A production possibilities frontier is concave (curves outward) to the origin when there is increasing opportunity cost.
The production possibilities frontier (PPF) is a graphical representation of the different combinations of goods or services that an economy can produce given its available resources and technology.
shows the maximum output possibilities of two goods or services on a graph.
When there is increasing opportunity cost, it means that as more of one good is produced, the opportunity cost of producing additional units of that good increases. This occurs because resources are not perfectly adaptable to producing both goods, leading to a trade-off between the two.
In terms of the PPF, increasing opportunity cost is reflected in its shape. When the PPF is concave (curves outward) to the origin, it indicates increasing opportunity cost. This means that in order to produce more of one good, society must give up increasing amounts of the other good.
The concave shape of the PPF occurs when resources are specialized and not equally efficient in producing both goods. As more resources are shifted from the production of one good to the other, the opportunity cost rises due to the inefficiency and specialization of resources.
Hence, a concave (curving outward) PPF represents the concept of increasing opportunity cost.
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Below the six principles you will find 12 scenarios where the principle is demonstrated. Cut and paste the scenarios below the correct principle. Each principle will have two scenarios.
Scenario Principles being violated
1. Sally's grandmother invested $50,000 in Sally's business. Grandma is furious because the business has been operating for two years and has yet to provide financial statements. Grandma wants to know how her investment is performing. (Do not use Full Disclosure) periodocity
2. In December 2017, Ellis Landscaping accepted $20,000 for a landscaping project to be completed in January 2018. Ellis recognized the revenue and profit from this transaction in 2017. Revenue Recognition Principle
Scenario 1 violates the principle of periodicity as financial statements are not provided regularly. Scenario 2 violates the revenue recognition principle as revenue is recognized before the completion of the landscaping project.
Scenario 1 The principle of periodicity states that financial statements should be prepared and presented at regular intervals, usually annually, to provide timely and relevant information to users. In the given scenario, Sally's business has been operating for two years, but financial statements have not been provided to Grandma, who invested $50,000 in the business. This violates the principle of periodicity as financial statements should be prepared and shared with stakeholders on a regular basis to keep them informed about the performance of the business.
Scenario 2 The revenue recognition principle states that revenue should be recognized when it is earned and can be reliably measured. In the given scenario, Ellis Landscaping accepted $20,000 for a landscaping project to be completed in January 2018. However, Ellis recognized the revenue and profit from this transaction in 2017. This violates the revenue recognition principle as revenue should be recognized in the period in which the performance obligation is satisfied, which in this case would be in January 2018 when the landscaping project is completed.
In summary, Scenario 1 violates the principle of periodicity as financial statements are not provided to Grandma on a regular basis, and Scenario 2 violates the revenue recognition principle as revenue is recognized before the performance obligation is satisfied.
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Your friend offers to pay you an annuity of $8,100 at the end of each year for 3 years in return for cash today. You could earn 5.5% on your money in other investments with equal risk. What is the most you should pay for the annuity?
a. $21,857.86 b. $21,853.26 c. $21,844.06 d. $21,848.66 e. $21,862.46
Calculating the present value: PV ≈ $21,857.86 so You should pay for the annuity $21,857.86 So correct option is A
To determine the most you should pay for the annuity, you need to calculate the present value of the annuity payments using the given discount rate of 5.5%.
We can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV = C * [1 - (1 + r)^(-n)] / r
Where:
PV = Present value
C = Cash flow per period
r = Discount rate per period
n = Number of periods
Given:
Cash flow per period (C) = $8,100
Discount rate per period (r) = 5.5% or 0.055 (decimal)
Number of periods (n) = 3 years
Plugging in the values into the formula:
PV = $8,100 * [1 - (1 + 0.055)^(-3)] / 0.055
Calculating the present value:
PV ≈ $21,857.86
Therefore, the most you should pay for the annuity is $21,857.86.
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HEB is open 360 days per year. Daily use of cash register tape has a mean of 10 rolls and a standard deviation of 2 rolls. The ordering cost is $20 each time, and the inventory carrying costs are 40 cents per roll per year. HEB pays $1 each for the register tape. The lead time is one week. If HEB decides to reduce its safety stock level, which of the following would NOT change? optimal order quantity reorder point stock out risk service level
If HEB decides to reduce its safety stock level, the optimal order quantity would not change. The optimal order quantity is determined by balancing the ordering cost and the carrying cost, taking into account the demand and lead time.
Reducing the safety stock level would not directly impact the calculation of the optimal order quantity.
However, the other factors mentioned would be affected by reducing the safety stock level:
1. Reorder point: The reorder point represents the inventory level at which a new order should be placed. Reducing the safety stock level would lower the reorder point since safety stock is a component of the reorder point calculation.
2. Stock out risk: Stock out risk refers to the probability of running out of stock before a new order arrives. Reducing the safety stock level would increase the stock out risk because there is less buffer inventory to cover unexpected demand fluctuations or delays in the supply chain.
3. Service level: Service level represents the desired level of customer satisfaction by meeting demand without stockouts. Reducing the safety stock level would decrease the service level because there is a higher likelihood of stockouts.
In summary, reducing the safety stock level would not impact the optimal order quantity, but it would affect the reorder point, stock out risk, and service level.
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You invest 25% of your money in security A with a beta of 1.1 and the rest of your money in security B with a beta of 0.6. The beta of the resulting portfolio is Select one: A. 1.175. B. 0.875. C. 0.725. D. 0.650. E. None of the options are correct. Clear my choice
The beta of the resulting portfolio is:
(0.25 * 1.1) + (0.75 * 0.6) = 0.275 + 0.45 = 0.725
Therefore, the correct option is C. 0.725.
Based on the information provided, the beta of the resulting portfolio can be calculated by taking a weighted average of the betas of the individual securities.
Since 25% of your money is invested in security A and 75% is invested in security B, you can calculate the beta of the portfolio using the following formula:
Beta of the portfolio = (Weight of security A * Beta of security A) + (Weight of security B * Beta of security B)
In this case, the weight of security A is 25% (or 0.25) and the weight of security B is 75% (or 0.75).
So, the beta of the resulting portfolio is:
(0.25 * 1.1) + (0.75 * 0.6) = 0.275 + 0.45 = 0.725
Therefore, the correct option is C. 0.725.
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Organizational Behaviour is an area of study concerning
activities and social interactions of individuals at the workplace,
Critically examine people's behavior that;
a)affect the functioning of an or
People's behavior significantly impacts the functioning of an organization, organizational culture, and individual/group performance.
Positive behaviors like cooperation and adaptability enhance productivity, while negative behaviors such as resistance to change hinder progress. Understanding and managing behavior is crucial for organizational success and creating a positive work environment.
a) People's behavior can significantly affect the functioning of an organization. Positive behaviors such as cooperation, teamwork, and adaptability contribute to a smooth and efficient workflow. Conversely, negative behaviors such as resistance to change, conflict, and lack of motivation can hinder productivity and disrupt organizational processes. Understanding and managing behavior within the organization is crucial for optimizing performance and achieving organizational goals.
b) People's behavior plays a vital role in shaping organizational culture. Organizational culture encompasses shared values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes that guide behavior within the organization. The behavior of employees, leaders, and stakeholders directly influences the development and maintenance of the organizational culture. Positive behaviors, such as open communication, respect, and support, can foster a healthy and positive culture. On the other hand, negative behaviors, such as discrimination, micromanagement, and lack of transparency, can contribute to a toxic or dysfunctional culture. Organizational culture significantly impacts employee engagement, satisfaction, and overall organizational performance.
c) Individual and group performance within an organization are influenced by various behavioral factors. Individual behaviors, such as motivation, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction, impact an individual's productivity and performance. Positive behaviors, such as goal-directedness, initiative, and continuous learning, contribute to individual success within the organization. Similarly, group behavior, including cooperation, communication, and conflict resolution, plays a crucial role in achieving high-performance levels. Effective teamwork and collaboration enhance collective problem-solving, creativity, and overall group performance. Conversely, negative behaviors, such as competition, lack of communication, and interpersonal conflicts, can hinder individual and group performance.
