a scientist make primer specift to a particular str fragment. these primers are used then used to amplify the str fragments from 10 diffrent elephants. would you expect the fragments to be the same size in all the elphants

If you have 8 DNA nucleotides then, you would have 8 bases 8 base pairs. In a DNA double helix, the nitrogenous bases on one strand pair with specific bases on the other strand

DNA is made up of nucleotides, which are the basic building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases are the "letters" of the genetic code, and the order in which they appear in the DNA sequence determines the genetic information.

When the two strands of a DNA double helix come together, the bases on one strand pair with specific bases on the other strand. Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) through three hydrogen bonds. This is known as base pairing.

So, if you have 8 DNA nucleotides, you would have 8 bases (A, T, C, G) and 8 base pairs( A-T and C-G).

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The correct answer is Option C. If 8 DNA nucleotides are present then there should be 8 DNA bases and 4 base pairs.

Nucleobases are those which are usually nitrogenous bases or often simply bases, are nitrogen-containing organic compounds that form nucleosides that in turn, are components of nucleotides. The 4 DNA bases are Adenine(A), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G), Thymine(T).

Nucleic acids consists of fundamental units called base pairs. They consists of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.

Now nucleotides can be defined as organic molecules that consist of a nucleoside and phosphates. Therefore if we have 8 nucleotides then we will have the same number of DNA bases that is 8 DNA bases and will be half the number of bases of DNA that is 4 DNA base pairs.

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Direct gene activation is define as  Steroid hormones connect to receptor molecules that are present inside of cells and pass through the plasma membrane because they are lipid soluble. A "hormone-receptor complex" that has been triggered by this combination interacts to the chromatin (on another receptor site).

Gene activation straight away. Steroid hormones connect to receptor molecules that are present inside of cells and pass through the plasma membrane because they are lipid soluble. A "hormone-receptor complex" that has been triggered by this combination interacts to the chromatin (on another receptor site). This starts the transcription process by "turning on" the particular gene (which makes mRNA which is the beginning of protein synthesis). Anything could be the protein that is created. The fact is, the hormone's synthesis was sparked by its existence. Prolactin, ADH, and oxytocin are the direct-acting hormones made by the pituitary. TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH are the trophic hormones.

Cortisol's Action: A Direct Gene Activation:-

Due to its role in the body's reaction to stress, it is frequently referred to as the "stress hormone." It elevates blood pressure and blood sugar levels and suppresses the immune system. Cortisol enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a steroid receptor after crossing the cell membrane.

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Steroid hormones bind to receptor molecules that are present inside of cells and pass through the plasma membrane because they are lipid soluble, which is defined as direct gene activation.

This combination causes a "hormone-receptor complex" to be triggered, which interacts with the chromatin (on another receptor site). Immediate activation of genes. Because they are lipid soluble, steroid hormones attach to receptor molecules that are found inside of cells and pass through the plasma membrane.

This combination causes a "hormone-receptor complex" to be triggered, which interacts with the chromatin (on another receptor site). This "turns on" the specific gene and begins the transcription process (which makes mRNA which is the beginning of protein synthesis). The resulting protein might be anything.

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Answer:

The answer is B

Explanation:

There needs to be an apostrophe since the speed belongs to the dragonfly

Answer:

I would say B. Dragonfly's :)

CTTAAG 3' GAATTC 5' enzyme is used to cut the plant dna.

A restriction enzyme is a DNA-cutting enzyme that works at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes recognize a specific sequence of nucleotides and cut the DNA into two strands.  

Many of them are palindromic, which means that the base sequence is the same when read backwards and forwards. The recognition sequences in DNA differ for each restriction enzyme, resulting in differences in the length, sequence, and strand orientation of an enzyme restriction's sticky-end. The DNA would be cut right in the middle if we used EcoR1. All of the pieces would be the same size, 15 kb in length.

As a result, the EcoR1 enzyme can easily cut the 5' GAATTC 3' ; 3' CTTAAG 5' palindrome sequence near the middle.

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Similar to steroid hormones, which are also produced from amino acids, thyroid hormones are not very water soluble.

