume format).
A résumé is an important part of job searching and is a document that showcases an applicant’s qualifications, experiences, and skills. In this exercise, you are required to create your own ONLINE résumé, which you can use to apply for a job position that aligns with your major.
The online résumé should include all of the necessary parts and could follow either a chronological or functional résumé format.The first step in writing an online résumé is to identify the type of résumé you want to create, whether it's a chronological or functional résumé. The chronological résumé lists your work experience in reverse chronological order, while the functional résumé emphasizes your skills and achievements instead of focusing on the work history. A combination of both is also possible and is called a hybrid résumé.After deciding on the format, start by crafting a catchy professional summary that describes your career goals and aspirations. A professional summary statement serves as a brief overview of your career objectives, skills, and experiences. After that, the résumé should contain the following sections:
1. Contact information: This should be included in the header section and should include your name, mailing address, phone number, and email address.
2. Work experience: This section should list your work experience in reverse chronological order, with the most recent job first. The section should include your job title, company name, and employment dates, as well as your accomplishments and responsibilities.
3. Education: This section should include your educational background, such as your college or university, degree type, major, and graduation date.
4. Skills: This section should include your professional and technical skills, such as computer proficiency, language fluency, or any other specialized knowledge or training.
5. Honors and awards: This section should include any academic or professional awards, honors, or recognition you have received.
6. References: This section should include references who can speak to your character, skills, and work ethic.
Remember to keep your résumé concise, easy to read, and free of errors. Avoid using first-person pronouns or passive voice in your résumé. Finally, proofread and edit your online résumé for typos and grammatical errors before submitting it.
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Public sector procurement or government procurement is often highly regulated. In Singapore, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) sets out the policy framework for Government Procurement (GP). The GP framework is based on principles of fairness, transparency and value-for-money (VFM) purchases to ensure public accountability.
(a) Illustrate the needs for Supplier Relationship Management in government procurement. (10 marks)
(b) Take an example of an organisation that you are currently working for or you are familiar with. Prepare the different Supplier Relationship Management strategies which might be effective for the organisation to achieve their organisational goals.
a) Public sector Cor government procurement is often highly regulated due to several reasons. One of the major reasons is the need to ensure value for money and a level playing field for all vendors. In Singapore, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) sets out the policy framework for Government Procurement (GP) which is based on principles of fairness, transparency and value-for-money (VFM) purchases to ensure public accountability.
In this context, Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) is necessary in government procurement to ensure the selection of vendors that can provide high-quality goods and services at competitive prices over an extended period.
The following are the needs for Supplier Relationship Management in government procurement:
i. Building long-term partnerships and collaborations with key suppliers to reduce the total cost of ownership and improve quality over time.
ii. Ensuring consistent supplier performance through regular monitoring, evaluation and feedback.
iii. Enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of procurement operations by minimizing risks, avoiding disputes, and streamlining procurement processes.
iv. Managing supplier relationships strategically to enable procurement organizations to become more agile, resilient, and responsive to changing business needs.
b) An example of an organization that I am familiar with is XYZ Company. This is a manufacturing company that produces various types of electronic goods such as laptops, desktops, smartphones, and other devices. The company procures a wide range of components, raw materials, and services from various suppliers across the globe. To achieve their organizational goals, the company can adopt the following Supplier Relationship Management strategies:
i. Partnering with key suppliers: XYZ Company can build long-term partnerships with its key suppliers to develop a mutually beneficial relationship. This can help to reduce costs, improve quality, and increase innovation over time.
ii. Measuring supplier performance: XYZ Company can set performance metrics for its suppliers and regularly monitor and evaluate their performance. This can help to ensure consistent quality, timely delivery, and adherence to ethical standards.
iii. Supplier development: XYZ Company can invest in the development of its suppliers to improve their capability to deliver high-quality goods and services. This can include training, technology transfer, and quality improvement programs.
iv. Supplier segmentation: XYZ Company can segment its suppliers based on their strategic importance, risk profile, and contribution to the company's overall performance. This can help to focus resources on critical suppliers and manage risk more effectively.
v. Continuous improvement: XYZ Company can encourage its suppliers to participate in continuous improvement initiatives such as lean manufacturing, waste reduction, and value engineering. This can help to drive down costs, improve quality, and increase efficiency over time.
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After reading the article, what are your thoughts on conducting
target profit analysis prior to starting a small
business? In
Conducting a target profit analysis prior to starting a small business is a valuable and essential practice.
It helps entrepreneurs establish realistic financial goals, identify potential risks, and determine the required sales volume to achieve desired profitability. By analyzing factors such as fixed costs, variable costs, and selling prices, business owners can make informed decisions about pricing strategies, cost reduction, and resource allocation. Additionally, target profit analysis enables entrepreneurs to evaluate market conditions and customer preferences, ensuring the business remains competitive and relevant in its industry.
Overall, utilizing target profit analysis is a crucial step in the planning and growth stages of a small business, providing a solid foundation for future success.