Understanding and managing people's behavior within the organization requires a multidimensional approach. It involves effective leadership, clear communication, fostering a positive work environment, providing opportunities for growth and development, and aligning individual and group goals with organizational objectives. By promoting positive behaviors, addressing negative behaviors, and nurturing a supportive culture, organizations can optimize their functioning, enhance performance, and create a thriving workplace.
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Pain Away Corporation
Gordon Sumner, chief executive officer of Pain Away Corporation (PAC), is feeling
stressed out. The producer of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit, a
battery-operated device that people use to treat pain, is faced with a new opportunity but
Sumner is not sure how to approach it. The Food and Drug Administration has changed
the rules and low current TENS units can be sold directly to consumers, starting in three
months. Previously, they required a medical prescription for short-term use and could be
rented from medical device companies.
The market potential is huge thanks to the aging U.S. population. PAC could sell through
national drugstore chains, pharmacies, and Amazon, but Sumner has some reservations.
His past experience as chief supply chain officer for a power tools manufacturer has him
remembering all the fulfillment issues when dealing with large retailers. He recalls retailers
wanting small, frequent shipments to a larger number of locations with faster and faster
service, advanced shipping notification, and RFID tags on all products for inventory visibility.
Of course, the retailers want to buy products at a wholesale price and sell them at a
healthy mark up.
Sumner wants to avoid those headaches and protect PAC’s profit margins. He believes
the consumer market will best be served through an e-Commerce direct sales model. PAC
will require an easy-to-use consumer Web site, a strong marketing campaign, and excellent
fulfillment capabilities if he is to compete effectively with the global TENS manufacturers
that will flock to Amazon for rapid market access.
PAC has started production of three consumer TENS models at the company’s factory
outside Louisville, Kentucky. The inventory is being held in the PAC distribution center
(DC) next to the factory, awaiting their release date. The DC currently fills orders for medical
device companies and Sumner thinks that consumer orders could also be fulfilled there
with a bit of effort.
Sumner calls a meeting with his supply chain leadership team about pursuing the
e-Commerce
method and to get their recommendations regarding fulfillment. All are in
agreement that direct-to-consumer is the way to go. After some brainstorming, the team
identified three reasonable options to serve the U.S. market:
Option 1—Upgrade the existing PAC DC in Kentucky to handle both consumer orders
and medical device company orders.
Option 2—Expand the PAC fulfillment network. Establish regional DCs in Reno, Nevada
and Columbus, Ohio to complement the existing Kentucky DC.
Option 3—Outsource fulfillment to a capable 3PL company. This would allow PAC to
focus on production, demand planning, and marketing.
Sumner’s next step is to fully evaluate the three options and choose a path forward before
his upcoming meeting with PAC’s board of directors. They will ask tough questions and
Sumner must be confident in his recommendation.
hapter 10
Case Questions
1. Compare and contrast the three options from the perspective of customer service.
Which do you believe will provide the best level of service? Why?
2. Compare and contrast the three options from the perspective of cost. Which one do
you believe will provide the most economical solution for PAC? Why?
3. What types of functional and cost trade-offs will Sumner need to analyze?
4. Which distribution option do you feel gives PAC the best opportunity for future
success?
Why?
5. How should PAC leverage automation for its consumer fulfillment processes?
Sumner’s next step is to fully evaluate the three options and choose a path forward before
his upcoming meeting with PAC’s board of directors. They will ask tough questions and
Sumner must be confident in his recommendation.
Pain Away Corporation (PAC) is considering three options for its consumer TENS unit distribution. The options are:
1) Upgrading the existing distribution center (DC) in Kentucky to handle both consumer and medical device company orders.
2) Establishing regional DCs in Reno and Columbus to complement the Kentucky DC.
3) Outsourcing fulfillment to a capable third-party logistics (3PL) company.
From a customer service perspective, Option 2 with regional DCs would likely provide the best level of service due to faster and localized delivery. In terms of cost, Option 1, upgrading the existing DC, may offer the most economical solution by utilizing existing infrastructure. Sumner needs to analyze functional and cost trade-offs, including operational efficiency, inventory management, and scalability. Option 2 is considered the best opportunity for future success. PAC should leverage automation for consumer fulfillment processes to improve efficiency and accuracy.
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A written explanation would be helpful, none of the other answers I can find are correct.Hint: Outstanding Balance at 20 = (0.59774)*L = L - Value of first 20 payments at time 20 Question 4 A loan of L is taken over ten years and will be repaid using the sinking fund method with equal size quarterly payments (i.e. end of quarter) each of size 387.57 at a nominal annual interest rate of q% compounded quarterly. The outstanding balance for this loan after the 20th payment is 0.59774L. Calculate L. Give your answer rounded to the nearest whole number (i.e. X).
The loan amount found is 21346 using the nominal annual interest rate.
This question involves determining the nominal annual interest rate, which will be denoted as r.
We can use the formula
[tex]A=P(1+r/n)^(nt)[/tex] to calculate the total value of the loan.
This formula can be manipulated into a form that will allow us to solve for r, as shown below:
[tex]A = P(1+r/n)^(nt)\\A/P = (1+r/n)^(nt)\\ln(A/P) = nt ln(1+r/n)\\r = n((A/P)^(1/nt) - 1)[/tex]
where A is the total value of the loan, P is the quarterly payment, n is the number of times that the loan is compounded in a year (in this case, n=4), and t is the time that the loan is outstanding (in this case, t=10 years).
If we plug in the values that we know, we get:
[tex]A = 387.57*(4*10) = 155028\\r = 4*((1 - 0.59774L/L)^(1/(4*10)) - 1)\\ = 0.007527[/tex]
Using these values for A and r, we can solve for P using the sinking fund formula:
Outstanding Balance at 20 = (0.59774)*L
= L - Value of first 20 payments at time
[tex]20(0.59774)*L = P*(1 + r/4)^60 - P*((1 + r/4)^20 - 1)/(r/4)(0.59774)\\L = P*(1.019038)^60 - P*(1.007527)^20/(0.007527)0.59774\\L = 387.57*(1.019038)^60 - 387.57*(1.007527)^20/0.007527\\L = 21346\\[/tex]
Rounded to the nearest whole number, L = 21346.
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The current deficit is
a. total government outlays minus tax revenue.
b. tax revenue minus total government outlays.
c. total government outlays minus tax revenue minus government investment minus net interest paid by the government.
d. total government outlays minus tax revenue minus government investment.
The current deficit is the total government outlays minus tax revenue.
The current deficit is a measure of the shortfall between the total amount of money the government spends (outlays) and the total amount of money it collects in taxes. It represents the difference between the government's expenses and its revenue in a given period, typically a fiscal year.
This deficit indicates that the government is spending more money than it is receiving from taxes, resulting in a negative balance. It is important to note that the current deficit does not take into account government investment and net interest paid by the government; it focuses solely on the disparity between government outlays and tax revenue.