Depending on how easily they dissolve, hormones can be categorised as either fat- or water-soluble. Water-soluble hormones are those that have a high affinity for water; in contrast, fat- or lipid-soluble hormones have a lower affinity for water and a higher attraction for lipids. Thyroid is a lipid soluble hormone that is formed from amino acids and is similar to steroid hormone in that it is poorly water soluble. An example of a thyroid hormone is thyroxine, while cortisol and testosterone are examples of steroid hormones.

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Thyroid hormones  like steroid hormones are poorly soluble in water and also derived from the amino acids.

Hormones on the basis of their solubility could be classified as water soluble or fat soluble. Hormones having affinity towards water are termed as water soluble however hormones having less affinity for water and more for lipids are termed as fat or lipid soluble hormones.

Just like steroid hormone, thyroid is also an amino acid derived, poorly water soluble hormone that is categorized under lipid soluble hormone. Thyroxine is an example of thyroid hormone while cortisol and testosterone are some examples of steroid hormones.

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Answer:

A. The erosion is worse in Florida due to higher tides, stronger waves, and flooding from storms.

The correct answer is true. An important reason for determining the size of a society's ecological footprint is to determine the sustainability of its lifestyle.

The ecological footprint can be refers to the impact of human activities which is measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water, which is  required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated.

The ecological footprint is also a method which is promoted by the Global Footprint Network. It is done to measure human demand on natural capital, i.e. the quantity of the nature that it takes to support people or an economy.

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The correct answer is true. An important reason for determining the size of a society's ecological footprint is determining the sustainability of its lifestyle.

Ecological footprint refers to the impact of human activity measured in terms of the biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and to absorb the waste produced I can.

Ecological Footprint is also the method promoted by the Global Footprint Network. It is conducted to measure human demand for natural capital, the amount of nature needed to sustain people and economies.

The Ecological Footprint compares how quickly we consume resources and create waste to how quickly nature absorbs our trash and generates resources.

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The amount of oxygen bubbles the Elodea plants create in each 2-minute trail will be used to calculate the rate of photosynthesis.

Students and instructors will discuss their findings in relation to macro-level variables that influence ecosystem health and climate change after completing a series of experiments. By observing the creation of products or the consumption of reactants, photosynthesis can be quantified. Since oxygen gas is discharged from the plant, we may use the rate at which it is produced to gauge the formation of products. In water plants, the impact of light intensity on photosynthesis can be studied. Use the aquarium store-sold Cabomba or Elodea.

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One advantage of having a cloned flock of sheep is that there would be no characteristic difference, while a disadvantage includes that there would be no desirable variations.

Advantages of having a cloned flock includes that there would be no difference. Unlike non-cloned herds, which have a high genetic diversity, all would be identical genetic copies. All sheep would be identical. All sheep would have one or more desired characteristics (that the original individual possessed).

Disadvanatges include because they are all the same, a disease to which they have no resistance could wipe out the entire flock. The sheep could have a genetic defect, shorter life expectancy. They would all be the same sex and thus could not mate. One reason why the offspring of breeding these sheep with an unrelated sheep would not all be the same include that both parents pass on genes to their children. Hence, various gene combinations will result.

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A cloned flock would be different from a noncloned flock in that all the sheep in the cloned flock would be genetically identical. This is due to the fact that cloning involves taking the genetic material from a single individual and creating copies of it.

One advantage of having a cloned flock would be that the farmer would be able to predict with greater accuracy the characteristics of the flock, such as wool production and feed efficiency.

One disadvantage of having a cloned flock is that the flock could be more vulnerable to disease, since all the sheep would have the same genetic makeup and be susceptible to the same diseases.

One reason that the farmer could not mate these cloned sheep with each other to increase the size of his flock is that the offspring created would be genetic clones, or "carbon copies," of the parent sheep. This is due to the fact that cloning creates an exact genetic duplicate of the parent sheep.

One reason that the offspring resulting from breeding these sheep with an unrelated sheep would not all be the same is that, while the parent sheep are genetically identical, the unrelated sheep would have different genes, resulting in a more diverse gene pool and greater variability in the offspring.

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Answer:

For 5 points nah bro what!!

Explanation:

We can not physically write an essay about him for 5 points thats soo small....thanks for the points tho

Ribosomes are produced in the __endoplasmic reticulum_ and produce proteins in the__nucleus___

All cells include ribosomes, which are macromolecular factories that produce biological proteins. To create polypeptide chains, ribosomes assemble amino acids according to the codons found on messenger RNA molecules. The short and big ribosomal subunits are ribosomes' two main building blocks.