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Determine the unit break-even point, assuming fixed costs are $90,000 per period, variable costs are $18.00 per unit, and the sales price is $24.00 per unit.
A. 15,000
B. 3,750
C. 5,000
D. 90,000
The unit break-even point, assuming fixed costs are $90,000 per period, variable costs are $18.00 per unit, and the sales price is $24.00 per unit is 15,000. The correct option is (A).
To determine the unit break-even point, we need to calculate the number of units that need to be sold in order to cover the fixed costs. The formula for the break-even point is:
Break-even point (in units) = Fixed costs ÷ Contribution margin per unit
Given:
Fixed costs = $90,000 per period
Variable costs = $18.00 per unit
Sales price = $24.00 per unit
Contribution margin per unit = Sales price - Variable costs = $24.00 - $18.00 = $6.00
Break-even point (in units) = $90,000 ÷ $6.00 = 15,000 units
Therefore, the unit break-even point is 15,000 units.
The correct answer is (A) 15,000.
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Our economy and society have seen an interesting shift in employment with the advent of the Gig economy. Instead of traditional 9a-5p jobs, many people are working short "gigs." Certainly this was affected by COVID-19 as well when offices shut down. Yet, people still wanted food delivery and online goods delivered, for example.
Our economy and society have witnessed a remarkable shift in employment due to the advent of the gig economy, with short-term gigs rather than traditional 9a-5p jobs.
The economy and society have been transformed by the gig economy, which is essentially the way of the future. People now have the opportunity to work when and where they want, and they are free to choose the tasks they want to do. The gig economy has given individuals more autonomy and flexibility than ever before. However, as a result of COVID-19, when workplaces shut down, the impact of the gig economy was even more pronounced.
In particular, people were still able to order food delivery and online goods despite the closure of offices. Despite the fact that the pandemic's impact on the gig economy is still evolving, many businesses have taken measures to adapt to the situation. Companies like Lyft, Uber, and Airbnb have become increasingly popular, as they allow people to work as drivers, couriers, and other types of service providers. The pandemic has had a significant impact on the gig economy and its workers, but it has also provided new opportunities and opened up new markets.The gig economy has a number of advantages, including the fact that it allows for a greater degree of flexibility, autonomy, and choice. As the gig economy grows, it has the potential to offer more opportunities for people to earn money and participate in the economy. Despite some of the concerns associated with the gig economy, such as job insecurity and lack of benefits, it has proven to be a viable option for many workers who desire a more flexible and independent way of working.
In conclusion, the gig economy has had a significant impact on the economy and society, and its influence is only expected to grow in the future.
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Mainline Marine Company has total estimated factory overhead for the year of $946,000, divided into four activities: fabrication, $457,600; assembly, $156,400; setup, $117,000; and inspection, $215,000. Mainline manufactures two types of boats: a speedboat and a bass boat. The activity-base usage quantities for each product by each activity are as follows: Speedboat Fabrication 900 dlh 2,300 Assembly 1,600 dlh 700 Setup 40 setups 90 Inspection 80 inspections 350 Bass boat 3,200 dlh 2,300 dlh 130 setups 430 inspections Each product is budgeted for 100 units of production for the year. a. Determine the activity rates for each activity. Fabrication $ per dlh Assembly $ per dlh Setup $ per setup Inspection per inspection b. Determine the factory overhead cost per unit for each product, using activity-based costing. If required, round to the nearest cent. Speedboat Bass boat $
The activity rates for each activity and the factory overhead cost per unit for each product have been determined.
a. Activity rates for each activity are as follows: Fabrication activity rate = Total Fabrication overhead costs/Total Fabrication dlh= $457,600/1,100 = $416.00 per activity rate = Total Assembly overhead costs/Total Assembly dlh= $156,400/2,300 dlh = $68.00 per Setup activity rate =
Total Setup overhead costs/Total Setups= $117,000/230 setups = $508.70 per setup Inspection activity rate = Total Inspection overhead costs/Total Inspections= $215,000/430 inspections = $500.00 per inspection b. Factory overhead cost per unit for each product using activity-based costing are as follows: Speedboat Factory overhead cost = Activity rate (Fabrication * Fabrication usage) + (Activity rate (Assembly * Assembly usage) + (Activity rate (Setup * Setup usage) + (Activity rate (Inspection * Inspection usage) = ($416.00 per dlh × 900 dlh) + ($68.00 per dlh × 1,600 dlh) + ($508.70 per setup × 40 setups) + ($500.00 per inspection × 80 inspections) = $542,560.00 .
Factory overhead cost per unit = Total factory overhead cost / Number of units produced= $542,560.00 / 100 = $5,425.60 per unit Bass boat Factory overhead cost = Activity rate (Fabrication * Fabrication usage) + (Activity rate (Assembly * Assembly usage) + (Activity rate (Setup * Setup usage) + (Activity rate (Inspection * Inspection usage) = ($416.00 per dlh × 3,200 dlh) + ($68.00 per dlh × 2,300 dlh) + ($508.70 per setup × 130 setups) + ($500.00 per inspection × 350 inspections) = $2,719,540.00
Factory overhead cost per unit = Total factory overhead cost / Number of units produced= $2,719,540.00 / 100 = $27,195.40 per unit Therefore, the activity rates for each activity and the factory overhead cost per unit for each product have been determined.