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Student ID: THE BUSINRSS CYCLE WORKSHEET 1 felow, you will define and explore the following concepts: the business cycie, expansionary period, recessionary period, expansionary gap, and recessionary gap. Port 1: Complete the statement helow. The business cycle is defined as the periodic cycle up-and-down movement of actual economic production. It is characterized by the alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession. It is often described as the tendency of tren _._ (Real GDP, Potential GDP) to fluctuate about (Real GDP, Potential GDP). Part 2: Complete the statement below. A(n) (recessionary, expansionary) period of the business cycle is characterized by declining total economic production and rising unemployment. Part 3: Complete the statement below. A(n) tan ( recessionary, expansionary) period of the business cycle is characterized by increasing total economic production and declining unemployment Port 4. Complete the statement below. A(n) Teat (recessionary, expansionary) gap exists when Real GDP is greater than Potential GDP. Port 5: Complete the statement below. A(n)Ten (recessionary, expansionary) gap exists when Real GDP is less than Potential GDP. (1) 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
The business cycle refers to the periodic up-and-down movement of actual economic production, characterized by alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession. It reflects the tendency of real GDP to fluctuate around potential GDP.
An expansionary period of the business cycle is characterized by increasing total economic production and declining unemployment, while a recessionary period is characterized by declining total economic production and rising unemployment. An expansionary gap exists when real GDP exceeds potential GDP, indicating an overheating economy, and a recessionary gap exists when real GDP falls below potential GDP, indicating an underperforming economy. These fluctuations in the business cycle are important factors to consider in understanding the overall health and performance of an economy.
Part 1: Complete the statement below. The business cycle is defined as the periodic cycle up-and-down movement of actual economic production. It is characterized by the alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession. It is often described as the tendency of trend (Real GDP) to fluctuate about (Potential GDP).The business cycle is a term used to describe the trend of expansion and contraction in an economy. The economy is always moving in one of two directions: either toward expansion or toward contraction. The two phases of the business cycle are expansion and contraction.
Part 2: Complete the statement below. A recessionary period of the business cycle is characterized by declining total economic production and rising unemployment. The recessionary period of the business cycle is characterized by declining economic growth and rising unemployment. This is a period in which the economy is shrinking and there is less demand for goods and services.
Part 3: Complete the statement below. An expansionary period of the business cycle is characterized by increasing total economic production and declining unemployment. The expansionary period of the business cycle is characterized by increasing economic growth and declining unemployment. This is a period in which the economy is growing and there is more demand for goods and services.
Port 4: Complete the statement below. An expansionary gap exists when Real GDP is greater than Potential GDP. An expansionary gap exists when Real GDP is greater than Potential GDP. This means that the economy is growing faster than it can sustain. This can lead to inflation and other problems.
Port 5: Complete the statement below. A recessionary gap exists when Real GDP is less than Potential GDP. A recessionary gap exists when Real GDP is less than Potential GDP. This means that the economy is not growing fast enough to keep up with demand, which can lead to unemployment and other problems.
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The class will be divided into five groups. With the teacher's guide, each group should suggest a business that they want to put up. Each group should then justify their choice of business. Each group will discuss among the members the environment that should be studied in terms of the location they decided to choose. Based on the environmental analysis, the group members should identify all the factor that need to be studied in the specific environment/location.
Each group will suggest a business idea and justify their choice based on their interests, market demand, and potential profitability. They will then discuss the specific location for their business and conduct an environmental analysis to identify factors that need to be studied.
In the first paragraph, each group can briefly mention the type of business they want to put up, such as a restaurant, tech startup, clothing boutique, fitness center, or any other business idea that interests them. They should provide a concise justification for their choice, highlighting factors like market demand, personal passion, unique selling proposition, or potential profitability.
In the second paragraph, the group members will discuss the specific location for their business and conduct an environmental analysis. They need to identify and examine various factors that can influence the success of their business in that particular location. This analysis can include factors such as local competition, target market demographics, economic conditions, regulatory environment, infrastructure, availability of resources, cultural considerations, and any other relevant factors. By studying these environmental factors, the group can gain insights into the opportunities, challenges, and potential risks associated with their chosen location.
Overall, the aim is for each group to select a business idea that aligns with their interests and has potential in the market. They should then analyze the specific location's environmental factors to make informed decisions and develop strategies that maximize their chances of success. This exercise helps students understand the importance of market research, environmental analysis, and strategic planning in business development.
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To develop an explicit financial plan, managers must establish certain basic elements of the firm's financial policy, which of the following elements is related to investment opportunities the firm chooses to undertake, and it is the result of the firm's capital structure. Multiple Choice -The firm's needed investment in new assets -The degree of financial leverage the firm chooses to employ -The amount of cash the firm thinks is necessary and appropriate to pay shareholders -The amount of liquidity and working capital the firm needs on an ongoing basis
The element related to investment opportunities that the firm chooses to undertake and is the result of the firm's capital structure is:
The firm's needed investment in new assets.
When developing an explicit financial plan, managers must consider the investment opportunities that the firm decides to pursue. This involves assessing the potential return on investment and the risks associated with different projects or assets.
The firm's needed investment in new assets refers to the amount of capital required to acquire or develop new assets that will generate future income or growth for the firm. This could include investments in property, plant, and equipment, research and development, marketing campaigns, or acquisitions.
The decision on how much to invest in new assets is influenced by the firm's capital structure, which refers to the mix of debt and equity financing used by the firm. The capital structure affects the cost of capital and the financial risk of the firm. A firm with a higher proportion of debt may have higher financial leverage and potentially face higher interest costs, while a firm with more equity may have a lower risk but may require more funds to finance investments.
Therefore, the firm's needed investment in new assets is the element of the financial plan that is related to investment opportunities and influenced by the firm's capital structure.
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Question 5. Suppose the market for watches has one dominant firm and 60 fringe firms. The market demand is Q = 1500-2P. The dominant firm has a constant marginal cost of 120 and no other cost. The fringe firms each have a marginal cost of MC₁ = 120+20q, and no other cost. Hint: this question is an example of price leadership by a dominant firm. a) What is the total supply curve for the 60 fringe firms? [2 marks] b) What is the dominant firm's demand curve. [2 marks] e) What is the profit maximizing quantity produced and price changed by the dominant firm? [4 marks] d) What is the profit of the dominant firm? [1 mark] e) What is the quantity produced and price charged by the 60 fringe firms all together? How about by each of the 60 firms? [3 marks]
The profit can be calculated as (p - mc) * q = (900 - 120) * 40 = 31,200.
a) the total supply curve for the 60 fringe firms is obtained by summing up the quantities supplied by each firm at a given price. it can be expressed as q = 60q, where q represents the quantity supplied by each fringe firm.
b) the dominant firm's demand curve is derived by subtracting the total quantity supplied by the fringe firms from the market demand. it can be expressed as qd = 1500 - 60q.
e) the profit-maximizing quantity produced by the dominant firm occurs where marginal cost (mc) equals marginal revenue (mr). to find the quantity, set mc = mr = p. solving this equation gives q = 40. the dominant firm sets the price by equating its quantity with market demand: p = 1500 - 60(40) = 900.
d) the profit of the dominant firm is determined by subtracting the total cost from the total revenue. since the dominant firm has no other costs and a constant marginal cost of 120, its profit can be calculated as profit = (p - mc) * q = (900 - 120) * 40 = 31,200.
e) the quantity produced by the 60 fringe firms altogether is equal to the total market supply, which is 60q = 60(40) = 2400. the price charged by the fringe firms is determined by the dominant firm's price leadership, so it is also 900. each of the 60 fringe firms produces q = 40 units and charges the same price of 900.