A ribosome is made up of two subunits that lock together to perform two functions: translate messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which contains information that has been encoded, and link together amino acids that have been chosen and gathered from the cytoplasm (tRNA).

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We consider cultural adaptation as the major force of change in our species today.

Humans have evolved over time to become the complex, diverse species we are today. This evolution has been driven largely by cultural adaptation, which refers to the process of adapting to new or changing cultural environments.

Today, cultural adaptation is still a major force of change in our species. We learn new skills and customs, develop new technologies, and create new forms of communication all the time.

In conclusion, cultural adaptation is a major force of change in our species today.

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Answer:

There are four major factors that affect population growth:

Birth rate: The number of births per 1000 people in a year. This has a positive effect on population growth. This makes sense, as people being born adds to the population.

Death rate: The number of deaths per 1000 people. This has a negative effect on population growth. People dying lowers the total population.

Immigration: The number of people entering the population. This has a positive effect on population growth. People entering the population increases it.

Emigration: The number of people leaving the population. This has a negative effect on population growth. People leaving the population decreases it.

Explanation:

Answer:

C. Stabilizing

Explanation:

To function on their own, all organisms must select a habitat, maintain health, and reproduce. Hence, option B is correct.

Growth, response to stimuli, metabolism, and reproduction are characteristics used to determine if something is considered living.

Linnaeus developed a system of classifying organisms by genus and species. Cells with similar functions form tissue and in this way, specialized cells group together.

Bacteria is able to cause a contagious disease. To function on their own, unicellular organisms must do all their jobs for survival. Yes, it is true that all living things are classified with a name made up of three Greek words using their Domain, Class, and Phylum. Single-celled organisms are able to meet all the challenges of life within one cell, often microscopic, and are limited in size and made up of one cell. It is false, that cells differentiate and become specialized in unicellular organisms. The lung is not an organism, it is an organ.

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Absorption is the process in which cells use the energy from the digested food and helps in building tissues in our body. Assimilation is the process in which digested food moves into the cells of the body.

What is absorption?

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Sensory neurons are activated when a friend taps you on your shoulder from behind and you turn to greet him or her.

Sensory neurons are nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment. For example, if you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, the sensory neurons will fire and send signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received.

A sensory neuron is a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses from a receptor, such as those in the eye or ear, to a more central site in the nervous system, such as the spinal cord or brain.

Sensory neurons have dendrites on both ends and are linked together by a long axon with a cell body in the centre. Motor neurons have a cell body on one end, dendrites on the other, and a lengthy axon in the middle.

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Motor neurons are pivotal for voluntary and involuntary movements. They allow the brain and spinal cord to communicate with muscles, organs, and glands all over the body.

They shoot information down from the central nervous system to the muscle, organ, or gland that needs to reply. This is the only neurotransmitter in its class. Set up in the central and supplemental nervous systems; it's the primary neurotransmitter associated with motor neurons.

Overall, motor neurons( or motoneurons) comprise colorful, tightly controlled, complex circuits throughout the body that allow for voluntary and involuntary movements through the innervation of effector muscles and glands. The upper and lower motor neurons form a two-neuron circuit.

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The interaction between the digestive and circulatory systems of the earthworm is; The gut wall has blood vessels in it, which are responsible for absorbing the food that has been digested and transporting it to the rest of the body.

The digestive system is divided up into several different parts, and each of these regions performs a specific job. The pharynx, the esophagus, the crop, the small intestine, and the gizzard are the components that make up the digestive system.

The gizzard grinds the meal into a fine powder with the help of stones that the earthworm consumes. As gland cells in the intestine secrete fluids to aid in the digestive process, food passes into the intestines and the process of digestion begins. The gut wall has blood vessels of the circulatory system in it, which are responsible for absorbing the food that has been digested and transporting it to the rest of the body.

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Genetic changes can be problematic because a variation can alter a gene's instructions for producing a protein, which can result in a malfunctioning protein or no protein at all.

Genetic mutations are haphazard alterations in the DNA sequence that might result from exposure to certain environmental elements or through prenatal inheritance. A mutation alters the triplet code by rearranging the nucleotides in DNA.