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A manufacturer is considering six mutually exclusive cost-reduction projects for its manufacturing plant. All have lives of 10 years and zero salvage values. The required in- vestment and the estimated reduction in annual disbursements for each alternative are given in the following table: Proposal Required Aj Investment Savings A1 $70.000 $22,000 A2 $95.000 $24.000 A3 $110,000 $31.500 A4 $130,000 $32.600 A5 $135,000 $36.400 A6 $145,000 $40.500 If the MARR is 22%. which project would you select based on the incremental rate of return analysis? (If you use a computational tool such as Excel please make sure that your reasoning is clearly stated on your solution file) A) Project A1 B) Project A5 C)Project A6 DAnswers A.Band C are not correct
Based on the incremental rate of return analysis, the best project would be Project A1. The correct answer is option A.
Proposal Required Investment Savings
A1 $70.000 $22,000
A2 $95.000 $24.000
A3 $110,000 $31.500
A4 $130,000 $32.600
A5 $135,000 $36.400
A6 $145,000 $40.500
MARR = 22%
As per the Incremental rate of return analysis, we calculate the Incremental rate of return of each proposal. We can see that,Each proposal has a 10 years life and Zero Salvage Value.
The best proposal should have the highest incremental rate of return in comparison to other proposals. To calculate incremental rate of return we will use the following formula:
Incremental Rate of Return = Additional cash inflows / Additional cash outflows x 100%
On calculation of incremental rate of return, we can get the below results:
Proposal Additional cash inflows Additional cash outflows Incremental Rate of Return
A1 $22,000 $70,000 31.43%
A2 $24,000 $95,000 25.26%
A3 $31,500 $110,000 19.09%
A4 $32,600 $130,000 19.69%
A5 $36,400 $135,000 18.52%
A6 $40,500 $145,000 17.93%
On observing the above table, we can conclude that the proposal with highest incremental rate of return is A1 i.e. 31.43%. Therefore, Option A is correct.
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regards to fundamental of valuation, analyze and evaluate the J&J’s market performance over 5 years and Pfizer's and industry's, using financial statement ratios
determine the company's intrinsic value-share, in accordance with financial theory, by discounting cash flows to their present value using the required rate of return
Analyzing and evaluating the market performance of J&J, Pfizer, and the industry over a 5-year period requires a comprehensive assessment of their financial statement ratios.
It is important to note that the specific financial ratios used may vary depending on the valuation approach and industry benchmarks. However, some commonly used ratios for evaluating market performance and intrinsic value estimation include profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, and valuation ratios.
Profitability Ratios:
Profitability ratios measure a company's ability to generate profits from its operations. Key ratios to consider include:
Return on Assets (ROA): Net income divided by average total assets.
Return on Equity (ROE): Net income divided by average shareholders' equity.
Gross Profit Margin: Gross profit divided by revenue.
Net Profit Margin: Net income divided by revenue.
Comparing these ratios for J&J, Pfizer, and the industry will provide insights into their profitability and their ability to generate returns for investors.
Liquidity Ratios:
Liquidity ratios assess a company's ability to meet short-term obligations. Key ratios to consider include:
Current Ratio: Current assets divided by current liabilities.
Quick Ratio: (Current assets - inventory) divided by current liabilities.
Examining the liquidity ratios will help determine if J&J, Pfizer, and the industry have sufficient short-term assets to cover their liabilities.
Leverage Ratios:
Leverage ratios measure the extent to which a company relies on debt financing. Key ratios to consider include:
Debt-to-Equity Ratio: Total debt divided by total equity.
Interest Coverage Ratio: Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) divided by interest expense.
Analyzing these ratios will provide insights into the financial leverage of J&J, Pfizer, and the industry, as well as their ability to service debt obligations.
Valuation Ratios:
Valuation ratios help assess the relative value of a company's shares. Key ratios to consider include:
Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio: Market price per share divided by earnings per share.
Price-to-Sales (P/S) Ratio: Market price per share divided by revenue per share.
Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio: Market price per share divided by book value per share.
Comparing these ratios for J&J, Pfizer, and the industry will provide insights into their valuation and how the market perceives their shares.
To determine the intrinsic value of the shares, you will need to forecast the company's future cash flows, estimate the required rate of return (discount rate), and discount the cash flows to their present value. This process involves making assumptions about future growth rates, profitability, and risk factors. The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a widely used method for estimating intrinsic value.
Please note that conducting a thorough analysis and calculating intrinsic value requires access to detailed financial information and industry-specific data. It is recommended to consult financial analysts, utilize specialized valuation models, and consider multiple perspectives to obtain a comprehensive understanding of a company's market performance and intrinsic value.
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