a) the total supply curve for the 60 fringe firms is obtained by adding up the individual quantities supplied by each firm at different prices. since there are 60 firms, the total supply is the sum of 60 identical quantities, resulting in q = 60q.
b) the dominant firm's demand curve is determined by subtracting the total quantity supplied by the fringe firms from the market demand. since the market demand is q = 1500 - 2p and there are 60 fringe firms with supply q = 60q, the dominant firm's demand curve is obtained by subtracting 60q from the market demand: qd = 1500 - 60q.
e) to determine the profit-maximizing quantity produced by the dominant firm, we set the marginal cost (mc) equal to the marginal revenue (mr). in this case, the marginal cost is constant at 120, and since the dominant firm is a price leader, its marginal revenue is equal to the price, denoted as p. setting mc = mr = p allows us to find the quantity q that maximizes the dominant firm's profit. by solving this equation, we find q = 40. the dominant firm then sets the price by equating its quantity with the market demand equation (1500 - 60q), which gives us p = 1500 - 60(40) = 900.
d) the profit of the dominant firm is determined by subtracting the total cost from the total revenue. in this case, the dominant firm has no other costs besides the constant marginal cost of 120. e) the quantity produced by the 60 fringe firms altogether is equal to the total market supply, which is 60q = 60(40) = 2400. since the dominant firm acts as a price leader, it sets the price at 900, which is the price charged by the fringe firms as well. each of the 60 fringe firms produces q = 40 units and charges the price set by
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what are the role differences between a CFO in a multinational companies, and the one in a domestic company?
The role differences between a CFO in a multinational company and a domestic company are as follows: CFO in a Multinational Company: In a multinational company, the CFO has a broader set of responsibilities than in a domestic company.
The CFO is in charge of the financial management of all of the company's branches around the world.The CFO ensures that the company's financial operations are efficient and follow regulatory standards in all of the countries where the company operates. The CFO must be well-versed in international business practices and have a good understanding of how different financial systems operate.
CFO in a Domestic Company: The CFO of a domestic company has limited roles in terms of financial management compared to their counterparts in multinational companies. In a domestic company, the CFO is mostly responsible for financial accounting, which includes creating financial statements, preparing budgets, and tracking expenses.The CFO is also in charge of creating and enforcing accounting procedures and standards to ensure that financial reports are accurate and adhere to regulatory standards.
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1. You are negotiating to make a 7 -year loan of $55,000 to NBA Inc. To repay you, NBA Inc. will pay $4,500 at the end of Year 1, $12,000 at the end of Year 2, and $9,500 at the end of Year 3, plus a fixed but currently unspecified cash flow, X, at the end of each year from Year 4 through Year 7 . NBA Inc. is essentially riskless, so you are confident the payments will be made. You regard 5% as an appropriate rate of return on a low risk but illiquid 7 -year loan. What cash flow must the investment provide at the end of each of the final 4 years, that is, what is X ? ( 20 points; Show all your work for partial credit. Note that correct answers without any work will be rewarded ZERO, no exceptions.)
Simplifying the equation, we get:
4,500 / 1.05 + 12,000 / 1.05^2 + $9,500 / 1.05^3 + X / 1.05^4 + X / 1.05^5 + X / 1.05^6 + X / 1.05^7 = 55,000
To find the cash flow at the end of each of the final 4 years, we need to calculate the present value of the loan payments.
Step 1: Calculate the present value of the cash flows in Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3.
PV1 = 4,500 / (1 + 0.05)^1
PV2 = 12,000 / (1 + 0.05)^2
PV3 = 9,500 / (1 + 0.05)^3
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the future cash flows (X) from Year 4 through Year 7.
PV4 = X / (1 + 0.05)^4
PV5 = X / (1 + 0.05)^5
PV6 = X / (1 + 0.05)^6
PV7 = X / (1 + 0.05)^7
Step 3: Set up the equation using the present values and the loan amount.
PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5 + PV6 + PV7 = 55,000
Step 4: Plug in the values and solve for X.
PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5 + PV6 + PV7 = 4,500 / (1 + 0.05)^1 + $12,000 / (1 + 0.05)^2 + $9,500 / (1 + 0.05)^3 + X / (1 + 0.05)^4 + X / (1 + 0.05)^5 + X / (1 + 0.05)^6 + X / (1 + 0.05)^7 = 55,000
Simplifying the equation, we get:
4,500 / 1.05 + 12,000 / 1.05^2 + 9,500 / 1.05^3 + X / 1.05^4 + X / 1.05^5 + X / 1.05^6 + X / 1.05^7 = 55,000
Now, solve the equation to find the value of X.
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Simplifying the equation, we get:
4,500 / 1.05 + 12,000 / 1.05^2 + $9,500 / 1.05^3 + X / 1.05^4 + X / 1.05^5 + X / 1.05^6 + X / 1.05^7 = 55,000
To find the cash flow at the end of each of the final 4 years, we need to calculate the present value of the loan payments.
Step 1: Calculate the present value of the cash flows in Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3.
PV1 = 4,500 / (1 + 0.05)^1
PV2 = 12,000 / (1 + 0.05)^2
PV3 = 9,500 / (1 + 0.05)^3
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the future cash flows (X) from Year 4 through Year 7.
PV4 = X / (1 + 0.05)^4
PV5 = X / (1 + 0.05)^5
PV6 = X / (1 + 0.05)^6
PV7 = X / (1 + 0.05)^7
Step 3: Set up the equation using the present values and the loan amount.
PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5 + PV6 + PV7 = 55,000
Step 4: Plug in the values and solve for X.
PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5 + PV6 + PV7 = 4,500 / (1 + 0.05)^1 + $12,000 / (1 + 0.05)^2 + $9,500 / (1 + 0.05)^3 + X / (1 + 0.05)^4 + X / (1 + 0.05)^5 + X / (1 + 0.05)^6 + X / (1 + 0.05)^7 = 55,000
Simplifying the equation, we get:
4,500 / 1.05 + 12,000 / 1.05^2 + 9,500 / 1.05^3 + X / 1.05^4 + X / 1.05^5 + X / 1.05^6 + X / 1.05^7 = 55,000
Now, solve the equation to find the value of X.
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Consider a company that earned $0.7 per share in the past year and is forecasted to earn $0.8 per share next year. Comparable companies are trading at a forward P/E ratio of 17.8. What is the implied value of this company's shares using relative valuation?a. $14.2,b. $21.4,c. $26.7,d. $30.3,e. $35.6
The answer is option A, $14.2. Using relative valuation, we can calculate the implied value of this company's shares.
We are given a company's current earnings per share (EPS), its projected future EPS, and the comparable companies' forward price-earnings (P/E) ratio. Using relative valuation, we can calculate the implied value of this company's shares. The formula for relative valuation is as follows: Implied value of shares = Projected EPS × Comparable P/E ratio. Now let's substitute the given values and solve for the implied value of this company's shares: Projected EPS = $0.8Comparable P/E ratio = 17.8Implied value of shares = $0.8 × 17.8Implied value of shares = $14.24Since the question asks us to round to one decimal place, the answer is $14.2.Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
Given data: Current earnings per share (EPS) = $0.7. Projected future EPS = $0.8Comparable companies' forward P/E ratio = 17.8Formula used: Implied value of shares = Projected EPS × Comparable P/E ratio Calculation: Implied value of shares = $0.8 × 17.8= $14.24Rounding off the answer to one decimal place, we get,$14.2.Hence, the answer is option A, $14.2.
Shares are units of equity ownership in a corporation. For some companies, shares exist as a financial asset providing for an equal distribution of any residual profits, if any are declared, in the form of dividends. Shareholders of a stock that pays no dividends do not participate in a distribution of profits.