As a result, it modifies the main structure of the protein's amino acid sequence. A premature stop codon caused by a nonsense mutation results in an incompletely formed protein, which has a significant impact on the structure and function of the protein.

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Genetic variations can be problematic because they can modify how a gene produces a protein, leading to a defective protein or no protein at all.

Genetic mutations are accidental changes in the DNA sequence that can happen as a result of prenatal inheritance or exposure to specific environmental factors. The nucleotides in DNA are rearranged by a mutation, changing the triplet code. It alters the amino acid sequence of the protein's primary structure as a consequence. Because nonsense mutations result in premature stop codons, the structure and function of the resulting incompletely produced protein are significantly altered.

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This trait of hawks is known as long-distance vision or long-distance sight. This ability allows hawks to spot prey from great distances, which gives them a leg up on other predators in the area.

This long-distance vision is made possible by the unique structure of their eyes, which contain a large number of rods and cones. The rods are located in the peripheral area of the eye, and they are especially sensitive to movement, allowing hawks to detect prey from far away.

The cones are located in the center of the eye and are responsible for color vision and visual acuity, which allows hawks to recognize prey and identify its size and shape. Together, these two structures allow hawks to have incredible vision, allowing them to detect prey from great distances.

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Long-distance vision or long-distance sight are terms used to describe this ability of hawks. Hawks have an advantage over other local predators thanks to their peripheral capacity to see prey at a large distance.

Their eyes' distinctive structure, which includes a significant number of rods and cones, allows them to see far away.

Hawks are able to recognise prey and determine its size and shape thanks to the cones, which are found in the centre of the eye and are in charge of colour vision and visual acuity. Hawks have extraordinary vision thanks to these two structures, which enable them to spot prey at a long distance.

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The hypothesis that would be the most consistent with the information provided in the problem is c) The melanophores in these tadpoles have partially or non-functional dynein that would normally transport organelles along microtubules to the center of the cell.

The melanophores have normal number of melanin pigment granules and normal cytoskeleton, but the tadpoles have a decreased ability to shift from light coloration during the day to dark coloration at night. Motor proteins, such as kinesin, dynein, and myosin, are responsible for transporting organelles along microtubules and microfilaments in cells. Kinesin and dynein are responsible for transporting organelles in opposite directions on the microtubules, with kinesin moving organelles away from the center of the cell and dynein moving organelles toward the center of the cell. If the melanophores in these tadpoles have a problem with transporting organelles, it is more likely that the cause would be dynein as it transports organelles to the center of the cell, which would be consistent with the observed decrease in the ability to shift coloration.

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The right theory is that these tadpoles' melanophores lack fully functional dynein, which typically transports organelles along microtubules to the cell's center. The right response in this case is option C.

Melanophores are pigment-containing cells in animals that can change color by moving melanin granules around within the cell. This process is known as melanosome transport, which is driven by motor proteins that bind to microtubules and move along them.

The melanosomes move outward to the cell periphery during lightening and move inward to the cell center during darkening. The motor protein responsible for moving melanosomes to the center of the cell is dynein, which is an "outward" motor protein that moves along microtubules.

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(A) The muscles of the atria depolarize describes the condition of the heart at the point indicated in the electrocardiogram.

An electrocardiogram, often known as an ECG, is a test that aids in calculating and graphing the electrical activity of the heartbeat. Every time the heart beats, a wave or electrical impulse travels through the organ, causing the muscles to contract and the blood to be pumped from the heart's chambers.

The P wave, which is shown by the point on the graph, represents the depolarization of the atrial muscles, which leads to atrial contraction or atrial systole.

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A pair of Adrenal glands and endocrinal glands located just above the kidneys produce various stress-related hormones.

The small, triangular-shaped adrenal glands, also called suprarenal glands, are found on top of both kidneys. Your immune system, systolic and diastolic, stress response, metabolism, and other critical processes are all controlled by hormones that are produced by your adrenal glands.

Although CAH can indeed be cured, it can be managed and treated. The hormones that CAH patients' bodies are unable to produce can be replaced with medicine. Some CAH sufferers only require these medications while they are ill, while others can require daily medication.

Your immune, blood pressure, stress response, metabolism, and other critical processes are all controlled by hormones that are produced by your adrenal glands.