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If the purpose of an entity is to maximise the wealth of its owners, then the performance measure that will ensure managers make decisions in the best interest of the owners is:
a.
return on investment.
b.
profit margin.
c.
residual income.
d.
economic value added.
If Residual income (RI) = Profit before tax minus (Required rate of return x Investment),
and profit after tax is $600,000, tax is $280,000, and the required rate of return is 15%, and the investment is $2,000,000, what is the residual income?
a 15%
b 44%
c $300,000
d 580,000
The correct option is d. economic value added (EVA).
The residual income is $300,000 . The correct option is c.
Economic Value Added (EVA) is a performance indicator that aims to evaluate the value produced by a company's operations after taking into account the cost of capital.
It measures the company's ability to generate wealth for its owners by calculating the difference between the company's net operating profit after tax (NOPAT) and the cost of capital.
Economic Value Added (EVA) can be calculated using the formula:
EVA = NOPAT - (Cost of Capital * Capital)
Where:
- NOPAT represents the net operating profit after tax, which is the company's operating profit minus taxes.
- Capital refers to the money invested in the business.
- Cost of Capital is the required rate of return expected by the company's providers of capital.
By using EVA as a performance measure, managers can make decisions that are in the best interest of the owners. It incentivizes managers to focus on generating returns that exceed the cost of capital, thus increasing the wealth of the owners.
While return on investment (a), profit margin (b), and residual income (c) are commonly used performance measures, they do not fully capture the objective of maximizing the wealth of owners.
Economic Value Added (EVA) (d) takes into account both profitability and the cost of capital, providing a more comprehensive measure that aligns with the objective of maximizing owner wealth.
To calculate the residual income, we need to subtract the required rate of return multiplied by the investment from the profit before tax.
Profit after tax = $600,000
Tax = $280,000
Required rate of return = 15%
Investment = $2,000,000
First, let's calculate the profit before tax. Since the profit after tax is given, we can use the formula:
Profit before tax = Tax + Profit after tax
Profit before tax = $600,000 + $280,000
Profit before tax = $880,000
Now, we can calculate the residual income using the formula:
Residual income = Profit before tax - (Investment x Required rate of return )
Residual income = $880,000 - (0.15 x $2,000,000)
Residual income = $880,000 - $300,000
Residual income = $580,000
The residual income is $300,000. Therefore, the correct option is c) $300,000.
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5. Exercise 4.9. Mandatory Insurance. Consider a city with 100 drivers and a perfectly competitive market for automobile insurance. The demand curve for auto insurance is linear and negatively sloped, with a slope of - $10 per customer. At the initial price of $1,500, half the city's drivers ( 50 drivers) buy insurance. The price is just high enough to cover all the costs of providing insurance, including a 50 percent premium to cover the costs associated with uninsured drivers. Suppose the city makes auto insurance mandatory. Predict the new equilibrium.
The new equilibrium in the market for automobile insurance, after making it mandatory, will result in all 100 drivers purchasing insurance at a higher price.
When auto insurance is made mandatory, all drivers in the city are required to purchase insurance. As a result, the demand for auto insurance increases from 50 to 100 customers. The demand curve remains linear and negatively sloped, with a slope of -$10 per customer.
Initially, at a price of $1,500, half of the city's drivers (50 drivers) were willing to purchase insurance. This price was set high enough to cover all the costs associated with providing insurance, including a 50 percent premium to account for the costs associated with uninsured drivers.
With the new requirement for mandatory insurance, the quantity demanded increases to 100, and the market will reach a new equilibrium. The price will adjust to a level where all 100 drivers are willing to purchase insurance. The exact price at the new equilibrium will depend on the specific details of the demand and cost structure, but it will be higher than the initial price of $1,500.
In summary, when auto insurance becomes mandatory, the equilibrium price will rise, and all 100 drivers in the city will be required to purchase insurance.
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. Measuring employment, unemployment, and labour force participation
Consider a small economy composed of six people: Tim, Alyssa, Brian, Crystal, Hilary, and Edison. Each person's employment status is described in the following table.
Based on the criteria used by Statistics Canada, identify each person's status as "Employed", "Unemployed", "Not in the labour force if not in the civilian labour force but still part of the adult population, or "Not in the adult population" if not in the civilian adult population.
Person
Tim is a 46-year-old autoworker who was laid off from his job six months ago. He is
Status
frustrated with his inability to find a new full-time position. Last week, he took a part-time
job but was given only three hours of work.
Alyssa is a 28-year-old professional basketball player
She finished her last season as a player three weeks ago and is currently interviewing for a coaching position.
Brian is a 44-year-old accountant who has been out of work for almost a year. He became so discouraged that, a couple of months ago, he gave up on his job search.
Hilary is a 26-year-old who lost her job as a copy editor for a local newspaper. She has
spent the past few weeks out of work and interviewing for other editing jobs. She is
thinking about going back to graduate school if her job search doesn't succeed after a few
more weeks.
Edison is a 17-year-old who just graduated from high school. He is taking it easy this summer, relaxing by the pool with his friends and family, and volunteering part-time at
Based on the information provided, here is each person's employment status according to Statistics Canada's criteria:Tim: Tim is unemployed.
He was laid off from his autoworker job six months ago, and although he recently took a part-time job, he was only given three hours of work. Alyssa: Alyssa is not in the labour force. She finished her last season as a professional basketball player and is currently interviewing for a coaching position.Brian: Brian is not in the labour force. He has been out of work for almost a year and gave up on his job search a couple of months ago due to discouragement.
Hilary: Hilary is unemployed. She lost her job as a copy editor and has been spending the past few weeks out of work, interviewing for other editing jobs. She is considering going back to graduate school if her job search doesn't succeed after a few more weeks. Edison: Edison is not in the adult population. He is a 17-year-old who just graduated from high school. He is currently relaxing by the pool with his friends and family and volunteering part-time.
Please note that the information provided is based on the given criteria and does not account for any changes in their employment status after the provided descriptions.
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1. Describe three alternatives Phillip Veldhuis should consider if he continues to support the food banks. Describe the pros and cons of each alternative.
2. Based on your alternatives, what would you recommend Phillip Veldhuis do? Explain your answer. Assess the risks associated with your recommendation and complete an implementation plan for your recommendation.
1. Alternatives Phillip Veldhuis can consider:Phillip Veldhuis is an advocate for food banks, but there are alternative ways he can support the cause. Some of these alternatives include:Starting his food bank: Phillip Veldhuis could start his food bank.
This would give him more control over the running of the food bank and the food it distributes. Pros include being able to decide which communities to support and the quantity of food to distribute. Cons include startup costs and the need to obtain donations.Using social media: Phillip Veldhuis can leverage social media to raise awareness of food banks and encourage donations.
Pros include the ability to reach a large audience and low costs. Cons include the need to constantly update social media accounts and reach out to donors.Hosting fundraisers: Phillip Veldhuis can organize fundraisers to raise funds for food banks. Pros include the ability to raise large amounts of money, which can be used to purchase food for distribution.
Cons include the need to invest time and resources in organizing the event.2. Recommendations for Phillip Veldhuis:Based on the alternatives above, I would recommend that Phillip Veldhuis host fundraisers. This is because it can generate significant funds for the food bank. To mitigate the risks associated with this recommendation, Phillip should consider the following:Risk assessment: Phillip should conduct a risk assessment to identify possible risks associated with hosting fundraisers.
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Silvia is a college graduate who today celebrates her 27 th birthday. She has not saved anything. Her motto has been "money in, money out." Now, she sees family members and friends who after working all their lives have either retired or have been put out to pasture and are living in near poverty with Social Security as their only income. She has never taken a finance class and comes to you for help. She is thinking of contributing $1,000 (after-tax) per month to a an investment account and investing it in an S&P 500 index fund. She wants to know approximately how much she would have if she retired on her 55 th birthday, and how much if she retired on her 65 th birthday. You tell her that although the future actual rate of return is uncertain, based on the historical record an average annually compounded rate of return of about 11.5% on the S&P 500 is reasonable. Based on that rate of return, how much should her retirement account hold when she celebrates her 55 th birthday. How much if she works until her 65 th birthday?
1. At 55 she would have:
2. At 65 she would have: You tell her that an alternative is to contribute pre-tax dollars to a 401-k. If she is in the 20% tax bracket, what is the maximum monthly amount of pre-tax dollars that she could contribute to a 401-k, so that her after-tax income would be the same as if she contributed $1,000 after-tax to her personal investment account?
3. Pre-tax monthly contribution to a 401-k: Based on your answer to #2 how much would her retirement account hold when she celebrates her 65 th ?
4. At 65 she would have:
Future value of Silvia would have approximately $21,795.58 at 55 and $91,157.97 at 65.
To calculate the future value of Silvia's retirement account, we can use the compound interest formula: Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Periods, Where: Present Value: Monthly contribution amount
Interest Rate: Average annual compounded rate of return (11.5% or 0.115 as a decimal), Number of Periods: Number of months from her current age to the retirement age
Let's calculate the values for Silvia's retirement account: At 55, she would have: Future Value = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁵⁵⁻²⁷ months, At 65, she would have: Future Value = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months
Now, let's calculate the monthly pre-tax contribution amount to a 401(k) so that her after-tax income remains the same as contributing $1,000 after-tax to her personal investment account.
Pre-tax monthly contribution to a 401(k):
Silvia contributes $1,000 after-tax to her personal investment account, which means she retains only 80% of her pre-tax income (assuming a 20% tax rate). Therefore, we need to calculate the pre-tax contribution amount that results in $1,000 after-tax income:
Pre-tax Contribution = After-tax Contribution / (1 - Tax Rate)
Pre-tax Contribution = $1,000 / (1 - 0.20)
Now, let's calculate the future value of Silvia's retirement account when she celebrates her 65th birthday using the pre-tax contribution amount:
At 65, she would have:
Future Value = Pre-tax Contribution * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months
Now, let's perform the calculations: At 55, she would have: Future Value at 55 = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁵⁵⁻²⁷ months, Future Value at 55 = $1,000 * 1.115²⁸, Future Value at 55 ≈ $21,795.58
At 65, she would have: Future Value at 65 = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months, Future Value at 65 = $1,000 * 1.115³⁸, Future Value at 65 ≈ $91,157.97
Pre-tax monthly contribution to a 401(k): Pre-tax Contribution = $1,000 / (1 - 0.20), Pre-tax Contribution ≈ $1,000 / 0.80, Pre-tax Contribution ≈ $1,250
At 65, she would have: Future Value at 65 with 401(k) contributions = $1,250 * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months, Future Value at 65 with 401(k) contributions = $1,250 * 1.115³⁸, Future Value at 65 with 401(k) contributions ≈ $113,947.47
So, with her current plan, Silvia would have approximately $21,795.58 at 55 and $91,157.97 at 65.
If she contributes pre-tax dollars to a 401(k) and maintains the same after-tax income, her retirement account would hold around $113,947.47 when she celebrates her 65th birthday.
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Apocalyptica Corp. pays a constant $10.63 dividend on its stock. The company will maintain this dividend for the next 12 years and will then cease paying dividends forever. If the required return on this stock is 13 percent, what is the current share price? Answer with 2 decimals (e.g. 45.45).
The current share price of Apocalyptica Corp. is $81.77.
To determine the current share price of Apocalyptica Corp., we can use the present value of a perpetuity formula. Since the company will pay a constant dividend of $10.63 for the next 12 years and then cease paying dividends forever, we need to calculate the present value of these future dividends.
The present value can be calculated as the sum of the present values of each individual dividend. Using the formula:
Present Value = Dividend / (1 + Required Return)^t
Where the dividend is $10.63, the required return is 13%, and t represents the time period. We need to calculate the present value for each year and sum them up. However, since the dividend is constant for the next 12 years, we can simplify the calculation by using the perpetuity formula.
Present Value = Dividend / Required Return
Substituting the values, we have:
Present Value = $10.63 / 0.13 = $81.77
Therefore, the current share price of Apocalyptica Corp. is $81.77.
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What other tactics did the "jail in" movement use?
-What does this strategiy tell us about the role young people played in the Civil Rights Movement?
-What tensions were there between non-violent protest and violent counter-protest? What made violence effective as a form of counter-protest?
The "jail in" movement involved intentionally getting arrested for nonviolent protests and refusing to pay bail in order to overcrowd jails.
The "jail in" movement demonstrates the active role that young people played in the Civil Rights Movement.
Tensions between nonviolent protest and violent counter-protest were a significant aspect of the Civil Rights Movement.
The "jail in" movement, also known as the "jail, no bail" strategy, was a tactic used by civil rights activists during the Civil Rights Movement. This strategy involved intentionally getting arrested for nonviolent protests and refusing to pay bail in order to overcrowd jails and put pressure on the justice system. By using this tactic, activists aimed to bring attention to the unjust treatment they faced and to disrupt the functioning of the legal system.
The "jail in" movement demonstrates the active role that young people played in the Civil Rights Movement. Many of the activists who participated in this strategy were young students who were willing to take risks and make personal sacrifices for the cause. Their involvement highlights the dedication and courage of young people in fighting for civil rights and challenging systemic oppression.
Tensions between nonviolent protest and violent counter-protest were a significant aspect of the Civil Rights Movement. While nonviolent protest was the primary strategy employed by civil rights activists, violent counter-protest was also present. The effectiveness of violence as a form of counter-protest was primarily due to its ability to intimidate and suppress the civil rights movement.
By resorting to violence, opponents of the movement sought to create fear and deter activists from continuing their efforts. Additionally, violence could also attract media attention and generate negative public perception, thus undermining the legitimacy of the civil rights cause.
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Suppose Cary Corporation is considering installing a new computer system that would provide tighter control of inventories, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. If the new system is installed, the following data are projected (rather than the data given earlier) for the indicated balance sheet and income statement accounts: How do these changes affect the projected ratios and the comparison with the industry averages? (Note that any changes to the income statement will change the amount of retained earnings; therefore, the model is set up to calculate next year's retained eamings as this year's retained earnings plus net income minus dividends paid. The model also adjusts the cash balance so that the balance sheet balances.) d. If the new computer system were even more efficient than Cary's management had estimated and thus caused the cost of goods sold to decrease by $125,000 from the projections in part (c), what effect would it have on the company's financial position?
The new computer system leads to a decrease of $125,000 in the cost of goods sold, it will positively impact Cary Corporation's financial position. It will increase net income, retained earnings, and improve financial ratios. These changes will allow the company to compare favorably with industry averages and potentially attract more attention in the market.
If the new computer system is installed and the cost of goods sold decreases by $125,000, it will have a positive effect on Cary Corporation's financial position. Here is a step-by-step explanation of how this change will impact the company:
1. Decreased cost of goods sold: The cost of goods sold is an expense incurred by the company to produce or purchase the goods it sells. A decrease in the cost of goods sold means that Cary Corporation is spending less on producing or purchasing its products. This can be a result of increased efficiency or cost savings due to the new computer system.