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Several stress-related hormones are produced by a pair of endocrine glands and adrenal glands that are immediately above the kidneys.

The suprarenal glands, commonly known as the little, triangular-shaped adrenal glands, are situated on top of both kidneys. Your adrenal glands create hormones that regulate various important bodily functions, including your immune system, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, stress response, metabolism, and other vital functions.

CAH can be managed and treated even though it can be cured. It is possible to use medication to replace the hormones that CAH sufferers' bodies are unable to manufacture. Some CAH patients only need to take these medications while they are sick, while others may need to take them every day.

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This pathogen belongs to the kingdom Fungi. Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that have cell walls made of chitin and have many mitochondria.

Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that can be found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and living organisms. They have a characteristic cell wall made of chitin, which is a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support and protection to the organism. Additionally, they have many mitochondria, which are the organelles responsible for producing the energy needed for the cell's functions.

The pathogen described in this scenario, which causes a severe rash that spreads quickly, has characteristics that match those of fungi. The cell wall made of chitin and the presence of many mitochondria indicate that it is a fungal pathogen.

Fungi can cause a wide range of infections and diseases, including skin infections such as rashes, and the rapid spreading of the rash is a characteristic of fungal infections. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, which means that they have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are different from bacteria and viruses, which are prokaryotic and acellular respectively.

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Fungi is the right option. This pathogen is a member of the fungi kingdom. The vast group of organisms known as fungi has numerous mitochondria and chitin-based cell walls.

A varied group of creatures known as fungi can be found in a variety of habitats, including soil, water, and living things. They feature a distinctive cell wall formed of chitin, a complex carbohydrate that gives the creature structural support and defense. They also have many of mitochondria, which are the organelles in charge of generating the energy required for a cell to function.

The pathogen described in this scenario, which results in a severe rash that disseminates rapidly, shares traits with fungi. It is a fungal pathogen, as evidenced by the presence of many mitochondria and the chitin-based cell wall.

The rapid spread of the rash is a sign of fungal infections, which can cause a wide variety of infections and diseases, including skin infections like rashes. Since fungi are eukaryotic organisms, they have a nucleus and other organelles that are connected to membranes. They differ from prokaryotic and acellular bacteria and viruses, respectively.

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Restrictions enzymes & DNA ligase are employed in DNA cloning to splice genes and other DNA fragments into plasmids.

The well-known type II nucleases are utilised in routine molecular biology procedures like DNA fragmentation & analysis and gene cloning. In accordance with their recognition sequence, these enzymes break DNA at specific places, yielding repeatable fragments and distinctive gel electrophoresis patterns. The most practical type II restriction endonucleases for lab work are those that slice within their recognition site. Type II restriction endonuclease cleave DNA at predetermined sites as opposed to type I enzymes, which do so randomly. As a result, type II enzymes have become essential tools throughout genetic engineering. Type I Renewables are crucial for the operation of bacteria but do not break DNA at particular locations. Type II REs, which are the ones this document describes for use, demand very particular locations for DNA breakage.

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1. In DNA cloning, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to splice genes and other DNA pieces into plasmids.

2. Known type II nucleases are used in common molecular biology techniques like DNA analysis and fragmentation and gene cloning. These enzymes break DNA at specified locations in line with their recognition sequence, producing repetitive fragments and recognizable gel electrophoresis patterns.

The type II restriction endonucleases that slice within their recognition site are the most useful for laboratory work. Unlike type I enzymes, which cleave DNA at random, type II restriction endonucleases do so at predefined places. Type II enzymes have thus evolved into crucial tools in genetic engineering.

3. Type I Renewables are essential for the functioning of bacteria but do not specifically damage DNA. The Type II REs that are intended for use in this publication require highly specific places for DNA breaking.

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The pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell is called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

The rough endoplasmic reticulum produces the necessary proteins for the cell and has several ribosomes on its surface. Other compounds that the cell requires, such as hydrocarbons (fats) and carbohydrates, are produced by the periplasmic space (sugars). A cell organelle is an endoplasmic reticulum.

The cell membrane (SER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are its two constituent parts (RER). While the RER is crucial in the synthesis of numerous proteins, the SER is often used for the production and storage both lipids and steroids.