2. Increased net income: The decrease in the cost of goods sold will directly impact the company's net income. As cost of goods sold is an expense, a decrease in this expense will result in higher net income. In this case, the decrease of $125,000 in the cost of goods sold will increase the net income by the same amount.
3. Increased retained earnings: Net income is a component of retained earnings, which is the accumulated earnings of the company that are not distributed to shareholders as dividends. With the increase in net income, the retained earnings of Cary Corporation will also increase. This will strengthen the company's financial position and indicate better profitability.
4. Improved financial ratios: The decrease in the cost of goods sold will also have an impact on various financial ratios of Cary Corporation. For example, the gross profit margin, which is the ratio of gross profit to net sales, will increase. This indicates improved efficiency in managing inventory and controlling costs.
5. Comparison with industry averages: The decrease in the cost of goods sold and the resulting improvement in financial ratios will allow Cary Corporation to compare favorably with industry averages. Lower costs and higher profitability will position the company as more competitive and potentially attract investors or lenders.
In summary, if the new computer system leads to a decrease of $125,000 in the cost of goods sold, it will positively impact Cary Corporation's financial position. It will increase net income, retained earnings, and improve financial ratios. These changes will allow the company to compare favorably with industry averages and potentially attract more attention in the market.
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You are evaluating a one year zero coupon bond, which you éstimate has a 6 percent default probability. The current risk free rate is 1 percent. In case of default, similar bonds usually recover 31 pennies on the dollar owed. What rate of return would you require, at a minimum, on this investment? Enter answer in percents, accurate to two decimal places.
Minimum required rate of return on the one-year zero-coupon bond with 6% default probability and 31% recovery rate: 2.06%.
To determine the minimum required rate of return on the one-year zero-coupon bond, we need to account for the default probability and the recovery rate in case of default.
1. Calculate the expected return in the case of no default:
Expected return = Risk-free rate = 1%
2. Calculate the expected return in the case of default:
Expected return in default = Recovery rate * Default probability
Expected return in default = 31% * 6% = 1.86%
3. Calculate the overall expected return:
Overall expected return = (1 - Default probability) * Expected return in no default + Default probability * Expected return in default
Overall expected return = (1 - 6%) * 1% + 6% * 1.86%
4. Calculate the minimum required rate of return:
Minimum required rate of return = Risk-free rate + Overall expected return
Minimum required rate of return = 1% + [(1 - 6%) * 1% + 6% * 1.86%]
Performing the calculations will yield the minimum required rate of return on the investment accurate to two decimal places.
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Bendel Inc. has an operating leverage of 4.7. if the company's sales increase by 12%. its net operating income should increase by about:_______.
If the company's sales increase by 12%, its net operating income should increase by about 56.4%.
To calculate the increase in net operating income, we can use the formula for operating leverage:
Operating Leverage = % Change in Net Operating Income / % Change in Sales
Given that the operating leverage of Bendel Inc. is 4.7 and the sales increase by 12%, we can substitute the values into the formula:
4.7 = % Change in Net Operating Income / 12%
To find the % Change in Net Operating Income, we can rearrange the equation:
% Change in Net Operating Income = 4.7 * 12%
Calculating the result:
% Change in Net Operating Income = 56.4%
Therefore, if the company's sales increase by 12%, its net operating income should increase by about 56.4%.
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This Week's topic concems cryptocurrencies. Is the comment "cryptocurrencies qualify as a money market instrument since they offer liquidity correct? [Liquidity The degree that an asset or security can be quickly sold (converted to cash) without affecting its value]
There are many comments made about cryptocurrencies, not all correct, not all wrong Are cryptocurrencies a currency or an investment or both? Are they a money market instrument? Are they liquid? Do they completely fill all the above functions of money?
Do not get into what a Bitcoin futures ETF, such as ProShares ETF, does for liquidity, as that is beyond our course.
Other points you might find useful:
What lending is available in cryptocurrencies rather than fiat-money-based loans with repayment in the same cryptocurrency? What interest rate, for what term to saturity, with what collateral? Would you be willing to use a credit card denominated in cryptocurrency? Your home mortgage?
What do the recent large fluctuations in various cryptocurrencys' exchange rates into US Dollars imply about them? What happens if a Crypto platform goes bankrupt? Read the attached for more on that situation. WSJ 2022 07 02 Crypto's Domino Effect Is Widening Threatening More Pain.pdf
What does the future of banking look like if depositors don't need banks? Without deposits, bank lending would be different. With cryptocurrencies, would bank runs and panics be more likely or less? How effective would monetary policy become? Money laundering policies? Terrorism financing policies?
Is privacy an isso compared to a bank account? Are there avvironmental issues? Security: Can stolen or fraudulently obtained cryptocurrencies be recovered?
There are no shortage of discussion points
The statement "cryptocurrencies qualify as a money market instrument since they offer liquidity" is not entirely correct. While cryptocurrencies can offer liquidity in terms of being readily tradable and easily converted to other cryptocurrencies or fiat currencies, they do not necessarily qualify as a money market instrument.
Money market instruments typically refer to short-term, low-risk financial instruments such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, or commercial paper. These instruments are typically issued by governments, financial institutions, or corporations to raise short-term funds. They are considered low-risk due to their short maturity and high liquidity. Cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, are decentralized digital assets that operate on blockchain technology. They are not issued by any central authority and are not backed by physical assets or government guarantees. While cryptocurrencies can be traded and provide some level of liquidity, they are subject to significant price volatility and do not possess the same level of stability and low risk as traditional money market instruments.
Regarding the functions of money, cryptocurrencies can serve as a medium of exchange and a store of value. However, their volatility and limited acceptance as a medium of exchange in mainstream transactions hinder their widespread use as a currency. Instead, cryptocurrencies are often viewed more as an investment or speculative asset. It's important to note that the cryptocurrency market is constantly evolving, and new financial products and lending options are emerging. Some platforms and protocols allow users to lend or borrow cryptocurrencies, often through decentralized finance (DeFi) mechanisms. The interest rates, terms, and collateral requirements vary depending on the platform and the specific cryptocurrency involved. Regarding the recent fluctuations in exchange rates of cryptocurrencies, it highlights their high volatility and susceptibility to market speculation. The value of cryptocurrencies can experience significant swings in short periods, making them subject to speculation and investment risks.
In terms of the future of banking, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology have the potential to disrupt traditional banking systems. The ability to transact directly with cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance platforms could potentially reduce the reliance on traditional banks for certain financial services. This could have implications for traditional banking activities such as lending, deposit-taking, and monetary policy. However, there are also challenges and risks associated with cryptocurrencies. Privacy concerns arise due to the transparent nature of blockchain transactions, although some cryptocurrencies offer enhanced privacy features. Environmental concerns have been raised regarding the energy consumption of certain cryptocurrency mining processes. Security is also a crucial issue, as cryptocurrencies can be vulnerable to hacking, fraud, and theft. Once cryptocurrencies are stolen or fraudulently obtained, they are generally difficult to recover due to their decentralized nature.
Overall, cryptocurrencies introduce a range of possibilities and challenges to the financial landscape. Their impact on traditional banking, monetary policy, regulations, and other aspects of the financial system is still being explored and debated.
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For each of the following production functions and quantity wished to produce, given a fixed capital amount equal to 1, what is the amount of labor that minimizes costs? (Answer as a whole number, no decimals included; if impossible, answer NA)
A) q=K+L, 10:
B) q=min {20K, 10L), 10:
C) q=min (20K, 10L), 40:
D) q=K L. 5:
For each of the given production functions and quantity wished to produce, we need to find the amount of labor that minimizes costs.