Endoplasmic reticulum supplies about 50% of the entire surface of the membrane in an animal cell (ER). Endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle found for both plants and animals, is a crucial location for the production of numerous proteins and lipids (fats).

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The endoplasmic reticulum is the pathway used for material transport within the cell (ER).

The rough endoplasmic reticulum, which has many ribosomes on its surface, generates the proteins required by the cell. The periplasmic space creates additional substances that the cell needs, such as hydrocarbons (fats) and carbohydrates (sugars). Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in cells.

Its two constituent sections are the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the cell membrane (RER). The SER is frequently used for the biosynthesis and storage of both lipids and steroids, whereas the RER is important in the synthesis of many proteins.

In an animal cell, the endoplasmic reticulum supplies around 50% of the total membrane surface (ER). Both plants contain an organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Answer:

Option A is correct here, Deep Ocean Trench

Explanation:

Ocean Trenches

Trenches in the ocean are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. These chasms are the deepest areas of the ocean and as well as some of the deepest natural places on the planet.

The deepest ocean trenches rim the Pacific as a portion of the so-called "Ring of Fire," which also contains active volcanoes and earthquake zones. Ocean trenches are caused by tectonic activity, which is the movement of the Earth's lithosphere.

Mid Ocean Ridge

The mid-ocean ridge is the world's longest mountain range, reaching over 65,000 kilometers (40,390 miles) and containing more than 90% of the mountain range underwater, in the deep ocean.

Underwater Canyon

An underwater canyon is any of a group of narrow, steep-sided valleys that cut through oceanic continental slopes and rises. Submarine canyons form on continental slopes or the continental shelf.

They are uncommon on continental margins with steep continental slopes or escarpments. Submarine canyons are named after the canyons formed by rivers on the surface.

Volcano

A volcano is a landform, a mountain, where molten materials erupt from the earth's crust. The volcano hill descends to a lake of molten rocks under the ground atmosphere.

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Answer: A provide energy i think but not 100% sure.

Explanation:

The characteristic of vitamins are to enable chemical processes in the body.

Organic substances known as vitamins are important for many metabolic activities of the body. Since energy is mostly obtained through macronutrients such as carbs, lipids, and proteins, they do not provide energy directly (Choice A). In addition to not forming structural elements of an organism such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (choice B), vitamins are also not formed.

Instead, vitamins support enzymatic activities and promote chemical processes in the body by acting as cofactors or coenzymes. Since the body is unable to manufacture enough of these, they are only minimally needed and must be supplied by the diet.

So, the correct option is C.

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An rise in CO2 content results in more air being inhaled. Your stomach's hydrochloric acid and proteases enzymes break down a protein supply into shorter chains of amino acids.

Lean meats like skinless, white-meat chicken or turkey, a range of fish or seafood, egg whites, or low-fat dairy are the healthiest protein options. Plant sources of protein include soy, almonds, seeds, beans, and lentils.

Protein is present in every cell of the human body. A chain of amino acids makes up the fundamental structure of proteins. Your body necessitates amino acids to repair damaged mitochondria but also develop new ones. Children's growth and development benefit from protein as well.

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To introduce a desired trait into a crop, a foreign gene (transgene) encoding the trait, as well as a "cassette" of additional genetic material, must be inserted into plant cells.

define gene ?

The term gene  can have multiple distinct meanings in biology. The Mendelian gene is a fundamental unit of heredity, while the molecular gene is a DNA sequence that is translated to create functional RNA. Protein-coding genes and noncoding genes are the two categories of molecular genes.

During gene expression, DNA is transcribed into RNA first. The RNA might be directly functional or serve as an intermediary template for a protein that does anything. The inheritance of phenotypic characteristics is based on the passage of genes from one organism to its offspring. These genes combine to form various DNA sequences known as genotypes. The phenotypes are determined by genotypes as well as environmental and developmental variables.

To introduce a desired trait into a crop, a foreign gene (transgene) encoding the trait, as well as a "cassette" of additional genetic material, must be inserted into plant cells. The cassette contains a "promoter" DNA sequence that determines where and when the foreign gene is expressed in the host, as well as a "marker gene" that allows breeders to determine which plants contain the inserted gene through screening or selection. For example, marker genes may make plants resistant to non-medical antibiotics (e.g., agromycin, canamycin) or tolerant to particular herbicides.

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