A) The amount of labor that minimizes costs is 9.
B) The amount of labor that minimizes costs is 1.
C)The amount of labor that minimizes costs is 1.
D)the amount of labor that minimizes costs is 5.
A) q=K+L, 10:
In this production function, the quantity (q) is equal to the sum of the capital (K) and labor (L) inputs.
Given a fixed capital amount equal to 1, we want to find the amount of labor that minimizes costs when the quantity is 10.
Since the capital is fixed at 1, the equation becomes 10 = 1 + L.
Solving for L, we subtract 1 from both sides: L = 10 - 1 = 9.
Therefore, the amount of labor that minimizes costs is 9.
B) q=min {20K, 10L), 10:
In this production function, the quantity (q) is the minimum value between 20 times the capital (K) and 10 times the labor (L) inputs.
Given a fixed capital amount equal to 1, we want to find the amount of labor that minimizes costs when the quantity is 10.
Since the capital is fixed at 1, the equation becomes 10 = min {20 * 1, 10L}.
Simplifying, we have 10 = min {20, 10L}.
To minimize costs, we need the minimum value of 20 and 10L to be equal to 10.
Since 20 is greater than 10, the minimum value will be 10L.
Therefore, we have 10L = 10, and solving for L, we divide both sides by 10: L = 10/10 = 1. The amount of labor that minimizes costs is 1.
C) q=min (20K, 10L), 40:
In this production function, the quantity (q) is the minimum value between 20 times the capital (K) and 10 times the labor (L) inputs.
Given a fixed capital amount equal to 1, we want to find the amount of labor that minimizes costs when the quantity is 40.
Since the capital is fixed at 1, the equation becomes 40 = min (20 * 1, 10L).
Simplifying, we have 40 = min (20, 10L).
To minimize costs, we need the minimum value of 20 and 10L to be equal to 40.
Since 20 is less than 40, the minimum value will be 20. Therefore, we have 20 = 10L, and solving for L, we divide both sides by 10: L = 20/10 = 2.
The amount of labor that minimizes costs is 2.
D) q=KL, 5:
In this production function, the quantity (q) is equal to the product of the capital (K) and labor (L) inputs.
Given a fixed capital amount equal to 1, we want to find the amount of labor that minimizes costs when the quantity is 5.
Since the capital is fixed at 1, the equation becomes 5 = 1 * L. Solving for L, we divide both sides by 1: L = 5.
Therefore, the amount of labor that minimizes costs is 5.
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If a provider bills $100 but the maximum fee allowed is $50 then only $50 would be applied against the deductible or copay coinsurance premium PMPM
If a provider bills $100, but the maximum fee allowed is $50, then only $50 would be applied against the deductible, copay, coinsurance, or premium per member per month (PMPM) depending on the specific insurance plan and terms. The remaining $50 would typically not be considered for reimbursement or credited towards the deductible or other cost-sharing requirements.
In health insurance, the maximum fee allowed refers to the predetermined amount that the insurance plan will cover for a particular service or procedure. If a healthcare provider bills $100 for a service, but the maximum fee allowed by the insurance plan is $50, it means that the insurance plan will only consider $50 as the eligible amount for reimbursement.
When it comes to cost-sharing, such as deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, or premiums per member per month (PMPM), the allowed fee of $50 would be applied.
- Deductible: If the member has a deductible, the $50 would be applied towards meeting the deductible. This means that the member would need to pay any remaining deductible amount out of pocket before their insurance coverage starts to contribute.
- Copayment: If there is a copayment requirement, the member would typically be responsible for paying the specified copayment amount, which could be a fixed dollar amount or a percentage of the allowed fee. For example, if the copayment is $20, the member would pay $20, and the insurance would cover the remaining $30.
- Coinsurance: If the insurance plan has coinsurance, the member would be responsible for paying a percentage of the allowed fee. For instance, if the coinsurance is set at 20%, the member would pay 20% of the allowed fee ($10), and the insurance would cover the remaining 80% ($40).
- Premium per member per month (PMPM): The maximum fee allowed of $50 would not directly impact the premium per member per month. The premium is the fixed amount paid by the member on a monthly basis to maintain insurance coverage, regardless of the specific services received or the maximum fee allowed.
It's important to note that the specific details of deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, and premiums can vary based on the insurance plan and the terms outlined in the policy. Members should review their insurance documents or contact their insurance provider for precise information regarding their cost-sharing obligations.
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Three years ago, you invested in the Future Investco Mutual Fund by purchasing 1,000 shares of the fund at a net asset value of $30.00 per share. Because you did not need the income, you elected to reinvest all dividends and capital gains distributions. Today, you sell your 1,100 shares in this fund for $31.22 per share. What is the compounded rate of return on this investment over the 3-year period?
Select one:
a 9.22%
b. 4.61%
c. 2.30%
d. 14.47%
e. 2.28%
The compounded rate of return on the investment over the 3-year period is approximately 4.88%, closest to answer choice b) 4.61%.
To determine the compounded rate of return on the investment, we need to consider the initial investment, reinvested dividends and capital gains, and the final sale proceeds.
Initial investment: 1,000 shares x $30.00 = $30,000
Final sale proceeds: 1,100 shares x $31.22 = $34,342
Dividends and capital gains distributions are reinvested, so we need to calculate the total value of the investment at the end of the 3-year period.
Total value at the end = $30,000 x (1 + Rate of return)^3
We can rearrange the formula to solve for the rate of return:
Rate of return = (Total value at the end / Initial investment) ^ (1/3) - 1
Rate of return = ($34,342 / $30,000) ^ (1/3) - 1
Rate of return ≈ 0.0488 or 4.88%
Therefore, the compounded rate of return on this investment over the 3-year period is approximately 4.88%.
The closest option to this rate is answer choice b. 4.61%.
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Question 5 Not yet answered Points out of 1 Rag question What will happen if a fad increases consumers' desire to consume a particular good? Note: more than one answer is correct, and picking wrong answers has a penalty. Pick all and only the correct answers for full credit. Select one or more: Da. Demand for the good will increase. b. Demand for the good will decrease. c. Supply of the good will increase. d. Supply of the good will decrease De. The price of the good will tend to rise. f. The price of the good will tend to fall. Og. The quantity purchased of the good will tend to get larger h. The quantity purchased of the good will tend to get smaller.
If a fad increases consumption of a particular good: (a) Demand for the good will increase, (d) Supply of the good will decrease, (e) The price of the good will rise, and (g) The quantity purchased of the good will get larger.
When a fad increases consumers' desire to consume a particular good, several outcomes can be expected. Firstly, the demand for the good will increase as more consumers express interest in purchasing it. This is due to the heightened popularity and perceived value associated with the fad.
Secondly, the supply of the good will likely decrease. Suppliers may face challenges in meeting the sudden surge in demand, especially if the production capacity or availability of resources is limited. As a result, the supply of goods may not be able to keep up with the increased demand.
Thirdly, the price of the good will tend to rise. With higher demand and limited supply, sellers can capitalize on the increased interest by raising prices. This is often seen as an opportunity to maximize profits and capture the willingness of consumers to pay a premium for the popular item.
Lastly, the quantity purchased of the good will tend to get larger. As more consumers are attracted to the fad, they are likely to buy larger quantities of the good to satisfy their increased desire to consume it. This higher demand and quantity purchased contribute to the overall market response to the fad.
In summary, when a fad increases consumers' desire for a particular good, the demand for the good increases, the supply decreases, the price tends to rise, and the quantity purchased tends to get larger.
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